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development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction. ... Substance-induced changes in transcription factors can also produce competing effects on reward function. For example, repeated substance use activates accumulating levels of ÎFosB, and animals with elevated ÎFosB exhibit exaggerated sensitivity to the rewarding eff ects of drugs of abuse, leading to the hypothesis that ÎFosB might be a sustained molecular trigger or switch that helps initiate and maintain a state of addiction.
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several reward functions. ... Rewards are attractive. They are motivating and make us exert an effort. ... Rewards induce approach behavior, also called appetitive or preparatory behavior, and consummatory behavior. ... Thus any stimulus, object, event, activity, or situation that has the potential to make us approach and consume it is by definition a reward. ... Rewarding stimuli, objects, events, situations, and activities consist of several major components. First, rewards have basic sensory components (visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and olfactory) ... Second, rewards are salient and thus elicit attention, which are manifested as orienting responses (FIGURE 1, middle). The salience of rewards derives from three principal factors, namely, their physical intensity and impact (physical salience), their novelty and surprise (novelty/surprise salience), and their general motivational impact shared with punishers (motivational salience). A separate form not included in this scheme, incentive salience, primarily addresses dopamine function in addiction and refers only to approach behavior (as opposed to learning) ... These emotions are also called liking (for pleasure) and wanting (for desire) in addiction research (471) and strongly support the learning and approach generating functions of reward.
1047:. They exist somewhere in the back of our minds and are different from not desiring at all despite lacking causal effects at the moment. If Dhanvi is busy convincing her friend to go hiking this weekend, for example, then her desire to go hiking is occurrent. But many of her other desires, like to sell her old car or to talk with her boss about a promotion, are merely standing during this conversation. Standing desires remain part of the mind even while the subject is sound asleep. It has been questioned whether standing desires should be considered desires at all in a strict sense. One motivation for raising this doubt is that desires are attitudes toward contents but a disposition to have a certain attitude is not automatically an attitude itself. Desires can be occurrent even if they do not influence our behavior. This is the case, for example, if the agent has a conscious desire to do something but successfully resists it. This desire is occurrent because it plays some role in the agents mental life, even if it is not action-guiding.
3878:(components of which have been termed the extended amygdala, as discussed later in this chapter), hippocampus, hypothalamus, and frontal regions of cerebral cortex. These structures receive rich dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. Addictive drugs are rewarding and reinforcing because they act in brain reward pathways to enhance either dopamine release or the effects of dopamine in the NAc or related structures, or because they produce effects similar to dopamine. ... A macrostructure postulated to integrate many of the functions of this circuit is described by some investigators as the extended amygdala. The extended amygdala is said to comprise several basal forebrain structures that share similar morphology, immunocytochemical features, and connectivity and that are well suited to mediating aspects of reward function; these include the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central medial amygdala, the shell of the NAc, and the sublenticular substantia innominata.
1329:. It has been argued that desire is the more fundamental notion and that preferences are to be defined in terms of desires. For this to work, desire has to be understood as involving a degree or intensity. Given this assumption, a preference can be defined as a comparison of two desires. That Nadia prefers tea over coffee, for example, just means that her desire for tea is stronger than her desire for coffee. One argument for this approach is due to considerations of parsimony: a great number of preferences can be derived from a very small number of desires. One objection to this theory is that our introspective access is much more immediate in cases of preferences than in cases of desires. So it is usually much easier for us to know which of two options we prefer than to know the degree with which we desire a particular object. This consideration has been used to suggest that maybe preference, and not desire, is the more fundamental notion.
1388:, on the other hand, do not depend on other desires. Some authors hold that all or at least some intrinsic desires are inborn or innate, for example, desires for pleasure or for nutrition. But other authors suggest that even these relatively basic desires may depend to some extent on experience: before we can desire a pleasurable object, we have to learn, through a hedonic experience of this object for example, that it is pleasurable. But it is also conceivable that reason by itself generates intrinsic desires. On this view, reasoning to the conclusion that it would be rational to have a certain intrinsic desire causes the subject to have this desire. It has also been proposed that instrumental desires may be transformed into intrinsic desires under the right conditions. This could be possible through processes of
3604:. Cambridge University Press, 1982, page 251: "In the end, the flowing streams of sense-desire must be 'cut' or 'crossed' completely; nevertheless, for the duration of the Path, a monk must perforce work with motivational and perceptual processes as they ordinarily are, that is to say, based on desire ... Thus, during mental training, the stream is not to be 'cut' immediately, but guided, like water along viaducts. The meditative steadying of the mind by counting in- and out-breaths (in the mindfulness of breathing) is compared to the steadying of a boat in 'a fierce current' by its rudder. The disturbance of the flow of a mountain stream by irrigation channels cut into its sides it used to illustrate the weakening of insight by the
799:. Both beliefs and desires are representations of the world. But while beliefs aim at truth, i.e. to represent how the world actually is, desires aim to change the world by representing how the world should be. These two modes of representation have been termed mind-to-world and world-to-mind direction of fit respectively. Desires can be either positive, in the sense that the subject wants a desirable state to be the case, or negative, in the sense that the subject wants an undesirable state not to be the case. It is usually held that desires come in varying strengths: some things are desired more strongly than other things. We desire things in regard to some features they have but usually not in regard to all of their features.
1964:. Like drama, a melodrama depends mostly on in-depth character development, interaction, and highly emotional themes. Melodramatic films tend to use plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the audience. Melodramatic plots often deal with "crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship, strained familial situations, tragedy, illness, neuroses, or emotional and physical hardship." Film critics sometimes use the term "pejoratively to connote an unrealistic, bathos-filled, campy tale of romance or domestic situations with stereotypical characters (often including a central female character) that would directly appeal to feminine audiences." Also called "women's movies", "weepies", tearjerkers, or "chick flicks".
3939:(Georgiadis et al., 2012; Kringelbach, 2005; Kringelbach et al., 2003; Small et al., 2001; Veldhuizen et al., 2010). Finally, in the brainstem, a hindbrain site near the parabrachial nucleus of dorsal pons also appears able to contribute to hedonic gains of function (Söderpalm and Berridge, 2000). A brainstem mechanism for pleasure may seem more surprising than forebrain hot spots to anyone who views the brainstem as merely reflexive, but the pontine parabrachial nucleus contributes to taste, pain, and many visceral sensations from the body and has also been suggested to play an important role in motivation (Wu et al., 2012) and in human emotion (especially related to the somatic marker hypothesis) (Damasio, 2010).
999:. For example, Haruto enjoys movies, which is why he has an intrinsic desire to watch them. But in order to watch them, he has to step into his car, navigate through the traffic to the nearby cinema, wait in line, pay for the ticket, etc. He desires to do all these things as well, but only in an instrumental manner. He would not do all these things were it not for his intrinsic desire to watch the movie. It is possible to desire the same thing both intrinsically and instrumentally at the same time. So if Haruto was a driving enthusiast, he might have both an intrinsic and an instrumental desire to drive to the cinema. Instrumental desires are usually about
843:
Action-based theories usually include some reference to beliefs in their definition, for example, that "to desire that P is to be disposed to bring it about that P, assuming one's beliefs are true". Despite their popularity and their usefulness for empirical investigations, action-based theories face various criticisms. These criticisms can roughly be divided into two groups. On the one hand, there are inclinations to act that are not based on desires. Evaluative beliefs about what we should do, for example, incline us toward doing it, even if we do not want to do it. There are also mental disorders that have a similar effect, like the tics associated with
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existence. As an additional requirement, a possibly unconscious belief or judgment is necessary to the effect that the fulfillment of the instrumental desire would somehow contribute to the fulfillment of the desire it is based on. Instrumental desires usually pass away after the desires they are based on cease to exist. But defective cases are possible where, often due to absentmindedness, the instrumental desire remains. Such cases are sometimes termed "motivational inertia". Something like this might be the case when the agent finds himself with a desire to go to the kitchen, only to realize upon arriving that he does not know what he wants there.
