742:(CT), it can be advantageous to have both late arterial and portal venous phase images since some tumors enhance briskly during the arterial phase (hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic adenoma, follicular nodular hyperplasia (FNH), and hypervascular metastasis), but maybe occult or difficult to characterize on portal venous phase imaging alone. However, it should be stressed that the addition of late arterial phase images is only indicated if one of these tumors is suspected, or if there is a need for further characterization of a hepatic mass, since the large majority of patients will not benefit from the addition of this phase. In addition, if there is a need to definitively characterize a hepatic mass, MRI is generally more sensitive and specific, with no associated radiation dose.
545:
730:
190:
22:
537:
290:(FNH) is the second most common benign tumor of the liver. FNH is found in 0.2%–0.3% of adults worldwide. FNH is more common in females (10:1 female to male ratio) except in Japan and China, in which there is a more equal prevalence of cases between females and males. FNH is associated with women of childbearing years and has been associated with women taking hormonal oral contraceptives. This tumor is the result of a congenital arteriovenous malformation
446:, the adenoma is recommended to be surgically removed. Like most liver tumors, the anatomy and location of the adenoma determines whether the tumor can removed laparoscopically or if it requires an open surgical procedure. Hepatocellular adenomas are also known to decrease in size when there is decreased estrogen or steroids (e.g. when estrogen-containing contraceptives, steroids are stopped, or post-partum).
709:
these data is important for staging liver tumors and prognosis. Tumor characterization is a complex process based on a sum of criteria leading towards tumor nature definition. Often, other diagnostic procedures, especially interventional ones are no longer necessary. Tumor characterization using the ultrasound method will be based on the following elements: consistency (solid, liquid, mixed),
267:(e.g. when medical imaging is obtained for another reason). In terms of management, they are usually monitored with periodic imaging as well as more closely if the person becomes pregnant. If the cavernous hemangioma grows quickly or the patient is symptomatic, further medical intervention is warranted. Therapies include open or laparoscopic
438:, which is malignant liver tumor, is 4.2% of all cases. Transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in men. Currently, if the hepatic adenoma is >5 cm, increasing in size, symptomatic lesions, has molecular markers associated with HCC transformation, rising level of liver tumor markers such as
494:
Liver cysts are common. They are fluid-filled contained structures within the liver. Simple liver cysts are seen most commonly in women and kids. In terms of pathophysiology, they are formed in response to developmental events and in response to trauma and inflammation. In addition, liver cysts can
733:
Selected images from a biphasic CT of Focal
Nodular Hyperplasia in the left hepatic lobe (arrow). These masses have characteristic early arterial enhancement (6a) with contrast wash out on the portal venous phase images (6b) from the mass making these lesions difficult to identify on portal venous
449:
Women of childbearing age with hepatic adenomas were previously recommended to avoid becoming pregnant altogether; however, currently a more individualized approach is recommended that takes into account the size of the adenoma and whether surgical resection is possible prior to becoming pregnant.
297:
These tumors usually do not have any symptoms. If large, they may present with abdominal pain. It is common for patients to have multiple distinct liver lesions; however, they do not tend to grow over time and they do not typically convert to malignant tumors. Diagnosis is made mainly with medical
477:
and is not taking exogenous hormones. Liver cell adenomatosis is not associated with steroid use (e.g. their size does not change when taking or not taking oral contraceptives containing estrogen or anabolic steroids), which is another distinction from hepatic adenomas. Liver cell adenomatosis is
255:
Liver hemangiomas do not usually cause symptoms. They are usually small, with sizes up to 10 centimeters. Their size tends to remain stable overtime. However, if the hemangioma is large it can cause abdominal pain, a sense of fullness in right upper abdominal area, heart problems, and coagulation
708:
involves two stages: detection and characterization. Tumor detection is based on the performance of the method and should include morphometric information (three axes dimensions, volume) and topographic information (number, location specifying liver segment and lobe/lobes). The specification of
434:, and rupture, are considered when determining the treatment approach Estimates indicate approximately 20-40% of hepatocellular adenomas will undergo spontaneous hemorrhage. The evidence is not well elucidated, but the best available data suggests that the risk of hepatocellular adenoma becoming
515:
Pseudotumors differ from liver tumors in that they are not a proliferation of abnormal cells but are "local variations" of tissue type. Notably, liver pseudotumors can be confused for a liver tumor on initial imaging studies when diagnostically working up a liver mass. Examples of pseudotumors
713:, structure appearance (homogeneous or heterogeneous), delineation from adjacent liver parenchyma (capsular, imprecise), elasticity, posterior acoustic enhancement effect, the relation with neighboring organs or structures (displacement, invasion), vasculature (presence and characteristics on
482:. Like hepatic adenomas, they are diagnosed with imaging and biopsies as needed. Treatment of liver cell adenomatosis is difficult due to the multiple, widespread lesions. Liver imaging should be reviewed to see if it is possible to surgically remove the tumors.
