460:
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862:
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1873:
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2287:. The tunnel runs at a depth of 68 to 190 feet (21 to 58 m) and passes through 24 access shafts of 12 feet (3.7 m) diameter. Constructed of bolted reinforced concrete and cast iron segmental rings using a new form of rotary tunnelling shield, the tunnel was believed to be the longest in Europe at the time of its completion. The tunnel was designed to transfer 120 million imperial gallons (550 megalitres) of water per day.
160:
taken to homes by water carriers, often called cobs, a term seen as dated by the 18th century. Records of frequent drownings prove many poorer citizens needed or desired water from the Thames and the larger tributaries; quite large quantities were needed for iron-smithery, cooking and brewing for instance. The Great
Conduit system was extended over time, and in the 15th century sources were increased, firstly by a conduit from
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1833:
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2352:(equivalent to £638 million in 2023), to reduce the reliance on these trunk mains and allow them to be more easily maintained. A deep-level system of 80 kilometres (50 mi) of concrete tunnels, the Ring Main connected the large water works in the west of London with pumping stations in the centre, close to the areas of highest demand. It also allowed a number of smaller treatment works to be closed.
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1972:
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vice-chairman. A series of arbitration hearings was held to determine the amount that the shareholders of the nine private water companies were paid, which resulted in a total payout of £47 million (equivalent to £6.37 billion in 2023). This payment was made in "water stock", which carried a guaranteed dividend of 3%, payable by the MWB.
772:
599:, the slow sand filter harnesses a complex biological film formed on the sand to provide excellent filtration of water with very little energy use. Filtration of water would eventually be mandated by the Metropolis Water Act 1852, and to this day a large amount of London's water is still purified using slow sand filtration.
759:. The amalgamated company established waterworks at Battersea Fields with two depositing reservoirs with a capacity of 32 million imperial gallons (150 Ml); and two filtering reservoirs holding 11 million imperial gallons (50 Ml). In 1850 the company's "treated" water was described by
2384:
Total yields of the scheme were estimated in 1999 at 90 megalitres per day from the
Enfield and Haringey sources, and 60 megalitres per day for the Lee Valley sources, for a total scheme yield of around 150 megalitres per day. Recharge rates of 40 megalitres per day have been achieved, without impact
2282:
To resolve this, the Thames–Lee water main was conceived to transport raw water from the River Thames to East London to be treated. Designed by consulting engineers Sir
William Halcrow & Partners, and constructed between 1955 and 1959, it is a 19-mile (31 km), 102-inch (2.6 m) diameter
571:
The London Bridge
Waterworks Company was dissolved in 1822, and its water supply licence was purchased by the New River Company. Later that year, the Borough Waterworks Company purchased the London Bridge licence from the New River Company, and it was renamed the Southwark Water Company. The company
159:
would pay for the water they used. Wealthy
Londoners living near the conduits could obtain permission for a connection to their homes, but this did not prevent their unauthorised tapping. Otherwise – particularly for homes which could not take a gravity feed – water from the conduits was
2434:
at a cost of £250 million (equivalent to £405 million in 2023) to provide an additional 150 megalitres per day from the tidal Thames in times of drought. This facility, the Thames
Gateway Water Treatment Works, is rarely used due to the high cost of operation, and in 2022 the capacity was
2408:
London's water suppliers have come under significant criticism for the amount of leakage in the water network, with the total leakage reported at around 500 megalitres per day in 2019. Many of London's water pipes are more than 60 years old, with the oldest being over 150 years old. Thames Water in
305:
in 1666, which destroyed much of the city's previous wooden and lead water piping. The London Bridge
Waterworks machinery was largely destroyed, but replacements engineered by Peter Morice's grandson remained under the bridge until the early 19th century, before the New London Bridge was erected in
2380:
took on a new role as a convenient method of transporting raw water from the
Enfield and Haringey boreholes to the treatment works at Hornsey and Coppermills (via the Amhurst Main running from Stoke Newington to the Lee Valley). When water supply is plentiful, the aquifer is artificially recharged
2351:
By the 1980s, the ageing system of surface-level trunk mains, which transported treated water in bulk around London, was becoming overloaded and suffering an increasing number of leaks. The Thames Water Ring Main was a major project, constructed between 1988 and 1993 at a cost of £248 million
657:
in 1838 to house its new steam pump and two similar pumps bought from
Boulton, Watt and Company in 1820. The water was taken from the middle of the river and pumped into filtering reservoirs and to a 200 ft (61 m) tower to provide gravity-fed water. A 6-to-7-mile (9.7 to 11 km) main
281:
The New River cost
Myddelton a lot of money, but in 1612 he was successful in securing investment and assistance from the king. At completion, the New River had cost around £19,000 (equivalent to £4.44 million in 2023), and by 1620, the total expenses for the first fifteen years had reached
2228:
The private water companies were nationalised, by compulsory purchase, from 1902–03. The Metropolis Water Act 1902 created the Metropolitan Water Board (MWB), which was formed by the Act with 67 members; 65 of these nominees of local authorities, who then appointed the paid chairman and
2480:
during construction of the High Speed 1 tunnels. Thames Water negotiated with the project to enhance the specification of these boreholes, and a new treatment plant was built at East Ham. The system started operation in May 2005, and can treat up to 23.7 megalitres per day, with an expected
2278:
By the 1950s, the flow of the River Lee was insufficient to supply the demand in eastern areas of London, and treated water had to be piped from west London to compensate. In drought periods, almost the entire flow of the Lee was abstracted, at times affecting navigation on the river.
131:
for much of their non-drinking water. For drinking, due to the brackish and perceptibly poor taste of the Thames, they tended to rely on wells and tributaries rising in around a dozen natural springs on the north side of the Thames, restricting the city's expansion south of the river.
2290:
Water flows through the tunnel by gravity as far as Lockwood, where pumping plant lifts the water into a further section of conventional cast-iron main which delivers the water to the King George V and William Girling reservoirs. Another pump was originally installed at the
2447:
was extended between 2007 and 2010, with the construction of two new tunnels: a northern leg from New River Head to Stoke Newington, connecting the treatment plant at Coppermills to the ring main, and a southern leg from Brixton to the pumping station and reservoirs at
2364:
beneath London began to rebound from their 1967 low of 100 metres (330 ft) below ground level. This rising groundwater raised the risk of damage to tunnels and structures with deep foundations, but also the opportunity to use the aquifer itself as a reservoir.
204:, which eventually came to be known as the London Bridge Waterworks. A series of pipes and cisterns distributed the water across the city. The supply from the waterwheels was not constant, so the water mains were switched on periodically, on a weekly schedule.
