1293:. Similarly, the room-temperature ionic conductivity is closely related to the synthesis conditions and to the actual material microstructure, therefore the conductivity values reported in scientific literature span from 10 S/cm up to 10 mS/cm, the highest value close to room temperature reported up to now. Compared to LGP, the room-temperature ionic conductivity of LAGP is increased by 3-4 orders of magnitude upon partial substitution of Ge by Al. Aluminium ions have a lower charge compared to Ge ions and additional lithium is incorporated in the NASICON structure to maintain charge balance, resulting in an enlarged number of
692:
233:
2997:. Finally, solid-state electrolytes can operate in a wide range of temperatures, with minimum conductivity loss and decomposition issues. Nevertheless, the ionic conductivity of solid-state electrolytes is some orders of magnitude lower than the one of conventional liquid-based electrolytes, therefore a thin electrolyte layer is preferred to reduce the overall internal impedance and to achieve a shorter diffusion path and larger
4477:
4501:
24:
2028:
the material. Therefore, thermal and ionic transports in LAGP ceramics are not correlated: the corresponding conductivities follow opposite trends as a function of the aluminium content and are affected in a different way by temperature variations (e.g., the ionic conductivity increases by one order of magnitude upon an increase from room temperature to 100 °C, while the thermal conductivity increases by only 6%).
66:
2336:, are mixed, calcinated and densified at high temperature (700 - 1200 °C) and for long times (12 hours). Sintered LAGP is characterized by high crystalline quality, large grains, a compact microstructure, and high density, even if negative side effects such as loss of volatile lithium compounds and formation of secondary phases should be avoided while the material is kept at high temperature.
2154:, up to 6 V, which allows the use of such electrolyte in contact with high-voltage cathodes, thus enabling high energy densities. However, the stability at very low voltages and against lithium metal is controversial: even if LAGP is more stable than LATP because of the absence of titanium, some literature works report on the reduction of Ge by lithium as well, with formation of Ge and metallic
4489:
2294:
properties. Indeed, a compact layer of crystalline LAGP with large and connected grains, and minimal amount of secondary, non-conductive phases ensures the highest conductivity values. On the contrary, an amorphous structure or the presence of small grains and pores tend to hinder the motion of lithium ions, with values of ionic conductivity in the range of 10 - 10 S/cm for glassy LAGP.
576:
3012:(PEO), to improve the ionic conductivity and to tune the electrochemical stability. Moreover, since LAGP is not fully stable against metallic lithium because of the electrochemical reactivity of Ge cations, additional interlayers can be introduced between the lithium anode and the solid electrolyte to improve the interfacial stability. The addition of a thin layer of metallic
3001:. Therefore, LAGP is a suitable candidate for all-solid-state thin-film lithium-ion batteries, in which the electrolyte thickness ranges from 1 to some hundreds of micrometres. The good mechanical strength of LAGP effectively suppress lithium dendrites during lithium stripping and plating, reducing the risk of internal short-circuit and battery failure.
2836:, which is dissolved in an aqueous solution with stoichiometric amounts of the sources of lithium, phosphorus, and aluminium. The mixture is then heated and stirred. The sol-gel process starts after the addition of a gelation agent and the final material is obtained after subsequent heating steps aimed at eliminating water and at promoting the
806:
in some cases, while the Li(3) site is neither occupied nor involved in the conduction process. This results in the lack of unambiguous description of LAGP local crystal structure, especially concerning the arrangement of lithium ions and site occupancy when germanium is partially replaced by aluminium.
3044:
from the cathode, suppressing the polysulfide shuttle effect and enhancing the overall performance of the battery. Typically, all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries are not fabricated because of high interfacial resistance; therefore, hybrid electrolytes are usually realized, in which LAGP acts as
1120:
As stated in the description of the crystal structure, three kinds of sites are available for hosting lithium ions in the LAGP NASICON structure, i.e. the Li(1) sites, the Li(2) sites and the Li(3) sites. Ionic conduction occurs because of hopping of lithium ions from Li(1) to Li(2) sites or across
1108:
LAGP is a solid ionic conductor and features the two fundamental properties to be used as a solid-state electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries, namely a sufficiently high ionic conductivity and a negligible electronic conductivity. Indeed, during battery operations, LAGP should guarantee the easy and
805:
In the available scientific literature, there is not a unique description of the sites available for lithium ions and of their atomic coordination, as well as of the sites directly involved during the conduction mechanism. For example, only two available sites, namely Li(1) and Li(2), are mentioned
2027:
Taking everything into account, as the aluminium content in LAGP increases, the ionic conductivity increases as well, while the thermal conductivity decreases, since a larger number of lithium ions enhances the phonon scattering, thus reducing the phonon mean free path and the thermal transport in
476:
in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10 - 10 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor,
2801:
The annealing temperature is selected to promote the full crystallization and avoiding the formation of detrimental secondary phases, pores, and cracks. Various temperatures are reported in different literature sources; however, crystallization does not usually start below 550-600 °C, while
2293:
Several synthesis methods exist to produce LAGP in the form of bulk pellets or thin films, depending on the required performances and final applications. The synthesis path significantly affects the microstructure of the LAGP material, which plays a key role in determining its overall conductive
2873:
The film stoichiometry and microstructure can be tuned by controlling the deposition parameters, especially the power density, the chamber pressure, and the substrate temperature. Both amorphous and crystalline films are obtained, with a typical thickness around 1 Îźm. The room-temperature ionic
2882:
Pre-synthesized LAGP powders can be sprayed on a substrate to form a LAGP film by means of aerosol deposition. The powders are loaded into the aerosol deposition chamber and purified air is used as the carrier gas to drive the particles towards the substrate, where they impinge and coalesce to
1568:
Regarding the electronic conductivity of LAGP, it should be as low as possible to prevent electrical short circuit between anode and cathode. As for ionic conductivity, the exact stoichiometry and microstructure, strongly connected to the synthesis method, have an influence on the electronic
3016:
inhibits the electrochemical reduction by lithium metal at very negative potentials and promotes the interfacial contact between the anode and the electrolyte, resulting in improved cycling performance and battery stability. The use of polymer-ceramic composite interlayers or the excess of
1557:
content in the material. As a result, since the dependency of the activation energy on aluminium content is negligible, the ionic conductivity is expected to increase with increasing Ge substitution by Al, until secondary phases are formed. The introduction of aluminium also reduces the
2870:(in particular radio-frequency magnetron sputtering) has been applied to the fabrication of LAGP thin-films starting from a LAGP target. Depending on the temperature of the substrate during the deposition, LAGP can be deposited in the cold sputtering or hot sputtering configuration.
802:(0.53 Ă
for Ge vs. 0.535 Ă
for Al), cationic substitution leads to compositional disorder and promotes the incorporation of a larger amount of lithium ions to achieve electrical neutrality. Additional lithium ions can be incorporated in either Li(2) or Li(3) empty sites.
2797:
703:
at sufficiently high rates, Li(1) sites should be fully occupied and Li(2) sites should be fully empty. Li(3) sites are located between Li(1) and Li(2) sites and are occupied only when large tetravalent cations are present in the structure, such as
2399:, which is subsequently annealed to promote crystallization. Compared to solid-state sintering, ceramic melt-quenching followed by crystallization is a simpler and more flexible process which leads to a denser and more homogeneous microstructure.
1961:
3386:
Pershina, S. V.; Pankratov, A. A.; Vovkotrub, E. G.; Antonov, B. D. (2019). "Promising high-conductivity Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolytes: the effect of crystallization temperature on the microstructure and transport properties".
2094:
LAGP belongs to phosphate-based solid electrolytes and, in spite of showing a moderate ionic conductivity compared to other families of solid ionic conductors, it possesses some intrinsic advantages with respect to sulfides and oxides:
850:(where M stands for a monovalent metal ion like Na, Li or K, and M represents a tetravalent cation such as Ti, Ge, Sn, Zr or Hf) is usually performed assuming the separation between internal vibrational modes (i.e. modes originating in
2402:
The starting point for glass crystallization is the synthesis of the glass through a melt-quenching process of precursors in suitable amount to achieve the desired stoichiometry. Different precursors can be used, especially to provide
1475:
241:
213:
1231:
3291:
Gao, Zhonghui; Sun, Huabin; Fu, Lin; Ye, Fangliang; Zhang, Yi; Luo, Wei; Huang, Yunhui (2018). "Promises, Challenges, and Recent
Progress of Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries".