1831:, desire is the human appetite for a given object of attention. Desire for a product is stimulated by advertising, which attempts to give buyers a sense of lack or wanting. In store retailing, merchants attempt to increase the desire of the buyer by showcasing the product attractively, in the case of clothes or jewellery, or, for food stores, by offering samples. With print, TV, and radio advertising, desire is created by giving the potential buyer a sense of lacking ("Are you still driving that old car?") or by associating the product with desirable attributes, either by showing a celebrity using or wearing the product, or by giving the product a "
887:, sometimes referred to as desire-as-belief theses, equate desires with beliefs that something is good, thereby categorizing desires as one type of belief. But such versions face the difficulty of explaining how we can have beliefs about what we should do despite not wanting to do it. A more promising approach identifies desires not with value-beliefs but with value-seemings. On this view, to desire to have one more drink is the same as it seeming good to the subject to have one more drink. But such a seeming is compatible with the subject having the opposite belief that having one more drink would be a bad idea. A closely related theory is due to
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try to "sell" the general idea of making a purchase, because the customer already wants the products. In other cases, the potential buyer does not have a desire for the product or service, and so the company has to create the sense of desire. An example of this situation is for life insurance. Most young adults are not thinking about dying, so they are not naturally thinking about how they need to have accidental death insurance. Life insurance companies, though, are attempting to create a desire for life insurance with advertising that shows pictures of children and asks "If anything happens to you, who will pay for the children's upkeep?".
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terminal fields, dopamine confers motivational salience ("wanting") on the reward itself or associated cues (nucleus accumbens shell region), updates the value placed on different goals in light of this new experience (orbital prefrontal cortex), helps consolidate multiple forms of memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and encodes new motor programs that will facilitate obtaining this reward in the future (nucleus accumbens core region and dorsal striatum). In this example, dopamine modulates the processing of sensorimotor information in diverse neural circuits to maximize the ability of the organism to obtain future rewards.
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other things besides desires incline us to actions and they have no problems explaining how a paralyzed person can still have desires. But they also come with new problems of their own. One is that it is usually assumed that there is a causal relation between desires and pleasure: the satisfaction of desires is seen as the cause of the resulting pleasure. But this is only possible if cause and effect are two distinct things, not if they are identical. Apart from this, there may also be bad or misleading desires whose fulfillment does not bring the pleasure they originally seemed to promise.
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accumbens called the medial shell. A second is found within the ventral pallidum, a deep-seated structure near the base of the forebrain that receives most of its signals from the nucleus accumbens. ... On the other hand, intense euphoria is harder to come by than everyday pleasures. The reason may be that strong enhancement of pleasureâlike the chemically induced pleasure bump we produced in lab animalsâseems to require activation of the entire network at once. Defection of any single component dampens the high.
1349:. He defines persons in terms of higher-order desires. Many of the desires we have, like the desire to have ice cream or to take a vacation, are first-order desires. Higher-order desires, on the other hand, are desires about other desires. They are most prominent in cases where a person has a desire he does not want to have. A recovering addict, for example, may have both a first-order desire to take drugs and a second-order desire of not following this first-order desire. Or a religious ascetic may still have
44:
1193:
desire. A popular contemporary approach defines value as that which it is fitting to desire. Desire-satisfaction theories of well-being state that a person's well-being is determined by whether that person's desires are satisfied. It has been suggested that to prefer one thing to another is just to have a stronger desire for the former thing. An influential theory of personhood holds that only entities with higher-order desires can be persons.
1213:, simply identify an agent's desires with the practical reasons he has. A closely related view holds that desires are not reasons themselves but present reasons to the agent. A strength of these positions is that they can give a straightforward explanation of how practical reasons can act as motivation. But an important objection is that we may have reasons to do things without a desire to do them. This is especially relevant in the field of
1236:), i.e. being motivated by the right inward attitude. On this view, donating a significant portion of one's income to charities is not a moral action if the motivating desire is to improve one's reputation by convincing other people of one's wealth and generosity. Instead, from a Kantian perspective, it should be performed out of a desire to do one's duty. These issues are often discussed in contemporary philosophy under the terms of
1973:, in which "desire is the driving force for both Scarlett and the hero, Rhett". Scarlett desires love, money, the attention of men, and the vision of being a virtuous "true lady". Rhett Butler desires to be with Scarlett, which builds to a burning longing that is ultimately his undoing, because Scarlett keeps refusing his advances; when she finally confesses her secret desire, Rhett is worn out and his longing is spent.
806:: we normally try to realize our desires when acting. It is usually held that desires by themselves are not sufficient for actions: they have to be combined with beliefs. The desire to own a new mobile phone, for example, can only result in the action of ordering one online if paired with the belief that ordering it would contribute to the desire being fulfilled. The fulfillment of desires is normally experienced as
1292:, which is based on the consideration that facts independent of the value of an object may affect whether this object ought to be desired. In one thought experiment, an evil demon threatens the agent to kill her family unless she desires him. In such a situation, it is fitting for the agent to desire the demon in order to save her family, despite the fact that the demon does not possess positive value.
1075:. Propositionalist theories hold that direct-object-expressions are just a short form for that-clause-expressions while object-desire-theorists contend that they correspond to a different form of desire. One argument in favor of the latter position is that talk of object-desire is very common and natural in everyday language. But one important objection to this view is that object-desires lack proper
847:. On the other hand, there are desires that do not incline us toward action. These include desires for things we cannot change, for example, a mathematician's desire that the number Pi be a rational number. In some extreme cases, such desires may be very common, for example, a totally paralyzed person may have all kinds of regular desires but lacks any disposition to act due to the paralysis.
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5111:
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90:
85:
1983:, she calls the film an "Object of Visual Desire", in which it plays to an "expectation of an audience's delight in visual texture, with the 'retro-fitted' spectacle of the post-modern city to ogle" and with the use of the "motif of the 'eye'". In the film, "desire is a key motivating influence on the narrative of the film, both in the 'real world', and within the text."
1704:(1901â1981) argues that desire first occurs during a "mirror phase" of a baby's development, when the baby sees an image of wholeness in a mirror which gives them a desire for that being. As a person matures, Lacan claims that they still feel separated from themselves by language, which is incomplete, and so a person continually strives to become whole. He uses the term "
1357:, i.e. second-order desires about which first-order desires are followed, is the mark of personhood. It is a form of caring about oneself, of being concerned with who one is and what one does. Not all entities with a mind have higher-order volitions. Frankfurt terms them "wantons" in contrast to "persons". On his view, animals and maybe also some human beings are
1924:
Maud Gonne, and realized that "Our longing, our craving, our thirsting for something other than
Reality is what dissatisfies us". In "The Rose for the World", he admires her beauty, but feels pain because he cannot be with her. In the poem "No Second Troy", Yeats overflows with anger and bitterness because of their unrequited love. Poet
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desire-satisfaction. So if Samuel prefers to wear dry clothes rather than wet clothes, he would continue to hold this preference even after having come home from a rainy day and having changed his clothes. This would indicate against the death-of-desire thesis that no change on the level of the agent's conative states takes place.
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omelets nor by his coming into possession of an omelet at some indeterminate point in his life. So it seems that, when pressed for the details, object-desire-theorists have to resort to propositional expressions to articulate what exactly these desires entail. This threatens to collapse object-desires into propositional desires.
1392:. The idea is that whatever reliably predicts the fulfillment of intrinsic desires may itself become the object of an intrinsic desire. So a baby may initially only instrumentally desire its mother because of the warmth, hugs and milk she provides. But over time, this instrumental desire may become an intrinsic desire.
1512:. However, desire for wholesome things is seen as liberating and enhancing. While the stream of desire for sense-pleasures must be cut eventually, a practitioner on the path to liberation is encouraged by the Buddha to "generate desire" for the fostering of skillful qualities and the abandoning of unskillful ones.
