42:
1387:
2214:
1155:
1564:
221:
1236:
86:
1364:
61:
1619:, but while behaviour such as scratching increase in response to the presence of the ant, the flying-foxes do not relocate to different trees or different sites, indicating either minimal disturbance or maladaptive tolerance due to island tameness. Nonetheless, these invasive species have the potential to negatively impact the ecosystem via habitat alteration, outcompetition, over-predation, or acting as
1211:
2637:
2144:
1223:
in size, only 1.2% bigger in adults than juveniles, suggesting the thumb is important in social interactions or moving in trees prior to flight-readiness. It becomes flight-ready after five or six months when it reaches an estimated forearm length of 112 mm (4.4 in) and weight of 163 g (5.7 oz), respectively 86.3% and 41.2% of their adult dimensions.
1198:, and males and females can mate multiple times. It is possible that males fight over females, and larger claws in males may be used in defending territories and harems. However, sexually mature males are unlikely to maintain harems until they reach full size at about 38.5 months. The average life expectancy is estimated to be 6 to 12 years, and, based on this,
1274:(assumed breeding colony with a population of ~2,000), Greta Beach (assumed breeding and juvenile colony), and McMicken Point. Colonies may hug the coastline due to the greater amount of food resources there. It seasonally aggregates to certain roosts, possibly related to mating behavior, and most roosts may be seasonally occupied.
1227:
months for males and females respectively. This may be due to a lack of predators on the island and an overall low natural mortality rate, which would make it more beneficial to delay development in order to prolong lifespan. Development is mainly skeletal prior to maturation, and then focuses more on weight gain.
1277:
The remaining 2,500 individuals were scattered across the island, roosting either solitarily or in small groups of three or four individuals, and moved freely about the island rather than remaining sedentary. The
Christmas Island flying fox has been observed roosting in 13 different tree species: the
1222:
A newborn has a forearm length about 49 mm (1.9 in) and weighs 55 g (1.9 oz). Its forearm length increases an estimated 0.029±0.005 mm each day, while its weight increases 0.33±0.7 g per day. This is appreciably slower than other flying foxes. The thumb does not increase much
1134:
The
Christmas Island flying fox is medium-sized, averaging about 129.5 mm (5.10 in) in forearm length, and 400 g (14 oz), up to a maximum in males of 553 g (19.5 oz), which would be achieved at an age of 38.5 months. On average, males are 3.6% heavier than females. Males
1354:
suggests decline during the mid-1990s, possibly starting in 1988. Population continued to decline by 35–39% between 2006 and 2012, indicating the cause of decline has not been adequately dealt with yet. Colonies of flying-foxes have since been found to be roosting colonially in different places and
1226:
Males begin to mature at 15 months of age and are sexually mature by 27 months; females reach physical maturity at 24 months, and sexual maturity by 28 months. This is one of the oldest ages of maturation of any known bat. For example, the grey-headed flying fox reaches sexual maturity at 16 and 11
1138:
It is generally covered in deep shining black fur, but the body has a slightly browner tinge than the head. The fur is thick and soft, especially on the head and neck, and grows sparser on the limbs. Some individuals have an indistinct reddish collar, giving the body a rounded appearance. In some
1649:
and liver problems. One roost near a phosphate drier was abandoned, and one
Christmas Island flying fox liver was found to contain 0.69 mg/kg cadmium, which is higher than the 0.06–0.48 mg observed in various lab and wild animals, but lower than the toxic threshold, though even trace
1349:
The population drastically declined by 2006; the reported population of 1,500–2,000 represented a 66–75% decline. The former three of the six colonies (Middle Point, Daniel Roux Cave and Ethel beach) seem to have been abandoned, and the remaining housed no more than 500–1,400 individuals.
1383:), and has been observed to leave roosts as early as 1:00 p.m. local time, though uncommonly before 4:00 p.m., and peak time between 5:45 and 6:15 p.m. It has been hypothesised that this behaviour could be facilitated by the lack of natural predators.
322:
Due to human activity, it is the sole remaining native mammal species on the island. The population has gone into sharp decline, reduced by 66–75% between 1984 and 2006, and by 35–39% from 2006 to 2012. Causes of the decline likely include development of the island,
1983:
Geyle, Hayley M.; Woinarski, John C. Z.; Baker, G. Barry; Dickman, Chris R.; Dutson, Guy; Fisher, Diana O.; Ford, Hugh; Holdsworth, Mark; Jones, Menna E.; Kutt, Alex; Legge, Sarah; Leiper, Ian; Loyn, Richard; Murphy, Brett P.; Menkhorst, Peter (2018-04-20).
