345:
387:
19:
253:
180:
476:
364:
double-decker was specified and constructed to a hybrid design. The bus was designed to be 40% more fuel-efficient than conventional diesel buses, and 15% more than London hybrid buses already in operation, reducing nitrogen oxide emissions by 40% and particulate matter by 33% compared with diesel
72:
emission standards, following the phasing out of older buses, the retrofitting of diesel vehicles and the introduction of new hybrid & electric buses. From 2021, all new buses will be zero emission, and the entire bus fleet will be zero emission by 2034, although TfL have stated that with
1070:
More than 90% of its services now use ultra-low-sulphur diesel and 20% of buses, including the majority of buses on central London routes, are fitted with mechanisms to reduce emissions. Since 1996 all new buses bought by contracted operators have complied with the "Euro2"emissions
373:
in
February 2012. By 2018, a total of 1,000 New Routemasters were in service. However, the buses have suffered from problems with their battery systems with some operating solely as diesel vehicles, and in total 200 buses will have power units replaced under warranty.
377:
In 2022, Equipmake converted a New
Routemaster bus to use batteries, replacing the diesel engine and hybrid system with a 400kWh battery and electric motors. Equipmake suggested that the conversion could be cheaper than purchasing new battery electric buses.
436:
emission standards, following the phasing out of older buses, the retrofitting of diesel vehicles and the introduction of new hybrid & electric buses. In
September 2021, TfL announced that all new buses entering service would be zero emission.
1036:
In 1996 LT Buses began a five-year programme to reduce emissions to still lower levels by encouraging the operating companies to specify new cleaner 'Euro 2' engines on new buses and fit oxidising catalysts and use cleaner fuel in existing
417:
buses built in China. BYD estimated that the cost savings could be up to 75%, owing to the cost of electricity compared to diesel fuel. The trial was successful, and further orders for battery electric buses followed.
306:, receive current to charge the traction batteries while at stands at either end of the route. Although it is intended that the units are to operate in "pure electric" mode, a standard diesel engine is also carried.
248:
in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, eight hydrogen buses were introduced on route RV1, with a substantially larger range than the fuel cell buses used in the mid-2000s. At the time, this was the largest hydrogen bus fleet in
115:
use on-board batteries to power an electric motor that drives the bus. Unlike a hybrid electric bus, there are no local emissions. As with hybrid buses, regenerative braking is used to charge the batteries.
85:
emissions; with buses making up 5% of the transport total. The city set a target of a 20% reduction in emissions by the year 2020. Converting London's entire bus fleet to hybrid vehicles would reduce CO
467:
double decker bus would have a 14 year or 1 million kilometres (620,000 mi) warranty, allowing them to be used for two consecutive TfL bus contracts without needing a battery replacement.
425:. The first routes in London solely served by battery electric single decker buses were routes 521 and 507 in 2016. The first route in London solely served by electric double-decker buses was
226:
on 7 February 2006, with the intention of starting operation on the following day. Later in 2006 the vehicles were temporarily withdrawn from service when their diesel engines overheated.
1630:
1604:
314:
In the 2010s, bus operators retrofitted older buses to improve fuel economy, reduce air pollution and meet emission standards. A three-year £86m project to improve 5,000 buses to
1815:
268:
Twenty-five vehicles entered service in
December 2008, introduced onto five routes run by four different operators. A further eighteen entered service in July 2009, when six
2039:
1873:
344:
333:
will be fitted with this technology from 2014 to 2016, anticipated to improve fuel efficiency by approximately 20%. The team who developed the technology were awarded the
1846:
768:
745:
Our zero-emission bus fleet ... has the lowest carbon dioxide emissions per passenger kilometres compared to other global cities such as New York, Paris and
Vancouver
1399:
233:, was the first hybrid double-decker in the world, and was painted in red and green to symbolise the environmental benefits. It entered service in February 2007 on
1768:
630:
in 2013. On the 10th anniversary of LowCVP in 2013, TfL was awarded an
Outstanding Achievement award for their work over the previous ten years – including the
1181:
2158:
1527:
279:
Transport for London stated that it intended to have introduced around 300 hybrids into service by 2012. This was achieved in July 2012, when an
455:), with TfL announcing later that month that London had the largest fleet of zero emission buses in Europe. In November 2023, tour bus operator
1451:
1425:
1552:
1322:
1152:
490:
While hydrogen fuel cell buses had been running in London since 2004, these had all been single decker buses. In June 2021, the world's first
1743:
1906:
1509:
291:. It was originally intended that every bus introduced into service after 2012 would be a hybrid, but this requirement was later dropped.