478:
associated with liver dysfunction and higher rates of bleeding than hepatic adenomas alone. Available evidence suggests that bleeding occurs in approximately 63% of patients with liver cell adenomatosis. Liver cell adenomatosis is also associated with becoming
450:
Currently, there is a clinical trial called the
Pregnancy and Liver Adenoma Management (PALM) study that is investigating management of hepatic adenomas during pregnancy; however, the results of this trial have not been published as of February 2021.
251:
and its branches. These tumors are most common in women. The cause of liver hemangiomas remains unknown; however, it may have congenital and genetic components. They are not known to become malignant based on the available existing literature.
306:
with contrast. The majority of FNH have a characteristic "central scar" on contrast-enhanced imaging, which helps to solidify the diagnosis. However, if a central scar is not present on imaging, it is hard to tell the difference between FNH,
656:
Upon discovery of a liver tumor, the main issue in the workup is to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Many imaging modalities are used to aid in the diagnosis of malignant liver tumors. These include
472:
results they are the same as hepatic adenomas. Liver cell adenomatosis differs from hepatic adenomas by its definition of more than 10 hepatic adenomas that are in both liver lobes in a person who does not have a
1315:
van Aalten, Susanna M.; Bröker, Mirelle E. E.; Busschbach, J. J. V.; de Koning, Harry J.; de Man, Robert A.; Steegers, Eric A. P.; Steyerberg, Ewout W.; Terkivatan, Turkan; IJzermans, Jan N. M. (2012-06-29).
247:) are the most common type of benign liver tumor, found in 3%–10% of people. They are made up of blood clusters that are surrounded by endothelial cells. These hemangiomas get their blood supply from the
402:
laboratory values. They are, in most cases, located in the right hepatic lobe and are frequently seen as a single lesion. Their size ranges from 1 to 30 cm. They can be difficult to diagnosis with
318:
Given the benign nature of FNH and the fact that they rarely progress in size or undergo malignant transformation, FNH tumors are usually managed with clinical monitoring. Surgical indications or
415:. Molecular categorization via biopsy and pathological analysis aids in both diagnosis and understanding prognosis, particularly because hepatocellular adenomas have the potential to become
423:
should be avoided, because this method can lead to bleeding or rupture of the adenoma. The best way to biopsy suspected hepatic adenoma is via open or laparoscopic excisional biopsy.
1690:
51:
679:(AFP) in the blood can be found in many cases of HCC and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma can be detected with these commonly used tumor markers:
217:
cells or in response to liver injury, known as regenerative nodules. One way to categorize benign liver tumors is by their anatomic source, such as hepatocellular,
1383:
544:
1921:
675:, chemicals sometimes found in the blood of people with cancer, can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring the course of liver cancers. High levels of
1946:
729:
1683:
2171:
294:
response. This process is one in which all normal constituents of the liver are present, but the pattern by which they are presented is abnormal.
