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Kawasaki, M.; Krǎl, P.; Kuramoto, S.; Langdon, T.G.; Leiva, D.R.; Levitas, V.I.; Mazilkin, A.; Mito, M.; Miyamoto, H.; Nishizaki, T.; Pippan, R.; Popov, V.V.; Popova, E.N.; Purcek, G.; Renk, O.; Révész, A.; Sauvage, X.; Sklenicka, V.; Skrotzki, W.; Straumal, B.B.; Suwas, S.; Toth, L.S.; Tsuji, N.; Valiev, R.Z.; Wilde, G.; Zehetbauer, M.J.; Zhu, X. (April 2022).
434:
Bridgman was a "penetrating analytical thinker" with a "fertile mechanical imagination" and exceptional manual dexterity. He was a skilled plumber and carpenter, known to shun the assistance of professionals in these matters. He was also fond of music and played the piano, and took pride in his
1193:
Edalati, K.; Bachmaier, A.; Beloshenko, V.A.; Beygelzimer, Y.; Blank, V.D.; Botta, W.J.; BryĹ‚a, K.; ÄŚĂĹľek, J.; Divinski, S.; Enikeev, N.A.; Estrin, Y.; Faraji, G.; Figueiredo, R.B.; Fuji, M.; Furuta, T.; Grosdidier, T.; Gubicza, J.; Hohenwarter, A.; Horita, Z.; Huot, J.; Ikoma, Y.; JaneÄŤek, M.;
284:
Bridgman attended both elementary and high school in
Auburndale, where he excelled at competitions in the classroom, on the playground, and while playing chess. Described as both shy and proud, his home life consisted of family music, card games, and domestic and garden chores. The family was
280:
Bridgman's parents were both born in New
England. His father, Raymond Landon Bridgman, was "profoundly religious and idealistic" and worked as a newspaper reporter assigned to state politics. His mother, Mary Ann Maria Williams, was described as "more conventional, sprightly, and competitive".
395:, was an undergraduate student of Bridgman's. Of his teaching abilities, Oppenheimer said that, “I found Bridgman a wonderful teacher because he never really was quite reconciled to things being the way they were and he always thought them out.”
445:
for some time. His suicide note was a mere two sentences; "It isn't decent for society to make a man do this thing himself. Probably this is the last day I will be able to do it myself." Bridgman's words have been quoted by many in the
325:). This was a huge improvement over previous machinery, which could achieve pressures of only 3,000 kgf/cm (0.3 GPa). This new apparatus led to an abundance of new findings, including a study of the compressibility, electric and
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381:. In 1938 he participated in the International Committee composed to organise the International Congresses for the Unity of Science. He was also one of the 11 signatories to the
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of more than 100 different compounds. Bridgman is also known for his studies of electrical conduction in metals and properties of crystals. He developed the
309:. From 1910 until his retirement, he taught at Harvard, becoming a full professor in 1919. In 1905, he began investigating the properties of matter under
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427:. The couple had two children and were married for nearly 50 years, living most of that time in Cambridge. The family also had a summer home in
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1118:. In many ways they were opposites; Kemble, the theorist, was a devout Christian, while Bridgman, the experimentalist, was a strident atheist.
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Murakami, M.; Sinogeikiin S.V.; Hellwig H.; Bass J.D.; Li J. (2007). "Sound velocity of MgSiO3 perovskite to Mbar pressure".
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National
Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Percy Bridgman House/Bridgman House-Buckingham School
348:
Bridgman made many improvements to his high-pressure apparatus over the years, and unsuccessfully attempted the
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Studies in large plastic flow and fracture: with special emphasis on the effects of hydrostatic pressure
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Thermodynamics of
Electrical Phenomena in Metals and a Condensed Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas
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1196:"Nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation: review of historical developments and recent advances"
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Science and
Cultural Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)
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1991:
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912:, discovery of high pressure forms of water was published by P.W. Bridgman in 1912
356:
apparatus developed by
Bridgman significantly contributed to the development of
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In 2014, the
Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the
236:
for his work on the physics of high pressures. He also wrote extensively on the
1512:
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4165:
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1967:
1935:
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17:
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628:
588:, the Earth's most abundant mineral, in honor of his high-pressure research.