229:
A double-deck hybrid vehicle intended for use in London was unveiled in
October 2006. The bus, which cost £285,000 and was constructed by
1469:
1634:
1823:
1608:
1239:
622:(LowCVP), which awarded Transport for London the first ever Low Carbon Champion Award for Buses in July 2010, and an joint award with
619:
2064:
799:
459:
announced they would be retrofitting their buses with electric drivetrains from Magtec, making them zero-emission. In August 2024,
2013:
2216:
1883:
1578:
952:
509:
The number of zero emission buses is due to increase to 2,000 by 2025. The entire fleet will be zero emission by 2034, although
893:
595:
584:
207:
in
September 2004, and were tested in commercial service on the route at peak times only. They were withdrawn in January 2007.
2221:
556:
452:
322:
1958:"TfL introduces over 80 new zero-emission buses in Sutton (and add over 1 million km per year to outer London bus services)"
1355:
1007:
733:
53:(TfL) note that the bus fleet has the lowest carbon dioxide emissions per passenger kilometre of other major cities such as
2090:
93:, which is harmful to health. By using less diesel fuel, operators can also reduce the running cost of their bus fleet.
1957:
659:
495:
480:
464:
1049:
537:
299:
1986:
2184:
2116:
1100:
830:
386:
280:
1169:
by
December 2005 all London Buses will meet a minimum of Euro 2 emissions and be fitted with a particulate filter.
1932:
145:
99:
use a combination of an electric battery pack and a diesel engine to provide power, and produce around 40% less
38:
operating in London, as of March 2024, out of a total bus fleet of 8,776 – this is around 60% of the bus fleet.
1057:
1015:
654:
635:
631:
46:
18:
128:
to generate electricity that drives the bus with an electric motor. The only emission from the bus is water.
1189:
141:
1296:
938:
645:
showed that people would be more likely to travel by bus if they knew the journey would be zero emission.
445:
441:
410:
406:
395:
288:
273:
256:
234:
215:
204:
2040:"Alexander Dennis presents next-generation Enviro400EV for London with landmark 14-year battery warranty"
1696:
682:
426:
422:
370:
338:
303:
245:
200:
152:
90:
41:
As of March 2024, the battery electric fleet of the city is the second largest in Europe behind of
2141:
1656:
448:, the first use of this technology in London. This allows batteries to be 'topped up' during the day.
2185:"Go-Ahead: 55% of UK residents more likely to travel by bus in case of zero emission buses available"
773:
510:
499:
484:
402:
326:
184:
50:
31:
1473:
1455:
1429:
875:
The number of zero emission vehicles in the fleet is expected to increase to 700 by the end of 2021.
831:"All new London buses to be zero emission, Mayor Sadiq Khan announces. Full electrification by 2034"
329:
racing team, has been modified for retrofitting to existing double-decker buses. 500 buses from the
252:
1326:
136:
In the 1990s, early efforts to improve emissions involved replacing older diesel buses such as the
599:
580:
295:
211:
108:
1211:
707:
440:
By March 2022, over 700 electric buses were in service. In
October 2022, rapid charging using a
1513:
179:
1495:
576:
560:
541:
517:
188:
1794:
1851:
1250:
568:
460:
862:
627:
607:
549:
361:
348:
223:
219:
160:
137:
1721:
1127:
916:
642:
564:
456:
330:
284:
100:
2091:"Transport for London bus fleet now meet ULEZ standards. 300 e-buses expected in 2021"
981:
2210:
491:
366:
196:
54:
35:
1678:
Booth, Gavin (December 2011). "The real deal: First Borismaster ready for London".