145:. Several distinct types of tumors can develop in the liver because the liver is made up of various cell types. Liver tumors can be classified as
1217:"Malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenomas into hepatocellular carcinomas: a systematic review including more than 1600 adenoma cases"
2031:
426:
Because hepatocellular adenomas are so rare, there are no clear guidelines for the best course of treatment. The complications, which include
854:
2246:
2220:
2176:
1676:
940:
1382:
Donato, Maren; Jahromi, Alireza
Hamidian; Andrade, Ana Ines; Kim, Roger; Chaudhery, Shabnum Ilyas; Sangster, Guillermo (2015-05-01).
1783:
73:
2079:
932:
705:
700:
2181:
1984:
1941:
1912:
1892:
189:
739:
1264:
Bröker, Mirelle E. E.; Ijzermans, Jan N. M.; van Aalten, Susanna M.; de Man, Robert A.; Terkivatan, Türkan (2012-12-24).
2210:
1884:
1797:
1707:
718:
34:
2150:
1926:
1902:
348:
1888:
1464:
Yang, Ju Dong; Hainaut, Pierre; Gores, Gregory J.; Amadou, Amina; Plymoth, Amelie; Roberts, Lewis R. (October 2019).
691:). These tumour markers are found in primary liver cancers, as well as in other cancers and certain other disorders.
44:
38:
30:
343:, with estimates indicating hepatocellular adenomas make up 2% of liver tumors. They are most common in women using
322:
for FNH include if the FNH lesion is large, symptomatic, or there is uncertainty surrounding the correct diagnosis.
2166:
1907:
1761:
666:
387:
303:
264:
279:. In terms of complications of hepatic hemangiomas, it is very rare for a hepatic hemangioma to rupture or bleed.
2074:
2003:
1699:
496:
408:
395:
287:
165:. Signs and symptoms of liver masses vary from being asymptomatic to patients presenting with an abdominal mass,
55:
2026:
1880:
1651:
684:
651:
623:
525:
479:
474:
443:
435:
427:
416:
412:
360:
312:
759:
2215:
1964:
1733:
714:
658:
276:
536:
2056:
1844:
1806:
1716:
465:
330:
1266:"The Management of Pregnancy in Women with Hepatocellular Adenoma: A Plea for an Individualized Approach"
483:
319:
272:
1916:
263:
Given their benign course and often asymptomatic nature, cavernous hemangiomas are typically diagnosed
2061:
399:
344:
232:
1215:
Stoot, Jan H.M.B.; Coelen, Robert J.S.; De Jong, Mechteld C.; Dejong, Cornelis H.C. (October 2010).
2241:
839:
Dooley, James S.; Lok, Anna S. F.; Garcia-Tsao, Guadalupe; Pinzani, Massimo, eds. (6 August 2018).
662:
521:
420:
2121:
2103:
2043:
1872:
1868:
1091:
630:
588:
584:
268:
2188:
2140:
2131:
1854:
1756:
1725:
1603:
1554:
1503:
1485:
1421:
1403:
1357:
1339:
1297:
1246:
1197:
1179:
1083:
1075:
1036:
1018:
954:
946:
936:
868:
860:
850:
676:
439:
115:
105:
213:
There are several types of benign liver tumors. They are caused by either abnormal growth of
1989:
1863:
1778:
1766:
1593:
1585:
1544:
1534:
1521:
Malaguarnera, G; Paladina, I; Giordano, M; Malaguarnera, M; Bertino, G; Berretta, M (2013).
1493:
1477:
1440:
1411:
1395:
1384:"Hepatic Adenomatosis: A Rare but Important Liver Disease With Severe Clinical Implications"
1347:
1329:
1287:
1277:
1236:
1228:
1187:
1169:
1067:
1026:
517:
356:
1831:
1814:
962:
876:
846:
612:
504:
404:
308:
257:
154:
1624:
898:
2145:
2108:
2038:
1936:
1876:
1819:
1748:
1738:
1598:
1573:
1549:
1522:
1498:
1465:
1416:
1352:
1317:
1292:
1265:
1241:
1216:
1192:
1157:
1031:
1006:
638:
600:
553:
500:
248:
170:
2235:
2089:
1771:
1232:
924:
596:
407:
alone, because it can be hard to tell the difference between hepatocellular adenoma,
390:
However, if signs and symptoms are present they include non-specific abdominal pain,
1466:"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention and management"
1095:
2051:
884:
710:
672:
608:
580:
561:
383:
376:
372:
222:
198:
166:
162:
1656:
1399:
840:
181:
dysfunction. Treatment varies and is highly specific to the type of liver tumor.
