1005:
166:
989:
152:
973:
957:
1053:
1021:
135:
1673:
2098:
1691:
1942:
1037:
571:
941:
296:
2058:
1924:
1880:
1633:
1397:
2473:
1745:
1192:
1152:
1803:
1557:
1415:
1094:
2147:
315:
1902:
1785:
1375:
1228:
1210:
1174:
2040:
1862:
1268:
2022:
1993:
1821:
1709:
1539:
1597:
1246:
1134:
1112:
1960:
1839:
1579:
1727:
1615:
1330:
1299:
501:
38:
1451:
1433:
425:
1067:
The following tables or charts show numerous examples of love dart morphology, on a family-by-family and species-by-species basis. Not all families and species are included. The drawings show first the cross section, and then the lateral view of the dart in that particular species. Darts vary in size
440:
Although the existence and use of love darts in snails has been known for at least several centuries, until recently the actual function of love darts was not properly understood. It was long assumed that the darts had some sort of "stimulating" function, and served to make copulation more likely. It
390:
The two snails circle around each other for up to six hours, touching with their tentacles, and biting lips and the area of the genital pore, which shows some preliminary signs of the eversion of the penis. As the snails approach mating, hydraulic pressure builds up in the blood sinus surrounding the
566:
snails (those snails that have a lung rather than a gill or gills.) Their reproductive system is completely internal, except for the active protrusion (eversion) of the penis for copulation. The outer opening of the reproductive system is called the "genital pore"; it is positioned on the right hand
496:
Darts can range in size from about 30 millimetres (1.2 in) long in the larger snail species, down to about 1 millimetre (0.04 in) in the smallest snails that have darts. Typically most darts are less than 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long, but they are substantial compared with the size of
459:
when the dart is inserted, which reconfigures the recipient's reproductive system: the bursa copulatrix (sperm digestion organ) becomes closed off, and the copulatory canal (leading to the sperm storage) is opened. This reconfiguration allows more sperm to access the sperm storage area and fertilize
400:
A snail does not have a dart to fire the very first time it mates, because the first mating is necessary to trigger the process of dart formation. Once a snail has mated, it fires a dart before some, but not all, subsequent matings. A snail often mates without having a dart to use, because it takes
331:
933:
Below are SEM images of love darts from eight different species of pulmonate land snails. The upper images show a lateral view, where the scale bar is 500 ÎĽm (= 0.5 mm). The lower images show a cross-section, where the scale bar is 50 ÎĽm (= 0.05 mm).
693:
Many species have only one dart sac, however other species have several. Snails in the family
Bradybaenidae have more than one dart sac, and some species of Hygromiidae and Helmintoglyptidae have four dart sacs. Some Urocyclidae have up to 70 darts.
444:
Recent research has led to a new understanding of the function of love darts: manipulating the recipient's snail's sperm collection mechanism, thus increasing the chances of paternity for the sender. A close look into the behavior of
391:
organ housing the dart. Each snail manoeuvres to get its genital pore in the best position, close to the other snail's body. Then, when the body of one snail touches the other snail's genital pore, it triggers the firing of the dart.
2513:, "I believe the myth of Cupid and his arrows has its basis in this snail species, which is native to Greece". He added, "The Greeks probably knew about this behavior because they were pretty good naturalists and observers."
2582:
gastropods are hermaphrodites, as are the pulmonates; however, opisthobranchs do not have love darts. Nonetheless, some of them do stab one another during mating, using hardened anatomical structures. For example, in the
710:, and have a complete and rather elaborate set of both male and female reproductive organs (see the simplified anatomical diagram above), but the majority of pulmonate land snails have no love darts and no dart sac.
596:). The exact positioning of the stylophore varies, but it is in the vicinity of the eversible penis and the vagina, where these two structures open into the "atrium", a common area right inside the genital pore.
3924:
536:
can sometimes only be distinguished by examining the shape of the love dart and the vaginal mucous glands (which in the anatomical diagram are marked "MG" and are positioned off the structure marked "V".)
3931:
394:
The darting can sometimes be so forceful that the dart ends up buried in the internal organs. It can also happen that a dart will pierce the body or head entirely, and protrude on the other side.
690:
Only two families have darts present in every species: the
Bradybaenidae and in the Dyakiidae. In all the other families there is reduction or loss of dart-making ability in some of the species.
552:
246:, each of the two snails (or slugs) attempts to "shoot" one (or more) darts into the other snail (or slug). There is no organ to receive the dart; this action is more analogous to
217:
create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These darts are made in sexually mature animals only, and are used as part of the sequence of events during
2567:
a considerable distance; then it fires its harpoon and injects a toxin into the prey. For most species of toxoglossans the prey is marine worms, but in the case of some larger
412:
either fail to penetrate the skin, or miss the target altogether. Snails have only very simple visual systems and cannot see well enough to use vision to help aim the darts.
273:
between both of the two land snails is a completely separate part of the mating progression. Nevertheless, recent research shows that use of the dart can strongly favor the
451:
shows that this is achieved not by the mechanical action of the dart as it penetrates the recipient's skin, but by the mucus that coats the dart: The mucus carries an
3895:
3340:
The ultrastructure and mineralogy of the dart from
Philomycus carolinianus (Pulmonata: Gastropoda) with a brief survey of the occurrence of darts in land snails
3231:
2800:
2697:
Adamo, S.A. and Chase, R. (1990), The “love dart” of the snail Helix aspersa injects A pheromone that decreases courtship duration. J. Exp. Zool., 255: 80-87.
3854:
Roth, B. (1996). "Homoplastic loss of dart apparatus, phylogeny of the genera and a phylogenetic taxonomy of the
Helminthoglyptidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)".
3567:
Davison, Angus; Wade, Christopher M.; Mordan, Peter B.; Chiba, Satoshi (2005). "Sex and darts in slugs and snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)".
2709:
Monica Lodi, Joris M. Koene (2016) The love-darts of land snails: integrating physiology, morphology and behaviour. Journal of
Molluscan Studies 82:1:1-10.