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334:
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732:
703:
684:
1607:
McMillan, Paul F (2005), "Pressing on: the legacy of Percy W. Bridgman.",
1257:
1021:
873:
856:
784:. Metallurgy and metallurgical engineering series. New York: McGraw-Hill.
770:
609:
2268:
1653:
1496:
1611:, vol. 4, no. 10 (published October 2005), pp. 715–718,
1474:
302:
169:
981:
964:
1624:
1259:
American
Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer
1235:
Neurath, Otto (1938). "Unified
Science as Encyclopedic Integration".
442:
997:
43:
890:, the most abundant mineral in Earth's mantle, named after Bridgman
1369:
402:
285:
deeply religious; reading the Bible each morning and attending a
4223:
3474:
3244:
1733:
909:
306:
1372:. Assistedsuicide.org (June 13, 2003); retrieved 2012-01-28.
1168:"A review on high-pressure torsion (HPT) from 1935 to 1988"
531:
and was its president in 1942. He was also a member of the
438:
Bridgman committed suicide by gunshot after suffering from
431:, where Bridgman was known as a skilled mountain climber.
4466:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
1035:
Bridgman, P. W. (1956). "Probability, Logic, and ESP".
508:, the Gold Medal from Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund (founder
868:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
805:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
717:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
623:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1096:. National Academy of Sciences. pp. 25, 26, 27.
936:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
662:
The Thermodynamics of Electrical Phenomena in Metals
4251:
Hollis Chair of Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy
4068:
3913:
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3609:
3508:
3379:
3360:
3335:
3311:
3280:
2881:
2538:
2227:
2005:
1771:
533:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
228:(April 21, 1882 – August 20, 1961) was an American
197:
185:
175:
165:
122:
104:
94:
75:
53:
34:
4456:Hollis Chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy
1712:Hollis Chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy
798:
672:
659:
1358:Ayn Rand Institute discussion on assisted suicide
1262:(1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage.
998:"A Complete Collection of Thermodynamic Formulas"
620:A Condensed Collection of Thermodynamics Formulas
1665:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1338:How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter
851:. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press.
1415:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1387:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
514:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
4235:
3486:
3256:
1745:
1370:Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization
1238:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science
289:. However, Bridgman later became an atheist.
8:
1108:Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center
415:Bridgman married Olive Ware (1882-1972), of
4501:Presidents of the American Physical Society
3502:Presidents of the American Physical Society
1459:Accompanying one photo, exterior, from 1975
345:, which were used to further his research.
4242:
4228:
4220:
3493:
3479:
3471:
3263:
3249:
3241:
1752:
1738:
1730:
1693:
1676:
1657:
1360:. Aynrand.org; retrieved January 28, 2012.
31:
1550:
1211:
1146:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1087:Kemble, Edwin C.; Birch, Francis (1970).
980:
948:
423:, was the founder and first president of
4476:Scientists from Cambridge, Massachusetts
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
584:
921:
571:International Mineralogical Association
695:The Intelligent Individual and Society
4481:Scientists from Newton, Massachusetts
1477:, mindat.org; retrieved June 3, 2014.
848:A Sophisticate's Primer of Relativity
537:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
498:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
4491:Suicides by firearm in New Hampshire
4431:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1172:Materials Science and Engineering: A
1166:Kaveh Edalati, Zenji Horita (2016).
604:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1489:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1291:Holton, Gerald (February 1, 1962).
1090:Percy Williams Bridgman – 1882—1961
931:"Percy Williams Bridgman 1882–1961"
765:. New York: Philosophical Library.
