696:. In 1950, Daniel stated that about a tenth of known chambered long barrows in Britain had been excavated, while regional field studies helped to list them. Few of the earlier excavations recorded or retained any human remains found in the chamber. From the 1960s onward, archaeological research increasingly focused on examining regional groups of long barrows rather than the wider architectural tradition. From this decade onward, the meticulous excavation of various long barrows also led to the widespread recognition that long barrows were often multi-phase monuments which had been changed over time.
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known, archaeologists do not know exactly where the tradition started nor which long barrows are the very first ones to have been built. It therefore appears that the architectural tradition developed in this southern area of
Western Europe before spreading north, along the Atlantic coast. The tradition had reached Britain by the first half of the fourth millennium BCE, either soon after farming or in some cases perhaps just before it. It later spread further north on mainland Europe, for instance arriving in the Netherlands in the second half of the fourth millennium BCE.
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particular community, and thus warning away rival groups. In defending this interpretation, Malone noted that each "tomb-territory" typically had access to a range of soils and landscape types in its vicinity, suggesting that it could have represented a viable territorial area for a particular community. Also supporting this interpretation is the fact that the distribution of chambered long barrows on some
Scottish islands shows patterns that closely mirror modern land divisions between farms and crofts. This interpretation also draws
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589:. Malone suggested that the prominence of these barrows suggested that ancestors were deemed far more important to Early Neolithic people than their Mesolithic forebears. In the early twentieth century, this interpretation of the long barrows as religious sites was often connected to the idea that they were the holy sites of a new religion spread by either settlers or missionaries. This explanation has been less popular with archaeologists since the 1970s.
320:
33:
596:, Lewis-Williams and Pearce argued that the chambered long barrows "reflected and at the same time constituted... a culturally specific expression of the neurologically generated tiered cosmos", a cosmos mediated by a system of symbols. They suggested that the entrances to the chambers were viewed as transitional zones where sacrificial rituals took place, and that they were possibly spaces for the transformation of the dead using fire.
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67:, or "barrow", that is flanked on two sides with linear ditches. These typically stretch for between 20 and 70 metres in length, although some exceptional examples are either longer or shorter than this. Some examples have a timber or stone chamber in one end of the tumulus. These monuments often contained human remains interred within their chambers, and as a result, are often interpreted as
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were buried in these long barrows, although it remains unknown what criteria were used to determine whose remains were interred there and whose were not. Large sections of the Early
Neolithic population were not buried in them, although how their bodily remains are dealt with is not clear. It is possible that they were left in the open air.
361:, the long barrows are "some of the most impressive and aesthetically distinctive constructions of prehistoric Britain". Her fellow archaeologist Frances Lynch stated that these long barrows "can still inspire awe, wonder and curiosity even in modern populations familiar with Gothic cathedrals and towering skyscrapers."
625:. Accordingly, communities in Britain would have been semi-nomadic, with little need for territorial demarcation or clear markings of land ownership. Also, this explanation fails to explain why the chambered long barrows should be clustered in certain areas rather than being evenly distributed throughout the landscape.
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view that such
Western European monuments had been based on tombs originally produced in parts of the eastern Mediterranean region, suggesting that their ultimate origin was either in Egypt or in Crete. In this view, the tradition was seen as having spread westward as part of some form of "megalithic
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The first serious study of chambered long barrows took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the mounds that covered chambers were removed by agriculture. By the nineteenth century, antiquarians and archaeologists had come to recognise this style of monument as a form of tomb. In the
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The human remains placed in long barrows often included a mix of men, women, and children. The bones of various individuals were often mixed together. This may have reflected a desire to obliterate distinctions of wealth and status among the deceased. Not all of those who died in the Early
Neolithic
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The archaeologist David Field noted that drawing typological distinctions on the basis of material used can mask important similarities between different long barrows. Also criticising the focus on classification, the archaeologists Lewis-Williams and Pearce believed that doing so distracted scholars
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in Kent, southeast
England, three inhumations were buried at the southern edge of the ditch around the long barrow. The barrow at Wayland's Smithy in Oxfordshire, also in southeast England, saw a cemetery established around the long barrow, with at least 46 skeletons buried in 42 graves, many having
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Many of the long barrows were used as tombs in which to place the remains of deceased individuals. For this reason, archaeologists like Malone have referred to them as "houses of the dead". Conversely, many of the long barrows do not appear to have been used as tombs; various examples that have been
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Enviro-archaeological studies have demonstrated that many of the long barrows were erected in wooded landscapes. In
Britain, these chambered long barrows are typically located on prominent hills and slopes, in particular being located above rivers and inlets and overlooking valleys. In Britain, long
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Many were altered and restyled over their long period of use. Ascertaining at what date a long barrow was constructed is difficult for archaeologists as a result of the various modifications that were made to the monument during the Early
Neolithic. Similarly, both modifications and later damage can
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A second explanation is that these long barrows were intrinsically connected to the transition to farming, representing a new way of looking at the land. In this interpretation, the long barrows served as territorial markers, dividing up the land, signifying that it was occupied and controlled by a
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Comparatively rarely, grave goods have been found interred alongside human bone inside the long barrows. Where these have been found, archaeologists have typically interpreted them as the remains of funerary ceremonies or of feasts. The choice of grave goods included reflects regional variation. In
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Across Europe, about 40,000 long barrows are known to survive from the Early
Neolithic. They are found across much of Western Europe; stretching from southeast Spain up to southern Sweden and taking in the British Isles to the west. The long barrows are not the world's oldest known structures using
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In some cases, the bones deposited in the chamber may have been old when placed there. In other instances, they may have been placed into the chamber long after the long barrow was built. In some instances, collections of bone originally included in the chamber might have been removed and replaced
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The purpose and meaning of Early
Neolithic long barrows are not known, though archaeologists can make suggestions on the basis of recurring patterns that can be observed within the tradition. Archaeologists have not, however, agreed upon the most likely meaning and purpose of these monuments, with
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Excavation has revealed that some of the long barrows in the area of modern Spain, Portugal, and western France were erected in the mid-fifth millennium BCE, making these older than those long barrows further north. Although the general area in which the oldest long barrows were built is therefore
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The source of inspiration for the design of the chambered long barrows remains unclear. Suggestions that have proved popular among archaeologists is that they were inspired either by natural rock formations or by the shape of wooden houses. It has been suggested that their design was based on the
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In some chambers, human remains were arranged and organised according to the type of bone or the age and sex of the individual that they came from, factors that determined which chamber they were placed in. Lynch noted that "the bulk of our surviving evidence suggests that collectivity became and
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The earliest examples developed in Iberia and western France during the mid-fifth millennium BCE. The tradition then spread northwards, into the British Isles and then the Low Countries and southern Scandinavia. Each area developed its own variations of the long barrow tradition, often exhibiting
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suggested that such sites could also be termed "tomb-shrines" to reflect the fact that they appear to have often been used both to house the remains of the dead and to have been used in ritual activities. Some contain no burials while others have been found to contain the remains of up to fifty
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When entering the chambers to either add or remove new material, individuals would likely have been exposed to the smell of decaying corpses. It is unknown if entering this area was therefore seen by Early Neolithic Europeans as an ordeal to be overcome or an honourable job to be selected for.