3995:
3944:
3407:
2559:
tooth which is created inside the mouth of the snail, and which is primarily made of chitin. These snails are carnivorous hunters: the harpoon is used in
866:
Because of the presence of darts in many superfamilies of the
Stylommatophora, it seems likely that love darts appeared during the early evolution of the
3887:
2819:
476:
which is secreted by a specialized organ within the reproductive system of several families of air-breathing snails and slugs, mainly in terrestrial
899:
Love darts are shaped in many distinctive ways and vary considerably between species. The morphology of the dart is almost always species-specific.
3357:
284:
Love darts are shaped in many distinctive ways, which vary considerably between species. What all the shapes of love darts have in common is their
3482:
Chase, Ronald; Vaga, Kristin (2005). "Independence, not conflict, characterizes dart-shooting and sperm exchange in a hermaphroditic snail".
4426:
1004:
161:. 1 = flared base of the dart. 2 = position of the inner cavity. 3 = longitudinal flanges or vanes. 4 = sharp tip or blade of the dart
3913:
4344:
3919:
3134:
3058:
559:
546:
505:
408:
The dart is shot with some variation in force, and with considerable inaccuracy, such that one-third of the darts that are fired in
121:
3375:
The reproductive anatomy of
Philomycus sellatus Hubricht, 1972 and Philomycus virginicus Hubricht, 1953 (Gastropoda: Philomycidae)
4349:
4264:
3185:
2773:
988:
3988:
2516:
In some languages, the dart that these snails use before mating is known as an "arrow". For example, in German it is called a
1068:
according to the size of the snail or slug species, but here they are all shown at the same size, for purposes of comparison.
4289:
4279:
972:
956:
59:
1052:
1020:
524:(shape and form) of the dart is species-specific. For example, individual snails of the two rather similar helicid species
3304:
3904:
902:
Some darts have a round cross section, others are bladed or vaned. In some cases the blades on the sides of the dart are
4354:
4319:
927:
907:
138:
102:
567:
side, very close to the head of the animal. This opening is virtually invisible however, unless it is actively in use.
4385:
1679:
74:
3235:
2797:
3201:
1036:
4421:
3981:
3968:
1697:
340:
prior to mating, showing the everted penis, and the dart sac in the process of shooting a love dart. S – dart sac (
55:
940:
48:
4446:
4431:
277:
outcome for the snail that is able to lodge a dart in its partner. This is because mucus on the dart contains an
81:
3941:
3736:"Dart shooting influences paternal reproductive success in the snail Helix aspersa (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora)"
3326:
2925:"Dart shooting influences paternal reproductive success in the snail Helix aspersa (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora)"
873:
During evolution, darts appear to have been lost secondarily, i.e., after they had evolved and been functional.
3415:
2104:
1948:
1011:
891:
is a fleshy or cuticle-coated papilla which is considered to be a degenerated, previously dart-bearing, organ.
588:
The love dart is created and stored before use in a highly muscular internal anatomical structure known as the
2722:
Rogers, David; Chase, Ronald (2001). "Dart receipt promotes sperm storage in the garden snail Helix aspersa".
3796:
Milius, Susan (September 2006). "Battle of the hermaphrodites: Sexes clash even when sharing the same body".
2635:
2483:
Some writers have commented on the parallel between the love darts of snails and the love darts fired by the
2230:
570:
1273:
165:
88:
4284:
2756:
2064:
1930:
1886:
1403:
3314:
4162:
4041:
3352:
2256:
1198:
1158:
995:
441:
was also suggested that darts might be a "gift" of calcium. These theories have proved to be incorrect.
3431:"Precopulatory stabbing, hypodermic injections and unilateral copulations in a hermaphroditic sea slug"
2956:
Rogers, D.; Chase, R. (2001). "Dart receipt promotes sperm storage in the garden snail Helix aspersa".
151:
3253:
70:
3875:
3834:
3524:
3292:
2453:
1999:
1809:
1751:
1639:
1563:
1421:
979:
963:
521:
243:
1672:
520:
There is considerable variety in both the overall shape and the cross section of the love dart. The
134:
4380:
4309:
4274:
4121:
4086:
2415:
2158:
1908:
1791:
1690:
1381:
1234:
1216:
1180:
1059:
1027:
660:
143:
3701:"Tales of two snails: Sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa"
2659:"Tales of two snails: sexual selection and sexual conflict in Lymnaea stagnalis and Helix aspersa"
2498:. It is even possible that there is a connection between the behavior of the snails and the myth.
652:
4021:
3813:
3687:
3499:
2981:
2973:
2853:
2739:
2477:
2447:
2243:
2046:
1966:
1868:
1651:
1505:
1287:
1100:
831:
742:
627:. The opening of the stylophore can instead lead to the penis, as is the case in some species of
608:
4299:
3588:
Hunt, S (1979). "The structure and composition of the love dart (gypsobelum) in Helix pomatia".
2759:(2008) In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2097:
1941:
887:
599:
The opening of the stylophore leads directly into the atrium in certain species in the families
930:(SEMs) and the drawings below are taken from, or modified from, Koene & Schulenburg, 2005.
628:
4334:
4238:
4193:
4076:
3784:
3722:
3679:
3650:
3605:
3460:
3382:
3130:
3104:
3054:
2905:
2680:
2506:
2057:
2028:
2005:
1923:
1879:
1827:
1715:
1545:
1492:
1396:
719:
473:
352:
295:
218:
196:
3546:
Chung, Daniel J.D. (1986). "Initiation of growth of the first dart in Helix aspersa MĂĽller".
3004:"A Crystallographic Study of the Love Dart (Gypsobelum) of the Land Snail Helix Pomatia (L.)"