1085:
898:
603:
521:
334:
1847:"First electric buses in central London 'by end of year' as two routes announced"
1359:
1020:
734:"Investment programme report Quarter 3 2023/24 (17 September to 9 December 2023)"
618:
The introduction of low emission vehicles in London has received praise from the
594:
However, there are no longer any hybrid single-deckers. Former types include the
421:
In 2015, the world's first battery electric double-decker bus entered service on
857:
1496:"300th hybrid bus introduced to London's fleet, helping to improve air quality"
545:
533:
391:
27:
1373:
1340:
1267:
432:
In January 2021, it was announced that all buses in the fleet meet or exceed
1878:
623:
588:
572:
555:
Battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles currently used include the
269:
230:
149:
62:
1062:
1744:"London's New Routemaster bus goes all-electric with 'repowered' retrofit"
513:
have stated that with additional funding, this could be achieved by 2030.
475:
1216:
920:
769:"London's buses now meet ULEZ emissions standards across the entire city"
414:
121:
433:
315:
241:
168:
164:
156:
89:
emissions by around 200,000 tonnes per year. Diesel buses also produce
69:
524:
in East London – will be zero emission when the tunnel opens in 2025.
259:
was the first in the world to be operated with a hybrid double-decker.
1816:"World's First Zero Emission Electric Double Decker | Metroline News"
1400:"Mayor announces Europe's largest fleet of hydrogen buses for London"
1182:"Red, Green And Clean - Londons latest double-deckers are a UK first"
125:
68:
In 2021, it was announced that all buses in the fleet meet or exceed
42:
1974:
London's zero-emission bus fleet, which is now the largest in Europe
1769:"London's first pure electric 'emission free' buses hit the streets"
532:
A variety of hybrid vehicles are currently used. These include the
982:"England's first double-decker hydrogen buses to launch in London"
474:
385:
343:
251:
178:
58:
17:
2014:"Magtec to repower 15 Tootbus B9TL open-tops to battery-electric"
1722:"New Routemaster's battery problems mean many run on just diesel"
800:"Mayor announces that all new London buses will be zero-emission"
451:
In August 2023, the 1000th zero emission bus entered service (a
81:
In 2006, transport was responsible for around 20% of London's CO
1987:"Tootbus engages Magtec to repower 15 open top buses in London"
214:
single-deckers. These were ordered in March 2005 to operate on
2142:"London Buses wins Low Carbon Champions Award for green buses"
1605:"UK: GKN in deal to supply KERS flywheel tech on London buses"
302:
double-deckers was announced in August 2014. The vehicles, on
2065:"Mayor launches England's first hydrogen double decker buses"
325:
using a carbon fibre flywheel, originally developed for the
1454:. Bus & Coach Magazine. 3 December 2008. Archived from
953:"UK electric buses boosted by innovative £20m battery deal"
210:
The first hybrid buses to enter service in London were six
1874:"Route 43 set to be London's first all-electric bus route"
287:
became the 300th hybrid in use when it entered service on
1325:. Bus & Coach Magazine. 18 March 2005. Archived from
1659:(Press release). Transport for London. 23 December 2009
1472:. Bus & Coach Magazine. 6 July 2012. Archived from
1428:. Bus & Coach Magazine. 9 July 2009. Archived from
894:"London plans hybrid bus fleet to cut carbon emissions"
677:
675:
2159:"TfL scoops two Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership Awards"
1691:
1689:
638:
as well as introduction of hybrid and hydrogen buses.
471:
Introduction of double-decker hydrogen fuel cell buses
1795:"2013 BYD K9E electric bus - EB2 - London Bus Museum"
365:
buses. The first eight vehicles entered service with
73:
additional funding, this could be achieved by 2030.
1528:"New hybrid bus charging technology trial announced"
111:
is used to charge the batteries of hybrid vehicles.