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590:
In January 1829, amongst increasing complaints about the quality of water supplied by the water companies, the Chelsea Waterworks began using a pioneering new technology to purify its water. Originally developed by John Gibb of
467:
As London grew in the 19th century, facilities were needed to serve the increasing population in newly developed areas. Several new water supply companies were established leading to a total of nine private water companies:
563:
Although the Acts of Parliament which created the water companies encouraged them to compete for customers, the companies quickly realised that this would not be profitable. In 1815 the East London company agreed with the
2416:, the regulator, found that Thames Water had breached its legal obligations in reducing leakage, and imposed a £120 million penalty, £65 million of which was returned to customers as a rebate on their bills.
219:
and a number of private households. While not a financial success, the waterworks continued to operate as a small independent company until it was purchased by the London Bridge Waterworks in the early 18th century.
2455:
Following the success of the aquifer recharge scheme in North London, trials were conducted in the early 2000s on the possibility of a corresponding South London Artificial Recharge Scheme (SLARS), initially in the
645:
In 1833 the South London Waterworks Company was supplying 12,046 houses with approximately 12,000 imperial gallons (55,000 L) of water per day. In 1834, the company was renamed the Vauxhall Water Company.
445:
now stands. The first water intake of the company was on the south side of the river drawing on it around high tide. After complaints that the water was foul, the intake was moved to the middle of the river.
2467:
presented a number of novel possibilities to increase groundwater extraction at low cost. The "Elred" (East London resource development) scheme reuses ten boreholes and a number of pipelines, located between
965:
across the Thames from Hampton at Molesey. By 1903 the SVWC supplied a population of 860,173 in 128,871 houses of which 122,728 (95.3%) had a constant supply. The Lambeth Waterworks company started work on
62:
banned this practice, allowing water companies three years to find other sources, but issues with contaminated water persisted. In 1904, London's water suppliers were taken into municipal ownership as the
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998:
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was passed to "make provision for securing the supply to the Metropolis of pure and wholesome water." Under it, it became unlawful for any water company to extract water for domestic use from the
3993:
2381:
through the same boreholes, using treated water from the water distribution network. The confined nature of the aquifer ensures that abstraction has no impact on the overlying river system.
2385:
on customer supply. In 1997, low river and reservoir levels meant that 14,600 megalitres of water were withdrawn from the aquifer, an amount equivalent to 30% of the usable capacity of the
113:. As of 2020, Thames Water's London zone, which serves the majority of London's water users, has the capacity to supply 2.3 gigalitres (510 million imperial gallons) of water per day.
544:. It was thought these sources would be better than those of the Tideway, but they proved to be of poor quality and insufficient to meet demand, so the company resorted to taking from the
2266:
was opened in 1916 to carry coal from the river at Hampton to Kempton Park. An engine house with powerful steam engines was opened at Kempton Park in 1929, which has now become
5454:
991:
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to set a boundary between the two companies' areas. In 1817, a similar agreement was reached between the New River, Chelsea, West Middlesex, and Grand Junction companies.
3988:
2360:
Following the investment in London's water infrastructure over the 20th century, and the decline in industrial use of wells and boreholes, the groundwater levels in the
4086:
293:, took over the New River and became an important force in London's water supply until the company was absorbed by the Metropolitan Water Board nearly 300 years later.
5447:
4556:
984:
4028:
247:
The early seventeenth century brought the construction of the New River, a 42-mile (68 km) artificial waterway which still carries water into London from
330:. The works drew water from the Thames using a pump powered by four horses, and later by steam engines. It was incorporated by an act of Parliament in 1692.
2409:
particular has been criticised for distributing substantial profits to shareholders while almost a quarter of the water they supply is lost through leaks.
4189:
Corporation of London Records Office, Letter Books C, f.110, F, f.107, H, f.252; 2. Corporation of London Records Office, Plea and Memoranda Roll A94, m.4
5110:
2232:
Over the next 70 years, the MWB significantly invested in London's water supply, constructing many large reservoirs in the Thames and Lea valley areas.
5056:
732:
459:
270:
granting him the water rights, approximately 3 miles (5 km) of channel were dug before the project ran into financial difficulties. In 1606, the
2376:, and Lee Valley areas. During times of drought, these boreholes can be used to extract water to supplement low river flows. The nearly 400-year-old
5137:
5234:
Reservoir not shown on map surveyed 1863-9 (Ordnance Survey, 6-inch, Middlesex XII) but is shown on map surveyed 1893-4 (OS, 25-inch, London XIV).
2259:
limited such taking (abstraction) especially in drought. Thus the large reservoirs ensured a few weeks' supply or longer with water restrictions.
787:
epidemic. Population growth in London had been very rapid (more than doubling between 1800 and 1850), with little increase in infrastructure. The
5361:
5568:
4008:
3396:
3244:
2889:
724:(also the Leg of Mutton Reservoir or Leg o' Mutton Reservoir) was built in 1838 and decommissioned in 1960, it is now a local nature reserve.
673:
as a result of pollution caused by population growth. Clean water was now abstracted from the natural channel which had been by-passed by the
5470:
5422:
5393:
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2425:
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Arthur Hassall as "the most disgusting which I have ever examined". His tests and those of others precipitated the law of two years later.
5291:
5139:
The Streatham groundwater source: an analogue for the development of recharge enhanced groundwater resource management in the London basin
3916:
3831:
3781:
3728:
3678:
3526:
3476:
3195:
3144:
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The North London Artificial Recharge (NLAR) scheme, licensed by the Environment Agency in 1995, consists of a network of boreholes in the
3628:
3577:
727:
On 10 January 1845 the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Companies submitted a memorandum to the Health of Towns Commissioners proposing
5002:
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2787:
2684:
2531:
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downgraded to 100 Ml/day. It came under criticism during construction as a waste of money which could be spent on fixing leaks.
846:
there were supplemented by filter beds – all by the SVWC in 1855. These served a 36-inch (910 mm) diameter main ending at
5726:
4263:
3570:
3093:
796:
529:
488:
64:
5741:
4379:
Fletcher, Joseph (June 1845). "Historical and Statistical Account of the present System of Supplying the Metropolis with Water".
2263:
5746:
4277:
2482:
2311:
368:
Chelsea Waterworks, 1752. Two Newcomen beam engines pumped Thames water from a canal to reservoirs at Green Park and Hyde Park.
110:
5721:
503:
94:", receiving less rain than Rome, Dallas, or Sydney, and continued investment will be required to counteract the effects of
67:, which substantially upgraded the water infrastructure, building many new reservoirs. Ownership subsequently passed to the
4324:
3874:
685:. In 1841 the East London Waterworks Company was supplying 36,916 houses. In 1845 the limits of supply of the company were
5761:
5756:
3824:
122:
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The companies often supplied too little water. It was often contaminated. The extent of contamination was confirmed by
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petitioned Parliament, which passed a series of Acts overriding Colthurst's patent and transferred the water rights to
5731:
5716:
5621:
4042:
3893:
2255:(returned to a field), "Kempton Park" Waterworks (north-east) and Hampton Advanced Water Treatment Works (south). The
418:
The Borough Waterworks Company was formed in 1770, originally supplying water to a brewery and the surrounds: between
5847:
5561:
2386:
2284:
2267:
1319:
537:
430:
373:
278:, who helped fund the project. Construction of the New River resumed in 1609 and it was officially opened in 1613.