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In the prefrontal cortex, recent evidence indicates that the OFC and insula cortex may each contain their own additional hot spots (D.C. Castro et al., Soc. Neurosci., abstract). In specific subregions of each area, either opioid-stimulating or orexin-stimulating microinjections appear to enhance the
710:
are directly about objects. Various authors distinguish between higher desires associated with spiritual or religious goals and lower desires, which are concerned with bodily or sensory pleasures. Desires play a role in many different fields. There is disagreement whether desires should be understood
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So it makes sense that the real pleasure centers in the brainâthose directly responsible for generating pleasurable sensationsâturn out to lie within some of the structures previously identified as part of the reward circuit. One of these so-called hedonic hotspots lies in a subregion of the nucleus
3813:
Rewards in operant conditioning are positive reinforcers. ... Operant behavior gives a good definition for rewards. Anything that makes an individual come back for more is a positive reinforcer and therefore a reward. Although it provides a good definition, positive reinforcement is only one of
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to argue that people desire incest and must repress that desire. He claimed that children pass through several stages, including a stage in which they fixate on the mother as a sexual object. That this "complex" is universal has long since been disputed. Even if it were true, that would not explain
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are at least partially responsible for mediating an individual's desire (i.e., incentive salience) for a rewarding stimulus and the subjective perception of pleasure derived from experiencing or "consuming" a rewarding stimulus (e.g., pleasure derived from eating palatable food, sexual pleasure from
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depend for their formation and existence on other desires. For example, Aisha has a desire to find a charging station at the airport. This desire is instrumental because it is based on another desire: to keep her mobile phone from dying. Without the latter desire, the former would not have come into
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are among the major theories of well-being. They state that a person's well-being is determined by whether that person's desires are satisfied: the higher the number of satisfied desires, the higher the well-being. One problem for some versions of desire theory is that not all desires are good: some
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necessary for desires. Conditions of satisfaction determine under which situations a desire is satisfied. Arielle's desire is satisfied if the that-clause expressing her desire has been realized, i.e. she is having an omelet for breakfast. But Louis's desire is not satisfied by the mere existence of
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reactions elicited by sweetness, similar to the NAc and VP hot spots. Successful confirmation of hedonic hot spots in the OFC or insula would be important and possibly relevant to the orbitofrontal mid-anterior site mentioned earlier that especially tracks the subjective pleasure of foods in humans
1923:
depicts the positive and negative aspects of desire in his poems such as "The Rose for the World", "Adam's Curse", "No Second Troy", "All Things can Tempt me", and "Meditations in Time of Civil War". Some poems depict desire as a poison for the soul; Yeats worked through his desire for his beloved,
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In some cases, the potential buyer already has the desire for the product before they enter the store, as in the case of a decorating buff entering their favorite furniture store. The role of the salespeople in these cases is simply to guide the customer towards making a choice; they do not have to
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theories use this feature as part of their definition of desires. According to one version, "to desire p is ... to be disposed to take pleasure in it seeming that p and displeasure in it seeming that not-p". Hedonic theories avoid many of the problems faced by action-based theories: they allow that
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Studies have shown that cravings are underpinned by activation of the reward and motivation circuits (McBride et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2007, Wing et al., 2012, Goldman et al., 2013, Jansen et al., 2013 and Volkow et al., 2013). According to these authors, the main neural structures involved are:
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Within
Christianity, desire is seen as something that can either lead a person towards God or away from him. Desire is not considered to be a bad thing in and of itself; rather, it is a powerful force within the human that, once submitted to the Lordship of Christ, can become a tool for good, for
842:
theories have traditionally been dominant. They can take different forms but they all have in common that they define desires as structures that incline us toward actions. This is especially relevant when ascribing desires, not from a first-person perspective, but from a third-person perspective.
3845:
VTA DA neurons play a critical role in motivation, reward-related behavior (Chapter 15), attention, and multiple forms of memory. This organization of the DA system, wide projection from a limited number of cell bodies, permits coordinated responses to potent new rewards. Thus, acting in diverse
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While desires are often classified as emotions by laypersons, psychologists often describe desires as ur-emotions, or feelings that do not quite fit the category of basic emotions. For psychologists, desires arise from bodily structures and functions (e.g., the stomach needing food and the blood
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Desire is a quite fundamental concept. As such, it is relevant for many different fields. Various definitions and theories of other concepts have been expressed in terms of desires. Actions depend on desires and moral praiseworthiness is sometimes defined in terms of being motivated by the right
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are two closely related notions: they are both conative states that determine our behavior. The difference between the two is that desires are directed at one object while preferences concern a comparison between two alternatives, of which one is preferred to the other. The focus on preferences
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aim to define desires in terms of their essential features. A great variety of features are ascribed to desires, like that they are propositional attitudes, that they lead to actions, that their fulfillment tends to bring pleasure, etc. Across the different theories of desires, there is a broad
1038:
are desires that are currently active. They are either conscious or at least have unconscious effects, for example, on the subject's reasoning or behavior. Desires we engage in and try to realize are occurrent. But we have many desires that are not relevant to our present situation and do not
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Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse,
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The neural substrates that underlie the perception of reward and the phenomenon of positive reinforcement are a set of interconnected forebrain structures called brain reward pathways; these include the nucleus accumbens (NAc; the major component of the ventral striatum), the basal forebrain
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holds that desires cannot continue to exist once their object is realized. This would mean that an agent cannot desire to have something if he believes that he already has it. One objection to the death-of-desire thesis comes from the fact that our preferences usually do not change upon
891:, who holds that desires are judgments of what we have reasons to do. Critics have pointed out that value-based theories have difficulties explaining how animals, like cats or dogs, can have desires, since they arguably cannot represent things as being good in the relevant sense.
1221:, for example, suggests that most people living in developed countries have a moral obligation to donate a significant portion of their income to charities. Such an obligation would constitute a practical reason to act accordingly even for people who feel no desire to do so.
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agreement about what these features are. Their disagreement concerns which of these features belong to the essence of desires and which ones are merely accidental or contingent. Traditionally, the two most important theories define desires in terms of dispositions to cause
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the agent to realize them. For this to be possible, a desire has to be combined with a belief about which action would realize it. Desires present their objects in a favorable light, as something that appears to be good. Their fulfillment is normally experienced as
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be aberrative in a few cases, there is no credible evidence to suggest that it is a universal scenario. While Freud was correct in labeling the various symptoms behind most compulsions, phobias and disorders, he was largely incorrect in his theories regarding the
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as psychological opposites, they share the same brain circuit. A 2008 study entitled "The Neural
Correlates of Desire" showed that the human brain categorizes stimuli according to its desirability by activating three different brain areas: the superior
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have. There are various theories about what constitutes personhood. Most agree that being a person has to do with having certain mental abilities and is connected to having a certain moral and legal status. An influential theory of persons is due to
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rejects the idea, defended by Lacan and other psychoanalysts, that desire is a form of lack related to incompleteness or a lost object. Instead, he holds that it should be understood as a positive reality in the form of an affirmative vital force.
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Marketing theorists call desire the third stage in the hierarchy of effects, which occurs when the buyer develops a sense that if they felt the need for the type of product in question, the advertised product is what would quench their desire.
1910:'s novels use homoerotic codes to describe same-sex desire and longing. Close male friendships with subtle homoerotic undercurrents occur in every novel, which subverts the conventional, heterosexual plot of the novels. In the Gothic-themed
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desires. Higher desires are commonly associated with spiritual or religious goals in contrast to lower desires, sometimes termed passions, which are concerned with bodily or sensory pleasures. This difference is closely related to
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desires may even have terrible consequences for the agent. Desire theorists have tried to avoid this objection by holding that what matters are not actual desires but the desires the agent would have if she was fully informed.
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For an individual to effect his or her liberation, the flow of sense-desire must be cut completely; however, while training, he or she must work with motivational processes based on skillfully applied desire. According to the
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Marketing and advertising companies have used psychological research on how desire is stimulated to find more effective ways to induce consumers into buying a given product or service. Techniques include creating a sense of
1976:
In Cathy Cupitt's article on "Desire and Vision in Blade Runner", she argues that film, as a "visual narrative form, plays with the voyeuristic desires of its audience". Focusing on the dystopian 1980s science fiction film
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in contrast to the negative experience of failing to do so. But independently of whether the desire is fulfilled or not, there is a sense in which the desire presents its object in a favorable light, as something that
670:
response. While many researchers roughly agree on these general features, there is significant disagreement about how to define desires, i.e. which of these features are essential and which ones are merely accidental.
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desires. Authentic desires express what the agent truly wants from deep within. An agent wants something inauthentically, on the other hand, if the agent is not fully identified with this desire, despite having it.
1228:, who holds that doing the right thing is not sufficient from the moral perspective. Instead, we have to do the right thing for the right reason. He refers to this distinction as the difference between legality (
1947:
Philippe
Borgeaud's novels analyse how emotions such as erotic desire and seduction are connected to fear and wrath by examining cases where people are worried about issues of impurity, sin, and shame.
995:, it is the only thing desired intrinsically. Intrinsic desires have a special status in that they do not depend on other desires. They contrast with instrumental desires, in which something is desired
1916:, Stoker depicts the theme of desire which is coupled with fear. When the character Lucy is seduced by Dracula, she describes her sensations in the graveyard as a mixture of fear and blissful emotion.
