2587:
45:
1119:
2237:
36:
1481:
1359:
203:. There is a case for describing this as the reverse side, as some sources do, as it may have been carried that way in processions, with the plain engraved crucifixion facing forward, and the gem-encrusted face facing the emperor who followed the cross. The enamel is on the bands of the terminals that are interrupted by the points of the triangular sections. The gems in the centre rows are mounted in raised drum-like platforms, their sides decorated with arcades in filigree. The flat surface of the arms is decorated all over with filigree
2227:
1719:
1287:
2169:
1429:
1751:
1554:
2289:
1919:
1839:
1829:
1809:
1649:
1574:
1471:
2499:
2161:
1909:
1789:
1237:
1959:
1771:
1524:
2719:
1149:
2151:
2101:
2017:
2607:
2319:
2299:
2217:
1731:
1159:
2755:
1494:
2659:
1564:
1504:
1399:
2699:
2567:
2257:
1899:
1819:
1629:
1349:
1319:
1307:
1267:
1139:
538:
2207:
2043:
1949:
1799:
1451:
1409:
1257:
1227:
1209:
2709:
2689:
2339:
2309:
1761:
1741:
1639:
1441:
1391:
1297:
1129:
2111:
2071:
1781:
1699:
1689:
1584:
1514:
1419:
1179:
2679:
2519:
2509:
2279:
2131:
1709:
2669:
2639:
2247:
1999:
1989:
1979:
2489:
2267:
1889:
1869:
1849:
338:
2649:
2479:
2053:
1969:
2063:
1679:
1659:
1461:
2627:
2557:
2187:
2033:
1929:
1594:
2743:
2547:
2081:
1371:
2091:
1879:
1859:
1534:
1381:
1247:
2329:
2197:
1604:
1199:
173:
2177:
2121:
1939:
1669:
1619:
1544:
1329:
1339:
1277:
1189:
2617:
2141:
2577:
1219:
1169:
2597:
423:; for example, most rich crosses of similar date made more use of enamel. The two sides can be taken to represent Church and state, fittingly for an imperial donation that was carried in front of the Holy Roman Emperors as they processed into the church. The broad form of the design matches that of the small cross at the front of the
360:
in
Cologne, which was a crucial work in developing the Western image of the dead crucified Christ, whose head is slumped to his shoulder, and whose sagging body forms a S shape, showing the marks of his suffering, here with blood spurting from the spear-wound in his side. Engraved backs are found in
226:
On the assumption that the
Ottonians were aware that the cameo was a portrait of Augustus (some coins of that era showed Charlemagne and his successors as Roman Emperors with short hair and laurel wreaths), it served to link the Ottonian dynasty with the original Roman emperors, and assert them as
368:
This style of gem-studded gold decoration, re-using material from antiquity, was usual for the richest objects at the time. In particular, the motif of the glorified jewelled cross, a "transformation of the crude gibbet on which Christ died", goes back to
270:
The second largest gem, below
Augustus, was probably Lothair's seal and has his portrait with the inscription "+XPE ADIVVA HLOTARIVM REG" ("O Christ, help King Lothar"). This served a similar function, linking the Ottonians with the
2586:
449:
Calkins, p. 115; agreement on the approximate date is unanimous among the works cited, except for Lasko p. 101, who sees no need to date it later than the 980s, and also describes it as an "altar cross"
573:
The Three Graces are the central purple gem two down from
Augustus, and the lion is black, on the left of the top section of the main shaft. See the close-ups in the external links section.
44:
79:
267:
in Paris. It is now impossible to know the degrees of awareness of this iconographic recycling among the different categories of people creating and seeing these objects.
2722:
564:
Lasko, 49 points out that the inscription is not reversed, and so would not have read correctly on a wax impression, making it unlikely it was actually used as a seal
373:, when pagan opponents of Christianity often mocked the mean nature of the primary Christian symbol. Until about the 6th century, crosses rarely showed the figure of
542:
601:
551:(BnF) detached from their original settings, which were destroyed during the French Revolution. The BnF now identifies the Julia as the daughter of the emperor
419:
The
Lothair Cross is in this respect a somewhat conservative object, leaving the front free for imperial symbolism, and also perhaps as a deliberate revival of
2852:
1094:
377:, but by 1000 other grand jewelled crosses had already moved the crucifixion, usually in gilded cast bronze, to the front face of the cross, to make them
856:
160:
The cross is still used in processions today. On high feast days it is carried into Aachen
Cathedral where it is placed next to the main altar during
921:
Form of cross typical of Early
Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.