2283:
concrete-lined tunnel running from the non-tidal Thames at Hampton Water Works to Lockwood pumping station at the
861:
795:
after 31 August 1855, and from the end of that year all such water was required to be "effectually filtered". The
5912:
5751:
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and Staines Reservoir Aqueduct. These supply water to the East London Waterworks within the north-east limits of
1981:
1808:
1672:
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to construct a horse-powered water works on the site of the York House estate, by the Thames south of the Strand.
59:
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sustainable capacity of 15 Ml/d. The "Stratford Box" pumping station, required to dewater the sub-surface
2223:
1498:
807:
596:
5114:
4517:
839:
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The water supplied by the company was taken from the Lea, with waterworks on 30 acres (12 ha) of land at
5832:
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823:
728:
721:
228:
83:
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830:. The Grand Junction, West Middlesex and Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Companies built the works above
521:
was incorporated in 1809 to supply Deptford, Lee, Greenwich, Lewisham, and Rotherhithe with water from the
18:
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shaft to supply up to 12.5 million imperial gallons (57 megalitres) per day to the reservoirs there.
1079:
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906:
902:
894:
827:
615:
The West Middlesex Waterworks Company established a 3.5-million-imperial-gallon (16 Ml) reservoir at
433:
was founded in 1785 to supply water to south and west London. It was established on the south bank of the
381:
341:
68:
5313:
4977:
4871:
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39:
Beginning in the 16th century, private companies supplied fresh water to parts of London from wells, the
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was formed. New water intakes, plants and pumps would have to be west of where the river became tidal (
780:
290:
48:
4438:
4087:"Water scarcity: Major world cities including London face 'increasing danger of drought', report warns"
232:
Richard Blome's map of London (1673). The development of the West End had recently begun to accelerate.
207:
Around 1593, another pumping station was built, again with the backing of the city, at Broken Wharf on
151:. The city authorities appointed "keepers of the conduits" who controlled access so that users such as
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to extend its supplied zone. In the same year, the Company brought 16 acres (6.5 ha) of land in
533:
302:
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In 1832 the Lambeth Waterworks Company built a reservoir at Streatham Hill, and in 1834 obtained an
5917:
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5157:
4003:
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The construction of much of London's current water distribution infrastructure dates to after the
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pipe which led via Charing Cross, Strand, Fleet Street and Ludgate to a large cistern or tank in
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499:. In 1808 the company installed cast iron pipes to supply water from its intakes at Hammersmith.
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5142:. fifth International Symposium on Management of Aquifer Recharge (ISMAR5). Berlin, Germany.
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In 1829, the East London Waterworks Company moved their source of water further up river to
585:
549:
423:
263:
196:, developed one of the first pumped water supply systems for the city, powered by undershot
161:
23:
5003:"PN 22/18: Thames Water's failure to tackle leakage results in £65m package for customers"
4951:
4918:"To stop London running out of water, a crack squad is hunting down the city's mega leaks"
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The Chelsea Waterworks and the Lambeth Waterworks companies, who shared the services of
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was formed later that year. The area supplied by the SVWC was centred on the Borough of
364:
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The cost of the project was £4 million (equivalent to £116 million in 2023).
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639:
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using steam engines to pump it to a cistern at the top of a 60-foot (18 m) tower.
351:
were incorporated as a joint-stock company, which was granted the rights to water from
275:
271:
193:
95:
91:
79:
5267:"METROPOLITAN WATER BOARD: CHIEF ENGINEER'S DEPARTMENT | London Metropolitan Archives"
5136:
Jones, Michael A; Harris, Sally J; Baxter, Keith M; Anderson, Malcolm (10 June 2005).
5932:
5489:
4895:
4715:
4706:
4656:
4627:
Ashley, Percy (January 1906). "The Water, Gas, and Electric Light Supply of London".
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928:
687:"all those portions of the Metropolis, and its suburbs, which lie to the east of the
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419:
389:
337:
was established by Michael Arnold, a brewer in Westminster, along with two co-owners.
201:
136:
5156:
Hamilton, Alexander; Riches, Jamie; Realey, Graham; Thomas, Howard (February 2008).
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The East London Waterworks Company replaced their reservoir at Clapton with one at
831:
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620:
616:
434:
323:
212:
189:
75:
40:
4572:"An Act to make better Provision respecting the Supply of Water to the Metropolis"
5606:
4496:"East London Waterworks Company, Brief history during the Snow era, 1813 - 1858"
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2306:
On 1 April 1974, the Metropolitan Water Board and other local Water Boards (the
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506:, also founded in 1806, acquired the Shadwell Water Works, as well as works at
74:
Today, the population of Greater London is supplied by four private companies:
5690:
5432:
4872:"Aquifer Recharge: An Operational Drought-Management Strategy in North London"
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arose from the extraction of water from the increasingly polluted Thames. The
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at Old Ford. In 1830 the company gained a lease on the existing reservoir at
340:
In 1675, a royal patent was granted to Ralph Bucknall and Ralph Wayne of the
314:
In the second half of the century, several new water works were established:
5651:
5499:
5414:
The mercenary river: Private greed, public good: a history of London's water
4673:
The mercenary river: Private greed, public good: a history of London's water
4424:"Southwark & Vauxhall Water Company - Brief History during the Snow era"
2457:
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886:
847:
822:. The Chelsea's former central site was taken over by railway companies for
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87:
44:
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A crisis point was reached in the mid 19th century with the discovery that
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and parts of the Essex and Kent River Authorities) were combined into the
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London as engraved by J. & C. Walker in 1845 from a map by R Creighton
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In the mid 19th century the East London Waterworks Company purchased the
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426:. An adjacent zone was supplied by the London Bridge Waterworks Company.
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Company's Act which allowed them to supply water via the canal from the
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2485:, also feeds the extracted groundwater into the Lea Valley reservoirs.
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2361:
2322:— another step towards an integrated policy of water management.
917:
916:
In 1872 the Lambeth Waterworks Company moved upstream on the Thames to
851:
792:
784:
756:
752:
696:
635:
573:
545:
401:
397:
152:
128:
106:
55:
5028:
2337:, as a state-regulated company that provides most of London's supply.
2118:
5162:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering
140:
33:
5339:
4392:
623:. In 1825 the company built a new reservoir at Barrow Hill next to
392:
on 8 March 1723. The company dug large water beds in borderlands of
649:
The Grand Junction Waterworks Company built a pumping station near
5093:"Mayor critical of government plans to approve desalination plant"
4629:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2413:
2234:
860:
771:
770:
704:
606:
458:
227:
666:
with a capacity of 6 million imperial gallons (27 Ml).