2116:
2069:
1956:
1628:
604:
2202:
1481:
1056:"Cavernous hemangiomas of the liver: are there any indications for resection?"
872:
568:
431:
340:
299:
291:
1668:
1489:
1407:
1343:
1183:
1079:
1022:
958:
2098:
2021:
1839:
1334:
1174:
966:
880:
469:
202:
150:
1607:
1558:
1507:
1425:
1361:
1301:
1250:
1201:
1040:
1539:
1282:
1087:
1055:
315:, in which cases biopsy is the next step to aid in the diagnosis process.
2161:
1589:
576:
391:
364:
352:
214:
174:
1643:
1005:
Bajenaru, N; Balaban, V; Săvulescu, F; Campeanu, I; Patrascu, T (2015).
1071:
634:
368:
218:
193:
Liver tumor types by relative incidence in adults in the United States.
680:
158:
146:
950:
864:
688:
572:
549:
543:
535:
188:
178:
142:
2158:
1672:
1439:
Prevention, CDC-Centers for
Disease Control and (2019-07-16).
552:, showing multiple large pale tumor deposits. The tumor is an
15:
363:(subtypes I and III), and newer studies are suggesting that
556:
derived from a primary lesion in the body of the pancreas.
1054:
Farges, O.; Daradkeh, S.; Bismuth, H. (January 1995).
622:
The most frequent, malignant, primary liver cancer is
256:
dysfunction. Cavernous hemangiomas are diagnosed with
629:
Other forms of primary forms of liver cancer include
1633:
1318:"Pregnancy and liver adenoma management: PALM-study"
2201:
2130:
2088:
2011:
2002:
1977:
1955:
1853:
1830:
1805:
1796:
1747:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1637:
842:
Sherlock's
Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System
260:(do not usually need biopsy to confirm diagnosis).
161:itself), and the diagnosis is often confirmed with
124:
114:
104:
96:
91:
1523:"Serum markers of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma"
141:) are abnormal growth of liver cells on or in the
1470:Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
153:(cancerous) growths. They may be discovered on
355:, women who are pregnant, or people mis-using
1684:
540:Large HCC filling almost entire of right lobe
8:
1574:"Tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma"
2008:
1802:
1721:
1712:
1691:
1677:
1669:
1634:
339:) are rare benign liver tumors made up of
197:Liver tumors can be broadly classified as
88:
1947:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
1597:
1548:
1538:
1497:
1415:
1351:
1333:
1291:
1281:
1240:
1191:
1173:
1030:
929:Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology
923:Mills, Stacy E., ed. (11 February 2015).
652:Hepatocellular_carcinoma § Diagnosis
486:is a treatment option for some patients.
464:is a related but distinct diagnosis from
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
728:
2172:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
751:
382:Hepatocellular adenomas are most often
379:are risk factors for hepatic adenomas.
157:(even for a different reason than the
110:Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
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802:
800:
458:Liver cell adenomatosis (also called
7:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
903:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
2221:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
1270:International Journal of Hepatology
1158:"Hepatocellular adenoma: An update"
1922:Polymerase proofreading-associated
738:When evaluating hepatic masses by
442:, the patient is a male, or has a
14:
1784:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
2080:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
1441:"CDC - Echinococcosis - Biology"
1233:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00222.x
359:. They are also associated with
20:
706:Ultrasonography of liver tumors
701:Ultrasonography of liver tumors
2182:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
1985:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
1942:Familial adenomatous polyposis
687:(CEA) and cancer antigen 125 (
1:
1990:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)
1572:Zhao YJ, Ju Q, Li GC (2013).