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The long barrows found in the Netherlands and northern Germany also used stone in their construction where it was available. The examples of long barrows found in parts of Poland are also typically earthen rather than megalithic. Further north, in Denmark and southern Sweden, the long barrows
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The deposition of coins around long barrows also appears to have been quite common in Roman Britain, and these may have been placed by these monuments as offerings. A hoard of Constantinian coins was for instance placed in a pot around Julliberrie's Grave. A solitary coin from the reign of
353:, Wales, built long after people stopped building them across most of Western Europe. The conscious anachronism of the monument led excavators to suggest that its construction was part of a deliberate attempt by people to restore older religious practices that were extinct elsewhere.
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has described them as "the oldest built structures in Europe" to survive, while Field noted that they are the earliest monuments surviving in Britain. Although found across this large area, they can be subdivided into clear regionalised traditions based on architectural differences.
510:, thus indicating a date in the final centuries of the third millennium BCE; this meant that human remains had been placed into the chamber intermittently over a period of 1500 years. This indicates that some chambered long barrows remained in sporadic use until the Late Neolithic.
521:, southern England, a number of skeletal assemblages were found to be missing not just small bones but also long bones and skulls. It is therefore possible that some bones were deliberately removed from the chambers in the Early Neolithic for use in ritualistic activities.
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There is often regional variation in style and material. In the north and west of Britain, for instance, long barrows often consist of stone mounds containing chambers inside of them, whereas in the south and east of Britain these long barrows are typically made of earth.
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Hutton suggested that this tradition "defines the Early Neolithic of Western Europe" more than any other, while the archaeologist David Field described them as "among the best known and easily recognised archaeological monuments in the landscape." For the archaeologist
730:, southwest England were for instance thought to be long barrows until an excavation in the 1950s revealed that they post-dated the Middle Ages, and thus must have been created by more recent landscaping projects. In areas which were previously impacted by glaciation,
71:, although there are some examples where this appears not to be the case. The choice of timber or stone may have arisen from the availability of local materials rather than cultural differences. Those that contained chambers inside of them are often termed
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favoured the term "earthen" barrows for them. Ian Kinnes instead used the term "non-megalithic barrows". These long barrows might have used timber because stone was not available. Some classificatory systems, such as that employed by the United Kingdom's
742:, northwest England, for instance, a mound was initially believed to be a long barrow and only later assessed as a natural feature. Damage sustained by Neolithic long barrows can also lead to them being mistaken for other types of monuments, such as the
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and David Peace, however, noted that these long barrows were more than tombs, also being "religious and social foci", suggesting that they were places where the dead were visited by the living and where people maintained relationships with the deceased.
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The construction of long barrows in the Early Neolithic would have required the co-operation of a number of different individuals and would have represented an important investment in time and resources. They were built without the use of metal tools.
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ideas then popular in the European archaeological establishment. In the early twenty-first century, archaeologists began to challenge this idea, as evidence emerged that much of Early Neolithic Britain was forested and its inhabitants were likely
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Communities continued to use these long barrows long after their construction. In both the Roman period and the Early Middle Ages, many long barrows were reused as cemeteries. Since the sixteenth century they have attracted interest from
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in French archaeology and involved the chamber being erected above ground. Many chambered long barrows contained side chambers within them, often producing a cruciform shape. Others had no such side alcoves; these are known as
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period. Typically constructed from earth and either timber or stone, those using the latter material represent the oldest widespread tradition of stone construction in the world. Around 40,000 long barrows survive today.
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various different interpretations being put forward. Lynch suggested that the long barrows likely had "broad religious and social roles" for the communities who built and used them, comparing them in this way to the
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Later in the Neolithic, burial practices tended to place greater emphasis on the individual, suggesting a growing social hierarchy and a move away from collective burial. One of the last chambered tombs erected was
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Long barrows are single mounds, usually of earth, which are flanked by ditches. They are usually between 20 and 70 metres in length, although there are some exceptional examples at either end of this spectrum.
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Many of the chambered long barrows have not remained intact, having been damaged and broken up during the millennia. In some cases, most of the chamber has been removed, leaving only the three-stone dolmen.
303:. Bank barrows are stylistically similar to the long barrows but are considerably longer. Cursus monuments also exhibit parallel ditches, but also extend over much longer distances than the long barrows.
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In Britain, earthen long barrows predominate across much of the southern and eastern parts of the island. Around 300 earthen long barrows are known from across the eastern side of Britain, from
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wooden long houses found in central Europe during the Early Neolithic, however there is a gap of seven centuries between the last known long houses and the first known chambered long barrows.