5246:"Walthamstow Reservoirs No. 4 & No. 5 embankment protection"
144:
127:
Through to the late 16th century, London citizens turned to the
5550:
5546:
5443:
215:. Powered by four horses, the Broken Wharf Waterworks supplied
105:
works fed from the Thames and Lea, and to a lesser extent from
32:
has developed over the centuries in line with the expansion of
2976:
Lea, Thames via Thames–Lea Tunnel, New River via Amhurst Main
560:
and about this time replaced its wooden pipes with iron ones.
920:, followed by the Chelsea Waterworks Company. They built the
47:. Further demand prompted new sources, particularly when the
4708:
Water Quality, Morbidity, and Mortality in London, 1906-1926
3994:
Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association
480:
in 1805. The company extracted water from the Thames beside
4258:, Ben Weinreb & Christopher Hibbert, Macmillan, 1995,
556:
The Lambeth Waterworks Company expanded in 1802 to supply
4608:. London: Victoria County History. 1995. pp. 108–115
638:
where it built a reservoir and works on Brixton Hill, by
5095:. Greater London Authority. 15 June 2007. Archived from
4606:
A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10, Hackney
4353:. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin. pp. 177–188
4297:"Lambeth Waterworks - Brief history during the Snow era"
5292:"King of the castle Hampton completes sand bed upgrade"
4952:"Thames Water fails to plug leaks but profits rise 31%"
4476:. London: London County Council. 1956. pp. 100–105
850:. A third reservoir was opened later that year between
388:
and parts adjacent with water". The company received a
101:
Most of London's water is now supplied from five large
893:. The company built a series of reservoirs which were
810:, established the reservoirs and filtration plants at
731:. A consequent bill was passed by parliament, and the
376:
was established in 1723 "for the better supplying the
938:
In 1897 the New River Company started developing the
282:£32,000 (equivalent to £8.43 million in 2023).
90:(3.7%). The London area is classified as "seriously
5775:
5709:
5670:
5584:
5513:
5477:
5385:
The history of the London water industry, 1580-1820
4733:. London: London County Council. pp. 249, 262.
4474:
Survey of London: Volume 26, Lambeth: Southern Area
4224:
The history of the London water industry, 1580-1820
3446:
3443:
326:as part of a larger project to develop the land at
51:caused a boom in London's population and industry.
946:). This would supply more water than the plant at
404:. In 1727 they purchased the Millbank Waterworks.
5113:. Thames Water. 13 September 2005. Archived from
4757:Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
4163:"Water-related Infrastructure in Medieval London"
3989:List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom
289:, incorporated in 1619 as one of England's first
4716:2016 Meeting of the Economic History Association
4631:. Municipal Ownership and Municipal Franchises.
5158:"'Elred': new water for London from old assets"
5151:
5149:
407:Waterworks were established in East London, at
4670:Higham, Nick (2022). "20: Takeover to Today".
4291:
4289:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
532:was formed in 1811 to exploit a clause in the
98:and a growing population in the 21st century.
5562:
5455:
5388:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
5340:"The History of Kempton Park Pumping Station"
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4325:"Kent Water Works Company: Corporate Records"
4227:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3819:William Girling and King George V Reservoirs
2218:Nationalisation: the Metropolitan Water Board
1404:
1396:
992:
901:, five linked numbered reservoirs making the
595:, and deployed for the Chelsea Waterworks by
8:
4444:(Report). Geneva: World Health Organization.
4381:Journal of the Statistical Society of London
4112:"Final Water Resources Management Plan 2019"
4043:"Water stressed areas – 2021 classification"
3666:Staines Reservoirs and Queen Mary Reservoir
3514:Staines Reservoirs and Queen Mary Reservoir
2823:Lea, New River via Northern Transfer Tunnel
2476:, which were originally built for temporary
2430:In 2010, a desalination plant was opened at
2243:In 1902, the extraction pumphouse opened at
5314:"Coppermills Water Treatment Works, London"
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
71:, before being re-privatised in the 1980s.
5569:
5555:
5547:
5462:
5448:
5440:
5253:Long-term Benefits and Performance of Dams
4865:
4863:
4555:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3437:
2492:
2239:Water extract plant buildings at Hythe End
1024:
999:
985:
4870:O'Shea, M. J.; Sage, R. (December 1999).
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
733:Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company
168:, and secondly by another from the upper
4751:Cuthbert, E W; Wood, F (February 1962).
4536:
4534:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
2325:In 1989, The Thames Water Authority was
931:in 1891; places which adjoin in today's
699:; extending their mains even across the
491:was founded in 1806 to supply water for
363:
17:
5362:"Chingford South Water Treatment Works"
4061:"A secure and sustainable water supply"
4020:
2504:
2501:
982:
842:. Though small, the Grand Junction and
4843:"Rising Groundwater in Central London"
4548:
4130:"Great Cock Alley - Great Fryers Gate"
4009:History of water supply and sanitation
49:Agricultural and Industrial Revolution
5471:Water supply and sanitation in London
5230:
5228:
5226:
5224:
4275:Royal Charters, Privy Council website
3875:Stoke Newington water treatment works
3775:Chingford South water treatment works
1008:River Ash and North Thames Reservoirs
957:In 1898 the SVWC started work on the
200:housed in the northernmost arches of
7:
5696:Thames Gateway Water Treatment Works
4731:London Statistics 1920-21 vol. XXVII
3470:Ashford Common water treatment works
3239:Walthamstow Reservoirs No.1 to No.5
2426:Thames Gateway Water Treatment Works
2069:(some water sent directly to below)
1872:
1661:
1653:
1441:
30:London's water supply infrastructure
5111:"Thames Water Ring Main Extensions"
5029:"Salt water plant opened in London"
4916:Reynolds, Matt (15 November 2019).
4616:– via British History Online.
4456:"History of the Chelsea Waterworks"
4361:– via British History Online.
4311:"West Middlesex Waterworks history"
4144:– via British History Online.
4085:Seabrook, Victoria (14 July 2022).
1784:
1736:
775:The waterworks buildings at Hampton
5662:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
4888:10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01076.x
4815:Acts of the UK Parliament (1989).
4789:Acts of the UK Parliament (1973).
4570:Acts of the UK Parliament (1852).
4458:. UCLA Department of Epidemiology.
4426:. UCLA Department of Epidemiology.
4313:. UCLA Department of Epidemiology.
4299:. UCLA Department of Epidemiology.
3622:Kempton Park water treatment works
2567:Lea, Thames via Thames–Lea Tunnel
1971:
14:
5727:Coppermills Water Treatment Works
2302:Consolidation & Privatisation
2053:
2019:
1832:
1584:
1387:
1310:
1303:
1165:Intake of aqueduct (with sluice)
797:Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
658:took the water to a reservoir on
530:Grand Junction Waterworks Company
489:West Middlesex Waterworks Company
266:, who had obtained a patent from
5742:Crossness Sewage Treatment Works
5294:. Thames Water. 19 February 2021
4705:Wray, Anthony (September 2016).