424:
771:
and John
Fleming, A World History of Art,1st edn. 1982 & later editions, Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback.
903:
195:. The front of the cross (in the terms used here) is made of gold and silver plate and is richly decorated with precious stones, pearls, gold
2857:
716:
2727:
504:
537:
Henderson, pp. 110–111 for the "Escrin", or Lasko 24-6 and figs. 23 & 24 for the 1790s drawing – he uses "Escrain". The Julia gem is
547:
2822:
793:
2773:
835:
817:
776:
753:
739:
708:
106:. It is an outstanding example of medieval goldsmith's work, and "an important monument of imperial ideology", forming part of the
2842:
2837:
310:'s acceptance of Christ's sacrifice. This is the earliest known appearance of the dove in this motif, which introduces the whole
1087:
1015:
591:
Swartzenski, p. 42 and figs. The clearest photo illustration is in
Schiller, II, fig. 395, and Lasko, p. 100 has a drawing.
2812:
2832:
2827:
2236:
2154:
1942:
604:
154:
1030:
756:
724:
720:
322:
of the sun and moon with heads bowed and surmounted by their symbols. The Hand with the wreath was a common motif in
35:
1902:
1722:
1577:
1118:
1080:
984:
409:
138:
107:
1358:
896:
1802:
1412:
1103:
2226:
2006:
2292:
2270:
1872:
1286:
1152:
102:
dating from about 1000 AD, though its base dates from the 14th century. It was made in
Germany, probably at
1480:
853:
2631:
2560:
2282:
1962:
1812:
1061:
1035:
645:
382:
331:
416:, see left), which uses a virtually identical design for the terminals of the arms to the Lothair Cross.
114:. The measurements of the original portion are 50 cm height, 38.5 cm width, 2.3 cm depth.
2847:
2817:
2672:
2302:
2168:
1682:
1428:
1362:
958:
889:
1932:
1718:
1553:
876:
1838:
943:
2104:
1992:
1982:
1912:
1882:
1527:
1162:
393:
353:
295:
248:
2718:
2498:
2160:
660:
All covered and illustrated in Lasko, or see Beckwith, pp. 138–143, and Swartzenski, p. 42 and figs.
2747:
2371:
2250:
1972:
1958:
1892:
1852:
1842:
1770:
1260:
994:
953:
938:
272:
200:
1750:
467:
Calkins, 115, and most scholars except Lasko 101, who sees no need to date it later than the 980s.
2433:
2366:
2124:
1922:
1142:
1025:
948:
933:
327:
276:
99:
2288:
2150:
1918:
1828:
1808:
1648:
1573:
1470:
866:
348:
has many similarities, but has a sculpted Christ on the front, above a figurative enamel plaque.
2754:
2606:
2298:
1908:
1236:
508:
2652:
2642:
2590:
2220:
2210:
2084:
2074:
1734:
1662:
1557:
1523:
1270:
1240:
1056:
1010:
831:
813:
789:
772:
749:
735:
712:
704:
397:
381:, which would remain the most common Catholic form of cross. Some examples are the crosses of
299:
187:
The oak core of the Lothair Cross is encased in gold and silver and encrusted with jewels and
871:
314:
into a crucifixion, an iconography that was to have a long future. The Serpent, representing
2322:
1788:
1597:
1280:
1148:
1122:
847:
805:
146:
2698:
2100:
1898:
1138:
2428:
2318:
2240:
2216:
2144:
1730:
1612:
1567:
1507:
1474:
1408:
1402:
1250:
1230:
1226:
1158:
860:
827:
420:
413:
405:
319:
264:
232:
212:
83:
1712:
2708:
2308:
1493:
2658:
2438:
2418:
2413:
2403:
2361:
2356:
2312:
2230:
2070:
2036:
1822:
1780:
1774:
1698:
1632:
1563:
1537:
1503:
1398:
1384:
1352:
1290:
1172:
1132:
1020:
963:
370:
307:
161:
118:
2678:
2566:
2508:
2278:
2256:
2130:
1818:
1628:
1348:
1318:
1306:
1266:
2806:
2455:
2408:
2332:
2260:
2200:
1952:
1754:
1702:
1672:
1607:
1497:
1454:
1342:
1212:
1202:
1051:
979:
434:/83?), which also has a jewelled front side and an engraved crucifixion on the rear.
