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Long-term nonprogressor

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progression. In some rare patients, these antibodies emerge earlier and can result in a delayed disease course. These patients, however, are not typically classified as LTNPs, but rather as slow progressors, who will eventually develop AIDS. Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies in healthy individuals is a potential strategy for a preventive HIV vaccine, as is the elicitation of these antibodies through rationally designed immunogens. Direct production of these antibodies in somatic tissue through plasmid transfection also poses a viable method for making these antibodies endogenously.
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received antiretroviral therapy but stopped treatment at some point. The Argentinian patient took antiretroviral therapy only while pregnant, but her viral load was nevertheless reported to be undetectable years after treatment discontinuation. This could inform the development of a "sterilising cure."
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Recently, there have been reports of elite controllers who maintain undetectable viral loads. In 2019, an American named Loreen Willenberg was announced as the first such case. In 2021, an Argentinian dubbed "the Esperanza patient" after the town in which she lives was also identified. Willemberg had
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HIV controllers exhibit a highly skewed TCR repertoire dominated by specific TRAV24 and TRBV2 variable genes, with shared CDR3 motifs and public clonotypes that possess high affinity for HIV antigens. These TCRs, capable of cross-restriction across multiple HLA-DR alleles, can confer enhanced antigen
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that confer greater resistance or more robust immune response to HIV are thought to explain why LTNP patients are able to live much longer with HIV than patients who are not LTNP. Some LTNP are infected with a weakened or inactive form of HIV, but it is now known that many LTNP patients carry a fully
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that disrupts viral replication in cells. APOBEC3G, or "A3" for short, is a protein that sabotages reverse transcription, the process HIV relies on for its replication. This process involves the virus transcribing its single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA that is incorporated into the
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Daniela Benati, Moran Galperin, Olivier Lambotte, Stéphanie Gras, Annick Lim, Madhura Mukhopadhyay, Alexandre Nouël, Kristy-Anne Campbell, Brigitte Lemercier, Mathieu Claireaux, Samia Hendou, Pierre Lechat, Pierre de Truchis, Faroudy Boufassa, Jamie Rossjohn, Jean-François Delfraissy, Fernando
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Georgiev, I. S.; Doria-Rose, N. A.; Zhou, T.; Do Kwon, Y.; Staupe, R. P.; Moquin, S.; Chuang, G.-Y.; Louder, M. K.; Schmidt, S. D.; Altae-Tran, H. R.; Bailer, R. T.; McKee, K.; Nason, M.; O'Dell, S.; Ofek, G.; Pancera, M.; Srivatsan, S.; Shapiro, L.; Connors, M.; Migueles, S. A.; Morris, L.;
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with a detectable viral load. Many of these patients have been HIV positive for 30 years without progressing to the point of needing to take medication in order not to develop AIDS. They have been the subject of a great deal of research, since an understanding of their ability to control HIV
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against the virus. In most patients, broadly neutralizing antibodies do not emerge until approximately 2–4 years after the initial infection. At this point, the latent reservoir has already been established and the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies is not enough to prevent disease
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Almeida, J. R.; Price, D. A.; Papagno, L.; Arkoub, Z. A.; Sauce, D.; Bornstein, E.; Asher, T. E.; Samri, A.; Schnuriger, A.; Theodorou, I.; Costagliola, D.; Rouzioux, C.; Agut, H.; Marcelin, A.-G.; Douek, D.; Autran, B.; Appay, V. (2007-09-24).
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Long-term nonprogressors typically have viral loads under 10,000 copies /mL blood, do not take antiretrovirals, and have CD4+ counts within the normal range. Most people with HIV not on medication have viral loads which are much higher.
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infection may lead to the development of immune therapies or a therapeutic vaccine. The classification "Long-term non-progressor" is not permanent, because some patients in this category have gone on to develop AIDS.
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gene affects the progression of HIV-1 infection. 20% of Europeans who have that mutation are called "non secretor" because of their absence of a certain type of antigen that also provides strong resistance against
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Turk, Gabriela; Seiger, Kyra; Lian, Xiaodong; Sun, Weiwei; Parsons, Elizabeth M.; Gao, Ce; Rassadkina, Yelizaveta; Polo, Maria Laura; Czernikier, Alejandro; Ghiglione, Yanina; Vellicce, Alejandra (2021-11-16).