227:. In most cases, local stone was used where it was available. The decision as to whether a long barrow used wood or stone appears to have been based largely on the availability of resources.
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in Wiltshire have become tourist attractions. At Wayland's Smithy in Oxfordshire, visitors have lodged coins into cracks in the site's stones since at least the 1960s, while at the
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This idea became popular among archaeologists in the 1980s and 1990s, andâin downplaying religion while emphasising an economic explanation for these monumentsâit was influenced by
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found in the west of the island. These are typically chambered long barrows, and contained human bone in comparatively large quantities, averaging between 40 and 50 people in each.
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the Cotswold-Severn Group in southwestern England, cattle bones were commonly found within the chambers, where they had often been treated in a manner akin to the human remains.
585:, and accordingly were centres of ritual activity mediated by the dead. The inclusion of human remains has been used to argue that these long barrows were involved in a form of
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Julliberrie's Grave in Kent, southeast England is an unchambered long barrow that saw various inhumation burials and a coin hoard placed around it during the Roman period
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139:, the earthen mound of a long barrow has been worn away by the weather or removed, exposing a stone chamber within. In this case, the surviving chamber represents a
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their own architectural innovations. The purpose and meaning of the barrows remains an issue of debate among archaeologists. One argument is that they are
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is a southern English dialect word for an earthen tumulus, and was adopted as a scholarly term for such monuments by the 17th-century English antiquarian
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of the latter that our knowledge about them derives. Some have been reconstructed and have become tourist attractions or sacred sites used for rituals by
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The Earthen Long Barrow in Britain: An Introduction to the Study of the Funerary Practice and Culture of the Neolithic People of the Third Millennium B.C
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Given their dispersal across Western Europe, long barrows have been given different names in the various different languages of this region. The term
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Archaeological investigation of long barrows has been hindered by the misidentification of other features. Long barrows have been confused with
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1967:
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view West Kennet Long Barrow as a "temple" and use it for their rituals. Some see it as a place of the ancestors where they can engage in "
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can also sometimes take on shapes similar to those of long barrows. Later landscaping has also led to misidentification; the two mounds at
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2014:
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According to one possible explanation, the long barrows served as markers of place that were connected to Early Neolithic ideas about
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Watson, Aaron (2001). "The Sounds of Transformation: Acoustics, Monuments and Ritual in the British Neolithic". In Neil Price (ed.).
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In the area of southern Spain, Portugal, southwestern France, and Brittany, the long barrows typically include large stone chambers.
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word meaning "table-stone"; this is typically used in reference to the stone chambers found in some, although not all, long barrows.
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Up until the 1970s, archaeologists widely believed that the long barrows of Western Europe were based on Near Eastern models.
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In various cases, archaeologists have found specific bones absent from the assemblages within the chambers. For instance, at
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terms, as territorial markers delineating the areas controlled by different communities as they transitioned toward farming.
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Grans Barrow on Toyd Down, Hampshire, U.K. The long barrow mound is 60 metres long, 20 metres wide and over 2 metres high.
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in modern Turkeyâbut they do represent the oldest widespread tradition of using stone in construction. The archaeologist
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1743:"Vol 6 (2003): Resistivity imaging survey of Capo Long Barrow, Aberdeenshire | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
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Architecturally, there is much overlap between long barrows and other monument types from Neolithic Europe, such as the
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found in front of many long barrows may also have represented the bases of platforms on which excarnation took place.
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took place prior to the deposition of bones within the chambers. Some human bones have been found in the ditches of
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excavated by archaeologists have shown no evidence of having had human remains deposited there. The archaeologists
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to the early-to-mid fourth millennium BCE, while a later deposition of human remains was found to belong to the
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Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Old Stones, New Rites: Contemporary Pagan Interactions with the Medway Megaliths".
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Dronfield, J. (1995). "Migraine, Light and Hallucinations: The Neurocognitive Basis of Irish Megalithic Art".
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Aerial photography has proven useful in identifying many more examples that are barely visible on the ground.
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403:. Excavation has suggested that these earthen long barrows were likely constructed between 3800 and 3000 BCE.
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During the first half of the first millennium BCE, many British long barrows saw renewed human activity. At
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parallels from recorded communities around the world, who have also used monuments to demarcate territory.
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or as a religion spread by missionaries or settlers. An alternative explanation views them primarily in
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in French archaeology, are dug into the earth. The second form, which is more widespread, are known as
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The treachery of images: deconstructing the early Neolithic monumental architecture of the South Downs
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The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe
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practices. Others have seen it as a womb of the Great Goddess, and as a sort of living entity. The
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841:, inspired by those built in the Neolithic era, was built on land just outside the village of
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2331:"Architecture and Sound: An Acoustic Analysis of Megalithic Monuments in Prehistoric Britain"
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surveys have been found to be helpful to explore sites that are unavailable for excavation.
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Sometimes human remains were deposited in the chambers over many centuries. For instance, at
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Houlbrook, Ceri (2015). "The Penny's Dropped: Renegotiating the Contemporary Coin Deposit".
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The distribution of known Early Neolithic long barrows and related funerary monuments
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Sacred Sites Contested Rites/Rights: Pagan Engagements with Archaeological Monuments
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Bowman, Marion (2002). "Contemporary Celtic Spirituality". In Joanne Pearson (ed.).
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An aerial photograph of the Selsey Long Barrow in Gloucestershire, southwest England
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Kinnes, Ian (1975). "Monumental Function in British Neolithic Burial Practices".
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make it difficult to determine the nature of the original long barrow design.
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deposits on valley floors have sometimes been mistaken for long barrows. At
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Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, Cosmos and the Realm of the Gods
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from the task of explaining the meaning and purpose behind the monuments.
223:. The archaeologists Roy and Lesley Adkins referred to these monuments as
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A seminal study of the long barrows authored by the Welsh archaeologist
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in Scotland. Another term to have achieved international usage has been
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The style of the chamber falls into two categories. One form, known as
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718:, sometimes termed pillow mounds, which can take on a similar shape.
