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1823:
1315:
foramen, to provide space for the three additional teeth developed in this part. The depth of the body increases owing to increased growth of the alveolar part, to afford room for the roots of the teeth, and by thickening of the subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of the masticatory muscles; but, the alveolar portion is the deeper of the two, and, consequently, the chief part of the body lies above the oblique line. The mandibular canal, after the second dentition, is situated just above the level of the
1061:
1604:
924:
4317:
1527:
the anterior surface, changing its relative position. However, the more inferior body of the mandible is not affected and remains thick and rounded. With age and tooth loss, the alveolar process is absorbed so that the mandibular canal becomes nearer the superior border. Sometimes with excessive alveolar process absorption, the mandibular canal disappears entirely and leaves the inferior alveolar nerve without its bony protection, although it is still covered by soft tissue.
90:
1811:
993:, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular and the periosteum. In birds, the various bones have fused into a single structure. In mammals, most have disappeared, leaving only the mandible. As a result, there is only articulation between the mandible and temporal bones, as opposed to articulation between articular and
699:
1412:
637:, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth. In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface. It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to the teeth.
389:
397:
1121:
1311:, imperfectly partitioned off from one another. The mandibular canal is of large size and runs near the lower border of the bone; the mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar tooth. The angle is obtuse (175°), and the condyloid portion is nearly in line with the body. The coronoid process is of comparatively large size, and projects above the level of the condyle.
78:
780:
1106:
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370:
527:
1895:
570:
1526:
The mandibular alveolar process can become resorbed when completely edentulous in the mandibular arch (occasionally noted also in partially edentulous cases). This resorption can occur to such an extent that the mental foramen is virtually on the superior border of the mandible, instead of opening on
1314:
After birth, the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year, near the alveolar margin. The body becomes elongated in its whole length, but more especially behind the mental
646:
The lower border of the ramus is thick, straight, and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone. At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of
763:
and teeth. Before passing through the mental foramen, the nerve divides into two terminal branches: incisive and mental nerves. The incisive nerve runs forward in the mandible and supplies the anterior teeth. The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the chin and lower lip.
1330:
In old age, the bone can become greatly reduced in volume where there is a loss of teeth, and consequent resorption of the alveolar process and interalveolar septa. Consequently, the chief part of the bone is below the oblique line. The mandibular canal, with the mental foramen opening from it, is
1423:
involve a mandibular fracture. Mandibular fractures are often accompanied by a 'twin fracture' on the opposite side. There is no universally accepted treatment protocol, as there is no consensus on the choice of techniques in a particular anatomical shape of mandibular fracture clinic. A common
1155:
takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel's cartilage, and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears, near the mental foramen. By the tenth week, the portion of Meckel's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is
1326:
In the adult, the alveolar and subdental portions of the body are usually of equal depth. The mental foramen opens midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone, and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid line. The ramus is almost vertical in direction, the angle
2470:
Pinhasi, R., Eshed, V., & Shaw, P. (2008). Evolutionary changes in the masticatory complex following the transition to farming in the southern Levant. American
Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 135(2),
544:
The superior or alveolar border, wider behind than in front, is hollowed into cavities, for the reception of the teeth; these cavities are sixteen in number and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which they contain. To the outer lip of the superior border, on either side, the
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1822:
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of the mandibular first and second premolars. As mandibular growth proceeds in young children, the mental foramen alters in direction of its opening from anterior to posterosuperior. The mental foramen allows the entrance of the mental nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular
354:
593:
The ramus of the human mandible has four sides, two surfaces, four borders, and two processes. On the outside, the ramus is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part. It gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to the masseter muscle.
2675:
1561:, or injury. The removed portion can be replaced with metal plating or bone from elsewhere in the body. Oral muscles tend to work differently after the procedure, requiring therapy to relearn operations such as eating and speaking. During recovery, a
795:
The condyloid process, the superior (upper) and posterior projection from the ramus, makes the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone. The coronoid process, superior and anterior projection from the ramus. This provides attachment to the
2450:
Pinhasi, R., Eshed, V., & von Cramon-Taubadel, N. (2015). Incongruity between affinity patterns based on mandibular and lower dental dimensions following the transition to agriculture in the Near East, Anatolia, and Europe. PLOS ONE, 10(2),
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and, dorsally, parts of the middle ear. The two sides of the jawbone are inferiorly fused at the mandibular symphysis (the chin) during the first year of life. The cartilage of the ramus is replaced by fibrous tissue, which persists to form the
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1370:
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is thicker than the coronoid, and consists of two portions: the mandibular condyle, and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck. The condyle is the most superior part of the mandible and is part of the temporomandibular
2460:
Lieberman, D. E., Krovitz, G. E., Yates, F. W., Devlin, M., & Claire, M. S. (2004). Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. Journal of human evolution, 46(6),
1174:
These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center
1757:
Owing in part to the forensic evidence of Hitler's death being limited to his dental remains (including a jawbone fragment broken and burnt around the alveolar process), some fringe accounts (bolstered by the
775:
Rarely, a bifid inferior alveolar nerve may be present, in which case a second mandibular foramen, more inferiorly placed, exists and can be detected by noting a doubled mandibular canal on a radiograph.
974:
lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular.
803:
Teeth sit in the upper part of the body of the mandible. The frontmost part of teeth is more narrow and holds front teeth. The back part holds wider and flatter (albeit grooved) teeth primarily for
1148:. Between the lingula and the canine tooth the cartilage disappears, while the portion of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible.
1319:; and the mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult. The angle becomes less obtuse, owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth; about the fourth year it is 140°. The
1327:
measuring from 110° to 120°, also the adult condyle is higher than the coronoid process and the sigmoid notch becomes deeper. The adult mandible is the skull's largest and strongest bone.