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Hendrickson, S. L.; Hutcheson, H. B.; Ruiz-Pesini, E.; Poole, J. C.; Lautenberger, J.; Sezgin, E.; Kingsley, L.; Goedert, J. J.; Vlahov, D.; Donfield, S.; Wallace, D. C.; OʼBrien, S. J. (2008-11-30).
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Jiang, Chenyang; Lian, Xiaodong; Gao, Ce; Sun, Xiaoming; Einkauf, Kevin B.; Chevalier, Joshua M.; Chen, Samantha M. Y.; Hua, Stephane; Rhee, Ben; Chang, Kaylee; Blackmer, Jane E. (26 August 2020).
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Migueles, S. A.; Sabbaghian, M. S.; Shupert, W. L.; Bettinotti, M. P.; Marincola, F. M.; Martino, L.; Hallahan, C. W.; Selig, S. M.; Schwartz, D.; Sullivan, J.; Connors, M. (2000-02-29).
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It is estimated that around 1 in 500 people with HIV are long-term nonprogressors. Without the symptoms of AIDS, many LTNP patients may not know they are infected.
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of CCR5 impairs HIV ability to infect cells and cause disease. An understanding of this mechanism led to the development of a class of HIV medicines, the
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has also been correlated with long-term non-progressor cohorts. In particular, strong correlations have been found between possessing the class 1
447:-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains associated with long-term nonprogression. Australian Long-Term Nonprogressor Study Group" 495: 245:
sensitivity and polyfunctionality when transferred to healthy T cells, suggesting their potential role in immunotherapeutic strategies for HIV.
222:. The presence of this mutation, however, is not a unifying theme among LTNPs and is observed in an exceedingly small number of these patients. 138: 690:"A homozygous nonsense mutation (428G→A) in the human secretor (FUT2) gene provides resistance to symptomatic norovirus (GGII) infections" 1174: 1117:"Lower HIV Provirus Levels Are Associated with More APOBEC3G Protein in Blood Resting Memory CD4+ T Lymphocytes of Controllers In Vivo" 402:"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression" 96: 1089: 68: 374: 350: 75: 837:"HLA B*5701 is highly associated with restriction of virus replication in a subgroup of HIV-infected long term nonprogressors" 946:"Superior control of HIV-1 replication by CD8+ T cells is reflected by their avidity, polyfunctionality, and clonal turnover" 1394:; Kwong, P. D. (2013). "Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization". 552:
O'Connell, K. A.; Bailey, J. R.; Blankson, J. N. (2009). "Elucidating the elite: mechanisms of control in HIV-1 infection".
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Kindberg, Elin; Hejdeman, Bo; Bratt, Göran; Wahren, Britta; Lindblom, Bertil; Hinkula, Jorma; Svensson, Lennart (2006).
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De Pasquale, MariaPia; Kourteva, Yordanka; Allos, Tara; d'Aquila, Richard T.; Unutmaz, Derya (16 October 2013).
796:"HIV controllers: a homogeneous group of HIV-1-infected patients with spontaneous control of viral replication" 303: 1460: 185:
in humans may increase or decrease rates of AIDS progression. Haplotypes associated with more loosely coupled
641:"A nonsense mutation (428G→A) in the fucosyltransferase FUT2 gene affects the progression of HIV-1 infection" 194: 190: 1041: 902:
Costello, C.; Tang, J.; Rivers, C.; Karita, E.; Meizen-Derr, J.; Allen, S.; Kaslow, R. A. (1999-10-01).
273: 1403: 1244: 1128: 848: 503: 281: 89: 328: 203:: A low percentage of long-term nonprogressors have been shown to have inherited mutations of the 1437: 1372: 670: 1475: 1429: 1364: 1346: 1278: 1260: 1207: 1156: 1070: 1029: 983: 965: 925: 884: 866: 817: 776: 758: 719: 662: 618: 569: 534: 525:
Walker, BD (2007). "Elite control of HIV Infection: implications for vaccines and treatment".
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Thorven, M; Grahn, A; Hedlund, KO; Johansson, H; Wahlfrid, C; Larson, G; Svensson, L (2005).
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Rhodes, DI; Ashton, L; Solomon, A; Carr, A; Cooper, D; Kaldor, J; Deacon, N (November 2000).