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latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, archaeologists like
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Belief Beyond Boundaries: Wicca, Celtic Spirituality and the New Age
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502:, southern England, the earliest depositions of human remains were
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Earthen Long Barrows: The Earliest Monuments in the British Isles
259:, do not distinguish between the different types of long barrow.
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2316:, CBA Research Report 137, York, Council for British Archaeology
379:, one of the earthen long barrows that are clustered around the
219:
Early 20th-century archaeologists began to call these monuments
136:
68:
4123:
3762:
3028:
2933:
2385:
655:
been decapitated. 17 Romano-British burials were discovered at
4159:
3867:
3633:
3591:
850:
845:
in Wiltshire. This was followed soon after by others, such as
834:
has been a particularly popular occasion for Pagans to visit.
667:
was found in the ditch around the long barrow at Skendleby I.
1806:
1804:
2074:
Riddles in Stone: Myths, Archaeology and the Ancient Britons
1869:"Tomb with a view: why burial mounds are a better way to go"
544:
A well-preserved earthen long barrow on Gussage Down in the
250:
termed these "unchambered" barrows, while the archaeologist
246:
Some long barrows do not contain chambers inside of them.
837:
In 2015 the first long barrow in thousands of years, the
2299:
Burials, houses, women and men in the European Neolithic
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1478:
1476:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1319:
1317:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
406:
Another prominent regional tradition in Britain is the
1930:
Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley; Leitch, Victoria (2008).
1767:
1765:
1763:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1684:
1682:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1159:
1157:
1095:
1093:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1035:
1033:
1031:
905:
903:
901:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
1657:
1655:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1001:
999:
937:
935:
933:
920:
918:
1599:
1514:
1434:
1308:
1022:
659:
in Dorset, eight of which were missing their heads.
155:. Synonyms found in other parts of Britain included
4653:
4466:
4293:
4140:
4005:
3969:
3818:
3775:
3565:
3396:
3369:
3294:
3211:
3116:
3041:
2887:
2849:
2716:
2469:
2435:
2007:
Long Barrows of the Cotswolds and Surrounding Areas
75:while those which lack chambers are instead called
1998:The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of England and Wales
1837:"Stonehenge steward builds his own burial chamber"
1835:
953:
55:in the fifth and fourth millennia BCE, during the
2376:Long barrow search results from Megalithic Portal
395:in the south, with two projections westward into
1962:. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press.
2134:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
91:sites, perhaps erected as part of a system of
2945:
2397:
2149:Lewis-Williams, David; Pearce, David (2005).
815:has been established overhanging the barrow.
487:remained the norm until the late neolithic".
448:The GrĂžnsalen Barrow on the Danish island of
8:
2170:Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows in Britain
671:Antiquarian and archaeological investigation
414:typically used stone in their construction.
307:barrows were also often constructed near to
1810:
1795:
51:are a style of monument constructed across
4137:
4120:
3772:
3759:
3217:
3038:
3025:
2952:
2938:
2930:
2404:
2390:
2382:
2172:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications.
2076:. London and Rio Grande: Hambledon Press.
2346:
2112:
1783:
2000:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
791:Inside one of the Chambers of the barrow
1943:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 55â101.
1372:
1356:
866:
694:The Megalith Builders of Western Europe
2329:Watson, Aaron; Keating, David (1999).
1822:
1771:
1688:
1611:
1587:
1566:
1554:
1526:
1482:
1422:
1391:
1323:
1296:
1250:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1163:
1148:
1055:
1005:
974:
924:
909:
892:
463:It is also not known where the act of
187:in Northern England and Scotland, and
1981:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1958:Blain, Jenny; Wallis, Robert (2007).
1729:
1717:
1700:
1673:
1661:
1646:
1634:
1550:
1538:
1499:
1467:
1455:
1410:
1360:
1344:
1273:
1187:
1175:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1084:
1067:
1051:
1039:
990:
986:
941:
7:
1867:Wainwright, Oliver (18 March 2019).
1848:from the original on 12 January 2022
1932:The Handbook of British Archaeology
1902:"BBC One - Countryfile, Shropshire"
456:during the Early Neolithic itself.
63:The structures have a long earthen
2270:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1995.tb00063.x
2241:. London and New York: Routledge.
232:grottes sepulchrales artificielles
25:
4076:Megalithic architectural elements
2921:↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓
2429:↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑
750:which are usually of later date.
143:that is commonly called a dolmen.
4807:Types of monuments and memorials
2363:
2312:in Cotton, J and Field, D (eds)
2301:in D Miller and C Tilley (eds),
1600:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005
1515:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005
1435:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005
1309:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005
1023:Lewis-Williams & Pearce 2005
954:Adkins, Adkins & Leitch 2008
784:
769:
566:Examples of ancient long barrows
553:
537:
40:Long Barrow, a long barrow near
4695:Evolutionary origin of religion
427:of medieval and modern Europe.
2324:. Routledge. pp. 178â192.
592:Adopting an approach based in
311:, a form of earthen monument.
1:
4308:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3838:British megalith architecture
2900:Secondary products revolution
2291:10.1080/00438243.1975.9979618
2258:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
2189:Neolithic Britain and Ireland
2153:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2038:10.1080/17432200.2016.1192152
2009:. Stroud: The History Press.
4303:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3843:Nordic megalith architecture
2322:The Archaeology of Shamanism
797:Images of the modern barrows
119:and other religious groups.
2093:Journal of Material Culture
839:Long Barrow at All Cannings
328:stoneâthey are predated by
315:Distribution and chronology
4833:
4451:British Isles and Brittany
4372:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
377:Jacket's Field Long Barrow
123:Terminology and definition
27:Type of Neolithic monument
4136:
4119:
3771:
3758:
3220:
3037:
3024:
2967:
2918:
2455:First Temperate Neolithic
2426:
2348:10.1017/S0003598X00088281
2305:, Oxford, Basil Blackwell
2237:Bradley, Richard (1998).