444:was introduced for battery electric buses on route
107:) emissions than traditional diesel engined buses.
1657:"Wrightbus to design and build New Bus for London"
1553:"World's largest bus retrofit programme completed"
1374:"RV1 bus route to be converted to hydrogen power"
1153:"Bright first year for London's Fuel Cell buses"
2117:"Improvements and Projects - Silvertown Tunnel"
1933:"London hits 1,000 zero-emission bus milestone"
1907:"Fleet of London buses get rapid charging tech"
1579:"Capital's most polluting buses to be upgraded"
1297:"Hydrogen bus launched on London tourist route"
1268:"RV1 emission-free bus trial "a great success""
708:"ГУП «Мосгортранс»: 1700 электробусов в Москве"
405:entered service in London as a trial on routes
272:double-deckers joined the existing vehicles on
203:on a two-year trial. These were transferred to
1343:. London SE1 community site. 7 February 2006.
47:which has over 1,700 electric buses operating
8:
218:. The single decker buses were unveiled by
887:
885:
883:
856:Hall, Susan; Khan, Sadiq (18 March 2021).
710:[1,700 electric buses in Moscow].
318:emission standards was completed in 2021.
244:fuelled double-decker bus was operated by
1631:"GKN hybrid project lands major accolade"
1607:. Just Auto. 29 July 2014. Archived from
939:"First hybrid double decker bus unveiled"
1845:Gillett, Francesca (12 September 2016).
1341:""Cleaner, greener" buses for route 360"
1050:"London Transport Annual Report 1998/99"
516:All future bus routes that will use the
1323:"First Electrocity order for Wrightbus"
1101:"All aboard the new Myllennium special"
1008:"Environmental Performance Report 1997"
671:
159:were used to transport visitors to the
1512:. Transport for London. Archived from
1240:"London Buses - The Bus of the Future"
382:Introduction of battery electric buses
2153:
2151:
2144:. Transport for London. 16 July 2010.
1737:
1735:
1702:. Transport for London. 31 March 2022
1291:
1289:
1083:"Millennium Transit buses unveiled".
976:
974:
932:
930:
911:
909:
688:. Transport for London. 31 March 2024
610:buses in London have been withdrawn.
7:
1498:. Transport for London. 5 July 2012.
825:
823:
821:
794:
792:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
171:bus entering service in April 2006.
2012:Team, routeone (14 November 2023).
917:"Hybrid double-decker bus launched"
167:emission standards, with the first
2038:Baguette, Stefan (1 August 2024).
1426:"Volvo hybrids launched in London"
1212:"Full steam ahead for new gas bus"
585:Alexander Dennis Enviro400 EV City
163:. By December 2005, all buses met
22:Double-decker battery electric bus
14:
1742:Brodie, James (1 November 2022).
1633:. Shropshire Star. Archived from
1358:. Focus Transport. Archived from
1126:Jukes, David (30 December 2016).
199:powered buses were introduced on
1905:Lydall, Ross (26 October 2022).
1354:Wilson, Tony (24 October 2010).
1697:"Bus fleet audit—31 March 2022"
1470:"London takes 300th hybrid bus"
1452:"London steps up hybrid trials"
1188:. 27 April 2006. Archived from
683:"Bus fleet audit—31 March 2024"
109:Energy generated during braking
1249:. January 2004. Archived from
937:Law, Peter (31 October 2006).
892:Milmo, Dan (26 October 2006).
620:Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership
453:Wright StreetDeck Electroliner
323:Kinetic energy recovery system
1:
1931:Peat, Chris (4 August 2023).
557:Alexander Dennis Enviro200 EV
528:Summary of current operations
296:inductive charging technology
1061:. p. 23. Archived from
496:Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner
481:Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner
401:In December 2013, the first
148:to exhausts. In 2000, three
626:for the development of the
596:Alexander Dennis Enviro200H
538:Alexander Dennis Enviro400H
479:Hydrogen fuel cell powered
300:Alexander Dennis Enviro400H
183:Hydrogen fuel cell powered
2238:
281:Alexander Dennis Enviro400
463:announced that their new
390:Battery electric powered
356:New Routemaster Programme
310:Retrofitting diesel buses
804:Greater London Authority
655:Electric buses in Moscow
520:– a new crossing of the
494:double-decker bus – the
118:Hydrogen fuel cell buses
36:hydrogen fuel cell buses
2217:Bus transport in London
1128:"LONDON'S FIRST BUSWAY"
941:. This Is Local London.