318:, is twined round the bottom of the cross. In medallions at the ends of the arms are
2668:
2638:
2246:
2206:
2042:
1988:
1978:
1948:
1798:
1450:
1256:
1208:
337:
2688:
2512:
2450:
2423:
2398:
2393:
2376:
2338:
2266:
2190:
2114:
1888:
1868:
1848:
1792:
1764:
1760:
1740:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1622:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1422:
1390:
1332:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1128:
912:
236:
228:
188:
130:
111:
93:
2648:
2626:
2110:
2052:
1968:
1688:
1583:
1513:
1418:
1178:
149:. The cross was actually made over a century after Lothair's death for one of the
121:, and the engraved crucifixion on the reverse looks forward to the later period.
2759:
2518:
2492:
2465:
2381:
2062:
1862:
1744:
1708:
1692:
1678:
1658:
1587:
1517:
1322:
1192:
1182:
824:
Monuments of Romanesque Art; The Art of Church Treasures in North-Western Europe
781:
768:
361:
many jewelled crosses of the period. The cross is now mounted on a 14th-century
260:
252:
244:
142:
134:
2556:
2186:
2032:
1998:
1928:
1593:
649:
164:. For the rest of the time, it is on display in the Cathedral Treasury Museum.
2712:
2620:
2610:
2522:
2488:
2388:
2080:
2046:
1547:
1484:
1370:
401:
362:
357:
303:
2788:
2775:
2742:
2692:
2478:
2180:
2090:
2002:
1938:
1878:
1858:
1533:
1380:
1246:
256:
172:
17:
2328:
2196:
1603:
1460:
1338:
1198:
157:. It appears to have been donated to the cathedral as soon as it was made.
2176:
2120:
1668:
1618:
1543:
1328:
2702:
2682:
2662:
2580:
2134:
2056:
1374:
378:
284:
280:
216:
208:
196:
177:
150:
2546:
1276:
1188:
279:. Other gems on the cross have classical carvings on them, including an
2616:
2600:
2570:
2502:
2482:
2469:
2140:
1832:
802:
Catalogue of an exhibition in the Schnütgen Museum, Köln, 1985. 3 vols.
365:
stand, itself decorated with two small crucifixions and other figures.
311:
220:
204:
103:
294:
The reverse side of the Cross is a plain gold plate engraved with the
2094:
1464:
374:
323:
2576:
1218:
1168:
117:
The cross comes from the period when Ottonian art was evolving into
2596:
615:
See for example those illustrated in Legner, III, H28, H29 and H31
552:
336:
315:
240:
192:
171:
153:
dynasty, the successors of the Carolingian dynasty; possibly for
2550:
2445:
334:
portraits of themselves, to emphasize their authority from God.
288:
1076:
885:
881:
2529:
2526:
291:, both of which are mounted with the images placed sideways.
812:, 1972 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London,
356:, closely related to the slightly earlier life-size wooden
1072:
129:
The cross takes its name from the large engraved greenish
207:. At the meeting point of the arms is a first-century AD
326:
in Rome, and also used in art associated with the early
133:
seal near its base bearing the portrait and name of the
545:. Both now survive in the French national library, the
352:
The cross is an outstanding and moving example of the
227:
God's representatives on Earth. On the other hand, an
110:, which includes several other masterpieces of sacral
732:
Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque
302:
holding a victor's wreath containing the dove of the
63:
Back of the cross, with engraved crucifixion (right).
800:
Ornamenta Ecclesiae, Kunst und KĂĽnstler der Romanik.
251:
by Charles the Bald, was treated as an image of the
2538:
2464:
2349:
2024:
1110:
1044:
1003:
972:
926:
687:Both sides illustrated in Lasko, plates 81 and 82
2723:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
701:The language of art: studies in interpretation
1088:
897:
854:General view and close-up of the central part
8:
263:added to it before use in metalwork for the
255:. Another gem portrait of the Roman Emperor
646:Commons photo of Cross of Gisela of Hungary
91:
1095:
1081:
1073:
904:
890:
882:
528:Calkins, p. 115. He makes this assumption.
788:, Yale University Press, 1995 (2nd edn.)