4324:
4248:
4243:
4208:
4116:
4036:
3842:
3805:
3774:
3747:
3712:
3671:
3640:
3630:
3597:
3576:
3555:
3532:
3491:
3450:
3442:
3163:
3094:
3084:
3015:
2965:
2936:
2895:
2887:
2845:
2731:
2670:
2472:
1744:
1603:
1191:
1151:
1140:
1118:
1043:
632:
532:
526:
266:
239:
3953:
1802:
1632:
1556:
1414:
460:
eggs, rather than being digested, ultimately increasing the sender's chances of paternity.
330:
4436:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4111:
4106:
4046:
4013:
3948:
3908:
3361:
3189:
2875:
2804:
2495:
2484:
2146:
2076:
1972:
1901:
1845:
1784:
1585:
1374:
1363:
1357:
1318:
1227:
1209:
1173:
947:
808:
800:
780:
750:
723:
490:
314:
225:
takes place. Darts are quite large compared to the size of the animal: in the case of the
3308:
3152:"Die Struktur der Liebespfeile Gattung Helix Linnaeus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Helicidae)"
175:(garden snail) on a ruler for comparison, showing its length of 7 mm (0.28 in).
3838:
3528:
3049:
2039:
1861:
1267:
1093:
428:
4304:
4294:
4269:
4188:
4101:
4096:
4051:
4026:
3645:
3618:
3455:
3430:
3099:
3072:
2900:
2658:
2392:
2021:
1992:
1820:
1733:
1708:
1621:
1538:
1281:
855:
824:
804:
707:
644:
447:
379:
301:
207:
203:
171:
95:
3846:
1596:
1245:
1133:
1111:
4441:
4415:
4395:
3601:
3182:
2584:
2579:
2351:
2170:
2125:
1517:
1343:
1305:
820:
796:
738:
672:
664:
620:
612:
604:
580:
366:
357:
336:
323:
289:
281:(pheromone-like) compound that promotes sperm preservation mechanisms in the female.
157:
3881:
3691:
3503:
3288:
2426:
1959:
1838:
1578:
4061:
3258:
species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) and its implication on dart evolution"
2857:
2206:
1726:
1614:
1457:
1439:
1252:
874:
839:
765:
668:
371:
305:
snails in
Ireland, the one on the right has a fired love dart embedded in its body.
274:
269:(in other words, it is not an accessory organ for sperm transfer). The exchange of
259:
3394:
2985:
2743:
1329:
1298:
903:
551:
The taxonomic placement of all the families mentioned in this article follows the
452:
397:
After both snails have fired their darts, the snails copulate and exchange sperm.
258:. The dart does not fly through the air to reach its target, but is "fired" as a
4390:
4375:
4329:
4228:
4071:
3662:
Koene, Joris M.; Chiba, Satoshi (October 2006). "The Way of the
Samurai Snail".
2589:
2548:
2268:
1763:
1450:
1432:
835:
776:
746:
676:
648:
640:
616:
500:
37:
2849:
1335:
4339:
4314:
4233:
4223:
4152:
4091:
4081:
4031:
4004:
3962:
3901:
3752:
3735:
3619:"Shooting darts: Co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails"
3580:
3559:
3537:
3512:
3495:
3378:
3354:
Land Snails of
Pennsylvania: Philomycus togatus (Augustus Addison Gould, 1841)
3073:"Shooting darts: Co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails"
3020:
3003:
2941:
2924:
2568:
2438:
2313:
882:
816:
812:
769:
761:
730:
656:
651:. Alternatively, it can lead to the vagina, as in the case in some species of
600:
210:
2593:, both seaslugs attempt to stab their partner with a two-part, spined penis.
4370:
4066:
3327:
http://snailstales.blogspot.com/2005/04/dissection-selection-philomycus.html
3168:
3151:
2564:
2560:
2193:
1072:
911:
885:, the surrounding organs have also degenerated (become non-functional). The
877:
darts (ones that exist only in a rudimentary condition) occur in the family
867:
851:
757:
734:
703:
684:
680:
624:
563:
509:
480:
477:
456:
318:
255:
235:, the length of a dart can be up to one fifth that of the semi-slug's foot.
231:
226:
3892:
National Geographic News: Valentine's Day Special Report, 13 February 2004.
3788:
3726:
3683:
3654:
3635:
3464:
3446:
3108:
3089:
2909:
2891:
2684:
2969:
2735:
17:
4203:
3779:
3762:
3717:
3700:
3609:
3209:
2698:
2675:
2544:
1469:
878:
636:
362:
278:
247:
3936:
2710:
4400:
3817:
2977:
2552:
2502:
870:
and that the ancestors of the Stylommatophora possessed darts already.
722:) darts are found in a limited number of pulmonate families within the
483:
285:
4213:
4198:
4172:
2836:
Chase, R. (2007). "The function of dart shooting in helicid snails".
2556:
915:
792:
348:
222:
200:
3973:
3809:
2274:
Some species in this family have spiral darts, and some darts have "
906:
or divided into two parts. Some darts are shaped like a needle or a
3825:
Pomiankowski, Andrew; Reguera, Piedad (2001). "The point of love".
3675:
574:
Drawing of a transverse section of the dart sac (also known as the
401:
time to create a replacement dart. In the case of the garden snail
4218:
4167:
4056:
2538:
2491:
2471:
2145:
834:, chitin darts are found in the pulmonate sea slugs of the family
569:
499:
487:
329:
313:
294:
270:
251:
164:
150:
133:
3937:
The evolution of love darts and shooting behaviour in land snails
2880:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
918:. What all the shapes have in common is their ability to pierce.
155:
Drawing showing a side view of the love dart of the edible snail
3045:
Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology
2487:
775:
Lightly calcified darts occur in the snail and semi-slug family
214:
3977:
516:); P = penis; V = vagina; G = genital pore; MG = mucous glands
31:
3763:"Sexual selection: Lessons from hermaphrodite mating systems"
729:
Most of these families are within the land snail superfamily
387:), copulation is preceded by an elaborate tactile courtship.
2876:"The snail's love-dart delivers mucus to increase paternity"
27:
Darts that some snails shoot into each other during mating
753:(previously considered to be a part of the Hygromiidae).