2187:Malone, Caroline (2001).
2005:Darvill, Timothy (2004).
1996:Daniel, Glynn E. (1950).
692:was published in 1958 as
391:in the north down to the
257:National Monuments Record
2105:10.1177/1359183515577120
2072:Hayman, Richard (1997).
77:unchambered long barrows
4683:Evolutionary musicology
4086:Oldest extant buildings
4013:Archaeological features
3532:Prepared-core technique
2841:Unchambered long barrow
2314:Towards a New Stone Age
2168:Lynch, Frances (1997).
2130:Hutton, Ronald (2013).
1811:Blain & Wallis 2007
1747:journals.socantscot.org
805:West Kennet Long Barrow
548:area of Dorset, England
496:West Kennet Long Barrow
267:Design and architecture
225:megalithic long barrows
4645:Unchambered long cairn
4493:Mound Builders culture
3826:Neolithic architecture
2961:Prehistoric technology
2460:Linear Pottery culture
2303:Architecture and Order
704:
647:
638:Iron Age and Roman use
452:
384:
324:
241:undifferentiated tombs
144:
73:chambered long barrows
45:
4320:List of Stone Age art
3522:Microblade technology
3470:Langdale axe industry
3068:Ard / plough
2053:Field, David (2006).
1977:Burl, Aubrey (1981).
803:Long barrows such as
702:
682:cultural diffusionist
645:
594:cognitive archaeology
525:Origins of the design
469:causewayed enclosures
447:
408:Cotswold-Severn Group
375:
322:
309:causewayed enclosures
215:Chambered and earthen
130:
35:
4727:Prehistoric medicine
4722:Prehistoric counting
4705:Prehistoric religion
4700:Paleolithic religion
4678:Behavioral modernity
4035:Causewayed enclosure
3927:Abri de la Madeleine
3051:Neolithic Revolution
2910:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2874:Neolithic long house
2731:Causewayed enclosure
2372:at Wikimedia Commons
1934:. London: Constable.
1844:. 13 November 2014.
438:David Lewis-Williams
81:earthen long barrows
4766:Prehistoric warfare
3512:Magdalenian culture
3475:Levallois technique
3406:Earliest toolmaking
2776:Megalithic entrance
2654:StarÄevoâKörösâCriÈ
2450:Corded Ware culture
1649:, pp. 161â162.
1226:, pp. 106â107.
1202:, pp. 107â108.
847:Soulton Long Barrow
809:Coldrum Long Barrow
778:Soulton Long Barrow
652:Julliberrie's Grave
600:Territorial markers
587:ancestor veneration
301:mortuary enclosures
236:cryptes dolmeniques
93:ancestor veneration
4717:Origin of language
4710:Spiritual drug use
4620:Rectangular dolmen
4522:Dartmoor kistvaens
4335:Carved stone balls
4047:Circular enclosure
4006:Other architecture
3949:Alp pile dwellings
3537:Solutrean industry
3448:Gravettian culture
3098:Secondary products
2796:Rectangular dolmen
2564:GumelniÈaâKaranovo
2524:CucuteniâTrypillia
2191:. Stroud: Tempus.
2057:. Stroud: Tempus.
1614:, pp. 42, 43.
705:
648:
453:
385:
365:Regional variation
325:
145:
46:
4817:5th millennium BC
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4739:Prehistoric music
4688:music archaeology
4345:Cup and ring mark
4170:Clothing/textiles
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3557:Yubetsu technique
3542:Striking platform
3507:Lithic technology
3392:
3391:
3377:Game drive system
3296:Projectile points
3188:Mortar and pestle
2927:
2926:
2864:Lithic industries
2421:
2368:Media related to
2308:Russell, M, 2004
2297:Rodder, I, 1984,
2279:World Archaeology
2141:978-0-300-19771-6
2026:Material Religion
1979:Rites of the Gods
1969:978-1-84519-130-6
1732:, pp. 24â25.
1569:, pp. 41â42.
1425:, pp. 40â41.
1070:, pp. 21â22.
504:radiocarbon dated
131:In cases such as
111:; it is from the
16:(Redirected from
4824:
4754:Divje Babe flute
4661:Archaeoastronomy
4404:Petrosomatoglyph
4138:
4121:
3970:Water management
3773:
3760:
3663:Denticulate tool
3485:Lithic reduction
3218:
3039:
3026:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2895:Danubian culture
2791:Polygonal dolmen
2634:SeineâOiseâMarne
2554:Globular Amphora
2415:
2413:Neolithic Europe
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2367:
2352:
2350:
2341:(280): 325â336.
2325:
2294:
2273:
2252:
2233:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2145:
2126:
2116:
2087:
2083:978-1-852-855666
2068:
2049:
2020:
2001:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1935:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1796:Doyle White 2016
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1395:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1277:
1271:
1254:
1248:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1026:
1020:
1009:
1003:
994:
984:
978:
972:
957:
951:
945:
939:
928:
922:
913:
907:
896:
890:
788:
773:
678:V. Gordon Childe
623:agriculturalists
557:
541:
293:cursus monuments
133:Kit's Coty House
38:Wayland's Smithy
21:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4782:
4649:
4635:Stone box grave
4605:Megalithic tomb
4510:Cotswold-Severn
4462:
4367:Guardian stones
4295:Prehistoric art
4289:
4132:
4107:
4096:Timber trackway
4001:
3965:
3961:Wattle and daub
3814:
3793:Standing stones
3767:
3746:
3561:
3388:
3365:
3290:
3207:
3117:Food processing
3112:
3061:New World crops
3033:
3020:
2963:
2958:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2883:
2845:
2756:Guardian stones
2718:
2712:
2674:
2534:Decea MureĆului
2465:
2445:Cardium pottery
2431:
2422:
2416:(including the
2410:
2360:
2355:
2328:
2319:
2276:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2208:Further reading
2205:
2199:
2186:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2090:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2023:
2017:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1842:Telegraph.co.uk
1834:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1676:, pp. 8â9.