1001:, in which both points of articulation are present. Aside from the dentary, only few other bones of the lower jaw remain in mammals; the former articular and quadrate bones survive as the
2540:
Levin L, Zadik Y, Peleg K, Bigman G, Givon A, Lin S (August 2008). "Incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries during the Second
Lebanon War among Israeli soldiers and civilians".
444:
pass. Running backward and upward from each mental tubercle is a faint ridge, the oblique line, which is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus. Attached to this is the
556:
The inferior border is rounded, longer than the superior, and thicker in front than behind; at the point where it joins the lower border of the ramus a shallow groove; for the
772:
Males generally have squarer, stronger, and larger mandibles than females. The mental protuberance is more pronounced in males but can be visualized and palpated in females.
1060:
1763:
3782:
3260:
2759:"Airway Management Failure after Delayed Extubation in a Patient with Oral Malignant Melanoma Who Underwent Partial Mandibulectomy and Reconstruction with a Free Flap"
904:, is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with Meckel's cartilage. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as
1649:, but significant advancements were made in the late 19th century with new techniques for attaching prosthetics to a depreciated jawbone as well as bone grafting.
491:
attaches to the lower mental spine. Above the mental spine, a median foramen and furrow can line the symphysis. Below the mental spine is an oval depression (the
1580:
transfer and airway management. Additional side effects include pain, infection, numbness, and (rarely, fatal) bleeding. Even successful surgeries can result in
3194:
2908:
1492:
1728:
was used as an adjective to describe a condition of shock in humans, e.g. when someone's mouth suddenly hangs agape in response to something. The exaggerated
1331:
closer to the alveolar border. The ramus is oblique in direction, the angle measures about 140°, and the neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward.
792:
The mandible forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. It articulates with the left and right temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints.
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1930:
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1214:
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1226:
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prevents the mandible from moving posteriorly, making the condylar neck particularly vulnerable to fractures. Further, various jawbone damage can cause
1674:
The mandible can provide forensic evidence because its form changes over a person's life, and this can be used to determine a deceased person's age.
3814:
661:. The upper border is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid in front and the condyloid behind, separated by a deep concavity, the
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508:
2214:
1346:
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2146:
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271:. Surgery allows for the removal of jawbone fragments (or its entirety) as well as regenerative methods. Additionally, the bone is of great
4003:
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1120:
887:
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Kahn, S., Ehrlich, P., Feldman, M., Sapolsky, R., & Wong, S. (2020). The jaw epidemic: Recognition, origins, cures, and prevention.
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is attached to the angle between these muscles. The anterior border is thin above, thicker below, and continuous with the oblique line.
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3151:
3993:
1963:
4175:
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1837:
676:
1979:
408:. It has two surfaces and two borders. From the outside, the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge, indicating the
3246:
946:
to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the
1877:
1872:
1307:
At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous
2409:
Amano, Osamu; Doi, Takashi; Yamada, Tohru; Sasaki, Au; Sakiyama, Koji; Kanegae, Haruhide; Kindaichi, Koji (1 January 2010).
617:; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the
1925:
412:, the line of junction of the two halves of the mandible. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the
4347:
2680:
733:
The mental foramen sits on either side of the mental protuberance (chin) on the body of mandible, usually inferior to the
629:
runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the
4307:
3834:
1862:
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353:
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51:
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had a partial mandibulectomy which caused a conspicuous deformity. In his fight against cancer, American film critic
609:. The margin of this opening is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the
369:
3936:
3839:
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453:
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310:. In addition to simply opening and closing, the jawbone can articulate side to side as well as forward and back.
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1145:
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1557:. This can be performed to remove a tumor, circumvent cancer in nearby areas, and/or in response to infection,
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578:
574:
147:
135:
55:
2411:"Meckel's Cartilage: Discovery, Embryology and Evolution: —Overview of the Specificity of Meckel's Cartilage—"
1603:
2115:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (40th ed.), Churchill-Livingstone, Elsevier, 2008,
3847:
2330:"Feeding mechanics and bite force modelling of the skull of Dunkleosteus terrelli, an ancient apex predator"
1170:
smaller nuclei in the front part of both alveolar walls and along the front of the lower border of the bone.
748:
703:
622:
610:
606:
307:
211:
4316:
1160:(also known as the membrane bone). Somewhat later, accessory nuclei of cartilage make their appearance, as
4011:
4007:
3818:
2988:
1984:
1139:
The mandible forms as a bone (ossifies) from Meckel's cartilage, which forms the cartilaginous bar of the
550:
449:
62:
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2040:
690:
The mandibular notch, separating the two processes, is a deep semilunar depression and is crossed by the
4352:
4227:
4170:
4084:
3997:
3972:
3696:
2650:
2577:"Morphologic, functional, and occlusal characterization of mandibular lateral displacement malocclusion"
1904:
1686:
923:
457:
341:
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857:
2410:
759:), enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the
499:
attaches. Extending backward and upward on either side from the lower symphysis is a ridge called the
4088:
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1829:
1021:
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that makes up the lower – and typically more mobile – component of the
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268:
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3025:
2575:
Ishizaki, Kyoko; Suzuki, Koichi; Mito, Tomofumi; Tanaka, Eliana Midori; Sato, Sadao (April 2010).
2303:
1491:
anteriorly (to the front) and inferiorly (downwards) but very rarely posteriorly (backwards). The
679:
is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size.
4165:
3870:
3807:
3112:
2739:
2704:"Etiologic causes of late osteocutaneous free flap failures in oral cavity cancer reconstruction"
943:
897:
598:
531:
1269:
1213:
2702:
Zender, Chad A.; Mehta, Vikas; Pittman, Amy L.; Feustel, Paul J.; Jaber, James J. (July 2012).