4543:The Pictorial Handbook of London
3968:
3894:Lea Bridge water treatment works
3888:New River (decommissioned 1991)
2264:Metropolitan Water Board Railway
2178:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1660:
1652:
1643:
1636:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1403:
1395:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1033:
747:. It also spread west including
5747:Deephams Sewage Treatment Works
5203:"Stratford Box Pumping Station"
2483:Stratford International station
2312:Lee Conservancy Catchment Board
1939:Ashford Treatment Works for 6.
1798:
1729:
1481:
1434:
1347:
1219:
1183:
1149:
1063:
474:South London Waterworks Company
5722:Beckton Sewage Treatment Works
4729:London County Council (1922).
4470:"Stockwell: Brixton Hill area"
3453:Capacity (megalitres per day)
2333:, under the provisions of the
2094:
2005:
1930:
1916:
1886:
1865:
1846:
1696:
1611:
1570:
1522:
1474:
1380:
1354:
1289:
1142:
1092:
1056:
504:East London Waterworks Company
262:Initially proposed in 1602 by
1:
5762:Mogden Sewage Treatment Works
5757:Hampton Water Treatment Works
4950:Milner, Mark (21 June 2006).
4876:Water and Environment Journal
3825:Hornsey water treatment works
3722:Thames Gateway (desalination)
2087:
2080:
1957:
1644:
1113:
1106:
1099:
881:to assist in the building of
437:close to the present site of
396:with south-west Westminster (
123:Subterranean rivers of London
5868:Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir
5767:Walton water treatment works
5207:www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk
5057:"Case Study: Thames Beckton"
4351:Old and New London: Volume 5
4347:"Notting Hill and Bayswater"
3036:Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir
2318:under the provisions of the
2179:
2143:
1998:
1909:
1825:
1791:
1770:
1743:
1722:
1689:
1637:
1604:
1563:
1515:
1467:
1427:
1373:
1333:
1322:(feeder of the three above)
1246:
1034:
611:Standpipe Tower at Brentford
5939:London water infrastructure
5732:Cricklewood Pumping Station
5717:Abbey Mills Pumping Station
5622:Metropolitan Board of Works
4753:"The Thames-Lee Water Main"
2404:Thames_Water § Leakage
1964:
1759:(River Ash under aqueduct)
1552:overflow sluice to the Ash
877:and modified it to drive a
865:The Coppermill, Walthamstow
828:its goods sidings and yards
814:on the riverside, spanning
793:tidal reaches of the Thames
476:was established by private
251:, where it is fed from the
5960:
5848:Lee Valley Reservoir Chain
5174:10.1680/cien.2008.161.1.26
4641:10.1177/000271620602700102
4602:"Hackney: Public services"
4591:Retrieved 14 December 2007
2423:
2401:
2387:Lee Valley Reservoir Chain
2344:
2285:Lee Valley Reservoir Chain
2268:Kempton Park Steam Engines
2221:
2122:7.Grand Junction Reservoir
695:, the Kingsland Road, and
583:
431:Lambeth Waterworks Company
374:Chelsea Waterworks Company
240:
135:In 1247 work began on the
120:
5913:William Girling Reservoir
5752:Greenwich pumping station
5737:Crossness Pumping Station
4978:"Our leakage performance"
4518:"Leg o' Mutton Reservoir"
3455:
3452:
3449:
3288:William Girling Reservoir
2187:
2172:
2165:
2136:
2116:
2073:
2068:
2039:
2034:
1991:
1979:
1943:
1938:
1902:
1894:
1858:
1854:
1818:
1806:
1763:
1758:
1715:
1711:
1682:
1670:
1630:
1626:
1597:
1593:Gravity-drained aqueduct
1592:
1556:
1551:
1508:
1496:
1460:
1456:
1420:
1413:
1366:
1362:
1326:
1318:
1275:
1268:
1239:
1234:
1205:
1198:
1169:
1164:
1135:
1128:
1085:
1078:
1049:
1042:
1027:
933:London Borough of Hackney
789:Metropolis Water Act 1852
739:. Thus it spread east to
572:extracted water from the
117:Early London water supply
109:and a desalination plant
60:Metropolis Water Act 1852
5838:King George VI Reservoir
5627:Metropolitan Water Board
4769:10.1680/iicep.1962.05088
4345:Walford, Edward (1878).
4256:The London Encyclopaedia
4128:Harben, Henry A (1918).
2832:King George VI Reservoir
2224:Metropolitan Water Board
2035:Kempton Treatment Works
65:Metropolitan Water Board
5833:King George V Reservoir
5828:Kempton Park Reservoirs
5495:Essex and Suffolk Water
5382:Tomory, Leslie (2017).
4221:Tomory, Leslie (2017).
3999:Kew Bridge Steam Museum
2781:King George V Reservoir
2127:Hampton Treatment Works
722:Lonsdale Road Reservoir
519:Kent Waterworks Company
400:) using water from the
84:Essex and Suffolk Water
5908:West Warwick Reservoir
5903:Walthamstow Reservoirs
5878:Queen Mother Reservoir
5818:High Maynard Reservoir
5803:East Warwick Reservoir
5701:Thames Water Ring Main
5637:William Chadwell Mylne
5536:Southern Outfall Sewer
5531:Northern Outfall Sewer
5342:. Kempton Steam Museum
5209:. AJ Buildings Library
4191:. Florilegium Urbanum.
4134:A Dictionary of London
3616:Lea Valley Reservoirs
3439:Water Treatment Works
3412:51.461028°N 0.523667°W
3361:51.576456°N 0.058494°W
3339:West Warwick Reservoir
3260:51.582028°N 0.049444°W
3138:Queen Mother Reservoir
2905:51.399056°N 0.393389°W
2854:51.449075°N 0.502482°W
2678:High Maynard Reservoir
2649:51.580457°N 0.056176°W
2627:East Warwick Reservoir
2598:51.401639°N 0.386139°W
2489:Notable Infrastructure
2445:Thames Water Ring Main
2347:Thames Water Ring Main
2341:Thames Water Ring Main
2316:Thames Water Authority
2240:
1235:County or Shire Ditch
911:West Warwick Reservoir
907:East Warwick Reservoir
903:Walthamstow Reservoirs
895:High Maynard Reservoir
866:
776:
612:
464:
369:
342:York Buildings Company
233:
69:Thames Water Authority
26:
5898:Tilehurst Water Tower
5883:Stain Hill Reservoirs
5858:Low Maynard Reservoir
5823:Island Barn Reservoir
5793:Bessborough Reservoir
5687:Thames Tideway Tunnel
5683:Thames Tideway Scheme
5521:Supply infrastructure
5411:Higham, Nick (2022).