1383:"Bakhuys Roozeboom Fund laureates"
343:Bridgman's thermodynamic equations
25:
4461:Mathematicians from Massachusetts
1297:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1129:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946"
547:. He was a Foreign Member of the
4426:American experimental physicists
4411:20th-century American physicists
1566:Riepe, D. (1950). "Book Review:
510:Hendrik Willem Bakhuis Roozeboom
252:, and the high-pressure mineral
42:
1552:10.1090/s0002-9904-1929-04767-0
293:Education and professional life
1438:James Sheire (February 1975),
1317:10.1080/00963402.1962.11454315
562:, in Massachusetts, is a U.S.
541:American Philosophical Society
435:flower and vegetable gardens.
250:Bridgman–Stockbarger technique
27:American physicist (1882–1961)
1:
1674:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1213:10.1080/21663831.2022.2029779
901:, also called bridgmanization
866:Collected experimental papers
675:The Nature of Physical Theory
527:Bridgman was a member of the
743:The Physics of High Pressure
714:The Nature of Thermodynamics
545:National Academy of Sciences
522:National Academy of Sciences
240:and on other aspects of the
3760:Charles Christian Lauritsen
1530:The Logic of Modern Physics
1413:"Comstock Prize in Physics"
1057:10.1126/science.123.3184.15
639:The Logic of Modern Physics
551:and Honorary Fellow of the
458:Bridgman received Doctors,
419:, in 1912. Ware's father,
370:The Logic of Modern Physics
147:Fellow of the Royal Society
4517:
4471:Nobel laureates in Physics
4446:Harvard University faculty
3629:William Francis Gray Swann
1568:Reflections of a Physicist
1513:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.011
1200:Materials Research Letters
1180:10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.074
762:Reflections of a Physicist
564:National Historic Landmark
553:Physical Society of London
383:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
358:severe plastic deformation
4441:Harvard University alumni
4436:Former Congregationalists
4257:
4196:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
3540:Edward Leamington Nichols
3398:
1718:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1293:"Percy Williams Bridgman"
529:American Physical Society
409:Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
219:
158:
137:Comstock Prize in Physics
41:
4416:American Nobel laureates
4348:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
3933:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3766:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
3594:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
3302:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1722:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
1599:Walter, Maila L., 1991.
832:. New Haven: Macmillan.
484:(1951). He received the
468:(1934), Harvard (1939),
273:, and grew up in nearby
271:Cambridge, Massachusetts
68:Cambridge, Massachusetts
4340:Percy Williams Bridgman
3951:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
3707:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
3695:Percy Williams Bridgman
3570:Robert Andrews Millikan
3370:Percy Williams Bridgman
1684:Percy Williams Bridgman
1670:Percy Williams Bridgman
1654:Percy Williams Bridgman
1603:. Stanford Univ. Press.
1526:Kovarik, A. F. (1929).
1505:2007E&PSL.256...47M
1447:, National Park Service
1340:. Vintage Press, 1995.
905:Percy W. Bridgman House
698:. New York: MacMillan.
642:. New York: Macmillan.
560:Percy W. Bridgman House
429:Randolph, New Hampshire
407:Bridgman with wife and
226:Percy Williams Bridgman
87:Randolph, New Hampshire
36:Percy Williams Bridgman
4318:Wallace Clement Sabine
4310:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
3850:John Archibald Wheeler
3737:Francis Wheeler Loomis
3671:John Torrence Tate Sr.
3558:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
3516:Henry Augustus Rowland
3404:Nobel Prize recipients
3381:Physiology or Medicine
1765:Nobel Prize in Physics
1570:, by P. W. Bridgman".
1174:. 0921–5093: 325–352.
1142:Hazen, Robert (1999),
950:10.1098/rsbm.1962.0003
929:Newitt, D. M. (1962).
666:. New York: Macmillan.