1007:"Hepatic hemangioma -review-"
740:abdominal computed tomography
120:medical imaging, liver biopsy
2211:Primary peritoneal carcinoma
1885:traditional serrated adenoma
1400:10.9738/INTSURG-D-14-00161.1
1011:Journal of Medicine and Life
719:contrast-enhanced ultrasound
2151:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
1162:World Journal of Hepatology
516:include: distinct areas of
2263:
2247:Digestive system neoplasia
2167:Serous microcystic adenoma
1762:Signet ring cell carcinoma
1700:Digestive system neoplasia
698:
667:magnetic resonance imaging
649:
559:
396:gamma glutamyl transferase
2075:Focal nodular hyperplasia
1482:10.1038/s41575-019-0186-y
681:carbohydrate antigen 19-9
548:Cross section of a human
497:polycystic kidney disease
468:. On medical imaging and
444:glycogen storage disorder
419:It is important to note,
409:focal nodular hyperplasia
394:, and higher than normal
361:glycogen storage diseases
288:Focal nodular hyperplasia
283:Focal nodular hyperplasia
2177:Mucinous cystic neoplasm
2027:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1881:sessile serrated adenoma
1060:World Journal of Surgery
685:carcinoembryonic antigen
624:hepatocellular carcinoma
526:inflammatory pseudotumor
501:echinococcosis infection
480:hepatocellular carcinoma
475:glycogen storage disease
470:histopathological biopsy
436:hepatocellular carcinoma
428:malignant transformation
413:hepatocellular carcinoma
388:incidentally on imaging.
313:hepatocellular carcinoma
277:radio-frequency ablation
29:This article includes a
2216:Peritoneal mesothelioma
1965:Squamous cell carcinoma
1734:Squamous cell carcinoma
1335:10.1186/1471-230X-12-82
1175:10.4254/wjh.v7.i25.2603
715:Doppler ultrasonography
454:Liver Cell Adenomatosis
331:Hepatocellular adenomas
58:more precise citations.
2057:Hepatocellular adenoma
1845:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1156:Vijay, Adarsh (2015).
764:Johns Hopkins Medicine
735:
557:
541:
466:hepatocellular adenoma
336:hepatocellular adenoma
194:
1388:International Surgery
899:"Benign Liver Tumors"
732:
650:Further information:
547:
539:
484:Liver transplantation
461:hepatic adenomatosis)
351:therapies containing
320:arterial embolization
273:arterial embolization
233:Cavernous hemangiomas
192:
2062:Cavernous hemangioma
1913:Familial adenomatous
1900:Polyposis syndromes:
1590:10.3892/mco.2013.119
1322:BMC Gastroenterology
1017:(Spec Issue): 4–11.
575:, frequently of the
400:alkaline phosphatase
128:varies based on type
1540:10.1155/2013/196412
1283:10.1155/2012/725735
734:phase images alone.
725:Computed tomography
663:computed tomography
421:percutaneous biopsy
373:high blood pressure
349:hormone replacement
149:(non-cancerous) or
2122:Gallbladder cancer
2104:Cholangiocarcinoma
2044:Liver angiosarcoma
1978:Upper and/or lower
1927:Serrated polyposis
1072:10.1007/BF00316974
736:
631:cholangiocarcinoma
595:.), but also from
558:
542:
490:Simple Liver Cysts
269:surgical resection
238:hepatic hemangioma
195:
31:list of references
2229:
2228:
2197:
2196:
2189:Pancreatoblastoma
2141:exocrine pancreas
1998:
1997:
1973:
1972:
1792:
1791:
1757:Gastric carcinoma
1666:
1665:
856:978-1-119-23764-8
845:(13th ed.).
677:alpha-fetoprotein
440:alpha fetoprotein
392:yellowing of skin
298:imaging, such as
132:
131:
116:Diagnostic method
86:Medical condition
84:
83:
76:
2254:
2009:
1908:MUTYH-associated
1893:Cronkhite–Canada
1864:Colorectal polyp
1803:
1779:Linitis plastica
1767:Gastric lymphoma
1722:
1713:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1635:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1436:
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1429:
1419:
1379:
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1365:
1355:
1337:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1177:
1153:
1100:
1099:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1002:
971:
970:
931:(6th ed.).