5064:Water Projects Online
4029:"The London Assembly"
3007:51.58848°N 0.049782°W
2985:Low Maynard Reservoir
2729:Island Barn Reservoir
2576:Bessborough Reservoir
2494:Raw Water Reservoirs
2274:Thames–Lee Water Main
2238:
968:Island Barn Reservoir
899:Low Maynard Reservoir
864:
803:) and along the Lea.
774:
610:
462:
367:
291:joint-stock companies
231:
78:(76% of population),
21:
5873:Queen Mary Reservoir
5798:Chingford Reservoirs
5514:Major infrastructure
5417:. London: Headline.
5117:on 28 September 2007
4847:UK Groundwater Forum
4718:. Boulder, Colorado.
4676:. London: Headline.
4541:Weale, John (1854).
4439:Slow sand filtration
4437:Huisman, L. (1974).
3932:51.53872°N 0.07145°E
3847:51.59293°N 0.11805°W
3797:51.63629°N 0.01582°W
3744:51.51654°N 0.09216°E
3694:51.40434°N 0.39799°W
3644:51.42710°N 0.40275°W
3593:51.57660°N 0.04692°W
3542:51.41214°N 0.37452°W
3492:51.41772°N 0.43802°W
3417:51.461028; -0.523667
3366:51.576456; -0.058494
3265:51.582028; -0.049444
3211:51.44694°N 0.48667°W
3160:51.48194°N 0.54889°W
3087:Queen Mary Reservoir
3058:51.39083°N 0.39222°W
2910:51.399056; -0.393389
2859:51.449075; -0.502482
2751:51.39056°N 0.36333°W
2654:51.580457; -0.056176
2603:51.401639; -0.386139
2463:The construction of
970:at Molesey in 1900.
942:works (today all in
844:Sunnyside Reservoirs
767:Metropolis Water Act
580:Slow sand filtration
534:Grand Junction Canal
349:Hampstead Waterworks
322:were established by
320:Shadwell Water Works
303:Great Fire of London
5918:Wraysbury Reservoir
5893:Sunnyside Reservoir
5813:Grimsbury Reservoir
5788:Bath Road Reservoir
5617:London water supply
5612:London sewer system
4498:. UCLA Epidemiology
4185:"The Great Conduit"
4004:London sewer system
3928: /
3843: /
3793: /
3740: /
3690: /
3640: /
3589: /
3538: /
3488: /
3440:
3408: /
3390:Wraysbury Reservoir
3357: /
3306: /
3256: /
3207: /
3156: /
3105: /
3054: /
3012:51.58848; -0.049782
3003: /
2952: /
2901: /
2850: /
2799: /
2747: /
2696: /
2645: /
2594: /
2543: /
2495:
1895:Pumping Station to
1497:Pumping Station to
443:Royal Festival Hall
335:Millbank Waterworks
255:and several nearby
224:Seventeenth century
209:Upper Thames Street
192:, supported by the
139:from the spring at
5888:Staines Reservoirs
5863:Molesey Reservoirs
5853:Lockwood Reservoir
5678:Abingdon Reservoir
4821:legislation.gov.uk
4795:legislation.gov.uk
4576:legislation.gov.uk
4280:2007-08-24 at the
4165:. waterhistory.org
4047:Environment Agency
3852:51.59293; -0.11805
3802:51.63629; -0.01582
3716:Thames Reservoirs
3699:51.40434; -0.39799
3649:51.42710; -0.40275
3598:51.57660; -0.04692
3565:Thames Reservoirs
3547:51.41214; -0.37452
3497:51.41772; -0.43802
3438:
3310:51.6316°N 0.0244°W
3216:51.44694; -0.48667
3189:Staines Reservoirs
3165:51.48194; -0.54889
3063:51.39083; -0.39222
2956:51.5950°N 0.0479°W
2934:Lockwood Reservoir
2803:51.6499°N 0.0161°W
2756:51.39056; -0.36333
2700:51.5889°N 0.0466°W
2547:51.6047°N 0.0350°W
2493:
2420:Desalination Plant
2308:Thames Conservancy
2257:Thames Conservancy
2249:Staines Reservoirs
2241:
1983: A244
1810: A308
1674: A308
922:Molesey Reservoirs
867:
777:
613:
523:River Ravensbourne
465:
450:Nineteenth century
370:
360:Eighteenth century
243:New River (London)
234:
188:In 1582, Dutchman
27:
5926:
5925:
5808:Farmoor Reservoir
5783:Banbury Reservoir
5642:New River Company
5597:Joseph Bazalgette
5544:
5543:
5424:978-1-4722-8383-2
5395:978-1-4214-2205-3
5320:. 15 January 2020
5271:search.lma.gov.uk
4683:978-1-4722-8383-2
4234:978-1-4214-2205-3
3984:History of London
3959:
3958:
3937:51.53872; 0.07145
3749:51.51654; 0.09216
3436:
3435:
2779:King George's or
2525:Banbury Reservoir
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2131:
2130:
974:Twentieth century
963:Knight Reservoirs
950:that drew on the
632:Act of Parliament
627:in North London.
593:Paisley, Scotland
566:New River Company
478:act of parliament
439:Hungerford Bridge
424:Southwark Bridges
287:New River Company
184:Sixteenth century
5951:
5843:Knight Reservoir
5602:Edmund Colthurst
5571:
5564:
5557:
5548:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5441:
5436:
5407:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5250:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5073:on 10 March 2013
5072:
5066:. Archived from
5061:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4841:Jones, Michael.
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4817:"Water Act 1989"
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4791:"Water Act 1973"
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4748:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4405:
4404:
4376:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4284:
4272:
4266:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4218:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4159:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4025:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3441:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:51.6316; -0.0244
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3109:51.417°N 0.450°W
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:51.5950; -0.0479
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2883:Knight Reservoir
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:51.6499; -0.0161
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:51.5889; -0.0466
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:51.6047; -0.0350
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2496:
2356:Aquifer Recharge
2182:
2181:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1813:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1001:
994:
987:
978:
824:Victoria Station
783:during the 1854
586:Slow sand filter
550:Chelsea Hospital
264:Edmund Colthurst
24:Trafalgar Square
5959:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5771:
5705:
5666:
5657:William Webster
5580:
5575:
5545:
5540:
5509:
5473:
5468:
5425:
5410:
5396:
5381:
5378:
5376:Further reading
5373:
5372:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4750:
4749:
4738:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4684:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4408:
4393:10.2307/2337728
4378:
4377:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4282:Wayback Machine
4273:
4269:
4254:
4250:
4235:
4220:
4219:
4196:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4136:. H Jenkins Ltd
4127:
4126:
4122:
4117:. Thames Water.