2136:
1685:, including part of a mandible with teeth, were the solitary physical evidence used to confirm
1281:
1225:
89:
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3147:
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2092:
1959:
1909:
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892:
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416:(the chin), the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on both sides to form the
272:
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bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the
935:
756:
752:
662:
626:
516:
504:
496:
475:
From the inside, the mandible appears concave. On either side of the lower symphysis is the
425:
360:
223:
165:
40:
4338:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
4277:
4190:
4092:
3977:
3900:
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3866:
3786:
3720:
1845:
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1593:
1592:, whose design apparently lacks a jaw; proposed reconstruction methods include implanting
1511:
1420:
1140:
1025:
1013:
954:, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of
797:
654:
The region where the lower border meets the posterior border is the angle of the mandible.
630:
582:
512:
445:
417:
287:
264:
111:
3409:
3053:
2275:
1164:
a wedge-shaped nucleus in the condyloid process and extending downward through the ramus;
2503:"Fracture of the mandibular coronoid process – case report and review of the literature"
4321:
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3666:
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3524:
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3137:
2859:
2834:
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2354:
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2168:
Illustrated
Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 59
2132:
1708:
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1607:
1320:
1316:
967:
865:
734:
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500:
433:
329:
33:
2426:
977:
Most vertebrates exhibit a simpler scheme, as bones have either fused or vanished. In
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4267:
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994:
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215:
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1724:
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treatment involves attachment of metal plates to the fracture to assist in healing.
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1882:
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1737:
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982:
959:
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480:
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441:
437:
388:
231:
3083:"The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification"
1182:), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone.
730:
The mandibular foramen, is above the mandibular angle in the middle of each ramus.
396:
32:"Mandibular", "Jawbone", and "Jawline" redirect here. For the 2019 Hulu film, see
1369:
140:
4289:
4017:
3724:
3671:
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3497:
3359:
3344:
2592:
1944:
Gray's
Anatomy – The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 40th Edition, p. 530
1802:
1778:
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1611:
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1566:
1308:
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1029:
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461:
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291:
219:
77:
3100:
3081:; Weil, Raphael; Rainsard, P.; Poupon, Joël; Brisard, J. C. (1 May 2018).
2757:
Kwon, Min A.; Song, Jaegyok; Kim, Seokkon; Oh, Pyeung-wha; Kang, Minji (2021).
2553:
2182:
2084:
896:), which crushed prey with their quickly articulating mouths. The lower jaw of
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3339:
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3283:
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3269:
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of a jaw dropping to the floor was a trademark of
American animation director
1729:
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990:
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779:
546:
404:
The body of the mandible is curved, and the front part gives structure to the
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283:
105:
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and nerve. Behind this groove is a rough surface, for the insertion of the
519:
rests against a smooth triangular area, and below the posterior ridge, the
3227:
2932:
832:
In addition to mastication, the joint of the jawbone enables actions such
817:
3621:
3541:
3309:
3238:
2835:"Mandibular rehabilitation: From the Andy Gump deformity to jaw-in-a-day"
1635:
1177:
955:
939:
913:
905:
873:
723:
530:
Medial surface of the right body and ramus, the latter penetrated by the
465:
429:
421:
295:
17:
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3324:
3011:
2719:
1002:
978:
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804:
634:
526:
256:
235:
200:
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had a partial mandibulectomy in 2006, in addition to later surgeries.
647:
the masseter laterally, and the medial pterygoid muscle medially; the
3571:
3546:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3414:
3354:
3334:
3169:"What Happened to Fred Trump's Face? The Internet Has a Few Theories"
2850:
2276:"6 Signs Your Partner Has TMJ: Tips from Indianapolis TMJ Specialist"
1712:
833:
484:
3026:"19 Classic Screwball Tex Avery Cartoons, Ranked From Best to Worst"
970:
forms the articulation with the skull proper. A set of three narrow
153:
657:
The posterior border is thick, smooth, rounded, and covered by the
569:
4244:
3651:
3631:
3581:
3561:
3551:
3507:
3453:
3443:
3429:
3386:
3314:
2833:
Lilly, Gabriela L.; Petrisor, Daniel; Wax, Mark K. (August 2021).
2388:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 244–47.
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227:
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123:
3054:"Can Gobstoppers Break Your Teeth? (Everything You Need To Know)"
1545:
The surgical removal of all or part of the jawbone is known as a
916:
into the (multiple) bones of the lower jaw, while mammals of the
428:. Vertically midway on either side of the body, below the second
267:, the mandible tends to deform in old age; it is also subject to
4076:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3566:
3419:
3401:
3319:
3304:
3299:
2502:
2501:
Pricop, Marius; Urechescu, Horațiu; Sîrbu, Adrian (March 2012).
1867:
1678:
1167:
a small strip along the anterior border of the coronoid process;
869:
841:
837:
760:
469:
405:
188:
3692:
3242:
1323:
of the mandibular symphysis fuses together in early childhood.
1126:
Modern human skull, exhibiting a different jaw-to-cranium ratio
989:, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in
4080:
3661:
3626:
3533:
3371:
3366:
3349:
1038:
251:
196:
2304:"Palaeos Vertebrates: Bones: Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage"
2581:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
2083:
Breeland, Grant; Aktar, Aylin; Patel, Bhupendra C. (2021),
1832:
reveals the mandible, including the heads and necks of the
3121:
It is important to see that these data fit perfectly with
2909:"History of microsurgical reconstruction of the mandible"
1656:
was conducted on a
Spanish farmer after a self-inflicted
840:, while playing a more subtle role in activities such as
2507:
Revista de
Chirurgie Oro-maxilo-facială și Implantologie
2215:"From Incisors to Molars:Tooth Types and Their Function"
1660:; this included the replacement of the entire mandible.
920:(145–66 Mya) had both Meckel's cartilage and a mandible.