412:
391:, the director of the
379:operational definition
341:and is the eponym for
234:Nobel Prize in Physics
232:who received the 1946
192:Wallace Clement Sabine
142:Nobel Prize in Physics
117:Operational definition
4451:High pressure science
4053:Jerome Isaac Friedman
3731:J. Robert Oppenheimer
3552:William Francis Magie
3528:Arthur Gordon Webster
3389:Hermann Joseph Muller
1539:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
1022:10.1103/PhysRev.3.273
996:Bridgman, P. (1914).
502:Elliott Cresson Medal
417:Hartford, Connecticut
406:
389:J. Robert Oppenheimer
365:philosophy of science
360:field decades later.
354:high-pressure torsion
301:in 1900, and studied
287:Congregational Church
269:Bridgman was born in
256:are named after him.
242:philosophy of science
132:Elliott Cresson Medal
109:High-pressure physics
4017:Donald N. Langenberg
4005:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3874:Edward Mills Purcell
3784:Raymond Thayer Birge
3582:Joseph Sweetman Ames
3296:John Howard Northrop
1419:on December 29, 2010
1110:. Random House LLC.
601:Dimensional Analysis
566:designated in 1975.
470:Brooklyn Polytechnic
411:in Stockholm in 1946
377:and coined the term
350:synthesis of diamond
327:thermal conductivity
4190:Philip H. Bucksbaum
4082:William F. Brinkman
3969:Mildred Dresselhaus
3892:Joseph Edward Mayer
3868:Luis Walter Alvarez
3832:John Harry Williams
3659:Harrison M. Randall
3617:Karl Taylor Compton
3522:Albert A. Michelson
1617:2005NatMa...4..715M
1584:1950PA.....58..367R
1475:Page on bridgmanite
1309:1962BuAtS..18b..22H
1049:1956Sci...123...15B
1014:1914PhRv....3..273B
965:"Percy W. Bridgman"
746:. London: G. Bell.
490:Society of Rheology
399:Home life and death
4154:Malcolm R. Beasley
4118:Arthur Bienenstock
3993:James A. Krumhansl
3939:Lewis M. Branscomb
3826:William V. Houston
3796:Henry DeWolf Smyth
3725:Lee Alvin DuBridge
3665:Lyman James Briggs
3653:Floyd K. Richtmyer
3345:Emily Greene Balch
1656:on Nobelprize.org
1532:by P. W. Bridgman"
1256:Bird, Kai (2006).
1144:The Diamond Makers
801:The Way Things Are
573:approved the name
512:) (1933) from the
506:Franklin Institute
425:Atlanta University
413:
299:Harvard University
180:Harvard University
99:Harvard University
4496:Thermodynamicists
4421:American atheists
4383:
4382:
4376:
4368:
4364:Bertrand Halperin
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4217:
4216:
4148:Michael S. Turner
3987:Val Logsdon Fitch
3957:Maurice Goldhaber
3921:William A. Fowler
3856:Charles H. Townes
3743:Isidor Isaac Rabi
3576:Henry A. Bumstead
3468:
3467:
3238:
3237:
1728:
1727:
1719:Succeeded by
1697:Academic offices
1572:Popular Astronomy
1393:on August 7, 2011
1336:Nuland, Sherwin.
1269:978-0-307-42473-0
1106:Ray Monk (2013).
982:10.1063/1.3057180
828:— (1961) .