4114:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4017:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2512:
2491:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2304:
2293:Stoke Newington
2276:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2183:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1641:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1270:Wraysbury River
1264:
1257:
1250:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1038:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1005:
976:
924:there in 1872.
801:Teddington Lock
769:
605:
588:
582:
482:Vauxhall Bridge
457:
452:
411:in 1743 and at
362:
312:
299:
245:
239:
226:
186:
176:which supplied
125:
119:
103:water treatment
12:
11:
5:
5957:
5955:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5710:Infrastructure
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5671:Major projects
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5632:Hugh Myddelton
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5592:John Backhouse
5588:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5485:Affinity Water
5481:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5423:
5408:
5394:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5353:
5331:
5305:
5283:
5258:
5236:
5220:
5194:
5145:
5128:
5102:
5099:on 7 May 2008.
5084:
5048:
5020:
4994:
4969:
4942:
4908:
4882:(6): 400–405.
4859:
4833:
4807:
4781:
4763:(2): 257–276.
4736:
4721:
4697:
4682:
4662:
4619:
4593:
4589:The Coppermill
4581:
4562:
4530:
4509:
4487:
4461:
4447:
4429:
4406:
4387:(2): 148–181.
4364:
4337:
4316:
4302:
4285:
4267:
4248:
4233:
4194:
4176:
4147:
4120:
4103:
4077:
4052:
4049:. 1 July 2021.
4034:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:Thames Tideway
3765:
3762:
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3114:51.417; -0.450
3089:
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3076:
3073:
3070:
3038:
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3025:
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2516:Major sources
2514:
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2490:
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2424:Main article:
2421:
2418:
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2345:Main article:
2342:
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2335:Water Act 1989
2320:Water Act 1973
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2222:Main article:
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1003:
996:
989:
981:
975:
972:
812:Seething Wells
768:
765:
761:microbiologist
640:Brixton Prison
604:
601:
584:Main article:
581:
578:
554:
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485:
456:
453:
451:
448:
361:
358:
357:
356:
345:
338:
331:
311:
308:
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297:The Great Fire
295:
276:Hugh Myddelton
272:City of London
241:Main article:
238:
235:
225:
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194:City of London
185:
182:
118:
115:
96:climate change
92:water stressed
80:Affinity Water
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5956:
5945:
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5512:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Anglian Water
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5446:
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5386:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5319:
5318:MWH Treatment
5315:
5309:
5306:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5247:
5240:
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5069:
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5058:
5052:
5049:
5037:. 2 June 2010
5036:
5035:
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5024:
5021:
5009:. 7 June 2018
5008:
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3976:London portal
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3386:Thames North
3385:
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3192:
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3185:Thames North
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:Thames North
3133:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:Thames North
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:Thames South
3031:
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2879:Thames South
2878:
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2867:
2863:
2835:
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2828:Thames North
2827:
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2784:
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2778:
2775:
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2764:
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2725:Thames South
2724:
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2579:
2577:
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2572:Thames South
2571:
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929:Stamford Hill
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854:Cemetery and
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808:James Simpson
804:
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751:and parts of
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597:James Simpson
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455:New companies
454:
449:
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444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
416:
415:before 1767.
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:royal charter
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
359:
354:
350:
347:In 1692, the
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:In 1673, the
332:
329:
325:
321:
318:In 1669, the
317:
316:
315:
310:New companies
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237:The New River
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203:
202:London Bridge
199:
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143:. This was a
142:
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137:Great Conduit
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37:
35:
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25:
20:
16:
5944:Thames Water
5685:, including
5616:
5578:Thames Water
5526:Sewer system
5520:
5505:Thames Water
5413:
5384:
5356:
5344:. Retrieved
5334:
5322:. Retrieved
5317:
5308:
5296:. Retrieved
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5270:
5261:
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5239:
5211:. Retrieved
5206:
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5185:. Retrieved
5168:(1): 26–34.
5165:
5161:
5138:
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5115:the original
5105:
5097:the original
5087:
5075:. Retrieved
5068:the original
5063:
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5032:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
5006:
4997:
4985:. Retrieved
4982:Thames Water
4981:
4972:
4960:. Retrieved
4956:The Guardian
4955:
4945:
4933:. Retrieved
4921:
4911:
4899:. Retrieved
4879:
4875:
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4846:
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4820:
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4760:
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4357:22 September
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4090:
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4068:. Retrieved
4065:Thames Water
4064:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4023:
3400:51°27′39.7″N
3248:51°34′55.3″N
2893:51°23′56.6″N
2465:High Speed 1
2462:
2454:
2442:
2429:
2411:
2407:
2383:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2331:Thames Water
2324:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2242:
2231:
2227:
2213:
956:
940:Kempton Park
937:
926:
915:
868:
840:Joseph Quick
838:designed by
832:Molesey Lock
805:
778:
729:amalgamation
726:
719:
707:, as far as
686:
668:
664:Notting Hill
660:Campden Hill
648:
644:
629:
621:Notting Hill
617:Campden Hill
614:
589:
570:
562:
555:
518:
473:
466:
435:River Thames
428:
417:
406:
402:tidal Thames
371:
348:
334:
324:Thomas Neale
319:
313:
300:
284:
280:
268:King James I
261:
246:
213:Bevis Bulmer
206:
190:Peter Morice
187:
155:, cooks and
134:
129:tidal Thames
126:
100:
76:Thames Water
73:
53:
41:River Thames
38:
29:
28:
22:Fountain in
15:
5607:Great Stink
5244:Peck, C.B.
5077:10 December
4523:11 November
4140:10 November
3935: /
3850: /
3800: /
3747: /
3697: /
3647: /
3596: /
3571:Coppermills
3545: /
3495: /
3415: /
3403:0°31′25.2″W
3364: /
3313: /
3263: /
3251:0°02′58.0″W
3214: /
3163: /
3112: /
3061: /
3010: /
2959: /
2908: /
2896:0°23′36.2″W
2857: /
2806: /
2754: /
2703: /
2652: /
2601: /
2589:0°23′10.1″W
2586:51°24′5.9″N
2550: /
2513:gigalitres
2393:Present day
1503:4. & 5.
1200:Colne Brook
959:Bessborough
952:River Brent
948:Cricklewood
875:Walthamstow
856:Peckham Rye
816:Long Ditton
743:, south to
741:Rotherhithe
677:, to a new
675:Hackney Cut
542:River Brent
514:on the Lea.
386:Westminster
306:the 1830s.