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
895:
889:
888:
836:
775:
774:
772:
770:
756:
633:, mixed tumors,
585:carcinoid tumors
518:hepatic fibrosis
386:and often found
244:liver hemangioma
177:, or some other
89:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:this article by
45:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
2262:
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2256:
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2232:
2231:
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2225:
2193:
2126:
2084:
1994:
1969:
1951:
1849:
1826:
1815:Duodenal cancer
1807:Small intestine
1788:
1743:
1702:
1697:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1527:Disease Markers
1520:
1519:
1515:
1476:(10): 589–604.
1463:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1314:
1313:
1309:
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1004:
1003:
974:
943:
922:
921:
917:
907:
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897:
896:
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857:
847:Wiley-Blackwell
838:
837:
778:
768:
766:
758:
757:
753:
748:
727:
703:
697:
654:
648:
613:prostate cancer
567:Most cases are
564:
534:
505:hydatid disease
492:
456:
405:imaging studies
328:
326:Hepatic adenoma
309:hepatic adenoma
285:
258:medical imaging
230:
211:
187:
155:medical imaging
137:(also known as
87:
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
35:related reading
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:Adenocarcinoma
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2109:Klatskin tumor
2106:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2039:Hepatoblastoma
2036:
2035:
2034:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Adenocarcinoma
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:Adenocarcinoma
1811:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1739:Adenocarcinoma
1736:
1730:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:Classification
1632:
1631:
1620:
1619:External links
1617:
1614:
1613:
1584:(4): 593–598.
1578:Mol Clin Oncol
1564:
1513:
1456:
1431:
1394:(5): 903–907.
1367:
1307:
1256:
1227:(8): 509–522.
1207:
1168:(25): 2603–9.
1101:
1046:
972:
942:978-1451188752
941:
915:
890:
855:
776:
760:"Liver Tumors"
750:
749:
747:
744:
726:
723:
699:Main article:
696:
693:
661:(ultrasound),
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:hepatoblastoma
627:
620:
601:ovarian cancer
587:mainly of the
560:Main article:
554:adenocarcinoma
533:
530:
491:
488:
455:
452:
430:, spontaneous
345:contraceptives
327:
324:
284:
281:
249:hepatic artery
229:
226:
210:
207:
186:
185:Classification
183:
171:abdominal pain
139:hepatic tumors
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
100:Hepatic tumors
98:
94:
93:
85:
82:
81:
64:September 2009
39:external links
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2090:Biliary tract
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:Fibrolamellar
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:Peutz–Jeghers
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
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1838:
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1833:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:MALT lymphoma
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
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1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
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1546:
1541:
1536:
1533:(4): 219–28.
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
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1323:
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1311:
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1279:
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1257:
1252:
1248:
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1234:
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1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
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1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
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1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
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1077:
1073:
1069:
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1050:
1047:
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1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
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930:
926:
919:
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904:
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894:
891:
886:
882:
878:
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866:
862:
858:
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848:
844:
843:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
777:
765:
761:
755:
752:
745:
743:
741:
731:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
707:
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Tumor markers
670:
668:
664:
660:
653:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:breast cancer
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
563:
555:
551:
546:
538:
531:
529:
527:
524:changes, and
523:
520:, pockets of
519:
513:
512:
511:Pseudotumors:
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:be seen with
489:
487:
485:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
462:
453:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
333:(also called
332:
325:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
305:
301:
295:
293:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
253:
250:
246:
245:
240:
239:
235:(also called
234:
227:
225:
224:
220:
216:
208:
206:
204:
200:
191:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
78:
75:
67:
57:
53:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2157:
2139:
2115:
2097:
2068:
2050:
2020:
2012:
1933:
1899:
1873:hyperplastic
1862:
1855:Colon/rectum
1650:
1625:Liver cancer
1581:
1577:
1567:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1434:
1391:
1387:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1165:
1161:
1066:(1): 19–24.