2284:
2814:
enables the production of LAGP particles at lower processing temperatures compared to sintering or glass crystallization. The typical precursor is a germanium organic compound, like germanium ethoxide
3004:
LAGP is applied as a solid-state electrolyte both as a pure material and as a component in organic-inorganic composite electrolytes. For example, LAGP can be composited with polymeric materials, like
3245:
Campanella, Daniele; Belanger, Daniel; Paolella, Andrea (2021). "Beyond garnets, phosphates and phosphosulfides solid electrolytes: New ceramic perspectives for all solid lithium metal batteries".
2467:
4287:"Lithium ion conductive Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 based inorganicâorganic composite separator with enhanced thermal stability and excellent electrochemical performances in 5 V lithium ion batteries"
2898:
In the following table, some ionic conductivity values are reported for LAGP materials produced with different synthesis routes, in the case of optimized production and annealing conditions.
1705:
579:
LGP crystal structure; lithium ions are occupying Li(1) sites. In LAGP, Ge atoms will be partially substituted by Al atoms and additional lithium ions will be introduced in empty Li(2) sites.
1854:
content). Such small values suggest the presence of a large number of point defects in the material, which is highly beneficial for solid ionic conductors. Finally, the expression for the
2993:, which are flammable and usually unstable above 4.3 V. In addition, it physically separates the anode from the cathode, reducing the risk of short-circuit, and strongly inhibits lithium
2113:
One of the main advantages of LAGP is its chemical stability in the presence of oxygen, water vapour, and carbon dioxide, which simplifies the manufacture process preventing the use of a
311:
4042:
Paolella, Andrea; Zhu, Wen; Xu, Gui-Liang; Monaca, Andrea La; Savoie, Sylvio; Girard, Gabriel; Vijh, Ashok; Demers, Hendrix; Perea, Alexis; Delaporte, Nicolas; Guerfi, Abdelbast (2020).
3045:
a barrier against polysulfide diffusion but it is combined with liquid or polymer electrolytes to promote fast lithium diffusion and to improve the interfacial contact with electrodes.
3028:
LAGP has been also tested not only as a solid electrolyte, but also as an anode material in lithium-ion battery, showing high electrochemical stability and good cycling performance.
3521:
Francisco, Brian E.; Stoldt, Conrad R.; MâPeko, Jean-Claude (2014). "Lithium-Ion
Trapping from Local Structural Distortions in Sodium Super Ionic Conductor (NASICON) Electrolytes".
1822:
1096:
The Raman spectra of LAGP are usually characterized by broad peaks, even when the material is in its crystalline form. Indeed, both the presence of aluminium ions in place of
1863:
798:
between 0.1 and 0.6; when this limit is exceeded, a solid solution is no more possible and secondary phases tend to be formed. Although Ge and Al cations have very similar
2883:
generate the film. Since the as-produced film is amorphous, an annealing treatment is usually performed to improve the film crystallinity and its conduction properties.
1784:
1146:
2017:
2062:. LAGP bulk samples and thin films are typically stable up to 700-750 °C; if this temperature is exceeded, volatile lithium is lost and the impurity phase
1844:
515:(LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of
348:
80:
4533:
6183:
3674:
Giarola, Marco; Sanson, Andrea; Tietz, Frank; Pristat, Sylke; Dashjav, Enkhtsetseg; Rettenwander, Daniel; Redhammer, GĂźnther J.; Mariotto, Gino (2017).
4700:
1377:
307:
7077:
6082:
4326:"Lithium Dendrite Suppression and Enhanced Interfacial Compatibility Enabled by an Ex Situ SEI on Li Anode for LAGP-Based All-Solid-State Batteries"
1157:
485:. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like
2874:
conductivity and the activation energy of sputtered and annealed LAGP films are comparable with those of bulk pellets, i.e. 10 S/cm and 0.31 eV.
4423:"Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Ceramic Based Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with High Cycling Stability Enabled by a Dual Confinement Effect for Polysulfides"
7026:
7000:
6980:
1001:
c space group is restricted, interactions among different modes could be expected and a clear assignment or discrimination becomes unfeasible.
4324:
Hou, Guangmei; Ma, Xiaoxin; Sun, Qidi; Ai, Qing; Xu, Xiaoyan; Chen, Lina; Li, Deping; Chen, Jinghua; Zhong, Hai; Li, Yang; Xu, Zhibin (2018).
2166:
1562:
resistivity of the material, positively impacting on the total (bulk crystal + grain boundary) ionic conductivity of the LAGP material.
3589:"High efficiency aqueous and hybrid lithium-air batteries enabled by Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 (PO 4 ) 3 ceramic anode-protecting membranes"
2339:
The sintering parameters affects LAGP microstructure and purity and, ultimately, its ionic conductivity and conduction performances.
2086:(XRD) are useful techniques that can be employed to recognise the phase purity of LAGP samples during and after the heat treatments.
3069:
2122:
650:
octahedra and phosphate tetrahedra. Lithium ions are hosted in voids in between, which can be subdivided into three kinds of sites:
4188:"Effect of annealing on properties of lithium aluminum germanium phosphate electrolyte thick films prepared by aerosol deposition"
4186:
Khan, Ashraf; Ahn, Cheol-Woo; Ryu, Jungho; Yoon, Woon-Ha; Hahn, Byung-Dong; Choi, Jong-Jin; Kim, Jong-Woo; Park, Dong-Soo (2014).
6205:
6124:
5484:
1100:
ions and the extra lithium ions introduce structural and compositional disorder in the sublattice, resulting in peak broadening.
700:
473:
2792:{\displaystyle {\ce {3/4Li2CO3 + 3/2GeO2 + 3NH4H2PO4 + 1/4Al2O3 -> Li_{1.5}Al_{0.5}Ge_{1.5}(PO4)3 + 3NH3 + 3/4CO2 + 9/2H2O}}}
4526:
7113:
7103:
6903:
2036:
Detrimental secondary phases can also form because of thermal treatments or during the material production. Excessively high
6545:
4626:
2318:
is the most used synthesis process to produce solid-state electrolytes. Powders of LAGP precursors, including oxides like
299:
4467:
1760:
content decreases, which is consistent with data about the relative specific heats of aluminium and germanium compounds.
1024:
units. The main spectral regions in a Raman spectrum of NASICON-type materials are summarized in the following table.
378:
7123:
5835:
5073:
4572:
2891:
Some other methods to produce LAGP materials have been reported in literature works, including liquid-based techniques,
303:
281:
6975:
2117:
or protected environments. Unlike sulfide-based solid electrolytes, which react with water releasing poisonous gaseous
1634:
6520:
5682:
5254:
5246:
5213:
4834:
4820:
4716:
4555:
810:
185:
5458:
3095:"Spark Plasma Sintering of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate Solid Electrolyte and its Electrochemical Properties"
3037:
1553:
The prefactor is directly proportional to the concentration of mobile lithium-ion carriers, which increases with the
327:
6027:
4678:
4653:
4044:"Understanding the Reactivity of a Thin Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Solid-State Electrolyte toward Metallic Lithium Anode"
232:
7098:
6293:
5878:
5598:
4806:
4792:
4782:
4519:
1372:
in the
Arrhenius equation can in turn be written as a function of fundamental constants and conduction parameters:
994:
5204:
3959:"Preparation and ion conduction of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte films using radio frequency sputtering"
3040:. LAGP allows the transfer of lithium ions from anode to cathode but, at the same time, prevents the diffusion of
7108:
6605:
6274:
6241:
6089:
5550:
5311:
5299:
5278:
4726:
4608:
2161:
The possible decomposition mechanism of LAGP in contact with metallic lithium is reported in the equation below:
365:
Lithium
Aluminium Titanium Phosphate (LATP), Lithium Germanium Phosphate (LGP), Lithium Titanium Phosphate (LTP)
6042:
6009:
5586:
5138:
4684:
1752:
does not follow a precise trend. As a result, the specific heat capacity of LAGP is expected to increase as the
6256:
6074:
4870:
3187:
DeWees, Rachel; Wang, Hui (2019). "Synthesis and
Properties of NaSICONâtype LATP and LAGP Solid Electrolytes".