234:. Amongst other functions, the jawbone is essential for
958:
bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower
702:
German illustration with jawbones cut away to show the
336:), rising from the posterior body, forming the (nearly
1750:, a type of hard candy, are known in North America as
1295:
Cartilage in blue, accessory cartilage nuclei stippled
4305:
633:, with small openings for nerves. On arriving at the
479:(which can be faint or fused into one), to which the
286:, the mandible is the largest and lowest bone in the
226:). Many muscles attach to the bone, which also hosts
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3276:
2651:"Mandibulectomy: Definition, Procedure & Types"
2384:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
2298:
2296:
1773:In later decades, American real-estate businessman
1584:, with an extreme version being referred to as the
134:
122:
117:
104:
99:
70:
2141:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 382.
1754:due to the fracturing risk they impose on teeth.
815:'jawbone' (literally, 'used for chewing'), from
783:Illustration showing jaw's basic range of motion
597:On the inside at the center there is an oblique
2189:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2091:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
39:. For the 2020 French-Belgian comedy film, see
3143:Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump
3052:Project, CDHP Dental Health (22 August 2023).
3704:
3254:
1762:, which captured Berlin in 1945) allege that
1549:. The removal of a small portion is known as
1493:articular disk of the temporomandibular joint
8:
2913:Annales de Chirurgie Plastique et Esthétique
1576:Complications can involve difficulties with
997:. An intermediate stage can be seen in some
3146:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 65.
1715:used a donkey's jawbone to kill a thousand
726:), found on both its left and right sides:
263:. Although it is the strongest bone of the
4062:
3962:
3737:
3711:
3697:
3689:
3529:
3261:
3247:
3239:
2883:"Jawbone Regeneration for Dental Implants"
1630:, which is sometimes performed to support
755:(itself a major division of the cranium's
511:attaches to the posterior ridge, near the
424:muscles attach to a depression called the
88:
76:
2858:
2839:Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
2784:
2774:
2353:
856:The mandible of vertebrates evolved from
2183:"Anatomy, Head and Neck: Alveolar Nerve"
1506:The jawbone can also become deviated in
1426:
375:Left side, medial view (closer to spine)
4312:
2328:Anderson, P.S.L.; Westneat, M. (2007).
1917:
1791:
1341:
1265:
1209:
1056:
349:
210:'s only movable, posable bone, sharing
3024:Liebenson, Donald (19 February 2020).
2446:
2444:
2237:
2235:
1958:(13th. ed.). Wiley. p. 226.
1956:Principles of anatomy & physiology
1899:This article incorporates text in the
1626:) can be mitigated in the jawbone via
1536:
509:superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
420:. Just above this, on both sides, the
359:Left side, lateral view (further from
151:
67:
3088:European Journal of Internal Medicine
2973:
2971:
2944:
2942:
2623:"Mandibulectomy/Resection of the Jaw"
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2181:Nguyen, John D.; Duong, Hieu (2023),
2176:
2174:
2078:
2076:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1736:, who would often employ it when the
290:. It is the only movable bone of the
7:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1940:
1938:
1641:Mandibular prosthetics date back to
1151:About the sixth week of fetal life,
322:The body, curving anteriorly like a
1499:, with symptoms including pain and
1497:temporomandibular joint dysfunction
981:, only the dentary, articular, and
230:(some connecting to the teeth) and
2243:"Temporomandibular Joint Disorder"
2085:"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Mandible"
1980:"Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD)"
1954:Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2011).
549:is attached as far forward as the
302:). It is connected to the skull's
25:
3125:and with our direct observations.
2951:"Putting a better face on things"
1634:(replacing teeth individually or
1188:Embryonic development, right side
722:The mandible has two main holes (
468:(extending down over much of the
4315:
3226:
2274:Deldar, Mike (22 January 2018).
1893:
1840:of the mandible, as well as the
1821:
1809:
1794:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1336:Changes in the mandible with age
1280:
1268:
1260: in) long (after ten weeks)
1224:
1212:
1119:
1104:
1059:
876:surface in species of the large
613:, which gives attachment to the
515:. Above the anterior ridge, the
368:
352:
3193:Ebert, Roger (17 August 2006).
2045:(20th ed.). Philadelphia:
1540:
1510:, a condition which can offset
1508:mandibular lateral displacement
1428:Causes of mandibular fractures
1114:dated to about 90,000 years ago
493:digastric fossa of the mandible
243:Neolithic advent of agriculture
222:(their depth delineated by the
218:. The mandible hosts the lower
1878:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1873:Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)
1652:In 2010, the first successful
1415:Fracture frequency by location
1156:surrounded and invaded by the
1042:. This has led to orthodontic
985:bones remain, while in living
507:attaches; a small part of the
1:
2681:University of Illinois System
2427:10.1016/S1349-0079(10)80041-6
1722:As early as 1900, the phrase
1565:is utilized, and sometimes a
1072:
1033:
864:which supported the anterior
860:, left and right segments of
523:rests in an oval depression.
246:
3167:Travis, Abi (14 July 2020).
1931:University of North Carolina
1863:Anatomical terms of location
1707:and Christian Old Testament
1573:in case of swollen muscles.
1483:Dislocation and displacement
1153:intramembranous ossification
811:derives from the Latin word
706:branching to the mandible's
581:attach to the ramus (partly
483:(the inferior muscle of the
2949:Ebert, Roger (6 May 2010).
2593:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.10.031
2415:Journal of Oral Biosciences
2248:Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
2135:; Agur, Anne M. R. (1996).