1269:
A 1984 survey reported a population of about 6,000 individuals, and 3,500 of these roosted in six colonies along the coastline: Middle Point (assumed breeding colony), Daniel Roux Cave (assumed bachelor colony), Ethel Beach (assumed juvenile colony),
1574:
Though 63% of the island is a nature reserve, development could still harm flying fox populations. For example, the construction of a casino and possible losses to specific food resources is implicated in the abandonment of the Ethel Beach colony.
310:
by 27 or 28 months, which is one of the slowest maturation times of any bat. Life expectancy is thought to be 6 to 12 years. It forages across the island for fruit and nectar, and, being one of two animals on the island to do so, is likely a
1606:
centipede. The last three are especially implicated in harming flying foxes. However, though feral cats are known to consume the flying fox, there is no evidence they are actively hunting native wildlife; the
1637:
winds sweeping the island on 27 March 1988 coincided with the estimated start of population decline around 1988, and it was proposed that this destroyed colonies overnight and swept some bats off to sea.
2423:
Tidemann, C. R. (1985). A study of the status, habitat requirements and management of the two species of bats on
Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) (Report). Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.
2399:
2074:
1466:
are the only major frugivores on the island. Island-dwelling flying foxes, in general, may be the only animals on their island responsible for pollination and seed dispersal for local plants, acting as
1671:
2536:
302:
The
Christmas Island flying fox is medium-sized, averaging 400 g (14 oz). It has mainly black fur, but slight variations exist. It gives birth to one pup (generally during the
1677:
Whatever the case, if this rate continues, the flying fox has a 41 percent probability to go extinct in the near future by 2038. As of 2015, the management plan for the flying fox is a
1191:
time is about five months, and the pup is weaned after four months. There are multiple roost sites on the island where females and their pups congregate for a portion of the year.
1750:
1527:
Since the initial settlement of
Christmas Island in the 1890s, the fragile island ecology has been disrupted, with the extinction of every other native mammal: the
1175:
species with a long lifespan and slow reproduction rate. Though pups can be born throughout the year, birth rates are highest from
December to February (during the
1659:
1135:
reach peak body mass in May, possibly coinciding with the mating season. It has a broad snout, short and pointed ears, and short teeth (especially the canines).
2902:
2034:
2406:
2084:
1645:
and suppress plant growth. Ingestion of sufficient quantity, possibly through licking off the dust while grooming or consuming dust-covered food, can lead to
2083:(Report). Report to Department of Finance and Deregulation and Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. pp. 30–56. Archived from
2036:
A handlist of
Malaysian mammals; a systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands
1031:. This sentiment was shared with subsequent authors, and the Australian government,. The Christmas Island flying fox seems to maintain a fair degree of
2547:
2930:
2675:
Pteropus melanotus: Todd, C.M., Dorrestein, A., Pulscher, L.A. & Welbergen, J.A.: The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2021: e.T18740A22082634
2652:
Pteropus melanotus: Todd, C.M., Dorrestein, A., Pulscher, L.A. & Welbergen, J.A.: The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2021: e.T18740A22082634
2850:
2755:
2876:
2768:
2955:
2437:
Hall, J.; Rose, K.; Smith, C.; De Jong, C.; Phalen, D.; Austen, J.; Field, H. (2014). "Health Assessment of the Christmas Island flying fox (
2240:
1823:
2330:
2781:
41:
1139:(probably old) males, there is a brown band around the neck, most conspicuous on the sides, narrowing towards the nape without joining.
1417:
from December to March. Inferred from their commonness on the island, the most important trees to their diet are the powder-puff tree,
2945:
2940:
2268:
315:, important in seed dispersal and pollination. Unlike most other bats, it often starts foraging a few hours before sunset (partial
1194:
Since males seem to be defending mating territories with multiple females, and males are bigger than females, it is assumed to be
638:
2935:
1262:
also reported the flying fox as plentiful, and described them as somewhat of a nuisance for destroying fruit crops, especially
2894:
1667:
2881:
2773:
1929:
2828:
1930:
Final Report of the Christmas Island Expert Working Group to the Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts
2060:
A study of the status, habitat requirements and management of the two species of bats on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
1528:
1258:, on his 1897 visit to the island, reported hundreds of flying foxes covering a dead tree. In 1947, British naturalist
2889:
2786:
2729:
1372:
1041:
2350:
Woinarski, J.; Flakus, S.; Tiernan, B. (2012). Results from a monitoring program for the Christmas Island flying-fox
1950:
2907:
1801:
2960:
1259:
1068:
1773:"Report on a zoological collection made by the officers of H.M.S. 'Flying Fish' at Christmas Island. I. Mammalia"
1595:
1463:
1422:
1368:
1184:
85:
1928:
Beeton, B.; Burbidge, A.; Grigg, G.; Harrison, P.; How, R.; Humphreys, B.; McKenzie, N.; Woinarski, J. (2010).