1672:
1668:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1398:
1390:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1280:
1272:
1257:
1249:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:, pp. 5â6.
1110:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1004:
997:
985:
981:
973:
960:
952:
948:
940:
931:
923:
916:
908:
899:
891:
868:
864:
859:
832:winter solstice
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
793:
792:
789:
781:
780:
774:
763:
761:Recent activity
736:Dunham New Park
673:
640:
631:
602:
575:
573:Religious sites
570:
569:
568:
567:
563:
562:
561:
558:
550:
549:
546:Cranborne Chase
542:
527:
515:Fussell's Lodge
433:
431:Funerary spaces
420:
367:
359:Caroline Malone
317:
269:
221:chambered tombs
217:
177:Gloucestershire
125:
57:Early Neolithic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4830:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4799:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Alligator drum
4736:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4671:lunar calendar
4668:
4657:
4655:
4654:Other cultural
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4458:Venus figurine
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:Megalithic art
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4340:Cave paintings
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4142:Material goods
4134:
4133:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3858:Cliff dwelling
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
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3609:
3599:
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3587:
3577:
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3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Fire hardening
3440:
3435:
3433:Clovis culture
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3356:Manis Mastodon
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3235:throwing stick
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
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2511:
2506:
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2496:
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2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2359:
2358:External links
2356:
2354:
2353:
2326:
2317:
2306:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2179:978-0747803416
2178:
2165:
2160:978-0500051382
2159:
2146:
2140:
2127:
2099:(2): 173â189.
2088:
2082:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2032:(3): 346â372.
2021:
2016:978-0752429076
2015:
2002:
1993:
1988:978-0460043137
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1950:978-0754608202
1949:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1893:
1859:
1827:
1815:
1813:, p. 207.
1800:
1798:, p. 359.
1788:
1786:, p. 178.
1784:Houlbrook 2015
1776:
1759:
1734:
1722:
1705:
1693:
1678:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1637:, p. 161.
1616:
1604:
1602:, p. 171.
1592:
1571:
1559:
1553:, p. 15;
1543:
1531:
1529:, p. 112.
1519:
1517:, p. 182.
1504:
1487:
1472:
1460:
1439:
1437:, p. 179.
1427:
1415:
1396:
1377:
1365:
1359:, p. 13;
1349:
1328:
1313:
1311:, p. 186.
1301:
1299:, p. 103.
1278:
1255:
1228:
1216:
1214:, p. 106.
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1153:
1151:, p. 108.
1128:
1116:
1104:
1089:
1072:
1060:
1054:, p. 21;
1044:
1027:
1025:, p. 181.
1010:
995:
979:
977:, p. 107.
958:
946:
929:
914:
897:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
796:
795:
790:
783:
782:
775:
768:
767:
766:
765:
764:
762:
759:
716:rabbit warrens
712:coniger mounds
672:
669:
639:
636:
630:
627:
601:
598:
574:
571:
565:
564:
559:
552:
551:
543:
536:
535:
534:
533:
532:
526:
523:
508:Beaker culture
473:Hambledon Hill
432:
429:
419:
416:
366:
363:
347:Bryn Celli Ddu
316:
313:
268:
265:
252:Stuart Piggott
216:
213:
206:The historian
124:
121:
109:archaeologists
53:Western Europe
44:in Oxfordshire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4829:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
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4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Simple dolmen
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Passage grave
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:Gallery grave
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:Burial mounds
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Statue menhir
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4424:Stone carving
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Sewing needle
4261:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Timber circle
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4040:Tor enclosure
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4028:fulacht fiadh
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
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3582:
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3555:
3553:
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3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
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3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:spear-thrower
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:Bow and arrow
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Grinding slab
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Domestication
3081:
3079:
3078:Digging stick
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Founder crops
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:New Stone Age
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Tor enclosure
2834:
2832:
2831:Timber circle
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Statue menhir
2814:
2812:
2811:Simple dolmen
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Passage grave
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2708:Windmill Hill
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:PitâComb Ware
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:(3): 261â75.
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2248:0-415-15204-6
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2229:0-86094-170-1
2225:
2222:. Geo Books.
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2198:0-7524-1442-9
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:Pagan Britain
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2064:9780752440132
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1825:, p. 65.
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1720:, p. 24.
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:, p. 23.
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 43.
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:, p. 48.
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1541:, p. 13.
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:, p. 15.
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1485:, p. 50.
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:, p. 12.
1469:
1464:
1461:
1458:, p. 14.
1457:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1413:, p. 11.
1412:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:, p. 42.
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:, p. 13.
1374:
1369:
1366:
1363:, p. 13.
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:, p. 46.
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:, p. 41.
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:, p. 30.
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:, p. 28.
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:, p. 14.
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:, p. 27.
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:, p. 22.
1086:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1058:, p. 44.
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:, p. 21.
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:, p. 21.
992:
989:, p. 9;
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
956:, p. 46.
955:
950:
947:
944:, p. 13.
943:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
912:, p. 44.
911:
906:
904:
902:
898:
895:, p. 40.
894:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
867:
861:
856:
854:
853:, Shropshire.