734:, Thames & Hudson, 1964 (rev. 1969),
850:on the Aachen Cathedral Treasury website
485:See the close-up photo in external links
442:
425:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
247:", an elaborate treasure given to the
810:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. II
636:Henderson, 202–209, quotation, p. 208
7:
2728:List of tallest crosses in the world
275:who had established the position of
2853:Augustus in ancient Roman sculpture
27:Jewelled cross dating from c.1000AD
25:
223:, also mounted on a raised drum.
2753:
2741:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2015:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1427:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1031:Cross of San Salvador de Fuentes
548:Bibliothèque nationale de France
243:) at the top of the "Escrain de
231:portrait of Augustus's daughter
43:
34:
624:Calkins, 115, Lasko 99–106 and
1016:Essen cross with large enamels
168:Description and interpretation
1:
867:Central part of the back side
428:
386:
342:
191:– a total of 102 gems and 35
2858:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
259:had a cross and the name of
155:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
765:, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin.
600:Schiller, p. 142. See also
541:, and the Caracalla gem is
180:cameo at the center of the
145:(835–869), and a nephew of
2874:
985:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
476:Henderson, p. 261, n. 135.
239:, daughter of the emperor
57:, "imperial side") of the
2823:Aachen Cathedral Treasury
2736:
2013:
919:
746:Monuments of Medieval Art
108:Aachen Cathedral Treasury
2523:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
650:German Knowledge article
2843:11th-century sculptures
2838:10th-century sculptures
2748:Christianity portal
863:(at the bottom section)
678:Honour and Fleming, 273
306:; here this represents
2561:Armenian eternity sign
1133:Anchored/Saint Clement
582:Schiller, pp. 108, 122
383:Bernward of Hildesheim
349:
341:The Mathilda Cross of
332:illuminated manuscript
184:
92:
87:
2673:Shield of the Trinity
1755:Portate/Saint Gilbert
959:Treasure of Guarrazar
340:
215:of the Roman Emperor
175:
2813:Processional crosses
2446:Rood/Triumphal cross
1883:Saint James/Santiago
1833:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1508:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1062:Cross of Chersonesus
1036:Cross of Stift Enger
798:Legner, Anton (ed).
744:Calkins, Robert G.;
394:Hildesheim Cathedral
354:Crucifixion of Jesus
298:, with above it the
296:Crucifixion of Jesus
249:Abbey of Saint-Denis
2833:Roman Empire cameos
2828:Ottonian sculptures
2785: /
2713:Triskelion/Triskele
2155:Cuthbert's pectoral
1578:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1568:Jerusalem/Crusaders
954:Cross of Desiderius
939:Cross of the Angels
822:Swarzenski, Hanns.
786:Ars Sacra, 800-1200
761:Henderson, George.
703:, NYU Press, 1997,
328:Holy Roman Emperors
273:Carolingian dynasty
2789:50.7751°N 6.0828°E
1026:Cross of Theophanu
934:Cross of Justin II
872:Lothair's seal gem
859:2018-08-03 at the
763:Early Medieval Art
350:
277:Holy Roman Emperor
185:
100:processional cross
2768:
2767:
2683:Sunwheel swastika
2066:Blanc croix rouge
1070:
1069:
1057:Cross of Adelheid
1011:Cross of Mathilde
806:Schiller, Gertrud
717:978-0-8147-1255-9
421:Carolingian style
410:Mathilda of Essen
398:Gisela of Hungary
219:holding an eagle
98:(jewelled cross)
16:(Redirected from
2865:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2135:Cross cramponnée
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2019:
2018:
2001:
1993:Syriac (Western)
1991:
1983:Syriac (Eastern)
1981:
1971:
1963:Serbian Orthodox
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1813:Russian Orthodox
1811:
1801:
1791:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1229:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1074:
995:Cross of Peñalba
990:Cross of Lothair
944:Cross of Agilulf
906:
899:
892:
883:
848:Cross of Lothair
748:, Dutton, 1979,
730:Beckwith, John.