553:
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)
795:) love darts occur in the pulmonate land snail families
2357:
Species of slugs within this family have spiral darts.
512:
land snail. D = love dart; S = stylophore or dart sac (
238:
The process of using love darts in snails is a form of
141:
image of lateral view of a love dart of the land snail
2563:. When the snail is close to its prey, it extends its
756:
Calcium carbonate darts are also found in the family
3408:"Lovebirds and love darts: The wild world of mating"
3291:, Sixth European Malacological Congress, Amsterdam,
3145:
3143:
3123:
Structure and Functioning of the Reproductive System
2807:
written by Robert Nordsieck, Retrieved 8 August 2009
4363:
4257:
4181:
4145:
4012:
3280:
3278:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3889:Lovebirds and Love Darts: The Wild World of Mating
3254:"Revision of the reproductive morphology of three
2774:"'Love darts' double snail's chance of offspring"
355:ritual. For example, in land snails of the genus
3874:Davidson A. (Last updated 17 August 2007) 2007.
2815:
2813:
2551:, meaning "poison tongue") use a poison dart or
698:Occurrence within the pulmonate snails and slugs
3880:. Molluscs.org: The web page of Angus Davison.
3395:http://delta-intkey.com/britmo/www/zonitida.htm
2629:
2627:
2625:
2543:Marine gastropods in the predatory superfamily
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2528:Dart-like structures in other gastropod groups
584:during the process of creating a new love dart
3989:
3617:Koene, Joris M; Schulenburg, Hinrich (2005).
3247:
3245:
3125:. 307-330, page 324. in: Barker G. M. (ed.):
3071:Koene, Joris M; Schulenburg, Hinrich (2005).
8:
3232:"Mating and Reproduction of the Roman snail"
2869:
2867:
3964:Video showing mating snails with love darts
3996:
3982:
3974:
3252:Koene, Joris M.; Muratov, Igor V. (2004).
405:, it takes a week for a new dart to form.
3778:
3751:
3716:
3644:
3634:
3536:
3454:
3286:On Elona (Pulmonata, Eloniadae fam. nov.)
3167:
3098:
3088:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3019:
2940:
2899:
2674:
455:that is transferred into the recipient's
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2997:
2995:
2397:
2359:
2318:
2280:
2211:
2175:
2130:
2081:
1768:
1656:
1522:
1474:
1077:
2601:
936:
3896:The Roman Snail: Mating and Copulation
2699:https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402550111
2114:Each snail in this species has 2 darts
2011:Each snail in this species has 2 darts
1982:Each snail in this species has 2 darts
1851:Each snail in this species has 2 darts
419:
3310:Mollusca. Testacellidae and Zonitidae
2711:https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyv046
7:
3329:"Snail's Tales" blog of Aydin Ă–rstan
2874:Chase, R.; Blanchard, K. C. (2006).
2767:
2765:
2520:or "love arrow", and in Czech it is
2276:minute barbs pointing toward the tip
60:adding citations to reliable sources
3954:Shot Through the Head, for a Reason
3877:The snail mating behaviour database
3767:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3705:Integrative and Comparative Biology
3484:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3127:The biology of terrestrial molluscs
3061:. 1-146, cited pages: 97, 141, 144.
3053:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001,
3050:The biology of terrestrial molluscs
2958:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2724:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2663:Integrative and Comparative Biology
768:, which are within the superfamily
147:. The scale bar is 500 ÎĽm (0.5 mm).
3364:, published online 2 January 2006.
2445:(This species was probably either
764:, and in one family of slugs, the
558:There is a complex hermaphroditic
25:
4345:Reproductive system of gastropods
3827:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3513:"Gastropod reproductive behavior"
2826:McGill Tribune, 13 February 2002.
2657:Koene, Joris M. (1 August 2006).
547:Reproductive system of gastropods
4350:Respiratory system of gastropods
4265:Circulatory system of gastropods
3926:Cupid myth influenced by snails?
3429:Anthes, N; Michiels, NK (2007).
3313:. Taylor & Francis, London,
2772:Roxanne Khamsi (20 March 2006).
2096:
2056:
2038:
2020:
1991:
1958:
1940:
1922:
1900:
1878:
1860:
1837:
1819:
1801:
1783:
1743:
1725:
1707:
1689:
1671:
1631:
1613:
1595:
1577:
1555:
1537:
1449:
1431:
1413:
1395:
1373:
1328:
1297:
1266:
1244:
1226:
1208:
1190:
1172:
1150:
1132:
1110:
1092:
1051:
1035:
1019:
1003:
987:
971:
955:
939:
468:The love dart, also known as a "
423:
36:
3414:. February 2004. Archived from
3373:Fairbanks H. L. 24 March 1993.
3183:Reproduction of the Roman snail
2838:American Malacological Bulletin
2539:Conus § Harpoon and venoms
2524:(which means "arrow of love").
592:or dart sac (also known as the
47:needs additional citations for
4290:Excretory system of gastropods
4280:Digestive system of gastropods
2226:The dart is thick and curved.
2110:(also shown in the SEM images)
1978:(also shown in the SEM images)
1914:(also shown in the SEM images)
1569:(also shown in the SEM images)
1387:(also shown in the SEM images)
1164:(also shown in the SEM images)
1124:(also shown in the SEM images)
830:Within the more ancient clade
265:The love dart is not a penial
1:
3932:Snail-Sex: How do they do it?
3847:10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02243-1
3150:Koralewska-Batura, E (1994).
3129:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK,
2687:– via academic.oup.com.
2555:, which is a single modified
2432:(with darts of other species)
928:scanning electron micrographs
4355:Sensory organs of gastropods
4320:Nervous system of gastropods
3602:10.1016/0040-8166(79)90005-3
3548:Journal of Molluscan Studies
3008:Journal of Molluscan Studies
2634:Chung, D. J. D. (May 1986).