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:vision quests
821:
820:modern Pagans
816:
814:
810:
806:
787:
779:
772:
760:
758:
756:
751:
749:
748:round barrows
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
701:
697:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
670:
668:
666:
660:
658:
653:
644:
637:
635:
629:Later history
628:
626:
624:
620:
615:
610:
608:
599:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
572:
556:
547:
540:
531:
524:
522:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
451:
446:
442:
439:
430:
428:
426:
417:
415:
411:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Aberdeenshire
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
362:
360:
354:
352:
348:
342:
338:
335:
334:Frances Lynch
331:
321:
314:
312:
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
264:
260:
258:
253:
249:
248:John Thurnham
244:
242:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
214:
212:
209:
208:Ronald Hutton
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Staffordshire
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
138:
134:
129:
122:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
100:
98:
94:
90:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4587:
4571:wedge-shaped
4556:Funeral pyre
4549:Great dolmen
4505:Chamber tomb
4486:Round barrow
4441:Stone circle
4313:Blombos Cave
4241:Grooved ware
4165:Chalcolithic
4069:Thornborough
3987:Flush toilet
3922:Blombos Cave
3917:Rock shelter
3873:Quiggly hole
3765:Architecture
3740:illustration
3382:Buffalo jump
3203:Storage pits
3166:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
3156:Ground stone
2992:Subdivisions
2859:Grooved ware
2821:Stone circle
2806:Round barrow
2765:
2751:Great dolmen
2719:architecture
2544:Funnelbeaker
2418:Chalcolithic
2370:Long barrows
2338:
2334:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2285:(1): 16â29.
2282:
2278:
2261:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2216:Ashbee, Paul
2188:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2096:
2092:
2073:
2054:
2029:
2025:
2006:
1997:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1931:
1923:Bibliography
1909:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1873:The Guardian
1872:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1841:
1830:
1818:
1791:
1779:
1774:, p. 4.
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:
1696:
1691:, p. 3.
1669:
1664:, p. 8.
1642:
1607:
1595:
1562:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1463:
1430:
1418:
1373:Darvill 2004
1368:
1357:Darvill 2004
1352:
1347:, p. 9.
1304:
1276:, p. 5.
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1166:, p. 7.
1119:
1107:
1063:
1047:
1008:, p. 5.
982:
949:
927:, p. 6.
843:All Cannings
836:
828:neo-shamanic
826:" and other
817:
802:
776:The modern
752:
744:oval barrows
709:
706:
693:
687:
680:held to the
674:
661:
649:
632:
621:rather than
619:pastoralists
611:
607:ethnographic
603:
591:
583:spirituality
576:
528:
512:
493:
489:
485:
481:
462:
458:
454:
434:
421:
412:
405:
386:
368:
355:
343:
339:
330:Göbekli Tepe
326:
305:
289:bank barrows
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
245:
240:
235:
231:
229:
224:
220:
218:
205:
194:
188:
184:
172:
156:
148:
146:
117:modern Pagan
105:antiquarians
101:
85:
80:
76:
72:
62:
49:Long barrows
48:
47:
29:
18:Long barrows
4593:unchambered
4588:Long barrow
4578:Grave goods
4534:Court cairn
4529:Clava cairn
4481:Bowl barrow
4419:Rock cupule
4362:Golden hats
4355:Hill figure
4256:Unstan ware
4236:Cord-marked
4101:Sweet Track
4023:Burnt mound
3944:Stilt house
3932:Sibudu Cave
3725:Tally stick
3693:Quern-stone
3678:Hammerstone
3668:Fire plough
3639:Pesse canoe
3597:Bannerstone
3567:Other tools
3480:Lithic core
3428:Aurignacian
3316:Bare Island
3198:Quern-stone
2879:Unstan ware
2766:Long barrow
2726:Bank barrow
2683:TiszapolgĂĄr
2649:Sredny Stog
2614:Pitted Ware
1823:Bowman 2002
1772:Hayman 1997
1689:Daniel 1950
1612:Hutton 2013
1588:Hutton 2013
1567:Hutton 2013
1555:Hutton 2013
1527:Malone 2001
1483:Hutton 2013
1423:Hutton 2013
1392:Hutton 2013
1324:Hutton 2013
1297:Malone 2001
1251:Hutton 2013
1224:Malone 2001
1212:Malone 2001
1200:Malone 2001
1164:Daniel 1950
1149:Malone 2001
1056:Hutton 2013
1006:Daniel 1950
975:Malone 2001
925:Daniel 1950
910:Hutton 2013
893:Hutton 2013
811:in Kent, a
755:Geophysical
720:Rifle butts
690:Glyn Daniel
685:religion".
465:excarnation
393:South Downs
381:River Stour
297:long cairns
153:John Aubrey
113:excavations
4801:Categories
4732:trepanning
4625:Ring cairn
4583:Jar burial
4566:transepted
4498:U.S. sites
4399:Petroglyph
4325:Bird stone
4283:wine press
3956:Stone roof
3939:Roundhouse
3831:long house
3808:Stonehenge
3776:Ceremonial
3720:Stone tool
3547:Tool stone
3517:Metallurgy
3421:Mousterian
3398:Toolmaking
3336:Cumberland
3309:Transverse
3279:Schöningen
3171:Qesem cave
3139:Earth oven
3093:Irrigation
3004:Technology
2972:Prehistory
2905:Old Europe
2869:Metallurgy
2851:Technology
2717:Monumental
2514:Cortaillod
2114:2299/18964
1730:Field 2006
1718:Field 2006
1701:Field 2006
1674:Lynch 1997
1662:Lynch 1997
1647:Field 2006
1635:Field 2006
1551:Lynch 1997
1539:Lynch 1997
1500:Lynch 1997
1468:Lynch 1997
1456:Lynch 1997
1411:Lynch 1997
1361:Field 2006
1345:Lynch 1997
1274:Lynch 1997
1188:Field 2006
1176:Field 2006
1124:Field 2006
1112:Lynch 1997
1100:Field 2006
1085:Field 2006
1068:Field 2006
1052:Field 2006
1040:Field 2006
991:Field 2006
987:Lynch 1997
942:Field 2006
857:References
724:Stoke Park
657:Wor Barrow
169:Derbyshire
4776:symbolism
4640:Tor cairn
4598:GrĂžnsalen
4539:Cremation
4431:Sculpture
4409:Pictogram
4394:Petroform
4214:amber use
4182:Cosmetics
3992:Reservoir
3977:Check dam
3907:Pueblitos
3902:Pit-house
3885:Longhouse
3819:Dwellings
3688:Microlith
3619:Bow drill
3614:Bone tool
3607:prismatic
3416:Acheulean
3331:Cresswell
3304:Arrowhead
3230:Boomerang
3146:Granaries
3108:Terracing
2987:Stone Age
2826:Stone row
2499:CernavodÄ
2335:Antiquity
2123:159495735
2046:218836456
1881:0261-3077
1852:19 August
862:Footnotes
579:cosmology
519:Wiltshire
500:Wiltshire
477:postholes
141:trilithon
89:religious
42:Uffington
4414:Rock art
4377:painting
4350:Geoglyph
4175:timeline
4155:Beadwork
3895:Mehrgarh
3890:Mudbrick
3798:megalith
3673:Fire-saw
3495:debitage
3490:analysis
3458:Hand axe
3438:Cupstone
3016:Glossary
2977:Timeline
2888:Concepts
2771:Megalith
2703:Wartberg
2660:StarÄevo
2604:PetreÈti
2584:Karanovo
2569:Hamangia
2559:GorneÈti
2519:CoÈofeni
2509:Chasséen
2471:Cultures
2437:Horizons
2218:(1984).