1907:of the 20th edition of
1020:in correspondence with the
1016:, both the oral cavity and
294:(discounting the vibrating
52:Mandibular (disambiguation)
4369:
3101:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014
3058:CDHP Dental Health Project
2554:10.1016/j.joms.2007.11.028
2138:Essential Clinical Anatomy
1696:
1667:
1534:
1404:
601:, for the entrance of the
454:depressor labii inferioris
318:The mandible consists of:
60:
31:
4105:Mandibular incisive canal
2763:Case Reports in Dentistry
2042:Anatomy of the Human Body
1146:sphenomandibular ligament
1032:and settlement, dated to
615:sphenomandibular ligament
603:inferior alveolar vessels
579:lateral pterygoid muscles
146:
94:Animation of the mandible
87:
75:
48:Mandible (disambiguation)
4273:Posterior lacrimal crest
1596:, potentially involving
1590:the comic book character
1555:segmental mandibulectomy
1537:§ Forensic medicine
710:and passing through the
649:stylomandibular ligament
308:temporomandibular joints
148:Anatomical terms of bone
82:Position of the mandible
56:Jawbone (disambiguation)
3848:Anterior lacrimal crest
2989:Arms & Armour Press
2984:The Last Days of Hitler
1816:Turnaround with cranium
1766:(ostensibly along with
1441:Motor vehicle accident
749:inferior alveolar nerve
704:inferior alveolar nerve
623:medial pterygoid muscle
611:lingula of the mandible
4012:Sphenopalatine foramen
4008:Greater palatine canal
3819:Greater palatine canal
3270:Human regional anatomy
2542:J Oral Maxillofac Surg
2346:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0569
2251:. 2022. Archived from
1985:Johns Hopkins Medicine
1764:Hitler faked his death
1614:
1551:partial mandibulectomy
1416:
931:
784:
714:
590:
535:
450:related to mastication
401:
393:
333:
63:anatomical terminology
46:. For other uses, see
4228:Inferior nasal concha
4085:Mandibular prominence
3998:Posterior nasal spine
3973:Pterygopalatine fossa
2991:. pp. 180, 225.
2979:Joachimsthaler, Anton
2907:Testelin, S. (1992).
1801:Cutaway view showing
1606:
1569:is also performed to
1553:and a larger portion
1414:
1396:Clinical significance
938:and the early fossil
926:
912:, Meckel's cartilage
782:
701:
572:
529:
458:depressor anguli oris
399:
391:
342:angle of the mandible
4348:Parts of a bird beak
4089:Mandibular symphysis
3879:Anterior nasal spine
3792:Maxillary tuberosity
3776:Anterior nasal spine
3766:Infraorbital foramen
3235:at Wikimedia Commons
2776:10.1155/2021/7792843
2037:Lewis, Warren Harmon
1830:panoramic radiograph
1571:maintain respiration
1514:and cause posterior
1487:The mandible may be
1275:Lateral (outer) view
1219:Lateral (outer) view
436:, through which the
410:mandibular symphysis
4127:Submandibular fovea
4097:Mental protuberance
4004:Perpendicular plate
3803:Infraorbital groove
3123:the autopsy report
2887:Harmony Dental Care
2386:The Vertebrate Body
2049:. pp. 172–177.
1834:mandibular condyles
1742:sexually attractive
1586:Andy Gump deformity
1429:
1407:Mandibular fracture
1287:Medial (inner) view
1231:Medial (inner) view
1028:lifestyles towards
1022:Neolithic-era shift
1009:of the middle ear.
521:submandibular gland
460:(which support the
414:mental protuberance
214:with the cranium's
206:The jawbone is the
199:being known as the
4343:Vertebrate anatomy
4166:Mandibular foramen
3937:Zygomaticotemporal
3927:Zygomatico-orbital
3871:Foramina of Scarpa
3808:Infraorbital canal
3195:"Email from Roger"
3079:Charlier, Philippe
2720:10.1002/lary.23326
2219:Main Street Smiles
1929:—Embryo Images at
1838:coronoid processes
1677:Dental remains of
1615:
1594:synthetic material
1427:
1417:
936:lobe-finned fishes
932:
898:cartilaginous fish
858:Meckel's cartilage
785:
751:, a branch of the
715:
694:vessels and nerve.
599:mandibular foramen
591:
536:
532:mandibular foramen
402:
394:
179:, 'for chewing'),
61:This article uses
4303:
4302:
4238:Maxillary process
4233:Ethmoidal process
4216:Internasal suture
4199:
4198:
4186:Condyloid process
4052:
4051:
3909:
3908:
3835:Zygomatic process
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3231:Media related to
3205:on 20 August 2006
2998:978-1-85409-465-0
2395:978-0-03-910284-5
2148:978-0-683-06128-4
2121:978-0-443-06684-9
2047:Lea & Febiger
1846:maxillary sinuses
1785:Additional images
1670:Forensic medicine
1664:Forensic medicine
1622:Bone loss (as in
1541:§ In culture
1480:
1479:
1239:Cartilage in blue
893:million years ago
684:condyloid process
619:mylohyoid vessels
585:, along with the
560:, may be present.
489:geniohyoid muscle
166:jawed vertebrates
162:
161:
157:
16:(Redirected from
4360:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4295:Retromolar space
4283:Lacrimal hamulus
4181:Mandibular notch
4176:Coronoid process
4154:Mandibular canal
4149:Mylohyoid groove
4123:Sublingual fovea
4111:internal surface
4073:external surface
4063:
3994:Horizontal plate
3963:
3947:Zygomaticofacial
3933:Temporal process
3863:Incisive foramen
3859:Palatine process
3854:Alveolar process
3738:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3690:
3530:
3461:Vertebral column
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3230:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3201:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2851:10.1002/lio2.595
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2809:"Mandibulectomy"
2805:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2714:(7): 1474–1479.