466:Stevens Institute
454:Honors and awards
393:Manhattan Project
373:(1927) advocated
297:Bridgman entered
238:scientific method
223:
222:
198:Doctoral students
160:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4508:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4221:
4124:Cherry A. Murray
4041:D. Allan Bromley
4011:Ernest M. Henley
3999:Eugen Merzbacher
3975:Robert R. Wilson
3814:Victor Weisskopf
3808:George Uhlenbeck
3683:George B. Pegram
3495:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3406:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3231:
3215:
3199:
3183:
3167:
3151:
3135:
3119:
3103:
3091:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3035:
3023:
3007:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2951:
2935:
2919:
2903:
2874:
2858:
2846:
2830:
2814:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2730:
2714:
2698:
2686:
2670:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2630:
2614:
2602:
2586:
2570:
2554:
2531:
2515:
2503:
2487:
2471:
2463:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2403:
2387:
2371:
2363:
2351:
2343:
2331:
2315:
2303:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2255:
2243:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2017:
1998:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1903:
1895:
1893:Kamerlingh Onnes
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1702:Preceded by
1694:
1680:
1661:
1643:
1625:10.1038/nmat1488
1609:Nature Materials
1588:
1587:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1032:
1026:
1025:
993:
987:
986:
984:
975:(10): 78. 1961.
961:
955:
954:
952:
926:
894:Bridgman's black
877:
864:— (1964).
860:
845:— (1962).
841:
824:
804:
797:— (1959).
793:
778:— (1952).
774:
759:— (1950).
755:
740:— (1949).
736:
711:— (1941).
707:
692:— (1938).
688:
678:
671:— (1936).
667:
665:
658:— (1934).
651:
636:— (1927).
632:
617:— (1925).
613:
598:— (1922).
587:
504:(1932) from the
488:(1951) from the
448:assisted suicide
352:many times. The
331:tensile strength
187:Doctoral advisor
82:
63:
61:
48:Bridgman in 1946
46:
32:
21:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4302:Joseph Lovering
4278:Samuel Williams
4262:Isaac Greenwood
4253:
4248:
4218:
4213:
4202:Frances Hellman
4100:Marvin L. Cohen
4088:Myriam Sarachik
4076:George Trilling
4064:
4059:James S. Langer
4035:J.R. Schrieffer
3945:Herman Feshbach
3909:
3904:Chien-Shiung Wu
3886:Philip M. Morse
3820:Frederick Seitz
3748:
3713:Harvey Fletcher
3605:
3504:
3499:
3469:
3464:
3402:
3394:
3391:(United States)
3375:
3372:(United States)
3356:
3353:(United States)
3347:(United States)
3331:
3307:
3304:(United States)
3298:(United States)
3292:(United States)
3290:James B. Sumner
3276:
3269:
3239:
3234:
3218:
3202:
3186:
3170:
3154:
3138:
3122:
3106:
3094:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3038:
3026:
3010:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2954:
2938:
2922:
2906:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2849:
2833:
2824:Cohen-Tannoudji
2817:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2733:
2717:
2701:
2689:
2673:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2633:
2617:
2605:
2589:
2573:
2557:
2545:
2534:
2518:
2506:
2490:
2474:
2466:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2374:
2366:
2354:
2346:
2334:
2318:
2306:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2020:
2012:
2001:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1798:
1786:
1778:
1767:
1758:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1650:
1606:
1596:
1594:Further reading
1591:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1043:(3184): 15–17.
1034:
1033:
1029:
1002:Physical Review
995:
994:
990:
963:
962:
958:
928:
927:
923:
919:
884:
863:
844:
827:
813:
796:
777:
758:
739:
725:
710:
691:
670:
657:
653:Online excerpt.
635:
616:
597:
594:
586:
582:
456:
421:Edmund Asa Ware
401:
305:through to his
295:
267:
262:
246:Bridgman effect
214:Edwin C. Kemble
212:
208:
204:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
115:
111:
95:Alma mater
90:
84:
80:
79:August 20, 1961
71:
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4356:Andrew Gleason
4353:
4345:
4337:
4332:Theodore Lyman
4329:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4142:Robert L. Byer
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4047:Andrew Sessler
4044:
4038:
4032:
4029:C. Kumar Patel
4026:
4023:Burton Richter
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3963:Robert Marshak
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3701:Albert W. Hull
3698:
3692:
3689:George Stewart
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3647:Robert W. Wood
3644:
3641:Arthur Compton
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3588:Theodore Lyman
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3564:Ernest Merritt
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3216:
3200:
3184:
3168:
3152:
3136:
3120:
3104:
3092:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3036:
3024:
3008:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2952:
2936:
2920:
2904:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2859:
2847:
2831:
2815:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2731:
2715:
2699:
2687:
2671:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2631:
2615:
2603:
2587:
2571:
2560:P. W. Anderson
2555:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2516:
2504:
2488:
2472:
2464:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2404:
2388:
2381:Goeppert Mayer
2372:
2364:
2352:
2344:
2332:
2316:
2304:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2256:
2244:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2108:
2105:C. D. Anderson
2096:
2088:
2081:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1796:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1708:
1705:Theodore Lyman
1703:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1667:
1662:
1649:
1648:External links
1646:
1645:
1644:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1558:
1545:(3): 412–413.