2509:said about the garden snail
910:, others have a tip like an
4386:Circumesophageal nerve ring
1680:Helminthoglypta nickliniana
671:, other species within the
344:). D – love dart. P – penis
250:, or to being shot with an
4463:
4427:Animal reproductive system
3942:Love Darts in the Backyard
3289:Malacologia Volume 18, 1-2
2850:10.4003/0740-2783-23.1.183
2571:, the prey is small fish.
2536:
1698:Helminthoglypta tudiculata
819:), and in the slug family
544:
504:Simplified diagram of the
3581:10.1017/S0952836905007648
3538:10.4249/scholarpedia.4125
3496:10.1007/s00265-005-0103-y
3342:. Veliger 1980, 23:35-42.
3047:. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
2636:"Molluscan 'Love darts'?"
779:, within the superfamily
422:
334:Drawing of the head of a
3734:Landolfa, M. A. (2001).
3623:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3381:, number 1, pages 9-13.
3077:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2923:Landolfa, M. A. (2001).
2803:6 September 2008 at the
2505:expert) Ronald Chase of
2105:Humboldtiana nuevoleonis
1949:Pseudotrichia rubiginosa
1012:Humboldtiana nuevoleonis
718:Calcareous (composed of
3907:9 November 2020 at the
3761:Leonard, J. L. (2006).
3753:10.1093/beheco/12.6.773
3664:The American Naturalist
3560:10.1093/mollus/52.3.253
3188:25 October 2008 at the
3169:10.12657/folmal.005.006
3021:10.1093/mollus/68.3.249
2942:10.1093/beheco/12.6.773
2231:Philomycus carolinianus
862:Evolution of love darts
791:Chitinous (composed of
760:within the superfamily
3947:7 October 2008 at the
3636:10.1186/1471-2148-5-25
3511:Chase, Ronald (2007).
3447:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0596
3379:The Nautilus, vol. 107
3360:6 October 2008 at the
3284:Gittenberger E. 1979.
3090:10.1186/1471-2148-5-25
2892:10.1098/rspb.2006.3474
2757:Reproductive behaviour
2480:
2153:
2065:Xerotricha conspurcata
1931:Perforatella bidentata
1892:Perforatella incarnata
1887:Monachoides incarnatus
1404:Marmorana scabriuscula
585:
517:
345:
327:
306:
176:
162:
148:
3699:Koene, J. M. (2006).
2970:10.1007/s002650100345
2824:Source of Cupid Lore?
2798:Mating and Copulation
2736:10.1007/s002650100345
2475:
2257:Philomycus virginicus
2149:
1349:and many other works
1199:Chilostoma planospira
1159:Chilostoma cingulatum
996:Chilostoma cingulatum
838:, in the superfamily
573:
503:
333:
321:in the edible snail,
317:
298:
168:
154:
137:
3916:A moment of science.
3397:cited 6 October 2008
3238:on 6 September 2008.
2468:The Cupid connection
2150:reproductive system,
2000:Trochulus striolatus
1810:Cernuella hydruntina
1752:Xerarionta kellettii
1640:Fruticicola fruticum
1564:Bradybaena similaris
1422:Marmorana serpentina
980:Bradybaena similaris
964:Xerarionta kellettii
854:occur in the family
472:", is often made of
56:improve this article
4310:Hypobranchial gland
4258:Internal soft parts
4182:External soft parts
3920:Love that love dart
3839:2001TEcoE..16..533P
3529:2007SchpJ...2.4125C
3412:National Geographic
3305:Godwin-Austen H. H.
2886:(1593): 1471–1475.
2640:Hawaiian Shell News
2416:Zonitoides arboreus
2401:Shape of love dart
2363:Shape of love dart
2322:Shape of love dart
2284:Shape of love dart
2215:Shape of love dart
2179:Shape of love dart
2159:Ariophanta laevipes
2134:Shape of love dart
2085:Shape of love dart
1909:Monachoides vicinus
1792:Cernuella cisalpina
1772:Shape of love dart
1660:Shape of love dart
1526:Shape of love dart
1478:Shape of love dart
1382:Leptaxis erubescens
1235:Helicigona lapicida
1217:Eobania vermiculata
1181:Chilostoma glaciale
1081:Shape of love dart
1060:Monachoides vicinus
1028:Leptaxis erubescens
895:Species variability
850:Love darts made of
846:Cartilaginous darts
560:reproductive system
506:reproductive system
464:Morphology of darts
292:ability to pierce.
144:Monachoides vicinus
3902:A dart in the dark
3898:(Robert Nordsieck)
3780:10.1093/icb/icj041
3740:Behavioral Ecology
3718:10.1093/icb/icj040
3569:Journal of Zoology
3418:on 9 January 2006.
3156:Folia Malacologica
3002:Hasse, B. (2002).