1475:
1391:
2489:"An Island-Wide Monitoring Program Demonstrates Decline in Reporting Rate for the Christmas Island Flying-Fox
1499:
was recorded on the Christmas Island flying fox, though in low density. There is a report of a nonpathogenic
2289:
1986:"Quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending Australian bird and mammal extinctions"
1495:
1449:
1386:
1255:
1159:
1143:
1119:
1096:
1016:
296:
2213:
1650:
amounts can be harmful. The Daniel Roux Cave colony was likely abandoned due to phosphate mining activity.
1379:
Unlike most other bats, the Christmas Island flying fox starts foraging a few hours before sunset (partial
2697:
1603:
1540:
1410:
1329:
1215:
1154:
1108:
1024:
1006:
592:
284:
194:
171:
1744:
1663:
1439:
1076:
825:
803:
490:
379:
336:
2113:
Phalen, D. N.; Hall, J.; Ganesh, G.; Hartigan, A.; Smith, C.; De Jong, C.; Field, H.; Rose, K. (2017).
1772:
2615:
2174:
1682:
1092:
862:
781:
744:
2682:
2659:
1587:
1583:
1430:
1320:
1195:
1100:
521:
50:
220:
2512:
2466:
1455:
1351:
1300:
1112:
1084:
847:
536:
233:
80:
65:
1728:
1254:, and was described by the first settlers in the 1890s as very common. British palaeontologist
1563:
1235:
2950:
2837:
2742:
2458:
2339:(Report). Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. 2013. pp. 1–15.
2264:
2236:
2202:
2015:
1905:
1829:
1819:
1678:
1646:
1363:
1334:
1325:
1291:
1088:
1060:
1036:
1032:
766:
689:
667:
422:
343:
is maintained, Christmas Island flying foxes are likely to become extinct in the near future.
332:
292:
2678:
2655:
2623:
2584:
2504:
2450:
2192:
2182:
2130:
2005:
1997:
1895:
1887:
1813:
1723:
1608:
1599:
1567:
1532:
1468:
1343:
1279:
1251:
1240:
1180:
1104:
1080:
1072:
1002:
704:
607:
475:
340:
328:
324:
312:
268:
2405:(Report). Australian Government Director of National Parks. pp. 30–56. Archived from
1544:
1479:
1304:
1199:
1118:
The Christmas Island flying fox may descend from a population of island flying foxes from
1064:
1056:
998:
307:
210:
2604:"Impacts of an invasive ant species on roosting behavior of an island endemic flying-fox"
2546:(Report). Australian Government Director of National Parks. pp. 1–22. Archived from
1932:(Report). Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. pp. 67–69.
2734:
2619:
2178:
1900:
1871:
1620:
1487:
1434:
1296:
1283:
1271:
2602:
Dorrestein, A.; Todd, C. M.; Westcott, D. A.; Martin, J. M.; Welbergen, J. A. (2019).
1704:
Hutson, A.M.; Kingston, T.; James, D.,Lumsden, L.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C. (2008).
2924:
2674:
2651:
2488:
2010:
1809:
1797:
1714:
1616:
1579:
1048:
Genetic mapping suggests the Christmas Island flying fox is closely related to other
70:
2516:
1705:
2842:
2747:
2470:
1872:"Slow growth and delayed maturation in a Critically Endangered insular flying fox (
1339:
1308:
2813:
2720:
2636:
2143:
1578:
Several invasive species have been introduced to Christmas Island, including the
2863:
2822:
2293:
2187:
2158:
1870:
Todd, C. M.; Westcott, D. A.; Rose, K.; Martin, J. M.; Welbergen, J. A. (2018).
1670:
as of 2008. It is considered critically endangered and protected by Australia's
1624:
1612:
1536:
1507:
1483:
1406:
1316:
17:
1506:
infection, which is only recorded in 15 other bat species, and an unidentified
1210:
1634:
1426:
1414:
1380:
1312:
1176:
987:
The relations of the Christmas Island flying fox with some other flying foxes
316:
303:
280:
261:
2571:
Tildemann, C. R.; Yorkston, H. D.; Russack, A. J. (1994). "The diet of cats,
2508:
2400:
Christmas Island Biodiversity Monitoring Program: December 2003 to April 2007
2135:
2114:
2019:
1891:
1833:
1591:
1552:
1510:
1398:
1287:
1188:
97:
2462:
2206:
1909:
1641:
Phosphate mining sends dust into the vicinity, which may contain traces of
1985:
1658:
The Christmas Island flying fox population is listed as Vulnerable by the
1543:. The Christmas Island flying fox was historically hunted, made easier by
1486:
have been observed harassing it. Flying foxes are generally infested with
306:
from December to March), which can fly by five or six months, and reaches
2807:
2714:
1627:
1548:
1515:
1503:
1500:
1179:), but especially in February. Generally only one pup is born, and given
1172:
366:
157:
117:
2537:
Monitoring, Research and Management of the Christmas Island flying-fox (
2454:
1478:
has been seen attacking and eating the Christmas Island flying fox. The
2855:
2760:
2197:
2157:
Almeida, F. C.; Giannini, N. P.; Simmons, N. B.; Helgen, K. M. (2014).