660:Electric buses in China
264:Introduction of hybrids
195:In January 2004, three
157:liquefied petroleum gas
142:ultra-low-sulfur diesel
1019:. 1997. Archived from
487:
403:battery electric buses
398:
352:
260:
192:
175:Early trials and tests
113:Battery electric buses
32:battery electric buses
23:
2222:Hybrid electric buses
1937:Bus & Coach Buyer
641:Research by operator
581:Optare MetroDecker EV
498:– entered service on
478:
389:
347:
339:Royal Automobile Club
255:
182:
153:East Lancs Myllennium
97:Hybrid electric buses
91:particulate pollution
21:
2163:Transport for London
2121:Transport for London
1773:Transport for London
1557:Transport for London
1532:Transport for London
1516:on 15 November 2010.
1404:Transport for London
1362:on 27 December 2010.
1247:Transport for London
1186:Transport for London
1157:Transport for London
1105:Lancashire Telegraph
1068:on 24 October 2014.
774:Transport for London
743:. 28 February 2024.
741:Transport for London
511:Transport for London
327:Williams Formula One
185:Mercedes-Benz Citaro
120:use the reaction of
51:Transport for London
1886:on 28 November 2022
1356:"Hybrids in London"
1256:on 4 February 2004.
1089:. 16 December 1999.
1026:on 12 February 1998
837:. 21 September 2021
806:. 17 September 2021
575:single-deckers and
569:Optare MetroCity EV
561:Caetano e.City Gold
298:for three modified
146:particulate filters
132:Operational history
2191:. 15 December 2022
1993:. 14 November 2023
1775:. 18 December 2013
1637:on 8 December 2015
1476:on 18 January 2013
1406:. 13 November 2007
1303:. 10 December 2010
1107:. 25 November 1999
600:Wright Electrocity
492:hydrogen fuel cell
488:
399:
353:
261:
212:Wright Electrocity
197:hydrogen fuel cell
193:
24:
2165:. 30 January 2013
2097:. 14 January 2021
1432:on 28 August 2010
1380:. 4 November 2010
1274:. 15 January 2005
1220:. 14 January 2004
1159:. 14 January 2005
858:"Clean bus fleet"
777:. 14 January 2021
636:low emission zone
632:congestion charge
577:Wright StreetDeck
542:Wright Streetdeck
518:Silvertown Tunnel
283:double-decker of
155:buses powered by
2229:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2069:London City Hall
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2044:Alexander Dennis
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:. 28 August 2023
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:Evening Standard
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:. Archived from
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1852:Evening Standard
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1822:. Archived from
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:on 6 August 2019
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1583:London City Hall
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:www.keybuses.com
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1058:London Transport
1054:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1016:London Transport
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
978:
969:
968:
966:
964:
949:
943:
942:
934:
925:
924:
923:. 16 March 2007.
913:
904:
903:
889:
878:
877:
872:
870:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
827:
816:
815:
813:
811:
796:
787:
786:
784:
782:
765:
748:
747:
738:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
687:
679:
591:double-deckers.
461:Alexander Dennis
26:There are 3,826
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2189:Sustainable Bus
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2095:Sustainable Bus
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1991:Sustainable Bus
1985:
1984:
1980:
1967:
1965:
1962:Sustainable Bus
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1826:on 25 July 2018
1814:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1728:. 20 July 2015.
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1525:
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224:Ken Livingstone
220:Mayor of London
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138:AEC Routemaster
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294:A trial of
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1378:London SE1
1272:London SE1
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666:References
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534:Volvo B5LH
442:pantograph
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289:route 211
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643:Go-Ahead
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