699:Barasch, Moshe,
688:
685:
679:
676:
670:
667:
661:
658:
652:
643:
637:
634:
628:
622:
616:
613:
607:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
562:
556:
535:
529:
526:
520:
519:
517:
516:
507:. Archived from
505:"Close-up photo"
501:
495:
492:
486:
483:
477:
474:
468:
465:
459:
456:
450:
447:
433:
430:
391:
388:
347:
344:
320:personifications
201:cloisonné enamel
182:Cross of Lothair
147:Charles the Bald
97:
82:
71:Cross of Lothair
59:Cross of Lothair
53:The front side (
47:
38:
21:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2803:
2802:
2794:50.7751; 6.0828
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2760:Arts portal
2752:
2740:
2732:
2534:
2460:
2345:
2020:
2016:
2011:
1683:Order of Christ
1475:Globus cruciger
1291:Catherine wheel
1106:
1101:
1071:
1066:
1040:
999:
968:
949:Cross of Gisulf
927:6th–9th century
922:
915:
910:
861:Wayback Machine
844:
828:Faber and Faber
696:
691:
686:
682:
677:
673:
668:
664:
659:
655:
644:
640:
635:
631:
623:
619:
614:
610:
602:Richard Herries
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
568:
563:
559:
536:
532:
527:
523:
514:
512:
503:
502:
498:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
471:
466:
462:
457:
453:
448:
444:
440:
431:
414:Essen Cathedral
406:Munich Residenz
389:
345:
330:, including in
265:Sainte-Chapelle
170:
127:
78:
67:
66:
65:
64:
62:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2643:Solomon's knot
2635:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2313:Teutonic Order
2305:
2295:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2125:Coptic (Early)
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1528:Greek Orthodox
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1387:
1385:Cruciform halo
1377:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1163:Archiepiscopal
1155:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Imperial Cross
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
974:
970:
969:
967:
966:
964:Ardennes Cross
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
930:
928:
924:
923:
920:
917:
916:
911:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
851:
843:
842:External links
840:
839:
838:
820:
803:
796:
794:978-0300060485
779:
766:
759:
742:
728:
695:
692:
690:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
638:
629:
617:
608:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
530:
521:
496:
487:
478:
469:
460:
458:Barasch, p. 30
451:
441:
439:
436:
371:Late Antiquity
308:God the Father
287:and a lion in
211:three-layered
169:
166:
126:
123:
119:Romanesque art
52:
51:
42:
41:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2008:
2007:Saint Anthony
2004:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:Saint Patrick
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:Saint Florian
1860:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:In modern use
1109:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Cross of Cong
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Victory Cross
978:
977:
975:
971:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
925:
918:
914:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
887:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
841:
837:
836:0-571-10588-2
833:
829:
825:
821:
819:
818:0-85331-324-5
815:
811:
807:
804:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
778:
777:0-333-37185-2
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
758:
755:
754:0-525-47561-3
751:
747:
743:
741:
740:0-500-20019-X
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:0-8147-1255-X
706:
702:
698:
697:
693:
684:
681:
675:
672:
666:
663:
657:
654:
651:
647:
642:
639:
633:
630:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
606:
603:
597:
594:
588:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
561:
558:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
511:on 2011-07-18
510:
506:
500:
497:
491:
488:
482:
479:
473:
470:
464:
461:
455:
452:
446:
443:
437:
435:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
384:
380:
376:
372:
366:
364:
359:
355:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:engraved gems
183:
179:
174:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
122:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
95:
89:
85:
81:
76:
75:Lothair Cross
72:
60:
56:
46:
37:
19:
2848:Gold objects
2818:Crux gemmata
2770:
2630:
2513:Signum manus
2466:Christograms
2434:Processional
2367:Conciliation
2293:Saint Julian
2105:Consecration
1943:Saint Thomas
1923:Saint Philip
1873:Saint George
1143:Anuradhapura
1045:12th century
1004:11th century
989:
973:10th century
913:Crux gemmata
877:Three Graces
823:
809:
799:
785:
782:Lasko, Peter
762:
757:Google books
745:
731:
721:Google books
700:
683:
674:
665:
656:
641:
632:
625:
620:
611:
596:
587:
578:
569:
560:
546:
533:
524:
513:. Retrieved
509:the original
499:
494:Calkins, 115
490:
481:
472:
463:
454:
445:
418:
404:, 1006, now
367:
351:
293:
285:Three Graces
269:
237:Julia Flavia
229:engraved gem
225:
186:
181:
159:
131:rock crystal
128:
116:
112:Ottonian art
94:crux gemmata
74:
70:
68:
58:
54:
18:Lothar Cross
2792: /
2653:Scientology
2493:IX monogram
2350:By function
2283:Saint Alban
2085:Carolingian
1973:Short Sword
1933:Saint Piran
1913:Saint Peter
1853:Saint David
1735:Patriarchal
1588:Latin/Roman
1413:Evangelists
1193:Balkenkreuz
1183:Arrow/Barby
769:Hugh Honour
390: 1000
300:Hand of God
261:Saint Peter
253:Virgin Mary
245:Charlemagne
143:Lotharingia
135:Carolingian
88:Lotharkreuz
55:Kaiserseite
2807:Categories
2777:50°46′30″N
2323:Two-barred
2025:Historical
1893:Saint John
1843:Saint Chad
1784:Resistance
1598:Macedonian
1487:'s variant
1485:Archbishop
1281:Canterbury
1153:Archangels
723:(See also
694:References
669:Lasko, 100
515:2009-12-29
432: 973
402:Regensburg
379:crucifixes
358:Gero Cross
346: 973
304:Holy Ghost
141:, King of
139:Lothair II
2780:6°04′58″E
2470:Chrismons
2429:Preaching
2271:Quarterly
2241:Nestorian
2181:Gammadion
2164:Engrailed
1403:Ethiopian
1251:Byzantine
1231:Bulgarian
283:with the
257:Caracalla
80:‹See Tfd›
2703:Swastika
2663:Shamrock
2591:Kolovrat
2581:Irminsul
2539:See also
2439:Lalibela
2419:Pectoral
2414:Necklace
2404:Memorial
2372:Heraldry
2362:Blessing
2221:Lorraine
2191:Jewelled
2037:Avellane
1775:Quadrate
1663:Novgorod
1633:Maronite
1558:Jeremiah
1538:Huguenot
1375:Crucifix
1353:Crosslet
1323:Cercelée
1271:Camargue
1241:Burgundy
1173:Armenian
857:Archived
830:, 1974,
281:amethyst
217:Augustus
209:sardonyx
205:tendrils
197:filigree
178:Augustus
151:Ottonian
2611:Mjölnir
2601:Lauburu
2571:Ichthys
2503:Labarum
2483:Chi Rho
2456:Wayside
2409:Mission
2333:Victory
2303:Templar
2261:Pierced
2251:Peñalba
2211:Lazarus
2201:Katanga
2172:Erminée
1953:Serbian
1803:Russian
1723:Fitchée
1703:Patonce
1673:Occitan
1608:Maltese
1498:Gnostic
1455:Fourchy
1343:Cossack
1311:Variant
1261:Calvary
1213:Bottony
1203:Bolnisi
1123:Alcoraz
1104:Crosses
408:), and
324:mosaics
312:Trinity
221:sceptre
125:History
104:Cologne
90:) is a
61:(left).
2451:Summit
2424:Plague
2399:Mercat
2394:Market
2377:Nordic
2342:Voided
2115:Coptic
2095:Chouan
2075:Brigid
1793:Ringed
1765:Potent
1713:Pattée
1653:Nordic
1643:Moline
1623:Marian
1613:Marada
1465:Fylfot
1445:Forked
1433:Fitchy
1423:Fleury
1394:Double
1363:Fitchy
1333:Coptic
1301:Celtic
1222:Branch
834:
816:
792:
775:
752:
738:
715:
707:
626:passim
412:(973,
375:Christ
363:Gothic
193:pearls
137:ruler
84:German
2382:Pisan
2357:Altar
2231:Neith
2145:Crown
2057:Black
1823:Salem
1745:Pommy
1693:Papal
1518:Greek
553:Titus
438:Notes
316:Satan
241:Titus
233:Julia
213:cameo
2632:Rota
2621:Rose
2551:Ankh
2389:High
2047:Aviz
1548:Iron
832:ISBN
814:ISBN
790:ISBN
773:ISBN
750:ISBN
736:ISBN
725:here
713:ISBN
705:ISBN
648:and
605:here
543:here
539:here
289:onyx
235:(or
199:and
176:The
162:mass
69:The
2693:Sun
2530:Rho
2527:Tau
2003:Tau
396:),
73:or
2809::
2468:,
826:,
808:,
784:,
719:,
711:,
429:c.
392:,
387:c.
343:c.
86::
2525:/
2005:/
1096:e
1089:t
1082:v
905:e
898:t
891:v
727:)
555:.
518:.
427:(
400:(
385:(
77:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