5592:
1906:. Brontë's characterization of Jane Eyre depicts her as torn by an inner conflict between reason and desire, because "customs" and "conventionalities" stand in the way of her romantic desires.
3993:"The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for modulating craving and addictive behaviours: a critical literature review of efficacy, technical and methodological considerations"
1661:). Research also shows that the orbitofrontal cortex has connections to both the opioid and dopamine systems, and stimulating this cortex is associated with subjective reports of pleasure.
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that the action in question would contribute to the fulfillment of the desire. The notion of practical reasons is closely related to motivation and desire. Some philosophers, often from a
1153:, for example, various vices are listed, which have been defined as perverse or corrupt versions of love. Explicit reference to bad forms of desiring is found, for example, in the sins of
1679:, who is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis, proposed the notion of the
3537:
1456:(1711â1776) claimed that desires and passions are non-cognitive, automatic bodily responses, and he argued that reasoning is "capable only of devising means to ends set by desire".
751:
films use plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the audience by showing "crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship", in which desire is thwarted or unrequited.
1549:
states regarding the one (ekam) spirit: "In the beginning there was Desire (kama) that was first seed of mind. Poets found the bond of being in non-being in their heart's thought".
4344:
4227:
1434:
claims that desire is implicated in animal interactions and the propensity of animals to motion; at the same time, he acknowledges that reasoning also interacts with desire.
1466:, which means they are a command of reason, applying only if one desires the goal in question. Kant also established a relation between the beautiful and pleasure in
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to bring the object of another desire about. Driving to the cinema, for example, is one of the causal requirements for watching the movie there. But there are also
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the nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), amygdala, hippocampus and insula.
4206:
1860:, especially romance novels. Novels which are based around the theme of desire, which can range from a long aching feeling to an unstoppable torrent, include
1133:". But other strands in Hinduism explicitly distinguish lower or bad desires for worldly things from higher or good desires for closeness or oneness with
1448:(1632â1677) had a view which contrasted with Hobbes, in that "he saw natural desires as a form of bondage" that are not chosen by a person of their own
1067:
but directly at objects. This difference is also reflected on a linguistic level. Object-desires can be expressed through a direct object, for example,
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Distant Desire: Homoerotic Codes and the
Subversion of the English Novel in E.M. Forster's Fiction (Sexuality and Literature) by Parminder Kaur Bakshi
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Both psychology and philosophy are interested in where desires come from or how they form. An important distinction for this investigation is between
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1835:" by showing attractive models with the product. Nike's "Just Do It" ads for sports shoes are appealing to consumers' desires for self-betterment.
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in the viewer or associating the product with desirable attributes. Desire plays a key role in art. The theme of desire is at the core of
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upon being fulfilled. An important alternative of more recent origin holds that desiring something means seeing the object of desire as
1967:"Melodrama⊠is Hollywood's fairly consistent way of treating desire and subject identity", as can be seen in well-known films such as
815:. Besides causing actions and pleasures, desires also have various effects on the mental life. One of these effects is to frequently
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1240:. One important position in this field is that the praiseworthiness of an action depends on the desire motivating this action.
1288:. Despite their popularity, fitting-attitude theories of value face various theoretical objections. An often-cited one is the
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dealt with the themes of desire and homoeroticism in his poetry, prose and drama. Other poems on the theme of desire include
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Because desire can cause humans to become obsessed and embittered, it has been called one of the causes of woe for mankind.
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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and
Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
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1169:, which include the corresponding positive counterparts. A desire for God is explicitly encouraged in various doctrines.
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stated that monks should "generate desire" for the sake of fostering skillful qualities and abandoning unskillful ones.
819:, specifically to its positive features. Another effect of special interest to psychology is the tendency of desires to
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desires is central to many issues concerning desires. Something is desired intrinsically if the subject desires it for
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A closely related issue in morality asks not what reasons we have but for what reasons we act. This idea goes back to
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in contrast to the negative experience of failing to do so. Conscious desires are usually accompanied by some form of
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as what motivates them. It is usually held that a desire by itself is not sufficient: it has to be combined with a
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as practical reasons or whether we can have practical reasons without having a desire to follow them. According to
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are directed at possible states of affairs, in contrast to object-desires, which are directly about objects.
641:", "longing" or "craving". A great variety of features is commonly associated with desires. They are seen as
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identify desires with attitudes toward values, like judging or having an appearance that something is good.
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Lauria, Federico (2017). "The "Guise of the Ought to Be": A Deontic View of the
Intentionality of Desire".
1389:
1121:, for example, states that desiring is the cause of all suffering. A related doctrine is also found in the
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take the tendency of attention to keep returning to the desired object as the defining feature of desires.
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A great variety of features is ascribed to desires. They are usually seen as attitudes toward conceivable
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that one experiences in human existence. The eradication of craving leads one to ultimate happiness, or
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1683:, which argues that desire for the mother creates neuroses in their sons. Freud used the Greek myth of
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1071:. Propositional desires, on the other hand, are usually expressed through a that-clause, for example,
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Desires can be grouped into various types according to a few basic distinctions. Something is desired
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needing oxygen). On the other hand, emotions arise from a person's mental state. A 2008 study by the
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CD-ROM, V. 1.0, London: Routledge Edward Craig (ed). "Morality and emotions". By Martha C. Nussbaum
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of the body. In some religions, all desires are outright rejected as a negative influence on our
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Just as desire is central to the written fiction genre of romance, it is the central theme of
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Shulman, Eviatar (2014). "1. The
Structural Relationship between Philosophy and Meditation".
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The
Demandingness Objection to Peter Singer's Account of Our Obligations to the World's Poor
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while at the same time wanting to be free of these desires. According to
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In philosophy, desire has been identified as a philosophical problem since Antiquity. In
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those neuroses in daughters, but only in sons. While it is true that sexual confusion
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1027:. Desires corresponding to constitutive means are sometimes termed "realizer desires".
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ascribe desires to persons or animals based on what would best explain their behavior.
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of doing something. Watching the movie while sitting in seat 13F, for example, is one
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argues that individual desires must be postponed in the name of the higher ideal. In
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is usually considered a special type of value: the well-being of a person is what is
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The Ways of Desire: New Essays in Philosophical Psychology on the Concept of Wanting
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novels, which often create drama by showing cases where human desire is impeded by
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Desires can be grouped into various types according to a few basic distinctions.
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2973:"Preferences Vs. Desires: Debating the Fundamental Structure of Conative States"
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1280:. Two important aspects of this type of position are that it reduces values to
1059:. But a contrasting view allows that at least some desires are directed not at
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combine various of the aforementioned features in their definition of desires.
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It is one important feature of desires that their fulfillment is pleasurable.
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2663:"Consciousness and Intentionality: 2. The Interpretation of "Intentionality""
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4279:. Drew University, New Jersey. Nancy K. Gish. University of Southern Maine (
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define desires in terms of the causal roles played by internal states while
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3833:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 147â148, 367, 376.
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2736:"Good and Bad Desires: Implications of the Dialogue Between Ka and Arjuna"
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1621:" and research has demonstrated that incentive salience, the sensation of
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4185:"Deleuze and the Question of Desire: Toward an Immanent Theory of Ethics"
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Rethinking the Buddha: Early Buddhist Philosophy as Meditative Perception
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3430:"On the Concept of Personhood: A Comparative Analysis of Three Accounts"
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Sri Aurobindo (1948). "Self-Surrender in Works â The Way of the Gita".
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2012:
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1755: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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3865:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 365â366, 376.
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3210:"Einheit des Grundes, Grund der Differenz von MoralitÀt und LegalitÀt"
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The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality
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The Architecture of Reason: The Structure and Substance of Rationality
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37:"Longing for" redirects here. For the 2011 album by Rainie Yang, see
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The Aesthetics of Desire and Surprise: Phenomenology and Speculation
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In religion and philosophy, a distinction is sometimes made between
795:, which are also commonly seen as propositional attitudes, by their
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if it is fitting to desire this object or if we ought to desire it.
4241:
Desire, Class Position, and Gender in Jane Eyre and Pickwick Papers
3863:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
3831:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
3829:
Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).
3676:"Changing stress levels can make brain flip from 'desire' to 'dread
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focus on the tendency of desires to cause pleasure when fulfilled.
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2499:"Expressivism and Dispositional Desires: 2. a distinction in mind"
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Oddie, Graham. "Desire and the Good: In Search of the Right Fit".