5379:
3437:"Correlating Transport and Structural Properties in Li1+xAlxGe2âx(PO4)3 (LAGP) Prepared from Aqueous Solution"
1565:
As expected for solid ionic conductors, the ionic conductivity of LAGP increases with increasing temperature.
319:
5991:
5802:
5331:
3957:
Sun, Zhijian; Liu, Lei; Yang, Bao; Li, Qiran; Wu, Bing; Zhao, Jintao; Ma, Lei; Liu, Yong; An, Hongli (2020).
3553:
Zhang, Bingkai; Tan, Rui; Yang, Luyi; Zheng, Jiaxin; Zhang, Kecheng; Mo, Sijia; Lin, Zhan; Pan, Feng (2018).
1360:
exert a densification effect which affects in a positive way the overall ionic conductivity of the material.
746:(LGP) structure are partially replaced by Al cations, the LAGP material is obtained with the general formula
315:
5195:
3054:
2986:
465:
5359:
5347:
4975:
4943:
2847:
The sol-gel process requires the use of germanium organic precursors, which are more expensive compared to
1791:
5797:
5738:
5726:
5626:
5231:
5173:
4857:
4112:"Correlation between micro-structural properties and ionic conductivity of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 ceramics"
4003:
Liu, Yijie; Li, Chao; Li, Bojie; Song, Hucheng; Cheng, Zhu; Chen, Minrui; He, Ping; Zhou, Haoshen (2018).
2892:
2151:
1578:
691:
6923:
5714:
5702:
5614:
5565:
4959:
4881:
1629:
fits into the Maier-Kelley polynomial law in the temperature range from room temperature to 700 °C:
1121:
two Li(3) sites. The bottleneck to ionic motion is represented by a triangular window delimited by three
6531:
6142:
5890:
5397:
5157:
4902:
2083:
993:
On the contrary, the analysis of external modes leads to many available vibrations: since the number of
255:
225:
6107:
5967:
5690:
5371:
5266:
5023:
4285:
Shi, Junli; Xia, Yonggao; Han, Shaojie; Fang, Lifeng; Pan, Meizi; Xu, Xiaoxiong; Liu, Zhaoping (2015).
2040:/annealing temperatures or long dwelling times will result in the loss of volatile species (especially
1956:{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {1}{3}}\cdot C_{v}\cdot v_{ph}\cdot l_{ph}=\alpha \cdot C_{p}\cdot \rho }
1786:
of LAGP follows a decreasing trend with increasing temperature, irrespective of the aluminium content:
6648:
5861:
5849:
5126:
5094:
5005:
4673:
4661:
1732:
Typical values are in the range of 0.75 - 1.5 Jâ
gâ
K in the temperature interval 25 - 100 °C. The
6995:
6638:
5947:
5902:
5873:
5639:
5118:
5089:
5084:
5035:
4988:
4894:
4886:
4374:
Wang, Qingsong; Wen, Zhaoyin; Jin, Jun; Guo, Jing; Huang, Xiao; Yang, Jianhua; Chen, Chunhua (2016).
4298:
4199:
4123:
3876:
3782:
3648:
3600:
3301:
3254:
1855:
1717:
1505:
1254:
1089:
The discrimination between symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibration is usually not possible.
871:
6628:
5581:
5402:
3025:
are alternative strategies to improve the electrochemical stability of LAGP at negative potentials.
2811:
7118:
6400:
5792:
5323:
5110:
4734:
3059:
3009:
2070:
2049:
1764:
1354:
1310:
469:
295:
6618:
1289:
Typical values for the activation energies of bulk LAGP materials are in the range of 0.35 - 0.41
6941:
6759:
6725:
6653:
6633:
6623:
5914:
5631:
4742:
4550:
4452:
4286:
4267:
4223:
4153:
4111:
4089:
4043:
4024:
4005:"Germanium Thin Film Protected Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate for Solid-State Li Batteries"
3978:
3958:
3924:
3902:
3812:
3751:
3731:
3588:
3554:
3404:
3325:
3270:
3212:
2985:
LAGP is one of the most studied solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The use of a
2867:
2100:
1518:
1282:
1149:
1010:
857:
units) and external modes (i.e. modes arising from the translations of the M and M cations, from
461:
287:
6830:
6660:
3636:
3435:
Weiss, Manuel; Weber, Dominik A.; Senyshyn, Anatoliy; Janek, JĂźrgen; Zeier, Wolfgang G. (2018).
6854:
3865:"Thermophysical Properties of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate with Different Compositions"
6911:
6779:
6502:
6359:
6165:
6062:
5955:
5938:
5930:
5771:
5759:
5673:
5668:
5472:
5418:
5185:
5040:
4996:
4752:
4618:
4542:
4444:
4403:
4395:
4353:
4345:
4215:
4081:
4073:
3894:
3695:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3317:
3204:
3134:
3116:
2848:
2433:
2423:
2319:
2137:
2133:
2063:
2056:
1495:
1347:
1309:
content, the single-phase NASICON structure is not stable and secondary phases appear, mainly
1269:
680:
666:
655:
342:
179:
1769:
1569:
conductivity, even if the reported values are very low and close to (or lower than) 10 S/cm.
1131:
7057:
6928:
6764:
6480:
6414:
6341:
5979:
5840:
5750:
5656:
5190:
5102:
5068:
4922:
4648:
4481:
4434:
4387:
4337:
4306:
4257:
4207:
4165:
4131:
4063:
4055:
4016:
3970:
3936:
3884:
3824:
3790:
3743:
3687:
3656:
3608:
3566:
3530:
3448:
3396:
3309:
3262:
3196:
3124:
3106:
2994:
2118:
888:
units: 6 of these modes correspond to stretching vibrations and 8 to bending vibrations.
405:
103:
6933:
2002:
7067:
6745:
6575:
6466:
6429:
6219:
6154:
5823:
5811:
5783:
5606:
5542:
5534:
5508:
5426:
5294:
5052:
5018:
4934:
4910:
4865:
2412:
2326:
4246:"Preparation of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolytes via the co-precipitation method"
1353:. Secondary phases are typically nonconductive; however, small and controlled amounts of
4302:
4203:
4127:
3880:
3786:
3730:
Mousavi, T.; Chen, X.; Doerrer, C.; Jagger, B.; Speller, S.C.; Grovenor, C.R.M. (2020).
3652:
3604:
3305:
3258:
2158:
at the electrode-electrolyte interface and dramatic increase of interfacial resistance.
7062:
6326:
6147:
5410:
5392:
5387:
4766:
4505:
3770:
3129:
3094:
2998:
2802:
temperatures larger than 850 °C cause the extensive formation of impurity phases.
2446:
Mixing of the starting precursors in proper amounts to match the nominal stoichiometry;
2126:
1829:
1559:
1546:
1294:
1047:
External modes due to translation of the M cations (Ge in the particular case of LAGP)
372:
23:
575:
7092:
6735:
6685:
6451:
6389:
5647:
5525:
5517:
5500:
4493:
4456:
4271:
4187:
4093:
4028:
3982:
3906:
3771:"Space-Charge-Mediated Superionic Transport in Lithium Ion Conducting GlassâCeramics"
3755:
3660:
3408:
3274:
3216:
3018:
3005:
2348:
2298:
2041:
4227:
3813:"Structure, phase separation and Li dynamics in solâgel-derived Li1+xAlxGe2âx(PO4)3"
3732:"Fabrication of Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3 thin films by sputtering for solid electrolytes"
3675:
335:
7052:
6990:
6560:
6374:
6311:
6128:
4500:
4310:
4169:
4135:
4110:
Mariappan, Chinnasamy R.; Yada, Chihiro; Rosciano, Fabio; Roling, Bernhard (2011).