198:waterwheels
178:Cripplegate
164:springs at
157:fishmongers
86:(6.6%) and
5933:Categories
5776:Reservoirs
5691:Lee Tunnel
5433:1308603433
4692:1308603433
4015:References
3920:51°32′19″N
3906:River Lea
3869:New River
3835:51°35′35″N
3785:51°38′11″N
3732:51°31′00″N
3682:51°24′16″N
3632:51°25′38″N
3581:51°34′36″N
3530:51°24′44″N
3480:51°25′04″N
3349:51°34′35″N
3298:51°37′54″N
3199:51°26′49″N
3148:51°28′55″N
3046:51°23′27″N
2995:51°35′19″N
2944:51°35′42″N
2842:51°26′57″N
2791:51°39′00″N
2739:51°23′26″N
2688:51°35′20″N
2637:51°34′50″N
2535:51°36′17″N
2502:Reservoir
2478:dewatering
2402:See also:
2327:privatised
891:Lea Valley
885:on nearby
883:reservoirs
879:water pump
871:Coppermill
745:Camberwell
693:Shoreditch
671:Lea Bridge
651:Kew Bridge
558:Kennington
508:Lea Bridge
497:Paddington
493:Marylebone
441:where the
413:Lea Bridge
166:Paddington
162:Westbourne
121:See also:
111:at Beckton
5652:John Snow
5647:New River
5500:SES Water
5478:Companies
5404:980876952
5324:12 August
5276:12 August
5182:0965-089X
5041:17 August
4930:1357-0978
4896:129500889
4657:143553847
4635:: 20–36.
4612:1 October
4551:cite book
4545:. London.
4502:1 October
4330:17 August
4243:980876952
3923:0°04′17″E
3911:East Ham
3838:0°07′05″W
3788:0°00′57″W
3735:0°05′32″E
3685:0°23′53″W
3635:0°24′10″W
3584:0°02′49″W
3533:0°22′28″W
3483:0°26′17″W
3447:Location
3352:0°03′31″W
3301:0°01′28″W
3202:0°29′12″W
3151:0°32′56″W
3049:0°23′32″W
2998:0°02′59″W
2947:0°02′52″W
2845:0°30′09″W
2794:0°00′58″W
2742:0°21′48″W
2691:0°02′48″W
2640:0°03′22″W
2538:0°02′06″W
2505:Location
2470:Stratford
2458:Streatham
2450:Honor Oak
2439:Expansion
2412:In 2018,
2378:New River
2245:Hythe End
887:marshland
848:Battersea
781:John Snow
749:Battersea
737:Southwark
701:river Lea
679:reservoir
655:Brentford
603:Expansion
548:south of
382:Liberties
353:Hampstead
253:River Lea
217:Cheapside
149:Cheapside
88:SES Water
45:River Lea
5346:1 August
5298:2 August
5213:7 August
5121:24 March
5034:BBC News
5013:7 August
4987:6 August
4962:25 March
4958:. London
4935:6 August
4922:Wired UK
4852:1 August
4278:Archived
4169:24 March
4096:1 August
4091:Sky News
4070:1 August
3962:See also
3955:Aquifer
3461:Maximum
3375:1869–93
3274:1863-66
3021:1869–93
2714:1869–93
2663:1869–93
2511:Capacity
2474:East Ham
2374:Haringey
2270:museum.
2247:for the
944:Hanworth
909:and the
820:Surbiton
715:Old Ford
709:West Ham
540:and the
512:West Ham
409:West Ham
328:Shadwell
249:Hertford
174:Highgate
107:aquifers
43:and the
5585:History
5187:31 July
4901:31 July
4826:15 June
4800:15 June
4774:30 July
4649:1010475
4401:2337728
3520:Hampton
3464:Usable
3456:Source
3450:Opened
3432:Thames
3231:Thames
3180:Thames
3129:Thames
3097:51°25′N
3078:Thames
2925:Thames
2874:Thames
2771:Thames
2618:Thames
2508:Opened
2432:Beckton
2398:Leakage
2370:Enfield
2362:aquifer
2253:Sunbury
2188:Thames
918:Molesey
889:in the
852:Nunhead
836:Hampton
785:cholera
757:Lambeth
753:Clapham
697:Dalston
683:Clapton
636:Brixton
574:Tideway
546:Tideway
398:Pimlico
394:Chelsea
257:springs
153:brewers
82:(14%),
56:cholera
5431:
5421:
5402:
5392:
5180:
4928:
4894:
4690:
4680:
4655:
4647:
4399:
4262:
4241:
4231:
3672:Walton
3556:1850s
3100:0°27′W
2871:15.88
2820:12.45
2499:Group
2460:area.
2310:, the
2132:
1501:&
1044:Thames
1017:Legend
905:, the
420:London
141:Tyburn
34:London
5365:(PDF)
5249:(PDF)
5071:(PDF)
5060:(PDF)
5007:Ofwat
4892:S2CID
4712:(PDF)
4653:S2CID
4645:JSTOR
4442:(PDF)
4397:JSTOR
4115:(PDF)
3949:23.7
3946:2005
3881:1856
3861:1861
3811:2006
3758:2010
3708:1907
3658:1906
3607:1969
3506:1958
3444:Name
3429:34.0
3426:1970
3327:16.5
3324:1951
3228:15.2
3225:1902
3177:38.0
3174:1976
3126:30.6
3123:1925
3075:19.5
3072:1962
3024:0.15
2970:1903
2922:5.46
2919:1907
2868:1947
2817:1912
2765:1911
2717:0.68
2666:0.96
2615:5.45
2612:1907
2564:2.95
2561:1903
2414:Ofwat
2117:
1987:road
1814:road
1678:road
1320:Colne
705:Essex
703:into
662:near
619:near
538:Colne
170:Fleet
5689:and
5429:OCLC
5419:ISBN
5400:OCLC
5390:ISBN
5348:2022
5326:2022
5300:2022
5278:2022
5215:2022
5189:2022
5178:ISSN
5123:2007
5079:2014
5043:2016
5015:2022
4989:2022
4964:2007
4937:2022
4926:ISSN
4903:2022
4854:2022
4828:2020
4802:2020
4776:2022
4688:OCLC
4678:ISBN
4614:2007
4557:link
4525:2021
4504:2007
4482:2008
4359:2008
4332:2022
4260:ISBN
4239:OCLC
4229:ISBN
4171:2007
4142:2006
4098:2022
4072:2022
3764:100
3761:150
3713:125
3663:179
3613:539
3610:680
3562:587
3559:700
3511:685
3381:Lea
3378:0.8
3335:Lea
3330:Lea
3284:Lea
3279:Lea
3236:Lea
3027:Lea
2981:Lea
2973:2.5
2930:Lea
2776:Lea
2768:4.5
2720:Lea
2674:Lea
2669:Lea
2623:Lea
2521:Lea
2472:and
2443:The
2262:The
961:and
826:and
818:and
755:and
720:The
689:city
528:The
517:The
510:and
502:The
495:and
487:The
472:The
429:The
422:and
380:and
378:City
372:The
285:The
145:lead
5170:doi
5166:161
4884:doi
4765:doi
4637:doi
4389:doi
3952:15
3866:39
3816:58
2329:as
1415:Ash
873:at
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384:of
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