444:, Hart criticises Fuller's work, saying that these principles are merely ones of means-ends efficiency; it is inappropriate, he says, to call them a morality. Employing Fuller's eight principles of legality, one could just as well have an inner morality of poisoning as an inner morality of law, which Hart claims is absurd. In this phase of the argument, the positions of the disputants are transposed. Fuller proposes principles that would easily fit into a positivistic account of law and Hart points out that Fuller's principles could easily accommodate an immoral morality.
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disregard by judges of the terms of the laws they purport to enforce, when this system habitually cures its legal irregularities, even the grossest, by retroactive statutes, when it has only to resort to forays of terror in the streets, which no one dares challenge, in order to escape even those scant restraints imposed by the pretence of legality - when all these things have become true of a dictatorship, it is not hard for me, at least, to deny to it the name of law. (p. 660)
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intelligible, (5) free of contradictions, (6) relatively constant, so that they don't continuously change from day to day, (7) possible to obey, and (8) administered in a way that does not wildly diverge from their obvious or apparent meaning. These are Fuller's "principles of legality." Together, he argues, they guarantee that all law will embody certain moral standards of respect, fairness, and predictability that constitute important aspects of the rule of law.
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the postwar courts had undertaken a study of "the interpretative principles" in force during Hitler's rule and had then solemnly applied those "principles" to ascertain the meaning of this statute? On the other hand, would the courts really have been showing respect for Nazi law if they had constructed the Nazi statutes on their own, quite different, standards of interpretation? (p. 655)
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statute is sufficiently evil it ceases to be law," they ran away from the problem they should have faced. This criticism is, I believe, without justification. So far as the courts are concerned, matters certainly would not have been helped if, instead of saying, "This is not law," they had said, "This is law but it is so evil we will refuse to apply it." (p. 655)
368:, and was elevated to the Carter chair of jurisprudence in 1948. He remained at Harvard until retiring in 1972. He also practiced law with the firm of Ropes, Gray, Best, Coolidge & Rugg at Boston, where he worked in labor arbitration. At Harvard, he taught both contract law and jurisprudence, and pushed to reform the pedagogical approach of the law faculty.
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these standards. In virtue of these principles of legality, the law has an inner morality that imposes a minimal morality of fairness. Some laws, he admits, may be so wicked or unjust that they should not be obeyed. But even in these cases, he argues, there are positive features of the law that impose a defensible moral duty to obey them.
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principles is flagrantly lacking in a system of governance, the system will not be a legal one. The more closely a system is able to adhere to them, the nearer it will be to the rule-of-law ideal, though in reality all systems must make compromises and will fall short of perfect ideals of clarity, consistency, stability, and so forth.
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Fuller also denied the core claim of legal positivism that there is no necessary connection between law and morality. According to Fuller, certain moral standards, which he calls "principles of legality," are built into the very concept of law, so that nothing counts as genuine law that fails to meet
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to describe "the science, theory or study of good order and workable arrangements". Stemming from behavioral systems theory, it was an attempt to fuse what Fuller saw as the inherent morality of law with the empirical data and methods of the objective sciences. Its main practical application appears
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I would like to ask the reader whether he can actually share
Professor Hart's indignation that, in the perplexities of the postwar re-construction, the German courts saw fit to declare this thing not a law. Can it be argued seriously that it would have been more beseeming to the judicial process if
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Professor Hart castigates the German courts and
Radbruch, not so much for what they believed had to be done, but because they failed to see that they were confronted by a moral dilemma of a sort that would have been immediately apparent to Bentham and Austin. By the simple dodge of saying, "When a
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with an entertaining story about an imaginary king named Rex who attempts to rule but finds he is unable to do so in any meaningful way when any of these conditions are not met. Fuller contends that the purpose of law is to subject "human conduct to the governance of rules". If any of the eight
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To me there is nothing shocking in saying that a dictatorship which clothes itself with a tinsel of legal form can so far depart from the morality of order, from the inner morality of law itself, that it ceases to be a legal system. When a system calling itself law is predicated upon a general
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According to Fuller, all purported legal rules must meet eight minimal conditions in order to count as genuine laws. The rules must be (1) sufficiently general, (2) publicly promulgated, (3) prospective (i.e., applicable only to future behavior, not past), (4) at least minimally clear and
395:, which view human law as rooted in a rationally knowable and universally binding "higher law" that derives from God. Fuller accepted the idea, found in the writings of some traditional natural law theorists, that in some cases
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obligation to obey all laws. Some laws, it is claimed, are so unjust and oppressive that there is not even a presumptive moral duty to obey them.
375:. He was survived by his wife, Marjorie, two children from a previous marriage – F. Brock Fuller and Cornelia F. Hopfield – and two stepchildren,
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324:, Fuller argues that all systems of law contain an "internal morality" that imposes on individuals a presumptive obligation of obedience.