1063:
1059:
1049:
1014:
1010:
928:
925:"Table 37.2"
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:
893:
885:Google Books
883:– via
841:
767:. Retrieved
763:
754:
737:
711:echogenicity
704:
671:
655:
616:
609:renal cancer
592:
581:colon cancer
562:Liver cancer
514:
510:
509:
493:
460:
459:
457:
448:
425:
384:asymptomatic
381:
377:dyslipidemia
335:
334:
329:
317:
296:
286:
265:incidentally
262:
254:
243:
242:
237:
236:
231:
212:
196:
167:hepatomegaly
163:liver biopsy
138:
135:Liver tumors
134:
133:
70:
61:
50:Please help
42:
2117:gallbladder
2070:hyperplasia
1629:Mayo Clinic
1445:www.cdc.gov
683:(CA 19–9),
605:lung cancer
571:from other
522:fatty liver
341:hepatocytes
228:Hemangiomas
97:Other names
92:Liver tumor
56:introducing
2242:Hepatology
2236:Categories
2203:Peritoneum
1450:2021-02-15
1276:: 725735.
951:2014036541
873:1187411089
865:2017059204
746:References
695:Ultrasound
659:sonography
569:metastases
432:hemorrhage
417:malignant.
300:ultrasound
292:hepatocyte
215:neoplastic
2162:neoplasms
2099:bile duct
2022:malignant
2004:Accessory
1934:Neoplasm:
1917:Gardner's
1840:Carcinoid
1726:Esophagus
1490:1759-5053
1408:0020-8868
1344:1471-230X
1328:(1): 82.
1184:1948-5182
1080:0364-2313
1023:1844-122X
967:28261767M
959:953861627
881:29371356M
665:(CT) and
646:Diagnosis
532:Cancerous
203:malignant
151:malignant
125:Treatment
106:Specialty
2132:Pancreas
1903:Juvenile
1877:juvenile
1832:Appendix
1708:GI tract
1608:24649215
1559:23396291
1508:31439937
1426:26011213
1362:22748109
1302:23320183
1251:20887318
1202:26557953
1096:31253509
1041:26361504
721:(CEUS).
589:appendix
577:GI tract
365:diabetes
357:steroids
353:estrogen
223:stromal.
175:jaundice
1869:adenoma
1749:Stomach
1657:D008113
1599:3915636
1550:3809974
1499:6813818
1417:4452981
1353:3503786
1293:3540741
1242:2997656
1193:4635146
1088:7740805
1032:4564031
669:(MRI).
635:sarcoma
369:obesity
219:biliary
52:improve
2159:cystic
2052:benign
1606:
1596:
1557:
1547:
1506:
1496:
1488:
1424:
1414:
1406:
1360:
1350:
1342:
1300:
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1200:
1190:
1182:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1039:
1029:
1021:
965:
957:
949:
939:
908:4 July
879:
871:
863:
853:
769:4 July
637:, and
579:(like
573:tumors
411:, and
375:, and
311:, and
209:Benign
199:benign
159:cancer
147:benign
2013:Liver
1798:Lower
1717:Upper
1092:S2CID
689:CA125
550:liver
275:, or
221:, or
179:liver
143:liver
37:, or
1957:Anus
1652:MeSH
1604:PMID
1555:PMID
1504:PMID
1486:ISSN
1422:PMID
1404:ISSN
1358:PMID
1340:ISSN
1298:PMID
1274:2012
1247:PMID
1198:PMID
1180:ISSN
1084:PMID
1076:ISSN
1037:PMID
1019:ISSN
955:OCLC
947:LCCN
937:ISBN
910:2021
869:OCLC
861:LCCN
851:ISBN
771:2021
717:and
499:and
398:and
1627:at
1594:PMC
1586:doi
1545:PMC
1535:doi
1494:PMC
1478:doi
1412:PMC
1396:doi
1392:100
1348:PMC
1330:doi
1288:PMC
1278:doi
1237:PMC
1229:doi
1221:HPB
1188:PMC
1170:doi
1068:doi
1027:PMC
933:LWW
617:etc
593:etc
507:).
347:or
304:MRI
302:or
241:or
201:or
2238::
2165::
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1887:,
1883:,
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1655::
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963:OL
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