1518:
1479:
1467:
1430:
1404:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1329:
1283:
1268:
1248:
1227:
1206:(4): 163–256.
1185:
1158:
1152:
1134:
1120:
1099:
1070:
1027:
1008:(4): 273–281.
988:
956:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
907:
902:
896:
891:
883:
880:
879:
878:
861:
842:
825:
811:
794:
775:
756:
737:
723:
708:
689:
668:
655:
633:
614:
593:
590:
520:(1933) of the
518:Comstock Prize
455:
452:
400:
397:
375:operationalism
294:
291:
266:
263:
261:
258:
221:
220:
217:
216:
210:John C. Slater
199:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
156:
155:
124:
120:
119:
113:Operationalism
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 79)
77:
73:
72:
66:
64:April 21, 1882
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
18:P. W. Bridgman
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4513:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:1961 suicides
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4286:Samuel Webber
4284:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4270:John Winthrop
4268:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4209:
4208:Robert Rosner
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:Roger Falcone
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:Curtis Callan
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4106:John Hopfield
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:Pief Panofsky
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3880:Robert Serber
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:Robert Bacher
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3719:Edward Condon
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3635:Paul D. Foote
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3600:Dayton Miller
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3461:
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4172:Laura Greene
4136:Barry Barish
4112:Leo Kadanoff
3981:Sidney Drell
3862:John Bardeen
3772:Enrico Fermi
3694:
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2668:von Klitzing
2660:Van der Meer
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1423:February 13,
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1386:
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1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1303:(2): 22–23.
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592:Bibliography
581:-structured
568:
557:
526:
500:(1919), the
480:(1950), and
459:
457:
437:
433:
414:
387:
368:
362:
347:
296:
283:
279:
268:
225:
224:
176:Institutions
159:
81:(1961-08-20)
29:
4486:Rheologists
4406:1961 deaths
4396:1882 births
4372:Cumrun Vafa
4327:(1919-1921)
4294:John Farrar
4184:David Gross
4160:Sam Aronson
4094:Helen Quinn
3927:George Pake
3844:Felix Bloch
3802:Jesse Beams
3677:John Zeleny
3273:Nobel Prize
2712:Steinberger
2628:K. Siegbahn
2620:Bloembergen
2341:Chamberlain
2074:Schrödinger
1984:M. Siegbahn
1913:W. H. Bragg
1909:W. L. Bragg
1578:: 367–368.
1397:January 13,
1322:October 20,
888:Bridgmanite
575:bridgmanite
323:atmospheres
254:bridgmanite
4390:Categories
4166:Homer Neal
3623:Henry Gale
3546:Henry Crew
3534:Carl Barus
3313:Literature
3229:L'Huillier
3193:Hasselmann
3149:Strickland
3117:Kosterlitz
3041:Perlmutter
2780:Brockhouse
2485:Schrieffer
2357:Hofstadter
2309:C. N. Yang
2066:Heisenberg
2043:De Broglie
1716:1926–1950
1688:PhilPapers
1245:(1): 1–27.