2929:Behavioral Ecology
2676:10.1093/icb/icj040
2481:
2478:Bertel Thorvaldsen
2244:Philomycus togatus
2154:
2047:Xerosecta cespitum
1967:Trochulus hispidus
1869:Hygromia cinctella
1652:Helminthoglyptidae
1506:Norelona pyrenaica
1288:Cantareus aspersus
1101:Arianta arbustorum
832:Systellommatophora
743:Helminthoglyptidae
675:, and also in the
609:Helminthoglyptidae
586:
541:Anatomical context
518:
385:Cantareus aspersus
346:
328:
307:
177:
163:
149:
4422:Gastropod anatomy
4409:
4408:
4335:Oesophageal pouch
4194:Caudal mucous pit
3590:Tissue & Cell
3212:on 8 October 2008
3202:"Reproduction of
2507:McGill University
2465:
2464:
2458:
2433:
2389:
2388:
2348:
2347:
2310:
2309:
2265:
2264:
2203:
2202:
2167:
2166:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2073:
2072:
2029:Xeromunda durieui
2012:
2006:Trichia striolata
1983:
1979:
1915:
1852:
1828:Cernuella virgata
1760:
1759:
1716:Monadenia fidelis
1648:
1647:
1570:
1546:Aegista vulgivaga
1514:
1513:
1493:Elona quimperiana
1466:
1465:
1388:
1338:
1276:
1258:Cantareus apertus
1165:
1125:
914:, or look like a
803:), in the family
720:calcium carbonate
474:calcium carbonate
438:
437:
370:, and the common
183:(also known as a
169:A love dart from
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
4454:
4447:Sexual selection
4432:Animal sexuality
4325:Nidamental gland
4249:Suprapedal gland
4146:Other hard parts
3998:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3965:
3863:
3850:
3821:
3792:
3782:
3757:
3755:
3730:
3720:
3695:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3613:
3584:
3563:
3542:
3540:
3507:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3371:
3365:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3302:
3296:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3234:. Archived from
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3208:. Archived from
3198:
3192:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3147:
3138:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3068:
3062:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3023:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2833:
2827:
2817:
2808:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2631:
2547:, (known as the
2533:The toxoglossans
2476:Cupid statue by
2444:
2431:
2398:
2360:
2319:
2281:
2212:
2176:
2131:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2082:
2060:
2042:
2024:
2010:
1995:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1944:
1926:
1913:
1904:
1882:
1864:
1850:
1841:
1823:
1805:
1787:
1769:
1747:
1729:
1711:
1693:
1675:
1657:
1635:
1617:
1604:Euhadra quaesita
1599:
1581:
1567:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1475:
1453:
1435:
1417:
1399:
1385:
1377:
1334:
1332:
1301:
1272:
1270:
1248:
1230:
1212:
1194:
1176:
1163:
1154:
1141:Cepaea nemoralis
1136:
1123:
1119:Cepaea hortensis
1114:
1096:
1078:
1055:
1044:Cepaea hortensis
1039:
1023:
1007:
991:
975:
959:
943:
714:Calcareous darts
706:land snails are
663:(a subfamily of
655:(a subfamily of
633:Athoracophoridae
631:(a subfamily of
533:Cepaea nemoralis
527:Cepaea hortensis
427:
426:
420:
361:, including the
310:The mating dance
240:sexual selection
221:, before actual
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4359:
4300:Hancock's organ
4253:
4177:
4141:
4112:Stromboid notch
4008:
4002:
3963:
3949:Wayback Machine
3909:Wayback Machine
3871:
3866:
3853:
3824:
3810:10.2307/4017247
3795:
3760:
3733:
3698:
3661:
3616:
3587:
3566:
3545:
3510:
3481:
3477:
3475:Further reading
3472:
3435:Biology Letters
3428:
3427:
3423:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3372:
3368:
3362:Wayback Machine
3350:
3346:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
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3251:
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3199:
3195:
3190:Wayback Machine
3181:
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3149:
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3141:
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3070:
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2805:Wayback Machine
2796:
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2656:
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2633:
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2603:
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2577:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2496:Roman mythology
2470:
2396:
2355:
2317:
2272:
2210:
2174:
2151:
2129:
2108:
2080:
2077:Humboldtianidae
1976:
1973:Trichia hispida
1912:
1846:Helicella itala
1767:
1655:
1586:Euhadra amaliae
1568:
1521:
1473:
1386:
1364:Leptaxis undata
1358:Leptaxis nivosa
1336:(another image)
1319:Helix lutescens
1162:
1122:
1076:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1008:
999:
992:
983:
976:
967:
960:
951:
948:Trichia hispida
944:
926:Note: both the
924:
897:
864:
848:
809:Helicarionoidea
801:Helicarionoidea
789:
787:Chitinous darts
781:Helicarionoidea
751:Humboldtianidae
724:Stylommatophora
716:
700:
549:
543:
491:Stylommatophora
466:
424:
418:
377:(also known as
312:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4360:
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4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Hepatopancreas
4302:
4297:
4295:Gastric shield
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Semper's organ
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:Caryophyllidia
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Siphonal notch
4099:
4097:Siphonal canal
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
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3986:
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3971:
3960:
3959:, 6 June 2006.
3957:New York Times
3951:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3870:
3869:External links
3867:
3865:
3864:
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3822:
3793:
3758:
3731:
3696:
3676:10.1086/508028
3659:
3614:
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3564:
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3508:
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3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3441:(2): 121–124.
3421:
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3297:
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3223:
3193:
3175:
3139:
3114:
3063:
3043:Barker G. M.:
3027:
2991:
2964:(2): 122–127.
2948:
2935:(6): 773–777.
2915:
2863:
2828:
2809:
2790:
2761:
2749:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2669:(4): 419–429.
2649:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2585:Cephalaspidean
2576:
2575:Opisthobranchs
2573:
2537:Main article:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2511:Cornu aspersum
2501:Malacologist (
2469:
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2463:
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2460:
2435:
2422:
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2393:Gastrodontidae
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1734:Polymita picta
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1622:Euhadra sandai
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1461:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1282:Cornu aspersum
1278:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
986:
984:
977:
970:
968:
961:
954:
952:
945:
938:
923:
920:
896:
893:
881:, and in many
863:
860:
856:Gastrodontidae
847:
844:
825:Parmacelloidea
805:Helicarionidae
788:
785:
715:
712:
708:hermaphrodites
699:
696:
645:Gastrodontidae
545:Main article:
542:
539:
465:
462:
448:Cornu aspersum
436:
435:
417:
414:
410:Cornu aspersum
403:Cornu aspersum
380:Cornu aspersum
351:begins with a
311:
308:
302:Cornu aspersum
208:hermaphroditic
195:) is a sharp,
189:shooting darts
172:Cornu aspersum
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4459:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4396:Tyrian purple
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3833:(10): 533–4.
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3804:(12): 186–8.
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3773:(4): 349–67.
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3711:(4): 419–29.
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:(4): 329–38.
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:Helix pomatia
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:0-85199-318-4
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:B. J. GĂłmez:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3059:0-85199-318-4
3056:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3014:(3): 249–54.