1846:Archived
813:rag tree
740:Cheshire
665:Allectus
425:churches
418:Function
401:Galloway
383:in Kent.
351:Anglesey
211:people.
181:Hereford
161:Cheshire
97:economic
36:View of
4771:Symbols
4382:pigment
4268:Weaving
4231:Cardium
4226:Pottery
4221:Mirrors
4209:Jewelry
4150:Baskets
4130:culture
3982:Cistern
3788:Pyramid
3730:Weapons
3708:Scraper
3698:Racloir
3658:Cleaver
3646:Chopper
3552:Uniface
3463:Grooves
3453:Hafting
3411:Oldowan
3370:Systems
3321:Cascade
3284:woomera
3274:harpoon
3247:history
3213:Hunting
3193:Pottery
3134:Cooking
3043:Farming
3009:history
2982:Outline
2698:VuÄedol
2629:Rzucewo
2589:Lengyel
2539:DudeÈti
1752:26 July
732:moraine
728:Bristol
614:Marxist
65:tumulus
4812:Tumuli
4749:flutes
4544:Dolmen
4468:Burial
4278:winery
4251:Linear
4081:Midden
4059:Cursus
4052:Goseck
3912:Pueblo
3863:Dugout
3848:Burdei
3527:Mining
3351:Lamoka
3346:Folsom
3326:Clovis
3183:Metate
3161:Hearth
3129:Basket
3103:Sickle
2801:Rondel
2781:Menhir
2746:Dolmen
2741:Cursus
2639:Sesklo
2624:Rössen
2579:Kakanj
2574:Horgen
2529:Danilo
2494:Butmir
2484:Beaker
2245:
2226:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2138:
2121:
2080:
2061:
2044:
2013:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1911:20 May
1886:20 May
1879:
475:. The
397:Dorset
299:, and
201:Breton
196:dolmen
167:, and
149:barrow
4666:sites
4610:Mummy
4330:Cairn
4246:JĆmon
4197:shoes
4192:Hides
4064:Henge
4018:Broch
3880:Jacal
3735:Wheel
3683:Knife
3629:Canoe
3624:Burin
3602:Blade
3500:flake
3361:Plano
3269:baton
3259:Spear
3225:Arrow
3178:Manos
3031:Tools
2761:Henge
2693:VinÄa
2688:Varna
2678:Tisza
2665:Körös
2644:Sopot
2599:Neman
2594:Narva
2549:Gaudo
2504:Cerny
2489:Boian
2479:Baden
2462:(LBK)
2119:S2CID
2042:S2CID
849:near
818:Many
190:cairn
69:tombs
4759:gudi
4517:Cist
4446:list
4273:Wine
4202:Ătzi
4187:Glue
4160:Beds
4128:and
4126:Arts
3997:Well
3853:Cave
3783:Kiva
3713:side
3703:Rope
3651:tool
3585:bone
3575:Adze
3341:Eden
3254:Nets
3124:Fire
3088:Goad
3073:Celt
2736:Cist
2670:CriĆ
2619:Pfyn
2243:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1913:2020
1888:2020
1877:ISSN
1854:2017
1754:2021
746:and
714:and
581:and
399:and
199:, a
185:howe
179:and
173:tump
137:Kent
107:and
3868:Hut
3803:row
3634:Oar
3592:Axe
3580:Awl
2343:doi
2287:doi
2266:doi
2109:hdl
2101:doi
2034:doi
1906:BBC
851:Wem
738:in
726:in
517:in
498:in
450:MĂžn
349:in
175:in
159:in
157:low
79:or
4803::
2339:73
2337:.
2333:.
2281:.
2262:14
2260:.
2117:.
2107:.
2097:20
2095:.
2040:.
2030:12
2028:.
1904:.
1875:.
1871:.
1840:.
1803:^
1762:^
1745:.
1708:^
1681:^
1654:^
1619:^
1574:^
1507:^
1490:^
1475:^
1442:^
1399:^
1380:^
1331:^
1316:^
1281:^
1258:^
1231:^
1156:^
1131:^
1092:^
1075:^
1030:^
1013:^
998:^
961:^
932:^
917:^
900:^
869:^
295:,
291:,
243:.
183:,
171:,
163:,
135:,
83:.
2953:e
2946:t
2939:v
2420:)
2405:e
2398:t
2391:v
2378:.
2351:.
2345::
2293:.
2289::
2283:7
2272:.
2268::
2251:.
2232:.
2201:.
2182:.
2163:.
2144:.
2125:.
2111::
2103::
2086:.
2067:.
2048:.
2036::
2019:.
1991:.
1972:.
1953:.
1915:.
1890:.
1856:.
1756:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