3612:
3329:
3266:
1290:
799:
291:
4325:
4262:
4245:
3940:
3436:
3637:"Vibrational spectrum of nasicon-like, rhombohedral orthophosphates MIMIV2(PO4)3"
6893:
6798:
6613:
3041:
2990:
2841:
1746:
value, i.e. with both the aluminium and the lithium content, while the constant
814:
273:
193:
3570:
3400:
1470:{\displaystyle \sigma _{0}={\frac {1}{3}}{\frac {(Ze)^{2}}{k_{B}T}}nv_{0}l_{0}}
323:
6888:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6820:
6730:
6675:
6665:
6137:
4376:"A gel-ceramic multi-layer electrolyte for long-life lithium sulfur batteries"
4211:
4004:
3974:
3889:
3864:
3828:
3747:
2404:
842:
c. The factor group analysis of NASICON-type materials with general formula MM
588:
Lithium-containing NASICON-type crystals are described by the general formula
145:
4448:
4399:
4349:
4219:
4077:
3898:
3699:
3691:
3460:
3120:
2351:
can be obtained starting from an amorphous glass with nominal composition of
269:
6985:
6835:
6825:
6774:
6769:
6680:
4564:
4488:
3555:"Mechanisms and properties of ion-transport in inorganic solid electrolytes"
3093:
Zhu, Hongzheng; Prasad, Anil; Doja, Somi; Bichler, Lukas; Liu, Jian (2019).
3013:
2837:
2315:
2155:
2037:
1851:
1847:
1757:
1753:
1554:
1306:
1298:
1226:{\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {\sigma _{0}}{T}}e^{-{\frac {E_{a}}{k_{B}T}}}}
1097:
1081:
1018:
882:
865:
858:
851:
705:
635:
623:
129:
122:
116:
4439:
4422:
4407:
4357:
4341:
4059:
4020:
3925:"Lithium storage capability of lithium ion conductor Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3"
3863:
Rohde, Magnus; Cui, Yuantao; Ziebert, Carlos; Seifert, Hans JĂźrgen (2020).
3476:
3452:
3321:
3313:
3208:
3200:
3138:
2449:
Removal of volatile species by stepwise heating of the mix to 500 °C;
6849:
6784:
6690:
4068:
2114:
619:
519:
is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of
478:
3111:
2069:
forms. If the temperature is further increased beyond 950 °C, also
7072:
6720:
6705:
6643:
4391:
4375:
3064:
2020:
1110:
1014:
709:
627:
482:
457:
394:
163:
110:
4085:
3794:
3534:
3468:
265:
5241:
3811:
Liu, Zhongqing; Venkatachalam, Sabarinathan; van WĂźllen, Leo (2015).
1985:
1122:
638:), and display a complex three-dimensional network of corner-sharing
567:, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
4511:
4421:
Wang, Qing; Lu, Yang; Jin, Jun; Chen, Chunhua; Wen, Zhaoyin (2020).
2279:{\displaystyle {\ce {2LiGe2(PO4)3 + 4Li -> 3GeO2 + 6LiPO3 + Ge}}}
1148:
in LAGP follows the usual dependency on temperature expressed by an
1017:-type materials, most of which caused by the vibrational motions of
371:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
261:
5226:
1114:
1009:
The vibrational properties of LAGP could be directly probed using
690:
574:
65:
55:
5438:
3676:"Structure and Vibrational Dynamics of NASICON-Type LiTi2(PO4)3"
2902:
LAGP total ionic conductivity depending on the synthesis method
877:
Focusing on internal modes only, the factor group analysis for R
331:
4515:
4154:"Solâgel synthesis of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 solid electrolyte"
713:
631:
29:
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate (LAGP) sputtering target
2301:
is performed to achieve the desired degree of crystallinity.
1152:, which is typical of most of solid-state ionic conductors:
1049:
or translation/libration motions of phosphate tetrahedra.
1013:. LAGP shows the Raman features characteristic of all the
2782:
2756:
2730:
2710:
2697:
2679:
2659:
2639:
2616:
2603:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2531:
2505:
2492:
2462:
The main steps are summarized in the following equation:
2266:
2246:
2216:
2203:
2185:
3036:
LAGP-based membranes have been applied as separators in
881:
c space group identifies 14 Raman-active modes for the
2762:
2736:
2583:
2511:
2472:
2407:
to the material. One possible route is the following:
88:.......P(=O)().P(=O)().P(=O)().P(=O)().P(=O)().P(=O)()
4465:
2989:
improves the battery safety eliminating liquid-based
2470:
2169:
2005:
1866:
1832:
1794:
1772:
1637:
1380:
1160:
1134:
3635:
Tarte, P.; Rulmont, A.; Merckaert-Ansay, C. (1986).
794:. The single-phase NASICON structure is stable with
6968:
6902:
6604:
6123:
4549:
2048:) and in the decomposition of LAGP main phase into
3641:Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy
2791:
2278:
2011:
1955:
1838:
1816:
1778:
1699:
1469:
1225:
1140:
1700:{\displaystyle C_{p}(T)=A+B\cdot T+C\cdot T^{-2}}
2150:Another important advantage of LAGP is its wide
618:, in which M stands for a metal or a metalloid (
6138:Hemolithin (extraterrestrial protein)
1117:, while preventing the transfer of electrons.
4527:
8:
3587:Safanama, Dorsasadat; Adams, Stefan (2017).
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
4534:
4520:
4512:
4244:Kotobuki, Masashi; Koishi, Masaki (2019).
4152:Kotobuki, Masashi; Koishi, Masaki (2015).
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
2910:Room-temperature total ionic conductivity
2147:, LAGP is practically inert in humid air.
2109:Low to negligible electronic conductivity.
460:(Sodium Super Ionic Conductors) family of
15:
4438:
4261:
4067:
3888:
3769:Kumar, B.; Thomas, D.; Kumar, J. (2009).
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3128:
3110:
2781:
2776:
2755:
2750:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2471:
2469:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2004:
1941:
1919:
1903:
1890:
1873:
1865:
1831:
1826:The aluminium level affects the exponent
1805:
1793:
1771:
1688:
1642:
1636:
1461:
1451:
1432:
1420:
1404:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1133:
834:LAGP crystals belong to the space group D
7078:Environmentally friendly red light flare
4827:
4823:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4719:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
2900:
1527:is the concentration of charge carriers,
1026:
892:Raman-active modes in NASICON materials
890:
136:
131:
125:
119:
113:
4472:
3858:
3080:
1581:of LAGP materials with general formula
481:in LAGP improves its stability towards
85:
6981:Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation
4369:
4367:
4330:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
4239:
4237:
3952:
3950:
3923:Feng, J.K.; Lu, L.; Lai, M.O. (2010).
3918:
3916:
3869:International Journal of Thermophysics
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3775:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
3441:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
3286:
3284:
2106:Wide electrochemical stability window;
2090:Chemical and electrochemical stability
17:Lithium Aluminium Germanium Phosphate
4181:
4179:
4147:
4145:
4105:
4103:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3806:
3804:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3582:
3580:
1975:is the heat capacity per unit volume,
1817:{\displaystyle \alpha \propto T^{-p}}
1125:atoms between Li(1) and Li(2) sites.
391:Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate
7:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3088:
3086:
3084:
1536:is the average velocity of the ions,
1109:fast motion of lithium ions between
3680:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2452:Melting at 1450 °C for 1 hour;
2125:(LLZO), which react with water and
4250:Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies
4192:Metals and Materials International
2458:Annealing of glass samples in air.
654:Li(1) 6-fold coordinated sites at
14:
3070:Lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide
2123:lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide
1069:P â O â P antisymmetric bending.
695:LGP crystal structure (top view).
4499:
4487:
4475:
2152:electrochemical stability window
231:
22:
3929:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
1846:, which varies from 0.08 (high
1058:P â O â P symmetrical bending.
375:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4311:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.105
4170:10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.03.064
4136:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.03.065
3613:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.076
3267:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228949
2700:
2684:
2619:
2297:In most cases, a post-process
2229:
2206:
2190:
2132:to form passivating layers of
1654:
1648:
1417:
1407:
1247:is the pre-exponential factor,
1:
7068:Magnesiumâlithium alloys
4263:10.1080/21870764.2019.1693680
3941:10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.084
1997:is the phonon mean free path,
1305:around 0.4 - 0.5; for larger
158:white bulk crystal or powder
3661:10.1016/0584-8539(86)80012-5
1742:constants increase with the
716:. If some Ge cations in the
699:In order to promote lithium
6737:Lithiophilite LiMnPO
2443:at 300 °C for 3 hours;
2429:at 1000 °C for 1 hour;
1297:. The beneficial effect of
995:irreducible representations
393:, typically known with the
7140:
3571:10.1016/j.ensm.2017.08.015
3401:10.1007/s11581-019-03021-5
464:and has been applied as a
168:3.5615 g/cm (theoretical)
150:417.77 g/mol
6837:Spodumene LiAl(SiO
6747:Lithiophosphate Li
6667:Eucryptite LiAlSiO
4212:10.1007/s12540-014-1018-9
4048:Advanced Energy Materials
4009:Advanced Energy Materials
3975:10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115224
3890:10.1007/s10765-020-2607-0
3829:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.03.018
3748:10.1016/j.ssi.2020.115397
1080:Stretching vibrations in
1043:
1032:
1028:Spectral markers of LAGP
997:within the rhombohedral R
966:Antisymmetric stretching
408:whose general formula is
369:
354:
212:
207:
172:
96:
76:
47:
39:
34:
21:
6976:Aluminiumâlithium alloys
6866:Triphylite LiFePO
6800:Pezzottaite Cs(Be
4291:Journal of Power Sources
4116:Journal of Power Sources
3692:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11067
3593:Journal of Power Sources
3559:Energy Storage Materials
3247:Journal of Power Sources
3038:lithium-sulfur batteries
3032:Lithium-sulfur batteries
2971:Co-precipitation method
2895:, and co-precipitation.
282:Precautionary statements
6692:Jadarite LiNaSiB
4380:Chemical Communications
3055:Solid-state electrolyte
2987:solid-state electrolyte
2963:Spark plasma sintering
2079:Raman spectroscopy and
1779:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1150:Arrhenius-type equation
1141:{\displaystyle \sigma }
1128:The ionic conductivity
864:translations, and from
349:Angstrom Sciences, Inc.
6786:Petalite LiAlSi
6707:Keatite Li(AlSi
6143:Organolithium reagents
4440:10.1002/celc.202001131
4342:10.1021/acsami.8b01003
4158:Ceramics International
4060:10.1002/aenm.202001497
4021:10.1002/aenm.201702374
3523:Chemistry of Materials
3453:10.1021/acsami.8b00842
3314:10.1002/adma.201705702
3201:10.1002/cssc.201900725
2923:Glass crystallization
2915:Solid-state sintering
2893:spark plasma sintering
2840:reaction, followed by
2793:
2455:Quenching of the melt;
2280:
2013:
1957:
1850:content) to 0.11 (low
1840:
1818:
1780:
1756:content grows and the
1728:are fitting constants.
1701:
1579:specific heat capacity
1471:
1227:
1142:
987:Antisymmetric bending
825:Vibrational properties
696:
580:
456:. LAGP belongs to the
406:ceramic solid material
7114:Solid-state batteries
7104:Lithium-ion batteries
2794:
2343:Glass crystallization
2310:Solid-state sintering
2281:
2014:
2012:{\displaystyle \rho }
1958:
1841:
1819:
1781:
1702:
1472:
1228:
1143:
924:Symmetric stretching
830:Factor group analysis
694:
578:
470:lithium-ion batteries
6876:Zabuyelite Li
2468:
2167:
2003:
1864:
1856:thermal conductivity
1830:
1792:
1770:
1718:absolute temperature
1635:
1506:absolute temperature
1378:
1272:for ionic transport,
1255:absolute temperature
1158:
1132:
1104:Transport properties
472:. Typical values of
7124:Germanium compounds
4336:(22): 18610â18618.
4303:2015JPS...273..389S
4204:2014MMI....20..399K
4128:2011JPS...196.6456M
3881:2020IJT....41...31R
3787:2009JElS..156A.506K
3653:1986AcSpA..42.1009T
3605:2017JPS...340..294S
3447:(13): 10935â10944.
3306:2018AdM....3005702G
3259:2021JPS...48228949C
3112:10.3390/nano9081086
3060:Solid-state battery
2955:Aerosol deposition
2903:
2784:
2758:
2732:
2712:
2699:
2681:
2661:
2641:
2618:
2605:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2533:
2507:
2494:
2268:
2248:
2218:
2205:
2187:
1765:thermal diffusivity
1074:900 â 1300 cm
1029:
893:
468:in all-solid-state
18:
6996:Lithium medication
6654:Fluor-liddicoatite
6570: Vinyllithium
4392:10.1039/C5CC08279J
3963:Solid State Ionics
3817:Solid State Ionics
3736:Solid State Ionics
3294:Advanced Materials
3010:polyethylene oxide
2931:Sol-gel technique
2901:
2878:Aerosol deposition
2806:Sol-gel techniques
2789:
2772:
2771:
2746:
2745:
2720:
2687:
2682:
2662:
2642:
2622:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2521:
2520:
2495:
2482:
2481:
2276:
2256:
2236:
2193:
2188:
2175:
2121:, and garnet-type
2101:chemical stability
2009:
1953:
1836:
1814:
1776:
1697:
1573:Thermal properties
1519:Boltzmann constant
1467:
1283:Boltzmann constant
1223:
1138:
1063:500 â 800 cm
1055:300 â 500 cm
1027:
1011:Raman spectroscopy
945:Symmetric bending
891:
697:
581:
474:ionic conductivity
404:, is an inorganic
379:Infobox references
355:Related compounds
16:
7099:Lithium compounds
7086:
7085:
4543:Lithium compounds
4433:(19): 4093â4100.
4122:(15): 6456â6464.
3795:10.1149/1.3122903
3535:10.1021/cm5013872
3529:(16): 4741â4749.
3395:(10): 4713â4725.
3195:(16): 3713â3725.
2978:
2977:
2907:Synthesis method
2812:sol-gel technique
2787:
2775:
2770:
2749:
2744:
2723:
2690:
2665:
2645:
2625:
2609:
2596:
2591:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2524:
2519:
2498:
2485:
2480:
2299:thermal treatment
2274:
2259:
2239:
2228:
2196:
2178:
2084:X-ray diffraction
2032:Thermal stability
1881:
1839:{\displaystyle p}
1763:In addition, the
1496:elementary charge
1442:
1402:
1301:is maximized for
1270:activation energy
1219:
1182:
1094:
1093:
1066:Medium frequency
1041:< 350 cm
991:
990:
813:unit cell with a
584:Crystal structure
466:solid electrolyte
387:Chemical compound
385:
384:
361:Related compounds
343:Safety data sheet
256:Hazard statements
180:Crystal structure
67:Interactive image
7131:
7109:Electrochemistry
7058:Lithium Triangle
6969:Other Li-related
6884:
6870:
6845:
6816:
6794:
6765:Manganoneptunite
6755:
6741:
6716:
6701:
6671:
6649:Fluorine Elbaite
6596:
6594:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6571:
6556:
6541:
6527:
6516:
6498:
6476:
6462:
6447:
6425:
6410:
6396:
6385:
6370:
6355:
6337:
6322:
6307:
6289:
6270:
6252:
6237:
6215:
6201:
6179:
6161:
6103:
6038:
6023:
6005:
5561:
5468:
5237:
5153:
5080:
4877:
4853:
4830:
4816:
4802:
4788:
4762:
4748:
4722:
4644:
4614:
4604:
4578:
4558:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4442:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4386:(8): 1637â1640.
4371:
4362:
4361:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4164:(7): 8562â8567.
4149:
4140:
4139:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4071:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4000:
3987:
3986:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3892:
3860:
3833:
3832:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3727:
3704:
3703:
3686:(7): 3697â3706.
3671:
3665:
3664:
3647:(9): 1009â1016.