917:References
583:(Mg,Fe)SiO
579:perovskite
543:, and the
516:, and the
440:metastatic
321:; 100,000
275:Auburndale
265:Early life
60:1882-04-21
3914:1976–2000
3790:E. Wigner
3753:1951–1975
3610:1926–1950
3509:1899–1925
3351:John Mott
3282:Chemistry
3275:laureates
3213:Zeilinger
3033:Novoselov
3001:Kobayashi
2925:Abrikosov
2772:J. Taylor
2752:de Gennes
2744:R. Taylor
2636:K. Wilson
2584:R. Wilson
2568:Van Vleck
2539:1976–2000
2529:Rainwater
2525:Mottelson
2501:Josephson
2449:Gell-Mann
2413:Schwinger
2401:Prokhorov
2361:Mössbauer
2321:Cherenkov
2313:T. D. Lee
2237:Cockcroft
2228:1951–1975
2027:C. Wilson
2006:1926–1950
1952:Guillaume
1841:Michelson
1801:Becquerel
1772:1901–1925
1761:Laureates
1528:"Review:
1499:: 47–54.
1278:695567255
1222:246959065
943:: 26–40.
838:610252150
679:. Dover.
629:594940689
496:from the
474:Princeton
335:viscosity
260:Biography
230:physicist
3778:H. Bethe
3221:Agostini
3109:Thouless
3101:McDonald
3089:Nakamura
3057:Wineland
2989:GrĂĽnberg
2945:Politzer
2929:Ginzburg
2917:Giacconi
2897:Ketterle
2852:'t Hooft
2836:Laughlin
2828:Phillips
2808:Osheroff
2736:Friedman
2708:Schwartz
2704:Lederman
2624:Schawlow
2600:Weinberg
2409:Tomonaga
2301:Brattain
2293:Shockley
2202:Blackett
2194:Appleton
2186:Bridgman
2133:Lawrence
2113:Davisson
2093:Chadwick
1976:Millikan
1960:Einstein
1849:Lippmann
1817:Rayleigh
1809:M. Curie
1805:P. Curie
1633:16195758
1497:Elsevier
1451:June 22,
1065:13281470
882:See also
821:40803473
648:17522325
476:(1950),
472:(1941),
450:debate.
317:/cm (10
4325:Vacant
3362:Physics
3209:Clauser
3173:Penrose
3157:Peebles
3113:Haldane
3081:Akasaki
3069:Englert
3061:Haroche
3045:Schmidt
3005:Maskawa
2957:Glauber
2949:Wilczek
2933:Leggett
2913:Koshiba
2893:Cornell
2884:present
2868:Kroemer
2864:Alferov
2856:Veltman
2840:Störmer
2760:Charpak
2740:Kendall
2724:Dehmelt
2692:Bednorz
2592:Glashow
2580:Penzias
2576:Kapitsa
2548:Richter
2521:A. Bohr
2497:Giaever
2477:Bardeen
2441:Alvarez
2425:Kastler
2417:Feynman
2297:Bardeen
2261:Zernike
2253:Purcell
2023:Compton
1968:N. Bohr
1857:Marconi
1789:Lorentz
1781:Röntgen
1763:of the
1672:at the
1641:2785280
1613:Bibcode
1580:Bibcode
1501:Bibcode
1495:(1–2).