1419: 1411: 1354: 1338: 1268: 1252: 1146: 1136: 1019: 1011: 973: 957: 915: 904:"HLA-B*5703 independently associated with slower HIV-1 disease progression in Rwandan women" 874: 856: 807: 766: 750: 709: 701: 652: 608: 600: 561: 467: 459: 413: 219: 1391: 1199: 1175:"Loreen Willenberg's HIV seems to have disappeared. Is this good news for the rest of us?" 589:"Effector mechanisms in HIV-1 infected elite controllers: Highly active immune responses?" 323: 1407: 1248: 1132: 852: 657: 640: 378: 1359: 1326: 1273: 1232: 1151: 1116: 1024: 978: 945: 771: 738: 714: 705: 689: 613: 588: 463: 472: 442: 1469: 1376: 1094: 920: 903: 879: 836: 794:
Lambotte, Olivier; Boufassa, Faroudy; Madec, Yoann; Nguyen, Ahn; et al. (2005).
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The 'long-term nonprogressors' term is used for HIV carriers only but the wide term
401: 1327:"A Possible Sterilizing Cure of HIV-1 Infection Without Stem Cell Transplantation" 1141: 754: 215: 156:
virulent form of the virus. Genetic traits that may affect progression include:
565: 1256: 1004:"Public T cell receptors confer high-avidity CD4 responses to HIV controllers" 254: 211: 1350: 1264: 1211: 969: 870: 762: 1415: 1233:"Distinct viral reservoirs in individuals with spontaneous control of HIV-1" 451: 272:
cell's genome. A3 usually stops dormant viruses in the human genome, called
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generation, have been associated with faster progression and vice versa.
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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HIV-infected individual who does not progress to immune deficiency
1455: 1200:"A Woman May Have Been Cured of H.I.V. Without Medical Treatment" 214:. HIV uses CCR5 to enter these cells. It is believed that the 204: 164: 134: 130: 18: 351:"HIV non-progressor status established soon after infection" 739:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups influence AIDS progression" 377:. International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. Archived from 50: 500:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
1090:"Virus-sabotaging protein may help people defy HIV" 1063:"Immune Responses in Controllers of HIV Infection" 634: 632: 1300:"Rare case of woman's body ridding itself of HIV" 238:05 alleles and ability to exert control over HIV. 841:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 49:Please review the contents of the article and 400:Poropatich, Kate; Sullivan, David J. (2010). 8: 1046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1294: 1292: 276:, from reawakening and causing infections. 1423: 1358: 1272: 1150: 1140: 1023: 977: 919: 878: 860: 811: 770: 713: 656: 612: 471: 417: 284:is well known for many other infections. 1061:Abena K Kwaa , Joel N Blankson (2024). 1002:Arenzana-Seisdedos, Lisa A Chakrabarti. 375:"Understanding Long-term Nonprogressors" 1456:The International HIV Controllers Study 341: 129:(LTNPs), are individuals infected with 1039: 319:Timothy Ray Brown (The Berlin patient) 496:"HIV+ Long-Term Non-Progressor Study" 7: 324:Adam Castillejo (the London patient) 658:10.1097/01.aids.0000216368.23325.bc 1198:Mandavilli, Apoorva (2020-08-26). 706:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15351-15355.2005 554:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 464:10.1128/jvi.74.22.10581-10588.2000 349:Michael Carter (12 January 2009). 14: 1008:Journal of Clinical Investigation 950:Journal of Experimental Medicine 921:10.1097/00002030-199910010-00031 253:: All individuals with HIV make 115: 23: 605:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.007 502:. June 23, 2010. Archived from 137:count greater than 500 without 1390:Nishimura, Y.; Martin, M. A.; 51:add the appropriate references 1: 1142:10.1371/journal.pone.0076002 1088:Coghlan, Andy (2013-10-17). 800:Clinical Infectious Diseases 755:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831940bb 1331:Annals of Internal Medicine 443:"Characterization of three 406:Journal of General Virology 36:reliable medical references 1497: 566:10.1016/j.tips.2009.09.005 1257:10.1038/s41586-020-2651-8 187:mitochondrial respiration 65:"Long-term nonprogressor" 42:or relies too heavily on 587:Blankson, J. N. (2009). 304:Innate resistance to HIV 127:Long-term nonprogressors 1416:10.1126/science.1233989 274:endogenous retroviruses 234:01, HLA-B*5703, and/or 862:10.1073/pnas.050567397 419:10.1099/vir.0.027102-0 288:Clearance of the virus 216:Δ32 (delta 32) variant 139:antiretroviral therapy 1461:The Zephyr Foundation 962:10.1084/jem.20070784 282:asymptomatic carrier 163:: A mutation in the 1408:2013Sci...340..751G 1249:2020Natur.585..261J 1133:2013PLoSO...876002D 853:2000PNAS...97.2709M 329:HIV-positive people 251:Antibody production 1204:The New York Times 593:Antiviral Research 381:on October 9, 2006 265:protein production 201:Receptor mutations 1481:HIV/AIDS research 1243:(7824): 261–267. 