3632:
3617:
3616:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3550:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3481:
3480:
3432:
3413:
3412:
3383:
3334:
3333:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3242:
3221:
3220:
3184:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3114:
3090:
2999:energy densities
2947:Cold sputtering
2904:
2887:Other techniques
2835:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2747:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2677:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2594:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2483:
2473:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2244:
2237:
2226:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2183:
2176:
2119:hydrogen sulfide
2023:of the material.
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
1996:
1983:
1974:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1910:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1874:
1858:can be written:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1751:
1741:
1727:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1647:
1646:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1503:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1280:
1267:
1252:
1246:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1033:Spectral region
1030:
894:
809:LAGP displays a
793:
792:
791:
783:
782:
774:
773:
765:
764:
756:
755:
745:
744:
743:
735:
734:
726:
725:
649:
648:
647:
617:
616:
615:
607:
606:
598:
597:
566:
565:
564:
556:
555:
547:
546:
538:
537:
529:
528:
514:
513:
512:
504:
503:
495:
494:
462:solid conductors
455:
454:
453:
445:
444:
436:
435:
427:
426:
418:
417:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
275:
271:
267:
263:
235:
139:
104:Chemical formula
69:
26:
19:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7032:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7006:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6945:
6937:
6919:
6915:
6898:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6736:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6670:
6666:
6639:Darrellhenryite
6600:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6390:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6155:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:Neodymium-doped
6078:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5898:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5869:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5844:
5831:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5806:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5767:
5763:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5706:
5698:
5694:
5686:
5677:
5664:
5660:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5538:
5529:
5521:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5434:
5430:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5250:
5236:
5232:
5221:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5181:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5048:
5044:
5031:
5027:
5013:
5009:
5000:
4992:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4730:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4679:
4669:
4665:
4657:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4554:
4545:
4540:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4476:
4474:
4466:
4464:
4427:ChemElectroChem
4420:
4419:
4415:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4054:(32): 2001497.
4041:
4040:
4036:
4015:(16): 1702374.
4002:
4001:
3990:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3862:
3861:
3836:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3729:
3728:
3707:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3634:
3633:
3620:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3552:
3551:
3542:
3520:
3519:
3484:
3434:
3433:
3416:
3385:
3384:
3337:
3300:(17): 1705702.
3290:
3289:
3282:
3244:
3243:
3224:
3186:
3185:
3146:
3092:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3051:
3034:
3022:
2995:dendrite growth
2983:
2966:3.29 Ă 10 S/cm
2958:1.16 Ă 10 S/cm
2950:1.24 Ă 10 S/cm
2942:1.48 Ă 10 S/cm
2939:Hot sputtering
2889:
2880:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2808:
2466:
2465:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2312:
2307:
2291:
2165:
2164:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2099:Extremely high
2092:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2034:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1988:group velocity,
1984:is the average
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1937:
1915:
1899:
1886:
1862:
1861:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1684:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1488:is ion valence,
1483:
1457:
1447:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1406:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1295:charge carriers
1279:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1130:
1129:
1106:
1085:
1077:High frequency
1022:
1007:
984:
980:
974:
963:
959:
953:
942:
938:
932:
921:
917:
911:
886:
869:
862:
855:
849:
845:
837:
832:
827:
790:
787:
786:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
758:
754:
751:
750:
749:
747:
742:
739:
738:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
724:
721:
720:
719:
717:
679:Li(3) sites at
665:Li(2) sites at
646:
643:
642:
641:
639:
614:
611:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
596:
593:
592:
591:
589:
586:
573:
563:
560:
559:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
520:
511:
508:
507:
506:
502:
499:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
488:
486:
477:the absence of
452:
449:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
438:
434:
431:
430:
429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
416:
413:
412:
411:
409:
388:
381:
376:
362:
284:
258:
244:
228:
196:
182:
138:
133:
127:
121:
115:
109:
106:
92:
89:
84:
83:
72:
59:
43:
30:
27:
12:
11:
5:
7137:
7135:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7091:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7063:Lucifer yellow
7060:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6908:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6629:Cryolithionite
6626:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6590:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6387:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6318:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6148:Gilman reagent
6140:
6134:
6132:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4818:
4804:
4790:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4484:
4463:
4462:
4413:
4363:
4316:
4277:
4256:(4): 551â557.
4233:
4198:(2): 399â404.
4175:
4141:
4099:
4034:
3988:
3946:
3935:(2): 255â258.
3912:
3834:
3800:
3761:
3705:
3666:
3618:
3576:
3540:
3482:
3414:
3335:
3280:
3222:
3144:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3033:
3030:
3020:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:7.8 Ă 10 S/cm
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:1.8 Ă 10 S/cm
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:3.9 Ă 10 S/cm
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2829:
2820:
2807:
2804:
2779:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2718:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2600:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2539:
2536:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2502:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2411:Preheating of
2393:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2349:glass-ceramics
2344:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2290:
2287:
2271:
2263:
2254:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2182:
2173:
2143:
2139:
2128:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2091:
2088:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1835:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1775:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1574:
1571:
1560:grain boundary
1551:
1550:
1547:mean free path
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1368:
1363:The prefactor
1356:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1312:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1137:
1105:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1044:Low frequency
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1020:
1006:
1003:
989:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
943:
940:
936:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
919:
915:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
884:
867:
860:
853:
847:
843:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
740:
731:
722:
689:
688:
677:
663:
644:
612:
603:
594:
585:
582:
572:
569:
561:
552:
543:
534:
525:
509:
500:
491:
450:
441:
432:
423:
414:
386:
383:
382:
377:
373:standard state
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
352:
351:
346:
339:
338:
312:P305+P351+P338
285:
280:
277:
276:
259:
254:
251:
250:
245:
240:
237:
236:
229:
224:
221:
220:
210:
209:
205:
204:
197:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
107:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
62:
60:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
32:
31:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7136:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7043:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6948:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6873:
6871:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6797:
6795:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6744:
6742:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6704:
6702:
6689:
6687:
6686:Hsianghualite
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6574:
6572:
6559:
6557:
6544:
6542:
6530:
6528:
6519:
6517:
6501:
6499:
6479:
6477:
6465:
6463:
6450:
6448:
6428:
6426:
6413:
6411:
6399:
6397:
6388:
6386:
6373:
6371:
6358:
6356:
6340:
6338:
6325:
6323:
6310:
6308:
6292:
6290:
6273:
6271:
6255:
6253:
6240:
6238:
6218:
6216:
6204:
6202:
6182:
6180:
6164:
6162:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6106:
6104:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6041:
6039:
6026:
6024:
6008:
6006:
5990:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5966:
5964:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5913:
5911:
5901:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5782:
5780:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5646:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5564:
5562:
5549:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5483:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5457:
5455:
5437:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5277:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5212:
5210:
5203:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5156:
5154:
5137:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5051:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5004:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4974:
4972:
4958:
4956:
4942:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4833:
4831:
4819:
4817:
4805:
4803:
4791:
4789:
4781:
4779:
4765:
4763:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4715:
4713:
4699:
4697:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4473:
4469:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4069:11380/1328503
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:Nanomaterials
3096:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:polypropylene
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2705:
2692:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2611:
2598:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2537:
2534:
2526:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2487:
2477:
2474:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2211:
2198:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2103:in humid air;
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1987:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1833:
1824:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1580:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1352:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1005:Raman spectra
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
986:
976:
970:
969:
965:
955:
949:
948:
944:
934:
928:
927:
923:
913:
907:
906:
902:
900:Factor group
899:
896:
895:
889:
887:
880:
875:
873:
870:
863:
856:
841:
829:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
715:
711:
707:
702:
693:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
652:
651:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
583:
577:
570:
568:
518:
484:
483:lithium metal
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
380:
374:
368:
364:
359:
358:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
286:
283:
279:
278:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
239:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
216:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
144:
143:
134:
124:
118:
112:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
86:
82:
75:
68:
64:
63:
61:
57:
52:
51:
46:
38:
33:
25:
20:
7053:Lithium soap
7041:
7035:
7029:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6991:Lithium atom
6904:Hypothetical
6619:Berezanskite
4582:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4383:
4379:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4253:
4249:
4195:
4191:
4161:
4157:
4119:
4115:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4012:
4008:
3966:
3962:
3932:
3928:
3872:
3868:
3820:
3816:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3739:
3735:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3644:
3640:
3596:
3592:
3562:
3558:
3526:
3522:
3444:
3440:
3392:
3388:
3297:
3293:
3250:
3246:
3192:
3188:
3102:
3098:
3042:polysulfides
3035:
3027:
3003:
2991:electrolytes
2984:
2981:Applications
2918:2 Ă 10 S/cm
2897:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2846:
2809:
2800:
2464:
2461:
2401:
2346:
2338:
2314:Solid-state
2313:
2305:Bulk pellets
2296:
2292:
2163:
2160:
2149:
2112:
2093:
2080:
2078:
2035:
2026:
1964:
1860:
1825:
1788:
1762:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1631:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1552:
1484:
1478:
1374:
1365:
1362:
1302:
1288:
1261:
1240:
1234:
1154:
1127:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1088:
1087:tetrahedra.