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in relation to desire. Such approaches fall under the category of
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are either conscious or otherwise causally active, in contrast to
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A great variety of other theories of desires have been proposed.
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are about what the subject wants for the sake of something else.
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4263:"Sepulveda - Desire: Can't Live With It, Can't Live Without It"
3469:"Frankfurt on Second-Order Desires and the Concept of a Person"
61:, which is a common term used to describe "hopes" or "desires".
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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
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4514:
1724:
1377:, i.e. what the subject wants for the sake of something else.
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The dominant view is that all desires are to be understood as
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is determined by whether that person's desires are satisfied.
423:
223:
3775:"Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data"
3144:"Kant's Moral Philosophy: 2. Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty"
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it. This is sometimes expressed by saying that the object is
1232:), i.e. acting in accordance with outer norms, and morality (
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define desires as structures that incline us toward actions.
4156:
Gao, Jihai (August 2013). "Deleuze's Conception of Desire".
2558:
Audi, Robert (2001). "4. The Sources of Practical Reasons".
1145:. A similar line of thought is present in the teachings of
4322:
Eyeballing the Simulacra Desire and Vision in Blade Runner
3090:"The Most Good You Can Do: A Response to the Commentaries"
3682:
http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6419
3308:
Zimmerman, Michal J. (2015). "1. Value and Normativity".
1708:" to refer to the lost object or feeling of absence (see
4275:
Gender, Desire, and Sexuality in T. S. Eliot. Edited by
4243:
Benjamin Graves '97 (English 73 Brown University, 1996)
3571:
Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books, 2005, page 83.
3376:
SandkĂŒhler, Hans Jörg (2010). "Person/Persönlichkeit".
1940:' "Lovesong" about the savage intensity of desire; and
4038:"Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis"
2442:
Audi, Robert (2001). "3. Action, Belief, and Desire".
1601:; the form of "desire" or "wanting" associated with a
1597:, "desire" and "wanting" are operationally defined as
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is a common object of intrinsic desires. According to
883:. They identify desires with attitudes toward values.
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concern what the subject wants for its own sake while
4135:"A Systemic Perspective on Cognition and Mathematics"
4115:. The University of Tennessee, Martin. March 11, 2012
1284:, or what we ought to feel, and that it makes values
633:
are states of mind that are expressed by terms like "
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3854:
2617:
Mele, Alfred R. (2003). "1. Motivation and Desire".
2342:
Mele, Alfred R. (2003). "7. Motivational Strength".
1373:, i.e. what the subject wants for its own sake, and
1260:. According to them, an object is valuable if it is
1073:
Arielle desires that she has an omelet for breakfast
817:
move the subject's attention to the object of desire
5180:
5118:
4420:
2314:SandkĂŒhler, Hans Jörg (2010). "Begehren/Begierde".
1573:indicated that, while humans experience desire and
702:, which exist somewhere in the back of one's mind.
3888:
3886:
1856:The theme of desire is at the core of the written
1325:instead of desires is very common in the field of
27:Emotion of longing for a person, object or outcome
3513:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 352.
3407:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
3131:. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University.
3021:"Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person"
2790:Sri Aurobindo (1948). "The Motives of Devotion".
1462:(1724â1804) called any action based on desires a
1137:. This distinction is found, for example, in the
706:are directed at possible states of affairs while
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4343:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4326:. Archived from the original on October 22, 1999
4226:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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2883:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1039:influence us currently. Such desires are called
3957:From Abuse to Recovery: Understanding Addiction
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3289:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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3255:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3150:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
3069:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2943:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2911:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2669:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2642:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
2529:"Desire Considered as a Propositional Attitude"
2287:"Desire - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
2135:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
4863:
2808:"Catechism of the Catholic Church: 1866, 1871"
2459:Bradley, Richard; Stefansson, H. Orii (2016).
1712:) which a person believes to be unobtainable.
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3620:"Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation"
3175:Archiv fĂŒr Rechts- und Wirtschaftsphilosophie
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1671:Philosophy of desire § Psychoanalysis
1286:dependent on human responses and attitudes
1238:moral praiseworthiness and blameworthiness
721:Desire-satisfaction theories of well-being
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3598:Selfless Persons: Thought and Imagery in
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3348:(PhD Thesis). Scholarworks@Umass Amherst.
3127:Kanygina, Yuliya (2011). "Introduction".
2966:
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1815:Learn how and when to remove this message
1165:. The seven sins are contrasted with the
3893:Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (May 2015).
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2875:Varga, Somogy; Guignon, Charles (2020).
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1932:'s poem "To His Mistress Going to Bed",
1657:intercourse with an attractive mate, or
1051:Propositional desires and object-desires
875:theories are of more recent origin than
4137:. Lin Forrest Publishers. June 30, 2013
3345:Desire-Satisfaction Theories of Welfare
3287:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3253:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3148:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3142:Johnson, Robert; Cureton, Adam (2021).
3067:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3061:Wilson, George; Shpall, Samuel (2016).
2941:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2909:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2881:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2667:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2640:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2133:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2038:
75:
4336:
4219:
4089:Kringelbach, Morten L. (May 2, 2006).
3567:Charles S. Prebish, and Damien Keown,
3496:. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
2858:"Catechism of the Catholic Church: 27"
2740:International Journal of Hindu Studies
2690:"John Stuart Mill: ii. Basic Argument"
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
1700:French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist
1533:advancement, and for abundant living.
1197:Action, practical reasons and morality
767:or concerning their tendency to bring
2461:"Desire, Expectation, and Invariance"
1936:'s longings in "Warming Her Pearls";
1659:euphoria from using an addictive drug
7:
3991:Grall-Bronnec M, Sauvaget A (2014).
3951:Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2013).
3525:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3493:Rationality and Religious Commitment
3404:Borchert, Donald (2006). "Persons".
3362:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2905:"Fitting Attitude Theories of Value"
1753:adding citations to reliable sources
1504:) is thought to be the cause of all
1440:(1588â1679) proposed the concept of
802:Desires are also closely related to
4091:"Searching the brain for happiness"
3325:Sumner, L. W. (2005). "Happiness".
3311:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
2694:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1960:films, which are a subgenre of the
4036:Koob GF, Volkow ND (August 2016).
2168:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1605:(i.e., a stimulus which acts as a
1023:of watching the movie, but not an
713:fitting-attitude theories of value
25:
3695:"The Neural Correlates of Desire"
3558:. New York: Broadway Books, 1997.
3359:Craig, Edward (1996). "Persons".
2937:"Well-Being: 4.2 Desire Theories"
2734:Framarin, Christopher G. (2007).
2165:Honderich, Ted (2005). "desire".
5109:
5103:
3428:Vezér, Martin Alexander (2007).
2796:. Madras, Sri Aurobindo Library.
2779:. Madras, Sri Aurobindo Library.
2636:"Propositional Attitude Reports"
2503:American Philosophical Quarterly
1729:
88:
83:
4010:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.013
3959:. Macmillan. pp. 199â207.
3895:"Pleasure systems in the brain"
1740:needs additional citations for
1545:, the Rig Veda's creation myth
1264:to desire this object or if we
1201:Desires play a central role in
4364:. Transaction Publishers, 1986
3314:. Oxford University Press USA.
2584:Canadian Journal of Philosophy
2221:"Desire: philosophical issues"
1173:sometimes distinguish between
997:for the sake of something else
939:if the subject desires it for
911:, for example, in the form of
823:, for example, in the form of
1:
4054:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
3106:10.1080/17449626.2016.1191523
2720:. Cambridge University Press.
2596:10.1080/00455091.2017.1323531
1474:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1011:. Constitutive means are not
909:promote reward-based learning
821:promote reward-based learning
5618:Social emotional development
3911:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018
3730:10.1371/journal.pone.0003027
3467:Norris, Christopher (2010).
3214:Jahrbuch fĂŒr Recht und Ethik
3019:Frankfurt, Harry G. (1971).
1613:, an attractive mate, or an
1304:Desire-satisfaction theories
1290:wrong kind of reason problem
4864:
4113:"Sigmund Freud (1856â1939)"
3693:Kawabata H, Zeki S (2008).
2362:Swinburne, Richard (1985).
2219:Schroeder, Timothy (2010).
1873:Love in the Time of Cholera
1101:'s distinction between the
943:. Otherwise, the desire is
5720:
3791:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014
3618:Berridge, Kent C. (2018).