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Lon L. Fuller, "Positivism and
Fidelity to Law: A Reply to Professor Hart," Harvard Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Feb., 1958), pp. 630-672.
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American Legal
Philosophy at Mid-Century - A Review of Edwin W. Patterson's Jurisprudence, Men and Ideas of the Law
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Rediscovering Fuller: Essays on
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best known as a proponent of a secular and procedural form of
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Other critics have challenged Fuller's claim that there is a
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Forms
Liberate: Reclaiming the Jurisprudence of Lon L Fuller
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as an undergraduate and for law school. He taught at the
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399:. In his famous "Reply to Professor Hart", part of the
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Arguing about Law: An Introduction to Legal Philosophy
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Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty
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613:"LON L. FULLER, 75, LAWYER AND HARVARD PROFESSOR"
883:Finding Aid for Lon L. Fuller, Papers, 1926-1977
278:(June 15, 1902 – April 8, 1978) was an American
387:In his 1958 debate with Hart and more fully in
865:(Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1999).
774:, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001, p. 57.
379:and Mimi Hinnawi. He had eight grandchildren.
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1459:Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
397:unjust laws or legal systems are not law
759:Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy.
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517:", an essay published by Fuller in 1949
16:American philosopher of law (1902–1978)
761:Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1983, p. 347.
581:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale U. P.
371:Fuller died at age 75 at his home in
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515:The Case of the Speluncean Explorers
320:. In his widely discussed 1964 book
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1387:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
596:. London: Edward Arnold. p. 1.
286:. Fuller was a professor of law at
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909:(2005) 24 Law and Philosophy 239.
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916:(2008) 83 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1135
902:(2008) 83 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1059
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644:Griswold, Erwin N. (1978).
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350:Stanford University
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348:. He went to
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125:Lon L. Fuller
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1582:Usul al-Fiqh
1580:
1563:
1559:Legal system
1536:
1529:
1427:Law's Empire
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
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1375:
1365:
1355:
1112:
1030:Philosophers
972:Legal theory
897:Nicola Lacey
861:
839:. Retrieved
835:
826:
818:
813:
801:. Retrieved
786:
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550:Roscoe Pound
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235:Institutions
162:(1978-04-08)
105:
96:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1662:1978 deaths
1657:1902 births
1504:Paternalism
1499:Natural law
1361:(c. 355 BC)
1208:Montesquieu
1000:Legal norms
526:Rule of law
450:prima facie
1651:Categories
1611:Law portal
1238:Petrażycki
1228:Pashukanis
1223:Olivecrona
1158:Hägerström
1073:Blackstone
630:2023-04-19
564:References
356:, then at
141:1902-06-15
69:newspapers
1371:(c. 1270)
1253:Pufendorf
1188:Llewellyn
1048:Aristotle
705:Summers,
693:0017-811X
662:0017-811X
625:0362-4331
176:Education
1601:Category
1523:Concepts
1489:Legalism
1441:Theories
1328:Voegelin
1298:Scaevola
1258:Radbruch
1233:Perelman
1218:Nussbaum
1163:Jellinek
1128:Habermas
1123:Gurvitch
1093:Durkheim
1063:Beccaria
821:, p. 477
748:, p. 74.
744:Fuller,
735:, p. 28.
709:, p. 64.
508:See also
458:eunomics
294:and the
1636:changes
1549:Justice
1303:Schmitt
1293:Savigny
1273:Reinach
1198:Maistre
1193:Luhmann
1168:Jhering
1118:Grotius
1103:Ehrlich
1098:Dworkin
1088:Cardozo
1068:Bentham
1058:Bastiat
1043:Aquinas
841:29 July
803:29 July
302:in the
83:scholar
1531:Dharma
1431:(1986)
1421:(1980)
1411:(1961)
1401:(1934)
1391:(1820)
1381:(1748)
1333:Walzer
1313:Suárez
1278:Renner
1243:Posner
1213:Müller
1178:Kelsen
1153:Hobbes
1133:Haller
1113:Fuller
1108:Finnis
1078:Bobbio
1053:Austin
794:
691:
660:
623:
503:, 1968
497:, 1967
485:, 1949
473:, 1940
220:School
209:Region
170:, U.S.
151:, U.S.
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1348:Works
1338:Weber
1323:Unger
1318:Stahl
1308:Shang
1263:Rawls
1248:Pound
1183:Leoni
1148:Hegel
1038:Alexy
962:Index
885:from
872:52–96
532:Notes
465:Works
308:(the
90:JSTOR
76:books
1357:Laws
1288:Rumi
1283:Ross
1203:Marx
1173:Kant
1143:Hart
1083:Bork
843:2018
805:2018
792:ISBN
689:ISSN
658:ISSN
621:ISSN
552:and
332:Life
316:and
157:Died
131:Born
62:news
1268:Raz
1138:Han
344:in
264:law
199:Era
188:LLB
45:by
1653::
1565:Li
1538:Fa
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184:BA
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