956:(10): 2473–2485. 309:HIV/AIDS research 180:mitochondrial DNA 176:Mitochondrial DNA 133:, who maintain a 124: 123: 100: 1488: 1445: 1427: 1381: 1380: 1362: 1343:10.7326/l21-0297 1321: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1296: 1287: 1286: 1276: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1154: 1144: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1067:Annu Rev Immunol 1058: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1037: 1027: 1016:10.1172/JCI83792 998: 992: 991: 981: 940: 934: 933: 923: 899: 893: 892: 882: 864: 847:(6): 2709–2714. 832: 826: 825: 815: 791: 785: 784: 774: 734: 728: 727: 717: 700:(24): 15351–55. 685: 679: 678: 660: 636: 627: 626: 616: 584: 578: 577: 549: 543: 542: 522: 516: 515: 513: 511: 506:on July 19, 2011 492: 486: 485: 475: 458:(22): 10581–88. 438: 432: 431: 421: 397: 391: 390: 388: 386: 371: 365: 364: 362: 361: 346: 220:entry inhibitors 119: 118: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 27: 26: 19: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1466: 1465: 1452: 1402:(6133): 751–6. 1388: 1385: 1384: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1298: 1297: 1290: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1038: 1000: 999: 995: 942: 941: 937: 914:(14): 1990–91. 901: 900: 896: 834: 833: 829: 793: 792: 788: 749:(18): 2429–39. 736: 735: 731: 687: 686: 682: 638: 637: 630: 586: 585: 581: 560:(12): 631–637. 551: 550: 546: 524: 523: 519: 509: 507: 494: 493: 489: 440: 439: 435: 399: 398: 394: 384: 382: 373: 372: 368: 359: 357: 348: 347: 343: 338: 333: 299: 290: 189:, with reduced 120: 116: 111: 105: 102: 59: 48: 44:primary sources 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1494: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1450:External links 1448: 1447: 1446: 1392:Mascola, J. R. 1383: 1382: 1316: 1288: 1223: 1190: 1166: 1127:(10): e76002. 1107: 1080: 1053: 993: 935: 894: 827: 813:10.1086/433188 806:(7): 1053–56. 786: 729: 680: 628: 599:(1): 295–302. 579: 544: 517: 487: 433: 412:(2): 247–268. 392: 366: 340: 339: 337: 334: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 298: 295: 289: 286: 278: 277: 259: 247: 246: 239: 223: 198: 173: 153:Genetic traits 122: 121: 114: 112: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1493: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1337:(1): 95–100. 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1317: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1097: 1096: 1095:New Scientist 1091: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 994: 989: 985: 980: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 939: 936: 931: 927: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 898: 895: 890: 886: 881: 876: 872: 868: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 831: 828: 823: 819: 814: 809: 805: 801: 797: 790: 787: 782: 778: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 733: 730: 725: 721: 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 684: 681: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 654: 650: 646: 642: 635: 633: 629: 624: 620: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 583: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 548: 545: 540: 536: 532: 528: 521: 518: 505: 501: 497: 491: 488: 483: 479: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 454: 453: 448: 446: 437: 434: 429: 425: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 396: 393: 380: 376: 370: 367: 356: 352: 345: 342: 335: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 314:Stephen Crohn 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 296: 294: 287: 285: 283: 275: 270: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 249: 248: 243: 240: 237: 233: 229: 228: 224: 221: 217: 213: 210: 206: 202: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 171: 166: 162: 161:Gene mutation 159: 158: 157: 154: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 113: 109: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: –  66: 62: 61:Find sources: 56: 52: 46: 45: 41: 37: 32:This article 30: 21: 20: 1399: 1395: 1334: 1330: 1319: 1308:. 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Index

reliable medical references
verification
primary sources
add the appropriate references
removed
"Long-term nonprogressor"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
HIV
CD4
antiretroviral therapy
Genetic traits
FUT2
norovirus
mitochondrial DNA
haplotypes
mitochondrial respiration
ATP
ROS
CCR5
T cell
lymphocytes
Δ32 (delta 32) variant
entry inhibitors
HLA type
HLA-B*57
HLA-B*27

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