2708:The Laryngoscope
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2676:"Mandibulectomy"
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2655:Cleveland Clinic
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2498:
2489:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2178:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2129:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2080:
2051:
2050:
2029:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1933:
1922:
1897:
1896:
1868:Bone terminology
1825:
1813:
1798:
1430:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1284:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1228:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:24 millimetres (
1189:
1123:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1041:
1035:
1018:jaws have shrunk
895:
889:
757:trigeminal nerve
753:mandibular nerve
677:coronoid process
663:mandibular notch
627:mandibular canal
517:sublingual gland
505:mylohyoid muscle
497:digastric muscle
487:) attaches; the
426:incisive foramen
372:
356:
254:
248:
224:alveolar process
154:edit on Wikidata
92:
80:
68:
21:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4278:Lacrimal groove
4256:
4195:
4191:Pterygoid fovea
4137:
4093:Lingual foramen
4048:
4022:
3982:
3978:Pterygoid fossa
3952:
3943:Lateral process
3923:Orbital process
3905:
3901:Maxillary sinus
3896:Body of maxilla
3884:
3867:Incisive canals
3840:Frontal process
3823:
3787:Alveolar canals
3727:
3721:facial skeleton
3717:
3687:
3678:
3608:
3519:
3424:
3396:
3286:
3272:
3267:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3138:Hurt III, Harry
3136:
3135:
3131:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2509:(in Romanian).
2500:
2499:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2334:Biology Letters
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2149:
2133:Moore, Keith L.
2131:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2082:
2081:
2054:
2031:
2030:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1988:. 8 August 2021
1978:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1894:
1891:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1826:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1787:
1701:
1695:
1672:
1666:
1654:face transplant
1632:dental implants
1620:
1608:Dental implants
1543:
1533:
1524:
1512:facial symmetry
1485:
1421:facial injuries
1409:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1141:mandibular arch
1137:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:A hominin skull
1109:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1036:
1026:hunter-gatherer
1014:human evolution
891: 382–358
890:
854:
807:food. The word
798:temporal muscle
790:
770:
745:
720:
672:
643:
567:
541:
513:alveolar margin
446:masseter muscle
418:mental tubercle
386:
381:
380:
379:
376:
373:
364:
357:
316:
288:facial skeleton
281:
265:facial skeleton
249:
158:
112:pharyngeal arch
95:
83:
66:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4221:Nasal foramina
4218:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4133:Alveolar part
4130:
4119:Mylohyoid line
4108:
4101:Mental foramen
4069:
4067:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4001:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3856:
3851:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3756:Incisive fossa
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3233:Human mandible
3222:
3221:External links
3219:
3217:
3216:
3199:RogerEbert.com
3185:
3159:
3153:978-0393030297
3152:
3129:
3070:
3044:
3016:
3004:
2997:
2967:
2938:
2919:(3): 241–245.
2899:
2874:
2845:(4): 708–720.
2825:
2800:
2749:
2694:
2667:
2642:
2614:
2587:(4): 454–455.
2567:
2548:(8): 1630–63.
2532:
2490:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2440:
2421:(2): 125–135.
2401:
2394:
2369:
2320:
2292:
2266:
2255:on 30 May 2020
2231:
2206:
2170:
2154:
2147:
2124:
2108:
2052:
1999:
1971:
1964:
1946:
1934:
1916:
1910:Gray's Anatomy
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1709:Book of Judges
1694:
1691:
1665:
1662:
1636:in groups
1619:
1616:
1547:mandibulectomy
1532:
1531:Mandibulectomy
1529:
1523:
1520:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
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1405:Main article:
1402:
1399:
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1389:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1321:fibrocartilage
1317:mylohyoid line
1304:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1244:
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1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1223:
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1218:
1211:
1208:
1207:
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1191:
1186:
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1184:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1037: 10,000
995:quadrate bones
972:coronoid bones
968:articular bone
866:branchial arch
853:
850:
821:'to chew' and
789:
786:
769:
766:
744:
741:
740:
739:
731:
719:
716:
712:mental foramen
708:dental alveoli
696:
695:
688:
680:
671:
668:
667:
666:
655:
652:
642:
639:
566:
563:
562:
561:
554:
540:
537:
501:mylohyoid line
434:mental foramen
432:tooth, is the
385:
382:
378:
377:
374:
367:
365:
358:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
326:
315:
312:
304:temporal bones
280:
277:
275:significance.
255:), human jaws
250: 10,000
216:temporal bones
160:
159:
150:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
108:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
85:
84:
81:
73:
72:
27:Lower jaw bone
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4365:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3875:Incisive bone
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:Infratemporal
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Orbital bones
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:(9), 759–771.
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2280:Deldar Dental
2277:
2270:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1965:9780470646083
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:public domain
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:ancient Egypt
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:bone grafting
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:osteonecrosis
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1419:One fifth of
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1044:malocclusions
1040:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
885:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
793:
787:
781:
777:
773:
767:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
736:
732:
729:
728:
727:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
673:
669:
664:
660:
659:parotid gland
656:
653:
650:
645:
644:
640:
638:
636:
635:incisor teeth
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
564:
559:
558:facial artery
555:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
533:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:blood vessels
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
398:
390:
383:
371:
366:
362:
355:
350:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
321:
320:
319:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
244:
241:Owing to the
239:
237:
233:
232:blood vessels
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
155:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
125:
121:
116:
113:
109:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
79:
74:
69:
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
43:
38:
36:
30:
19:
4353:Facial bones
4115:Mental spine
4110:
4072:
4057:
3760:Canine fossa
3751:
3410:Adam's apple
3376:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3198:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3172:
3162:
3142:
3132:
3120:
3092:
3086:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3057:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3029:
3019:
3014:on BibleHub.
3012:Judges 15:16
3007:
2983:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
2877:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2679:
2670:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2630:UAB Medicine
2629:
2617:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2510:
2506:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2456:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2385:
2340:(1): 76–79.