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2779:
2778:New Scientist
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:Opisthobranch
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2352:Parmacellidae
2350:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:Ariophantidae
2169:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:Ariophantidae
2124:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:Bradybaenidae
1516:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:Helix pomatia
1341:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1306:Helix lucorum
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1274:(more images)
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1001:
998:
997:
990:
985:
982:
981:
974:
969:
966:
965:
958:
953:
950:
949:
942:
937:
935:
931:
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
900:
894:
892:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
823:(superfamily
822:
821:Parmacellidae
818:
815:(superfamily
814:
810:
807:(superfamily
806:
802:
799:(superfamily
798:
797:Ariophantidae
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Bradybaenidae
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
713:
711:
709:
705:
697:
695:
691:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Bradybaenidae
670:
666:
665:Ariolimacidae
662:
661:Ariolimacinae
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:Ariophantidae
618:
614:
613:Bradybaenidae
610:
606:
605:Parmacellidae
602:
597:
595:
591:
583:
582:
581:Helix pomatia
577:
572:
568:
565:
561:
556:
554:
548:
540:
538:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
494:
492:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
458:
454:
450:
449:
442:
434:
432:
431:Helix aspersa
429:Love dart of
421:
415:
413:
411:
406:
404:
398:
395:
392:
388:
386:
382:
381:
376:
375:Helix aspersa
373:
369:
368:
367:Helix pomatia
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
343:
339:
338:
337:Helix pomatia
332:
326:
325:
324:Helix pomatia
320:
316:
309:
304:
303:
297:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:, or just as
190:
186:
182:
174:
173:
167:
160:
159:
158:Helix pomatia
153:
146:
145:
140:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4157:
4062:Periostracum
3956:
3925:
3888:
3876:
3859:
3855:
3830:
3826:
3801:
3798:Science News
3797:
3770:
3766:
3746:(6): 773–7.
3743:
3739:
3708:
3704:
3670:(4): 553–5.
3667:
3663:
3626:
3622:
3596:(1): 51–61.
3593:
3589:
3572:
3568:
3554:(3): 253–5.
3551:
3547:
3520:
3517:Scholarpedia
3516:
3490:(6): 732–9.
3487:
3483:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3416:the original
3411:
3402:
3390:
3374:
3369:
3353:
3351:Ken Hotopp:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3322:
3309:
3300:
3285:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3236:the original
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3203:
3196:
3178:
3159:
3155:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3048:
3044:
3011:
3007:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2883:
2879:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2821:
2820:Are Snails'
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2777:
2752:
2730:(2): 122–7.
2727:
2723:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2588:
2578:
2549:toxoglossans
2542:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2482:
2454:Z. excavatus
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2414:
2356:
2275:
2273:
2255:
2242:
2229:
2207:Philomycidae
2192:
2157:
2152:d = dart sac
2112:
2103:
2063:
2045:
2027:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1947:
1929:
1907:
1891:
1885:
1867:
1849:
1844:
1826:
1808:
1790:
1750:
1732:
1714:
1696:
1678:
1638:
1620:
1602:
1584:
1562:
1544:
1504:
1491:
1458:Theba pisana
1456:
1440:Otala lactea
1438:
1420:
1402:
1380:
1362:
1356:
1342:
1333:
1317:
1304:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1257:
1253:Helix aperta
1251:
1233:
1215:
1197:
1179:
1157:
1139:
1117:
1099:
1066:
1058:
1042:
1026:
1010:
994:
978:
962:
946:
932:
925:
901:
898:
886:
872:
865:
849:
840:Onchidioidea
829:
790:
774:
766:Philomycidae
755:
728:
717:
701:
692:
689:
669:Philomycidae
653:Ariopeltinae
598:
593:
589:
587:
579:
575:
557:
550:
531:
525:
519:
513:
497:the animal.
495:
469:
467:
446:
443:
439:
430:
409:
407:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
384:
378:
374:
372:garden snail
365:
356:
347:
341:
335:
322:
300:
286:harpoon-like
283:
275:reproductive
264:
260:contact shot
237:
230:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
170:
156:
142:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
4391:Trochophore
4376:Pseudofeces
4330:Odontophore
4285:Diverticula
4229:Pneumostome
4072:Planispiral
3914:Snail darts
3523:(9): 4125.
3265:Malacologia
3162:: 115–118.
2844:: 183–189.
2590:Siphopteron
2569:cone snails
2518:Liebespfeil
2407:References
2369:References
2328:References
2290:References
2269:Urocyclidae
2221:References
2185:References
2140:References
2091:References
1778:References
1764:Hygromiidae
1666:References
1532:References
1484:References
1087:References
836:Onchidiidae
777:Urocyclidae
747:Hygromiidae
677:Hygromiidae
649:Onchidiidae
641:Euconulidae
617:Urocyclidae
594:bursa telae
576:bursa telae
514:bursa telae
486:within the
453:allohormone
342:bursa telae
290:needle-like
242:. Prior to
211:land snails
206:which some
71:"Love dart"
4416:Categories
4340:Osphradium
4315:Nephridium
4234:Rhinophore
4224:Parapodium
4153:Clausilium
4092:Selenizone
4082:Protoconch
4032:Body whorl
3338:Tompa AS:
3271:(1): 73–8.
2822:Love Darts
2597:References
2448:Z. nitidus
2439:Zonitoides
2314:Vitrinidae
904:bifurcated
888:sarcobelum
883:Helicoidea
817:Limacoidea
813:Vitrinidae
811:), in the
770:Arionoidea
762:Zonitoidea
731:Helicoidea
657:Oopeltidae
601:Vitrinidae
590:stylophore
522:morphology
470:gypsobelum
244:copulation
197:calcareous
185:gypsobelum
112:March 2023
82:newspapers
18:Love darts
4371:Epiphragm
4275:Ctenidium
4163:Operculum
4158:Love dart
4122:Umbilicus
4087:Sculpture
4067:Peristome
4042:Columella
4005:Gastropod
3216:4 October
2646:(5): 3–4.