3328:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2623:. Oxford University Press.
2564:. Oxford University Press.
2533:Philosophical Perspectives
2527:Lycan, William G. (2012).
2448:. Oxford University Press.
2416:. Oxford University Press.
2348:. Oxford University Press.
2171:. Oxford University Press.
1668:
1637:. Studies have shown that
1561:
1407:
1077:conditions of satisfaction
967:Intrinsic and instrumental
955:are causally active while
921:interpretationist theories
56:
36:
29:
5661:
5101:
4183:Smith, Daniel W. (2007).
3556:Buddhism Plain and Simple
3342:Heathwood, Chris (2005).
3247:Talbert, Matthew (2019).
3171:"LegalitÀt und MoralitÀt"
2989:10.1017/S0266267115000115
2971:Schulz, Armin W. (2015).
2903:Jacobson, Daniel (2011).
2752:10.1007/s11407-007-9046-4
2661:Siewert, Charles (2017).
2380:10.1017/S0031819100042492
1944:'s humorous poem "Song".
1896:by Charlotte Brontë, and
1588:anterior cingulate cortex
1518:early Buddhist scriptures
1258:fitting-attitude theories
1149:. In the doctrine of the
5551:in virtual communication
3637:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01647
3382:. Meiner. Archived from
3379:EnzyklopÀdie Philosophie
3281:Schroeder, Mark (2021).
3169:Weigelin, Ernst (1917).
3094:Journal of Global Ethics
2977:Economics and Philosophy
2833:"Virtue in Christianity"
2634:Nelson, Michael (2019).
2497:Strandberg, Caj (2012).
2320:. Meiner. Archived from
2317:EnzyklopÀdie Philosophie
971:The distinction between
901:Attention-based theories
747:, or cultural barriers.
57:Not to be confused with
5699:Philosophy of sexuality
3997:Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev
3624:Frontiers in Psychology
3542:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3208:Zaczyk, Rainer (2006).
2837:Encyclopedia Britannica
2578:Bartlett, Gary (2018).
2225:WIREs Cognitive Science
2127:Schroeder, Tim (2020).
2023:Trishna (Vedic thought)
1697:of what he identified.
1646:nucleus accumbens shell
1464:hypothetical imperative
1141:or in the tradition of
1069:Louis desires an omelet
1057:propositional attitudes
905:Learning-based theories
851:Pleasure-based theories
789:propositional attitudes
787:, often referred to as
677:Pleasure-based theories
643:propositional attitudes
32:Desire (disambiguation)
5168:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4765:
4731:
4374:. Lexington Books 2015
3585:The Wings to Awakening
3331:. Macmillan Reference.
3249:"Moral Responsibility"
3088:Singer, Peter (2016).
1878:Gabriel GarcĂa MĂĄrquez
1675:Austrian psychiatrist
1627:positive reinforcement
1595:affective neuroscience
1571:University of Michigan
1442:psychological hedonism
1397:death-of-desire thesis
1355:second-order volitions
1031:Occurrent and standing
993:psychological hedonism
917:Functionalist theories
723:state that a person's
116:Emotional intelligence
54:
4368:Jadranka Skorin-Kapov
4170:10.3366/dls.2013.0120
3779:Physiological Reviews
3583:Thanissaro Bhikkhu, "
3569:Buddhism - the EBook.
3490:Audi, Robert (2011).
3028:Journal of Philosophy
2935:Crisp, Roger (2017).
2793:The Synthesis of Yoga
2776:The Synthesis of Yoga
2620:Motivation and Agency
2345:Motivation and Agency
2291:www.rep.routledge.com
1629:are all derived from
1599:motivational salience
1564:Motivational salience
1390:reward-based learning
1274:appropriately desired
961:Propositional desires
877:action-based theories
831:Action-based theories
704:Propositional desires
673:Action-based theories
46:
5588:Group affective tone
4101:on October 19, 2006.
3538:"desire - behaviour"
3510:The Nature of Desire
2413:The Nature of Desire
2028:Valence (psychology)
2003:Impulse (psychology)
1749:improve this article
1633:activity within the
1580:orbitofrontal cortex
1469:Critique of Judgment
1410:Philosophy of desire
1379:Instrumental desires
1375:instrumental desires
1244:Value and well-being
1105:of the mind and the
913:operant conditioning
885:Cognitivist versions
868:Value-based theories
825:operant conditioning
692:instrumental desires
681:Value-based theories
645:towards conceivable
319:Emotional Detachment
30:For other uses, see
5641:constructed emotion
5311:functional accounts
3711:2008PLoSO...3.3027K
3440:(1). Archived from
2477:10.1093/mind/fzv200
1607:positive reinforcer
791:. They differ from
5689:Philosophy of love
5541:in decision-making
4782:(sense of purpose)
4306:"Melodramas Films"
3773:Schultz W (2015).
3680:". Mar. 19, 2008
2580:"Occurrent States"
2545:10.1111/phpe.12003
1970:Gone with the Wind
1619:incentive salience
1603:rewarding stimulus
1478:self-consciousness
1005:constitutive means
813:appears to be good
760:Theories of desire
741:social conventions
55:
5671:
5670:
5258:Appeal to emotion
5036:Social connection
4285:978-0-521-80688-6
4042:Lancet Psychiatry
3953:"The Joyful Mind"
3840:978-0-07-148127-4
3606:five 'hindrances'
1825:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1652:signaling in the
1650:endogenous opioid
1386:Intrinsic desires
1371:intrinsic desires
1302:for this person.
1151:seven deadly sins
1065:states of affairs
1036:Occurrent desires
953:Occurrent desires
925:Holistic theories
845:Tourette syndrome
785:states of affairs
696:Occurrent desires
688:Intrinsic desires
647:states of affairs
628:
627:
554:Social connection
18:Longing (emotion)
16:(Redirected from
5711:
5704:Social influence
5646:discrete emotion
5546:in the workplace
5442:Empathy quotient
5173:
5113:
5107:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4869:
4770:
4736:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4379:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4296:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4097:. Archived from
4086:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4012:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3922:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3802:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3690:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3639:
3615:
3609:
3596:Steven Collins,
3594:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3523:Ethics Chapter.
3521:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3425:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3278:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3025:
3016:
3001:
3000:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2900:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2471:(499): 691â725.
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2374:(234): 429â445.
2359:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2285:Pettit, Philip.
2282:
2257:
2256:
2216:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2124:
1888:Vladimir Nabokov
1868:Gustave Flaubert
1827:In the field of
1820:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1757:
1733:
1725:
1654:ventral pallidum
1584:cingulate cortex
1278:worthy of desire
1248:It is common in
1211:Humean tradition
1103:higher pleasures
1099:John Stuart Mill
1084:Higher and lower
1025:antecedent cause
957:standing desires
881:hedonic theories
797:direction of fit
779:General features
700:standing desires
620:
613:
606:
92:
87:
64:
52:Aristide Maillol
21:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5598:Jealousy in art
5341:in conversation
5263:Amygdala hijack
5176:
5114:
5108:
5099:
5088:sense of wonder
4416:
4406:
4357:
4355:Further reading
4352:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4320:"Cathy Cupitt,
4318:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4277:Cassandra Laity
4274:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4207:"Parked Domain"
4205:
4204:
4200:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4158:Deleuze Studies
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4035:
4034:
4030:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3873:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3841:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3720:10.1.1.274.6152
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3280:
3279:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3040:10.2307/2024717
3023:
3018:
3017:
3004:
2970:
2969:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2395:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2260:
2218:
2217:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2040:
2036:
1989:
1954:
1934:Carol Ann Duffy
1854:
1849:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1734:
1723:
1681:Oedipus complex
1673:
1667:
1566:
1560:
1558:Neuropsychology
1555:
1539:
1530:
1500:, craving (see
1494:
1489:
1412:
1406:
1367:
1347:Harry Frankfurt
1335:
1327:decision theory
1313:
1300:ultimately good
1282:deontic notions
1266:ought to desire
1246:
1199:
1190:
1171:Existentialists
1107:lower pleasures
1086:
1053:
1033:
969:
933:
897:
870:
853:
833:
781:
757:
715:, an object is
624:
595:
594:
593:
158:
157:
148:
127:Self-regulation
125:
62:
50:, sculpture by
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5717:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5676:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:somatic marker
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5625:
5623:Stoic passions
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5571:social sharing
5568:
5563:
5561:self-conscious
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5504:thought method
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:lateralization
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:classification
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5016:Sentimentality
5013:
5004:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:at first sight
4849:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4590:Disappointment
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4311:
4297:
4268:
4254:
4245:
4233:
4198:
4175:
4164:(3): 406â420.