2337:
2333:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2246:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2198:, retrieved
2186:
2137:
2127:
2111:
2100:, retrieved
2088:
2041:
1990:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1898:
1892:
1883:Simian shelf
1842:nasal antrum
1772:
1760:Soviet Union
1756:
1751:
1746:
1738:Big Bad Wolf
1725:jaw-dropping
1723:
1721:
1705:Hebrew Bible
1702:
1699:Jaws (novel)
1683:Adolf Hitler
1676:
1673:
1658:gun accident
1651:
1640:
1624:osteoporosis
1621:
1618:Regeneration
1585:
1575:
1563:feeding tube
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1525:
1507:
1505:
1501:inflammation
1486:
1418:
1329:
1325:
1313:
1306:
1246:95 mm (
1176:
1173:
1150:
1138:
1068:Dunkleosteus
1066:
1011:
976:
971:
960:angular bone
951:
947:
933:
883:Dunkleosteus
881:
855:
831:
827:instrumental
822:
816:
812:
808:
802:
794:
791:
774:
771:
746:
721:
596:
592:
503:, where the
495:) where the
492:
481:genioglossus
477:mental spine
474:
438:mental nerve
403:
317:
282:
240:
205:
184:
180:
176:
169:
163:
128:
41:
34:
29:
4290:Prognathism
4018:Hard palate
3178:28 November
3173:Distractify
3095:: e10–e12.
3037:19 February
2960:29 November
2955:Roger Ebert
2892:25 November
2635:29 November
2200:24 December
2033:Gray, Henry
1992:27 November
1803:spongy bone
1779:Roger Ebert
1752:jawbreakers
1748:Gobstoppers
1717:Philistines
1612:false teeth
1610:supporting
1598:3D printing
1567:tracheotomy
1436:Percentage
1309:molar teeth
1158:dermal bone
1135:Development
1076: 370
1030:agriculture
991:salamanders
964:suprangular
942:, the bone
928:Sperm whale
551:first molar
464:), and the
195:(the upper
118:Identifiers
4332:Categories
4211:Nasal bone
4044:Sphenoidal
3844:Agger nasi
3577:Fingernail
3209:18 January
2987:. London:
2818:12 January
2813:SingHealth
2660:9 November
2513:(1): 1–4.
2482:BioScience
2187:StatPearls
2089:StatPearls
1889:References
1775:Fred Trump
1730:visual gag
1697:See also:
1693:In culture
1668:See also:
1535:See also:
1522:Resorption
1489:dislocated
1204:inch) long
1012:In recent
999:therapsids
987:amphibians
952:os dentale
944:homologous
918:Cretaceous
900:, such as
878:arthrodire
692:masseteric
547:buccinator
392:Front view
328:Two rami (
314:Components
300:middle ear
269:fracturing
172:(from the
4034:Pyramidal
4027:Processes
3915:Zygomatic
3828:Processes
3493:Genitalia
2981:(1998) .
2925:0294-1260
2728:1531-4995
2601:1097-6752
2525:19 August
2519:2069-3850
2451:e0117301.
2435:1349-0079
2313:2 January
2285:4 January
2259:4 January
2224:4 January
1926:hednk-023
1768:Eva Braun
1734:Tex Avery
1689:in 1945.
1687:his death
1582:deformity
1578:free flap
1516:crossbite
1363:Childhood
1083:1 metre (
1081:), about
940:tetrapods
906:sturgeons
874:Fish jaws
868:in early
862:cartilage
852:Phylogeny
846:breathing
829:suffix).
813:mandibula
768:Variation
670:Processes
587:cheekbone
400:Left side
324:horseshoe
284:In humans
279:Structure
181:lower jaw
177:mandibula
129:mandibula
106:Precursor
42:Mandibles
18:Lower jaw
4268:Lacrimal
4058:Mandible
3958:Palatine
3748:Anterior
3741:Surfaces
3622:Buttocks
3542:Shoulder
3377:Mandible
3310:Forehead
3140:(1993).
3117:29159362
3109:29779904
3063:11 March
2869:34401495
2795:34976416
2744:21807455
2736:22565542
2609:20362898
2562:18634951
2471:136–148.
2461:655–677.
2364:17443970
2195:31536318
2097:30335325
2039:(1918).
1905:page 172
1857:See also
1844:and the
1740:spies a
1449:Assault
1401:Fracture
1178:splenial
1005:and the
979:teleosts
956:splenial
950:bone or
930:mandible
914:ossifies
910:reptiles
809:mandible
788:Function
724:foramina
718:Foramina
583:cut away
466:platysma
430:premolar
422:mentalis
296:ossicles
273:forensic
170:mandible
71:Mandible
4322:Anatomy
4159:Lingula
4039:Orbital
3799:Orbital
3733:Maxilla
3723:of the
3667:Toenail
3557:Forearm
3503:Scrotum
3449:Midriff
3439:Abdomen
3432:(Trunk)
3382:Occiput
3325:Eyebrow
3031:Vulture
2933:1296501
2860:8356852
2786:8716215
2769:: 1–5.
2355:2373817
2308:Palaeos
1744:woman.
1703:In the
1681:leader
1387:Old age
1351:Newborn
1255:⁄
1199:⁄
1092:⁄
1071:skull (
1051:Gallery
1003:malleus
983:angular
948:dentary
842:kissing
838:yawning
818:mandere
805:chewing
641:Borders
631:alveoli
539:Borders
534:(right)
452:), the
306:by the
298:of the
261:smaller
257:evolved
236:chewing
201:maxilla
185:jawbone
141:D008334
100:Details
35:Jawline
4308:Portal
3987:Plates
3966:Fossae
3752:fossae
3602:Little
3592:Middle
3572:Finger
3547:Axilla
3488:Pelvis
3481:Nipple
3476:Breast
3471:Thorax
3415:Throat
3392:Temple
3355:Tongue
3335:Eyelid
3150:
3115:
3107:
2995:
2931:
2923:
2867:
2857:
2793:
2783:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2687:9 July
2607:
2599:
2560:
2517:
2433:
2392:
2362:
2352:
2193:
2145:
2119:
2102:8 July
2095:
1962:
1913:(1918)
1836:, the
1713:Samson
1588:after
1539:, and
1473:Other
1465:Sport
1433:Cause
1180:center
1099:across
962:and a
902:sharks
880:genus
834:speech
743:Nerves
738:canal.