2565:proboscis
2561:predation
2522:šĂp lásky
2490:, called
2485:Greek god
2194:Parmarion
1073:Helicidae
912:arrowhead
875:Vestigial
868:Pulmonata
852:cartilage
758:Zonitidae
735:Helicidae
704:pulmonate
685:Dyakiidae
681:Helicidae
629:Aneitinae
625:Dyakiidae
564:pulmonate
510:pulmonate
481:gastropod
478:pulmonate
457:hemolymph
433:in action
319:Courtship
299:Courting
256:flechette
232:Parmarion
227:semi-slug
219:courtship
201:chitinous
181:love dart
4204:Cnidosac
4022:Aperture
3945:Archived
3905:Archived
3862:: 18–42.
3789:21672747
3727:21672754
3692:26816279
3684:17004226
3655:15799778
3504:19804359
3465:17251120
3358:Archived
3256:Leptaxis
3186:Archived
3109:15799778
2910:16777740
2801:Archived
2783:5 August
2685:21672754
2545:Conoidea
2404:Species
2366:Species
2325:Species
2287:Species
2218:Species
2182:Species
2137:Species
2088:Species
1775:Species
1663:Species
1529:Species
1481:Species
1470:Elonidae
1084:Species
879:Sagdidae
637:Sagdidae
484:mollusks
416:Function
363:escargot
353:courting
279:allomone
248:stabbing
4401:Veliger
4381:Torsion
4007:anatomy
3969:YouTube
3856:Veliger
3835:Bibcode
3818:4017247
3646:1080126
3525:Bibcode
3456:2375930
3383:page 10
3315:page 25
3100:1080126
2978:4601944
2901:1560308
2858:7562144
2553:harpoon
2503:mollusk
96:scholar
4437:Mating
4244:Siphon
4214:Mentum
4209:Mantle
4199:Cerata
4173:Radula
4117:Suture
4037:Callus
3816:
3787:
3725:
3690:
3682:
3653:
3643:
3629:: 25.
3610:451995
3608:
3502:
3463:
3453:
3307:1908.
3133:
3107:
3097:
3083:: 25.
3057:
2986:813656
2984:
2976:
2908:
2898:
2856:
2744:813656
2742:
2683:
2587:genus
2557:radula
922:Images
916:dagger
793:chitin
623:, and
349:Mating
267:stylet
229:genus
223:mating
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
4364:Other
4219:Notum
4168:Pearl
4137:Whorl
4132:Varix
4127:Valve
4107:Spire
4077:Plait
4057:Nacre
4014:Shell
3884:7 pp.
3882:Data.
3814:JSTOR
3688:S2CID
3500:S2CID
3295:-145.
3261:(PDF)
2982:S2CID
2974:JSTOR
2854:S2CID
2740:S2CID
2492:Cupid
2427:image
908:thorn
578:) of
508:of a
488:clade
358:Helix
271:sperm
252:arrow
215:slugs
193:darts
103:JSTOR
89:books
4442:Love
4270:Crop
4052:Lira
4027:Apex
3785:PMID
3723:PMID
3680:PMID
3651:PMID
3606:PMID
3461:PMID
3218:2008
3131:ISBN
3105:PMID
3055:ISBN
2906:PMID
2785:2009
2681:PMID
2488:Eros
2442:sp.
2197:sp.
1361:and
702:All
683:and
647:and
530:and
383:and
213:and
204:dart
75:news
4047:Lip
3967:on
3843:doi
3806:doi
3802:170
3775:doi
3748:doi
3713:doi
3672:doi
3668:168
3641:PMC
3631:doi
3598:doi
3577:doi
3573:267
3556:doi
3533:doi
3492:doi
3451:PMC
3443:doi
3293:139
3164:doi
3095:PMC
3085:doi
3016:doi
2966:doi
2937:doi
2896:PMC
2888:doi
2884:273
2846:doi
2732:doi
2671:doi
2494:in
2451:or
2278:".
827:).
667:),
659:),
635:),
562:in
288:or
254:or
199:or
139:SEM
58:by
4418::
3860:39
3858:.
3841:.
3831:16
3829:.
3812:.
3800:.
3783:.
3771:46
3769:.
3765:.
3744:12
3742:.
3738:.
3721:.
3709:46
3707:.
3703:.
3686:.
3678:.
3666:.
3649:.
3639:.
3625:.
3621:.
3604:.
3594:11
3592:.
3571:.
3552:52
3550:.
3531:.
3519:.
3515:.
3498:.
3488:59
3486:.
3459:.
3449:.
3437:.
3433:.
3410:.
3377:.
3277:^
3269:46
3267:.
3263:.
3244:^
3158:.
3154:.
3142:^
3103:.
3093:.
3079:.
3075:.
3030:^
3012:68
3010:.
3006:.
2994:^
2980:.
2972:.
2962:50
2960:.
2933:12
2931:.
2927:.
2904:.
2894:.
2882:.
2878:.
2866:^
2852:.
2842:23
2840:.
2812:^
2776:.
2764:^
2738:.
2728:50
2726:.
2679:.
2667:46
2665:.
2661:.
2644:34
2642:.
2638:.
2604:^
2003:=
1970:=
1890:=
1285:=
1256:=
858:.
842:.
783:.
772:.
749:,
745:,
741:,
737:,
733::
726:.
687:.
679:,
643:,
639:,
619:,
615:,
611:,
607:,
603:,
555:.
493:.
262:.
187:,
179:A
3997:e
3990:t
3983:v
3849:.
3845::
3837::
3820:.
3808::
3791:.
3777::
3756:.
3750::
3729:.
3715::
3694:.
3674::
3657:.
3633::
3627:5
3612:.
3600::
3583:.
3579::
3562:.
3558::
3541:.
3535::
3527::
3521:2
3506:.
3494::
3467:.
3445::
3439:3
3385:.
3317:.
3220:.
3206:"
3172:.
3166::
3160:5
3137:.
3111:.
3087::
3081:5
3024:.
3018::
2988:.
2968::
2945:.
2939::
2912:.
2890::
2860:.
2848::
2787:.
2746:.
2734::
2673::
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119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
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52:.
20:)
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