1305:Bibcode
1045:Bibcode
1037:Science
1010:Bibcode
790:7435297
752:8122603
733:4614803
704:1488461
685:1298653
303:physics
244:. The
170:Physics
4375:(2018)
4367:(1992)
4359:(1969)
4351:(1951)
4343:(1926)
4335:(1921)
4321:(1914)
4313:(1888)
4305:(1838)
4297:(1807)
4289:(1789)
4281:(1779)
4273:(1737)
4265:(1727)
4210:(2023)
4204:(2022)
4198:(2021)
4192:(2020)
4186:(2019)
4180:(2018)
4174:(2017)
4168:(2016)
4162:(2015)
4156:(2014)
4150:(2013)
4144:(2012)
4138:(2011)
4132:(2010)
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4114:(2007)
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4102:(2005)
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4084:(2002)
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4025:(1994)
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4007:(1991)
4001:(1990)
3995:(1989)
3989:(1987)
3983:(1986)
3977:(1985)
3971:(1984)
3965:(1983)
3959:(1982)
3953:(1981)
3947:(1980)
3941:(1979)
3935:(1978)
3929:(1977)
3923:(1976)
3906:(1975)
3900:(1974)
3894:(1973)
3888:(1972)
3882:(1971)
3876:(1970)
3870:(1969)
3864:(1968)
3858:(1967)
3852:(1966)
3846:(1965)
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3834:(1963)
3828:(1962)
3822:(1961)
3816:(1960)
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3637:(1933)
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3625:(1929)
3619:(1927)
3602:(1925)
3596:(1923)
3590:(1921)
3584:(1919)
3578:(1918)
3572:(1916)
3566:(1914)
3560:(1913)
3554:(1911)
3548:(1909)
3542:(1907)
3536:(1905)
3530:(1903)
3524:(1901)
3518:(1899)
3225:Krausz
3219:2023:
3205:Aspect
3203:2022:
3197:Manabe
3189:Parisi
3187:2021:
3177:Genzel
3171:2020:
3165:Queloz
3155:2019:
3145:Mourou
3141:Ashkin
3139:2018:
3133:Thorne
3129:Barish
3123:2017:
3107:2016:
3097:Kajita
3095:2015:
3079:2014:
3067:2013:
3055:2012:
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3011:2009:
2995:2008:
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2973:Mather
2971:2006:
2965:Hänsch
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2923:2003:
2907:2002:
2901:Wieman
2891:2001:
2862:2000:
2850:1999:
2834:1998:
2818:1997:
2804:D. Lee
2802:1996:
2796:Reines
2790:1995:
2778:1994:
2766:1993:
2758:1992:
2750:1991:
2734:1990:
2720:Ramsey
2718:1989:
2702:1988:
2696:MĂĽller
2690:1987:
2684:Rohrer
2680:Binnig
2674:1986:
2666:1985:
2656:Rubbia
2654:1984:
2648:Fowler
2642:1983:
2634:1982:
2618:1981:
2608:Cronin
2606:1980:
2590:1979:
2574:1978:
2558:1977:
2546:1976:
2519:1975:
2513:Hewish
2507:1974:
2491:1973:
2481:Cooper
2475:1972:
2467:1971:
2457:Alfvén
2455:1970:
2447:1969:
2439:1968:
2431:1967:
2423:1966:
2407:1965:
2393:Townes
2391:1964:
2385:Jensen
2377:Wigner
2375:1963:
2369:Landau
2367:1962:
2355:1961:
2349:Glaser
2347:1960:
2335:1959:
2319:1958:
2307:1957:
2291:1956:
2279:1955:
2267:1954:
2259:1953:
2247:1952:
2241:Walton
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70:, U.S.
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3073:Higgs
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3017:Boyle
2997:Nambu
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2941:Gross
2909:Davis
2882:2001–
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2676:Ruska
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2493:Esaki
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2433:Bethe
2397:Basov
2337:Segrè
2325:Frank
2285:Kusch
2273:Bothe
2249:Bloch
2178:Pauli
2162:Stern
2125:Fermi
2078:Dirac
2051:Raman
1996:Hertz
1944:Stark
1885:Dalén
1861:Braun
1637:S2CID
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1445:(PDF)
1218:S2CID
1094:(PDF)
478:Paris
464:from
367:book
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1920:1916
1901:Laue
1877:Wien
1629:PMID
1456:and
1453:2009
1425:2011
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1342:ISBN
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1061:PMID
870:OCLC
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577:for
558:The
482:Yale
363:His
333:and
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1509:doi
1493:256
1313:doi
1208:doi
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319:GPa
315:kgf
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