1048:
1008:
998:
992:
878:
876:
839:
833:
818:
811:rhombohedral
808:
804:
795:
701:conductivity
698:
684:
674:
670:
659:
587:
516:
401:
397:
390:
389:
247:
214:
200:
186:Rhombohedral
48:Identifiers
40:Other names
6894:Zinnwaldite
6760:Manandonite
6726:Lavinskyite
6634:Darapiosite
6624:Brannockite
6614:Amblygonite
4939:CH(OH)COOLi
4297:: 389â395.
3781:(7): A506.
3599:: 294â301.
3565:: 139â159.
3189:ChemSusChem
3105:(8): 1086.
2842:calcination
1036:Assignment
903:Assignment
815:space group
800:ionic radii
242:Signal word
194:Space group
155:Appearance
97:Properties
42:LAGP, LAGPO
7119:Phosphates
7093:Categories
6942:(HeO)(LiF)
6889:Zektzerite
6860:Tourmaline
6831:Sogdianite
6821:Rossmanite
6731:Lepidolite
6676:Faizievite
6661:Emeleusite
3969:: 115224.
3742:: 115397.
3253:: 228949.
3076:References
2868:Sputtering
2863:Sputtering
2858:Thin films
2432:Drying of
2405:phosphorus
897:Vibration
872:librations
571:Properties
226:Pictograms
173:Structure
146:Molar mass
54:3D model (
6986:LB buffer
6855:Tiptopite
6826:Saliotite
6775:Neptunite
6770:Nambulite
6681:Hectorite
4551:Inorganic
4482:Chemistry
4457:224844988
4449:2196-0216
4400:1359-7345
4350:1944-8244
4272:213710828
4220:1598-9623
4094:225512160
4078:1614-6840
4029:103584410
3983:214182605
3907:211097093
3899:0195-928X
3875:(3): 31.
3823:: 47â55.
3756:224975198
3700:1932-7447
3461:1944-8244
3409:182714008
3275:224953720
3217:167209150
3121:2079-4991
3014:germanium
2838:pyrolysis
2672:⋅
2652:⋅
2632:⋅
2620:⟶
2316:sintering
2289:Synthesis
2230:⟶
2156:germanium
2076:appears.
2038:sintering
2007:ρ
1951:ρ
1948:⋅
1935:⋅
1932:α
1913:⋅
1897:⋅
1884:⋅
1868:κ
1807:−
1799:∝
1796:α
1774:α
1690:−
1682:⋅
1670:⋅
1555:aluminium
1383:σ
1299:aluminium
1190:−
1171:σ
1162:σ
1136:σ
1098:germanium
687:position.
662:position;
328:P403+P233
320:P337+P313
316:P332+P313
308:P304+P340
304:P301+P310
217:labelling
6850:Sugilite
6780:Olympite
6606:Minerals
6207:LiN(SiMe
4408:26662230
4358:29758163
4228:97858555
3477:29516733
3322:29468745
3209:31132230
3139:31362355
3049:See also
3008:(PP) or
2115:glovebox
673:position
479:titanium
395:acronyms
208:Hazards
7073:NASICON
6721:Kunzite
6644:Elbaite
6533:LiOC(CH
6127: (
6125:Organic
4872:LiBr¡2H
4506:Science
4468:Portals
4299:Bibcode
4200:Bibcode
4124:Bibcode
4086:1658602
3877:Bibcode
3783:Bibcode
3649:Bibcode
3601:Bibcode
3469:1434719
3330:5011915
3302:Bibcode
3255:Bibcode
3130:6722947
3065:NASICON
2081:in situ
2021:density
2019:is the
1725:A, B, C
1716:is the
1545:is the
1517:is the
1504:is the
1494:is the
1281:is the
1268:is the
1253:is the
1111:cathode
1015:NASICON
681:Wyckoff
667:Wyckoff
656:Wyckoff
458:NASICON
248:Warning
164:Density
140:
6929:LiFHeO
6347:CHLiCH
5599:LiNaNO
5242:FLiNaK
5233:LiFePO
5075:LiCl¡H
4574:LiAlCl
4556:(list)
4553:
4494:Energy
4455:
4447:
4406:
4398:
4356:
4348:
4270:
4226:
4218:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4027:
3981:
3905:
3897:
3754:
3698:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3407:
3389:Ionics
3328:
3320:
3273:
3215:
3207:
3137:
3127:
3119:
1986:phonon
1965:where
1709:where
1479:where
1346:, and
1235:where
1123:oxygen
712:, and
345:(SDS)
81:SMILES
35:Names
6951:2/3-x
6924:HLiHe
6804:Li)Al
6258:LiN(C
6160:COOLi
6129:soaps
5931:LiTaO
5793:LiSCN
5607:LiNbO
5380:LiHSO
5372:LiHSO
5324:LiHCO
5247:LiGaH
5227:FLiBe
5174:CsLiB
5119:LiCoO
5111:LiClO
5103:LiClO
5095:LiClO
5085:LiClO
5036:LiCNO
4989:LiCHO
4976:Li(CH
4903:LiBrO
4895:LiBrO
4887:LiBrO
4882:LiBrO
4858:LiBSi
4784:LiAsF
4701:LiB(C
4685:LiB(C
4654:LiAsF
4619:LiAlO
4610:LiAlH
4453:S2CID
4268:S2CID
4224:S2CID
4090:S2CID
4025:S2CID
3979:S2CID
3903:S2CID
3752:S2CID
3405:S2CID
3326:S2CID
3271:S2CID
3213:S2CID
2816:Ge(OC
2347:LAGP
1115:anode
402:LAGPO
56:JSmol
7027:LiNi
7001:LiNi
6934:LiHe
6522:LiEt
6486:C(CH
6175:LiNO
6091:LiZr
6075:LiYF
6029:LiVO
6011:LiTi
5948:LiTe
5874:LiSi
5803:LiSO
5798:LiSH
5683:LiPF
5669:LiOH
5591:NaPO
5582:LiNa
5552:LiNO
5543:LiNO
5535:LiNO
5518:LiNH
5460:LiMn
5419:LiIO
5411:LiIO
5403:LiIO
5398:LiIO
5388:LiHe
5336:H(CO
5316:HAsO
5279:LiGe
5090:LiFO
5069:LiCl
5019:LiCN
4997:LiCH
4923:LiCF
4866:LiBr
4744:LiBO
4735:LiBH
4727:LiBF
4718:LiWF
4674:LiAt
4649:LiAs
4628:LiAl
4445:ISSN
4404:PMID
4396:ISSN
4354:PMID
4346:ISSN
4216:ISSN
4082:OSTI
4074:ISSN
3895:ISSN
3696:ISSN
3473:PMID
3465:OSTI
3457:ISSN
3318:PMID
3205:PMID
3135:PMID
3117:ISSN
2810:The
2422:and
2325:and
2258:LiPO
2177:LiGe
2136:and
2134:LiOH
2071:AlPO
2055:and
2050:AlPO
1577:The
1355:AlPO
1311:AlPO
1113:and
981:+ 3E
960:+ 3E
939:+ 2E
718:LiGe
398:LAGP
336:P501
332:P405
324:P362
300:P280
296:P270
292:P264
288:P261
274:H335
270:H319
266:H315
262:H302
6957:TiO
6595:COO
6577:LiC
6562:LiC
6555:LiN
6512:LiO
6482:LiO
6468:LiC
6439:LiN
6402:LiC
6384:BLi
6369:CLi
6361:(CH
6303:LiO
6288:PLi
6185:LiC
6112:ZrO
6095:(PO
6051:(PO
6033:¡2H
6015:(PO
5984:TiO
5972:TeO
5960:TeO
5907:SiO
5895:SiO
5883:SiF
5866:SeO
5854:SeO
5776:RuO
5764:PtO
5719:HPO
5707:HPO
5640:LiO
5632:LiO
5627:LiO
5619:NbO
5501:LiN
5487:0.9
5477:MoO
5431:IrO
5393:LiI
5360:LiH
5348:LiH
5304:AsO
5300:LiH
5295:LiH
5283:(PO
5271:GeO
5259:GeF
5205:LiF
5191:LiF
5186:LiD
5148:¡2H
5144:CrO
5131:CrO
5006:LiC
4960:LiC
4952:ClO
4944:LiC
4848:¡5H
4826:ZrF
4812:TiF
4798:SnF
4754:LiB
4666:AsO
4636:(PO
4634:2âx
4630:1+x
4596:(PO
4594:2âx
4586:1+x
4435:doi
4388:doi
4338:doi
4307:doi
4295:273
4258:doi
4208:doi
4166:doi
4132:doi
4120:196
4064:hdl
4056:doi
4017:doi
3971:doi
3967:346
3937:doi
3933:501
3885:doi
3825:doi
3821:276
3791:doi
3779:156
3744:doi
3740:354
3688:doi
3684:121
3657:doi
3609:doi
3597:340
3567:doi
3531:doi
3449:doi
3397:doi
3310:doi
3263:doi
3251:482
3197:doi
3125:PMC
3107:doi
2849:GeO
2523:GeO
2424:GeO
2380:(PO
2376:1.5
2367:0.5
2358:1.5
2320:GeO
2238:GeO
2064:GeO
2057:GeO
1610:(PO
1606:2-x
1588:1+x
1348:GeO
918:+ E
874:).