4148:
4126:
4104:
4081:
4048:(8): 760â773.
4028:
3983:
3965:
3943:
3905:(3): 646â664.
3882:
3871:
3850:
3839:
3818:
3785:(3): 853â951.
3762:
3685:
3669:
3610:
3589:
3573:
3560:
3554:Hagen, Steve.
3547:
3529:
3516:
3499:
3482:
3454:
3413:
3396:
3368:
3351:
3334:
3317:
3300:
3283:"Value Theory"
3266:
3239:
3200:
3181:(4): 367â376.
3161:
3134:
3119:
3100:(2): 161â169.
3080:
3053:
3002:
2983:(2): 239â257.
2954:
2922:
2886:
2877:"Authenticity"
2867:
2862:www.vatican.va
2849:
2824:
2812:www.vatican.va
2799:
2782:
2765:
2746:(2): 147â170.
2723:
2706:
2688:Heydt, Colin.
2680:
2653:
2626:
2609:
2567:
2550:
2539:(1): 201â215.
2512:
2482:
2451:
2419:
2393:
2351:
2334:
2303:
2258:
2231:(3): 363â370.
2174:
2146:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
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2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
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2000:
1995:
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1953:
1950:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1823:
1822:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1714:Gilles Deleuze
1666:
1665:Psychoanalysis
1663:
1615:addictive drug
1611:palatable food
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:Nasadiya Sukta
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1476:claimed that "
1446:Baruch Spinoza
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1366:
1363:
1351:sexual desires
1334:
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857:Pleasure-based
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753:
708:object-desires
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284:Disappointment
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113:
108:
106:Classification
103:
97:
94:
93:
80:
79:
73:
72:
39:Longing for...
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5716:
5705:
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5700:
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5694:Personal life
5692:
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5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:dysregulation
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
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5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:interpersonal
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
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5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
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5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:in psychology
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:consciousness
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
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5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
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5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:Schadenfreude
4996:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
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4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:Mono no aware
4862:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
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4823:
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4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4718:Joie de vivre
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Gratification
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:Embarrassment
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
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4573:
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4568:
4566:
4563:
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4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Belongingness
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
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4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:Marks, Joel.
4359:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4340:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4293:0-521-80688-7
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4242:
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4202:
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4190:
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4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
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4069:
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4047:
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4020:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3968:
3966:9781466842557
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3940:
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3930:
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3916:
3912:
3908:
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3900:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3872:9780071481274
3868:
3864:
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3526:
3520:
3517:
3512:
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3503:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3483:
3479:(2): 199â242.
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3444:on 2021-05-06
3443:
3439:
3435:
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3386:on 2021-03-11
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2238:
2237:10.1002/wcs.3
2234:
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2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
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1863:Madame Bovary
1859:
1851:
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1844:
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1816:
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1776:
1773:
1769:
1766: â
1765:
1761:
1760:Find sources:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1738:This section
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Jacques Lacan
1698:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:Sigmund Freud
1672:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:reward system
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1617:) is called "
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1565:
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1499:
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1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:Immanuel Kant
1457:
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1439:
1438:Thomas Hobbes
1435:
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1226:Immanuel Kant
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1187:
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1177:
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1168:
1167:seven virtues
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Bhagavad Gita
1136:
1132:
1131:Nishkam Karma
1128:
1125:tradition of
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:. The second
1112:
1108:
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1091:
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938:
937:intrinsically
930:
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890:
889:T. M. Scanlon
886:
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359:Gratification
357:
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314:Embarrassment
312:
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279:Determination
277:
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229:Belongingness
227:
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137:Dysregulation
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132:Interpersonal
130:
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40:
33:
19:
5663:
5603:Meta-emotion
5516:Emotionality
5489:responsivity
5437:and bullying
5432:intelligence
5242:Affectivity
5226:neuroscience
5196:in education
4779:
4740:Homesickness
4716:
4642:Enthrallment
4627:Emotion work
4584:
4490:Anticipation
4371:
4361:
4328:. Retrieved
4321:
4314:
4300:
4271:
4257:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4211:. Retrieved
4201:
4192:
4188:
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4157:
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4107:
4099:the original
4094:
4084:
4075:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4022:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3977:
3970:. Retrieved
3956:
3946:
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3932:
3902:
3898:
3876:
3862:
3844:
3830:
3812:
3782:
3778:
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3550:
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3509:
3502:
3492:
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3476:
3472:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3437:
3433:
3410:. Macmillan.
3406:
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3378:
3371:
3365:. Routledge.
3361:
3354:
3344:
3337:
3327:
3320:
3310:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3286:
3257:. Retrieved
3252:
3242:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3147:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3071:. Retrieved
3066:
3056:
3031:
3027:
2980:
2976:
2945:. Retrieved
2940:
2913:. Retrieved
2908:
2880:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2802:
2792:
2785:
2775:
2768:
2743:
2739:
2716:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2666:
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2639:
2629:
2619:
2612:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2553:
2536:
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2444:
2412:
2371:
2367:
2344:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2316:
2294:. Retrieved
2290:
2228:
2224:
2167:
2137:. Retrieved
2132:
1980:Blade Runner
1978:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1955:
1946:
1918:
1911:
1908:E.M. Forster
1897:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1811:
1802:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1759:
1747:Please help
1742:verification
1739:
1699:
1689:
1674:
1592:
1567:
1540:
1531:
1528:Christianity
1514:
1495:
1482:
1480:is desire".
1467:
1458:
1436:
1425:
1417:The Republic
1416:
1413:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:Peter Singer
1200:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1147:Christianity
1106:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1063:or possible
1061:propositions
1054:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:causal means
1008:
1004:
1001:causal means
1000:
996:
985:its own sake
984:
980:
977:instrumental
976:
972:
970:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:instrumental
944:
941:its own sake
940:
936:
934:
924:
920:
916:
908:
904:
900:
898:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
860:
856:
854:
840:motivational
839:
836:Action-based
835:
834:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
801:
782:
759:
758:
729:
720:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
680:
676:
672:
630:
629:
273:
204:Anticipation
47:
5531:and culture
5336:recognition
5321:homeostatic
5221:forecasting
5170:Weltschmerz
5143:Misanthropy
4920:grandiosity
4802:Inspiration
4792:Infatuation
4760:Humiliation
4682:Frustration
4555:Contentment
4141:January 16,
4119:January 16,
4003:: 592â613.
3473:Prolegomena
3220:: 311â321.
3034:(1): 5â20.
2590:(1): 1â17.
2509:(1): 81â91.