735:apices
687:joint.
625:. The
575:medial
553:tooth.
485:tongue
338:square
334:branch
259:to be
238:food.
228:nerves
212:joints
168:, the
110:First
54:, and
44:(film)
37:(film)
4261:Other
4245:Vomer
4171:Angle
4142:Ramus
3889:Other
3815:Nasal
3725:skull
3652:Ankle
3632:Thigh
3587:Index
3582:Thumb
3562:Wrist
3552:Elbow
3525:Limbs
3508:Vulva
3498:Penis
3454:Navel
3444:Waist
3430:Torso
3387:Scalp
3360:Tooth
3345:Mouth
3315:Cheek
3113:S2CID
2740:S2CID
2626:(PDF)
1903:from
1647:China
1457:Fall
1375:Adult
1303:Aging
1097:feet)
1024:from
1007:incus
908:. In
823:-bula
607:nerve
565:Ramus
462:mouth
361:spine
330:Latin
292:skull
220:teeth
208:skull
193:mouth
187:is a
183:, or
174:Latin
152:[
124:Latin
4250:Wing
4204:Nose
4077:Chin
4066:Body
3719:The
3672:Sole
3657:Heel
3647:Foot
3642:Calf
3637:Knee
3597:Ring
3567:Hand
3515:Anus
3466:Back
3420:Nape
3402:Neck
3340:Nose
3320:Chin
3305:Face
3300:Hair
3292:Head
3284:Skin
3278:Body
3211:2024
3180:2023
3148:ISBN
3105:PMID
3065:2024
3039:2024
2993:ISBN
2962:2023
2929:PMID
2921:ISSN
2894:2023
2865:PMID
2820:2024
2791:PMID
2767:2021
2732:PMID
2724:ISSN
2689:2023
2662:2023
2637:2023
2605:PMID
2597:ISSN
2558:PMID
2527:2012
2521:. 58
2515:ISSN
2431:ISSN
2390:ISBN
2360:PMID
2315:2024
2287:2024
2261:2024
2226:2024
2202:2023
2191:PMID
2143:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2104:2021
2093:PMID
1994:2023
1960:ISBN
1679:Nazi
1645:and
1460:10%
1452:10%
1444:40%
870:fish
844:and
836:and
761:gums
747:The
682:The
675:The
605:and
577:and
573:The
470:neck
456:and
440:and
406:chin
384:Body
189:bone
136:MeSH
4081:Jaw
4010:,
3662:Toe
3627:Hip
3614:Leg
3534:Arm
3372:Jaw
3367:Ear
3350:Lip
3330:Eye
3097:doi
2855:PMC
2847:doi
2781:PMC
2771:doi
2716:doi
2712:122
2589:doi
2585:137
2550:doi
2423:doi
2350:PMC
2342:doi
1770:).
1638:).
1476:5%
1468:5%
1078:Mya
1039:BCE
934:In
888:fl.
472:).
252:BCE
203:).
197:jaw
164:In
4334::
4125:,
4121:,
4117:,
4103:,
4099:,
4095:,
4091:,
4087:,
4083:,
4079:,
3877:,
3873:,
3869:,
3865:,
3846:,
3817::
3801::
3785::
3758:,
3750::
3197:.
3171:.
3119:.
3111:.
3103:.
3093:54
3091:.
3085:.
3056:.
3028:.
2970:^
2953:.
2941:^
2927:.
2917:37
2915:.
2911:.
2885:.
2863:.
2853:.
2841:.
2837:.
2811:.
2789:.
2779:.
2765:.
2761:.
2738:.
2730:.
2722:.
2710:.
2706:.
2678:.
2653:.
2628:.
2603:.
2595:.
2583:.
2579:.
2556:.
2546:66
2544:.
2505:.
2493:^
2486:70
2484:,
2443:^
2429:.
2419:52
2417:.
2413:.
2372:^
2358:.
2348:.
2336:.
2332:.
2306:.
2295:^
2278:.
2245:.
2234:^
2217:.
2185:,
2173:^
2157:^
2087:,
2055:^
2035:;
2002:^
1982:.
1937:^
1828:A
1719:.
1711:,
1600:.
1518:.
1503:.
1201:16
1197:15
1073:c.
1046:.
1034:c.
872:.
848:.
800:.
589:).
340:)
332::
247:c.
50:,
4310::
4129:)
4113:(
4107:)
4075:(
4014:)
4006:(
4000:)
3996:(
3949:)
3945:(
3939:)
3935:(
3929:)
3925:(
3881:)
3861:(
3850:)
3842:(
3762:)
3754:(
3712:e
3705:t
3698:v
3262:e
3255:t
3248:v
3213:.
3182:.
3156:.
3099::
3067:.
3041:.
3001:.
2964:.
2935:.
2896:.
2871:.
2849::
2843:6
2822:.
2797:.
2773::
2746:.
2718::
2691:.
2664:.
2639:.
2611:.
2591::
2564:.
2552::
2529:.
2511:3
2437:.
2425::
2398:.
2366:.
2344::
2338:3
2317:.
2289:.
2263:.
2228:.
2151:.
1996:.
1968:.
1848:.
1257:4
1253:3
1250:+
1248:3
1175:(
1094:2
1090:1
1087:+
1085:3
886:(
825:(
665:.
448:(
363:)
245:(
156:]
65:.
58:.
20:)
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