838:- R
821:c.
775:(PO
771:2-x
753:1+x
727:(PO
599:(PO
590:LiM
548:(PO
544:1.5
535:0.5
526:1.5
496:GeP
437:(PO
433:2-x
415:1+x
400:or
215:GHS
126:1.5
120:0.5
114:1.5
7095::
7039:Co
7033:Mn
7013:Al
7007:Co
6961:He
6955:3x
6953:Li
6949:La
6916:Be
6912:Li
6880:CO
6814:18
6808:Si
6792:10
6751:PO
6700:OH
6591:23
6582:11
6553:18
6526:BH
6494:CH
6492:16
6472:CH
6461:Li
6424:Li
6422:11
6404:10
6395:Li
6391:CH
6382:28
6378:12
6351:CH
6343:CH
6336:Li
6321:Li
6319:13
6301:35
6297:18
6276:(C
6251:Li
6221:Li
6193:NO
6156:CH
6108:Li
6067:WO
6063:Li
6043:Li
6003:12
5997:Ti
5993:Li
5980:Li
5968:Li
5956:Li
5943:Te
5939:Li
5919:Si
5915:Li
5903:Li
5891:Li
5879:Li
5862:Li
5850:Li
5845:Se
5841:Li
5836:Li
5828:SO
5824:Li
5816:SO
5812:Li
5784:Li
5772:Li
5760:Li
5755:Po
5751:Li
5743:PO
5739:Li
5731:PO
5727:Li
5715:Li
5703:Li
5695:PO
5691:Li
5674:Li
5657:Li
5648:Li
5615:Li
5587:Li
5566:Li
5556:¡H
5530:NH
5526:Li
5509:Li
5495:17
5489:Mo
5485:Li
5473:Li
5453:12
5447:Zr
5443:La
5439:Li
5427:Li
5364:PO
5352:PO
5332:Li
5312:Li
5267:Li
5255:Li
5222:Al
5214:Li
5209:Al
5196:Li
5180:10
5162:Cr
5158:Li
5140:Li
5127:Li
5053:Li
5045:CO
5041:Li
5028:CN
5024:Li
4968:IO
4935:CH
4927:SO
4911:Li
4836:Li
4822:Li
4808:Li
4794:Li
4767:Li
4680:Li
4662:Li
4632:Ti
4592:Ge
4588:Al
4584:Li
4565:Li
4451:.
4443:.
4429:.
4425:.
4402:.
4394:.
4384:52
4382:.
4378:.
4366:^
4352:.
4344:.
4334:10
4332:.
4328:.
4305:.
4293:.
4289:.
4266:.
4252:.
4248:.
4236:^
4222:.
4214:.
4206:.
4196:20
4194:.
4190:.
4178:^
4162:41
4160:.
4156:.
4144:^
4130:.
4118:.
4114:.
4102:^
4088:.
4080:.
4072:.
4062:.
4052:10
4050:.
4046:.
4023:.
4011:.
4007:.
3991:^
3977:.
3965:.
3961:.
3949:^
3931:.
3927:.
3915:^
3901:.
3893:.
3883:.
3873:41
3871:.
3867:.
3837:^
3819:.
3815:.
3803:^
3789:.
3777:.
3773:.
3750:.
3738:.
3734:.
3708:^
3694:.
3682:.
3678:.
3655:.
3645:42
3643:.
3639:.
3621:^
3607:.
3595:.
3591:.
3579:^
3563:10
3561:.
3557:.
3543:^
3527:26
3525:.
3485:^
3471:.
3463:.
3455:.
3445:10
3443:.
3439:.
3417:^
3403:.
3393:25
3391:.
3338:^
3324:.
3316:.
3308:.
3298:30
3296:.
3283:^
3269:.
3261:.
3249:.
3225:^
3211:.
3203:.
3193:12
3191:.
3147:^
3133:.
3123:.
3115:.
3101:.
3097:.
3083:^
3019:Li
2854:.
2844:.
2748:CO
2722:NH
2689:PO
2664:Ge
2644:Al
2624:Li
2595:Al
2569:PO
2543:NH
2497:CO
2484:Li
2438:CO
2434:Li
2413:Al
2371:Ge
2362:Al
2353:Li
2327:Al
2273:Ge
2227:Li
2195:PO
2142:CO
2138:Li
2127:CO
2042:Li
1994:ph
1981:ph
1852:Al
1848:Al
1758:Ge
1754:Al
1737:,
1601:Ge
1592:Al
1583:Li
1318:Li
1316:,
1307:Al
1291:eV
1082:PO
1019:PO
979:1g
958:1g
937:1g
935:2A
916:1g
883:PO
866:PO
859:PO
852:PO
846:PO
836:3d
766:Ge
757:Al
748:Li
714:Sn
710:Hf
708:,
706:Zr
683:36
669:18
640:MO
636:Ge
634:,
632:Sn
630:,
628:Hf
626:,
624:Zr
622:,
620:Ti
539:Ge
530:Al
521:Li
510:12
492:10
487:Li
428:Ge
419:Al
410:Li
334:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
219::
203:c
130:PO
123:Ge
117:Al
111:Li
7047:2
7045:O
7042:z
7036:y
7030:x
7021:2
7019:O
7016:z
7010:y
7004:x
6959:3
6944:2
6936:2
6918:y
6914:x
6882:3
6878:2
6868:4
6843:2
6841:)
6839:3
6812:O
6810:6
6806:2
6802:2
6790:0
6788:4
6753:4
6749:3
6739:4
6715:)
6713:6
6711:O
6709:2
6698:7
6696:O
6694:3
6669:4
6586:H
6568:3
6566:H
6564:2
6551:H
6549:9
6547:C
6539:3
6537:)
6535:3
6524:3
6514:4
6510:5
6508:H
6506:4
6504:C
6496:3
6490:)
6488:2
6484:2
6474:3
6470:2
6459:5
6457:H
6455:6
6453:C
6445:4
6443:O
6441:2
6437:3
6435:H
6433:5
6431:C
6420:H
6418:5
6416:C
6408:8
6406:H
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