1926:T. S. Eliot
1921:W. B. Yeats
1904:Bram Stoker
1833:halo effect
1321:preferences
1311:Preferences
1181:inauthentic
1143:bhakti yoga
1115:Noble Truth
873:Value-based
808:pleasurable
664:pleasurable
409:Humiliation
354:Frustration
254:Contentment
5678:Categories
5608:Pathognomy
5509:well-being
5425:and gender
5420:expression
5415:exhaustion
5400:detachment
5385:competence
5366:Emotional
5348:regulation
5331:perception
5326:in animals
5276:and memory
5212:Affective
5120:Worldviews
4982:melancholy
4967:Resentment
4837:Loneliness
4812:Irritation
4797:Insecurity
4787:Indulgence
4662:Excitement
4647:Enthusiasm
4580:Depression
4540:Confidence
4535:Compassion
4510:Attraction
4435:Admiration
4430:Acceptance
4330:2017-03-29
4213:2019-07-23
3934:number of
3448:2021-05-06
3390:2021-05-04
2699:3 February
2368:Philosophy
2328:2021-05-04
2034:References
2008:Motivation
1962:drama film
1942:Wendy Cope
1938:Ted Hughes
1930:John Donne
1775:newspapers
1706:jouissance
1669:See also:
1609:, such as
1586:, and the
1582:, the mid-
1553:Psychology
1454:David Hume
1404:Philosophy
1338:Personhood
1296:Well-being
1252:to define
1127:karma yoga
1111:well-being
725:well-being
514:Resentment
439:Loneliness
329:Enthusiasm
269:Depression
239:Confidence
169:Admiration
164:Acceptance
111:In animals
5636:appraisal
5576:sociology
5527:Emotions
5499:symbiosis
5484:reasoning
5454:isolation
5395:contagion
5380:blackmail
5306:expressed
5301:evolution
5291:and sleep
5281:and music
5216:computing
5163:Reclusion
5158:Pessimism
5133:Defeatism
5063:Suffering
5009:Sehnsucht
4952:Rejection
4903:self-pity
4878:Nostalgia
4847:limerence
4817:Isolation
4755:Hostility
4712:Happiness
4692:Gratitude
4637:Emptiness
4620:vicarious
4570:Curiosity
4545:Confusion
4485:Annoyance
4465:Amusement
4455:Agitation
4450:Affection
4445:Aesthetic
4440:Adoration
4189:Parrhesia
3715:CiteSeerX
3646:1664-1078
3600:Theravada
3226:0944-4610
3187:0177-1108
3114:151903760
2997:155414997
2760:145772857
2604:220316213
2388:239303542
2245:1939-5086
1958:melodrama
1893:Jane Eyre
1829:marketing
1721:Marketing
1642:signaling
1506:suffering
1450:free will
1432:Aristotle
1365:Formation
1270:desirable
1234:MoralitÀt
1230:LegalitÀt
1176:authentic
981:extrinsic
973:intrinsic
949:extrinsic
749:Melodrama
668:emotional
574:Suspicion
564:Suffering
534:Self-pity
499:Rejection
454:Nostalgia
434:Limerence
404:Hostility
384:Happiness
364:Gratitude
309:Elevation
264:Curiosity
244:Confusion
199:Annoyance
179:Amusement
174:Affection
5684:Emotions
5494:security
5474:literacy
5459:lability
5449:intimacy
5390:conflict
5370:aperture
5267:Emotion
5251:negative
5246:positive
5236:spectrum
5201:measures
5153:Optimism
5148:Nihilism
5138:Fatalism
5128:Cynicism
5073:Sympathy
5068:Surprise
4910:Pleasure
4832:Kindness
4822:Jealousy
4807:Interest
4774:Hysteria
4657:Euphoria
4600:Distrust
4550:Contempt
4530:Calmness
4422:Emotions
4409:Emotions
4339:cite web
4222:cite web
4195:: 66â78.
4095:BBC News
4072:27475769
4019:25454360
3929:25950633
3809:26109341
3749:18728753
3699:PLOS ONE
3664:30245654
3630:: 1647.
3602:Buddhism
3234:43593317
3195:23683644
3063:"Action"
2364:"Desire"
2253:26271376
2129:"Desire"
1987:See also
1858:fictions
1847:Artworks
1805:May 2021
1764:"Desire"
1695:etiology
1639:dopamine
1631:neuronal
1623:pleasure
1543:Hinduism
1537:Hinduism
1498:Buddhism
1492:Buddhism
1487:Religion
1427:De Anima
1340:is what
1250:axiology
1215:morality
1159:gluttony
1119:Buddhism
1041:standing
1007:besides
989:Pleasure
773:valuable
769:pleasure
755:Theories
717:valuable
659:motivate
569:Surprise
479:Pleasure
429:Kindness
419:Jealousy
414:Interest
339:Euphoria
294:Distrust
249:Contempt
156:Emotions
77:Emotions
69:a series
67:Part of
5664:Italics
5627:Theory
5583:Feeling
5536:history
5521:bounded
5479:prosody
5286:and sex
5271:and art
5231:science
5187:Affect
5181:Related
5056:chronic
5031:Shyness
4991:Saudade
4977:Sadness
4972:Revenge
4962:Remorse
4893:Passion
4883:Outrage
4873:Neglect
4733:Hiraeth
4632:Empathy
4610:Ecstasy
4595:Disgust
4565:Cruelty
4560:Courage
4525:Boredom
4505:Arousal
4495:Anxiety
4480:Anguish
4063:6135092
3972:8 April
3920:4425246
3800:4491543
3757:3290147
3740:2518616
3707:Bibcode
3655:6137142
3048:2024717
2013:Saudade
1998:Feeling
1913:Dracula
1899:Dracula
1789:scholar
1685:Oedipus
1644:in the
1510:Nirvana
1359:wantons
1342:persons
1316:Desires
1262:fitting
1203:actions
861:hedonic
793:beliefs
765:actions
737:romance
657:: they
651:beliefs
639:wishing
635:wanting
631:Desires
549:Shyness
524:Saudade
519:Sadness
509:Remorse
469:Passion
459:Outrage
324:Empathy
304:Ecstasy
289:Disgust
259:Courage
234:Boredom
219:Arousal
209:Anxiety
194:Anguish
144:Valence
5631:affect
5613:Pathos
5566:social
5410:eating
5083:Wonder
5051:Stress
5041:Sorrow
4957:Relief
4947:Regret
4935:vanity
4930:insult
4925:hubris
4780:Ikigai
4750:Horror
4726:Hatred
4585:Desire
4575:Defeat
4500:Apathy
4291:
4283:
4070:
4060:
4017:
3963:
3936:liking
3927:
3917:
3899:Neuron
3869:
3837:
3807:
3797:
3755:
3747:
3737:
3717:
3662:
3652:
3644:
3434:LYCEUM
3232:
3224:
3193:
3185:
3112:
3046:
2995:
2758:
2602:
2386:
2251:
2243:
1993:Affect
1883:Lolita
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1710:manque
1625:, and
1522:Buddha
1520:, the
1207:belief
1090:higher
1013:causes
895:Others
804:agency
655:agency
584:Wonder
559:Sorrow
504:Relief
494:Regret
399:Horror
389:Hatred
274:Desire
214:Apathy
101:Affect
59:Dreams
5556:moral
5464:labor
5316:group
5095:Worry
5078:Trust
5046:Spite
5026:Shock
5021:Shame
4915:Pride
4888:Panic
4767:Hygge
4707:Guilt
4702:Grief
4697:Greed
4667:Faith
4605:Doubt
4475:Angst
4470:Anger
4460:Agony
3753:S2CID
3293:5 May
3259:5 May
3230:JSTOR
3191:JSTOR
3154:5 May
3110:S2CID
3073:5 May
3044:JSTOR
3024:(PDF)
2993:S2CID
2947:5 May
2915:5 May
2842:6 May
2817:6 May
2756:S2CID
2673:4 May
2646:4 May
2600:S2CID
2384:S2CID
2296:4 May
2139:3 May
2018:TaáčhÄ
1952:Films
1919:Poet
1852:Texts
1796:JSTOR
1782:books
1502:taáčhÄ
1422:Plato
1254:value
1188:Roles
1163:greed
1123:Hindu
1094:lower
931:Types
745:class
589:Worry
579:Trust
544:Shock
539:Shame
484:Pride
464:Panic
379:Guilt
374:Grief
369:Greed
344:Faith
299:Doubt
189:Angst
184:Anger
48:DĂ©sir
5375:bias
5360:work
4942:Rage
4898:Pity
4859:Lust
4842:Love
4745:Hope
4677:Flow
4672:Fear
4652:Envy
4413:list
4345:link
4289:ISBN
4281:ISBN
4228:link
4143:2018
4121:2018
4068:PMID
4015:PMID
3974:2016
3961:ISBN
3925:PMID
3867:ISBN
3835:ISBN
3805:PMID
3745:PMID
3660:PMID
3642:ISSN
3295:2021
3261:2021
3222:ISSN
3183:ISSN
3156:2021
3075:2021
2949:2021
2917:2021
2844:2021
2819:2021
2701:2021
2675:2021
2648:2021
2465:Mind
2298:2021
2249:PMID
2241:ISSN
2141:2021
1768:news
1648:and
1575:fear
1395:The
1318:and
1179:and
1161:and
1155:lust
1092:and
1017:ways
1015:but
975:and
879:and
733:lack
637:", "
489:Rage
474:Pity
449:Lust
444:Love
394:Hope
349:Fear
334:Envy
121:Mood
4827:Joy
4515:Awe
4166:doi
4058:PMC
4050:doi
4005:doi
3915:PMC
3907:doi
3795:PMC
3787:doi
3735:PMC
3725:doi
3650:PMC
3632:doi
3102:doi
3036:doi
2985:doi
2748:doi
2592:doi
2541:doi
2473:doi
2469:125
2376:doi
2233:doi
1902:by
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