1642:
1551:
and oil) only sold locally, and the practice has since become illegal.
1482:, which established itself on the island around 1950, and the island's
1247:
1049:
272:
264:
147:
2868:
2628:
2603:
2588:
2227:
Richards, C. R.; Richards, G. C. (2008). "Christmas Island flying-fox
2115:"Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the Christmas Island flying fox (
1402:
1263:
1183:, an individual, on average, has to breed for several years to avert
127:
107:
2691:
2001:
1674:. and hunting was made illegal by the Christmas Island Act of 1958.
2261:
A natural history of Australian bats : working the night shift
1409:), sourced from 35 native plants and 18 introduced, which increase
1397:
Individuals forage across the island. It primarily feeds on fruit (
1818:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529.
1562:
1385:
1362:
1234:
1209:
1153:
1815:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1685:
342,000) project eradicating cats, rats, and ants on the island.
1961:. Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy
1490:
1123:
2695:
137:
2487:
Woinarski, J.; Flakus, S.; James, D. J.; Tiernan, B. (2014).
2259:
Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012).
1672:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
1623:. Ant supercolonies have been aerially bombed with the toxic
2159:"Each flying fox on its own branch: A phylogenetic tree for
1035:, and its restriction to an island could suggest sufficient
2073:
James, D. J.; Dale, G.; Retallick, K.; Orchard, K. (2007).
1202:
is 5 to 9 years, though it could be as short as two years.
2677:(Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature.
2654:(Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature.
1955:— Christmas Island Flying-fox, Christmas Island Fruit-bat"
1555:
was wired to trees close to the ground and used as bait.
2362:, 2006–2012 (Report). Parks Australia, Christmas Island.
1547:, but hunting was largely minimal and products (such as
993:
The Christmas Island flying fox was first described as
271:. It is unclear if it should be considered a distinct
1027:, though he expressed some doubts on the validity of
2535:
Flakus, S.; Pahor, S.; Detto, T.; Maple, D. (2014).
2797:
2704:
2076:Christmas Island Biodiversity Monitoring Programme
2042:. W.T. Cherry, Government Printer. pp. 22–30.
1039:to warrant separation. However, the authoritative
1012:, on the basis of two females and a newborn male.
2062:. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.
2482:
2480:
1459:is also noted as a major component of its diet.
2254:
2252:
1777:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1630:(but it has unknown effects on the flying fox)
2683:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t18740a22082634.en
2660:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t18740a22082634.en
2295:A monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
2284:
2282:
2280:
2163:and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)"
2053:
2051:
2049:
1660:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2530:
2528:
2526:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
1666:if it is found to be a unique species (IUCN)
8:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2325:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2432:
2430:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1865:
1863:
1729:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18740A8525654.en
1146:noted that it emits a loud, harsh screech.
2692:
2298:. Stephen Austin and Sons. pp. 23–26.
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1699:
1697:
219:
59:
40:
31:
2627:
2196:
2186:
2134:
2009:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1899:
1727:
1462:The Christmas Island flying fox and the
1342:. Roosts tend to be in the wind-exposed
1250:to the 135 km (52 sq mi)
1158:Illustration by British palaeontologist
1693:
1045:follows the subspecies classification.
291:). It may descend from a population of
2575:, on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean".
1792:
1790:
1742:
2167:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1978:
1976:
1959:Species Profile and Threats Database
2263:. CSIRO Pub. pp. 26, 27, 144.
1715:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1246:The Christmas Island flying fox is
1023:in the region to subspecies of the
840:
818:
796:
759:
737:
682:
660:
653:
631:
585:
578:
514:
468:
461:
415:
408:
401:
394:
372:
362:
355:
25:
1214:Illustration by bird illustrator
1171:Like other flying foxes, it is a
1052:flying foxes, and is part of the
2931:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2635:
2212:
2142:
1187:. Like most other flying foxes,
639:Little golden-mantled flying fox
84:
1668:Red List of Threatened Species
1:
2956:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
1355:near the abandoned colonies.
997:in 1887 by British zoologist
260:, as the name suggests, is a
228:Location of Christmas Island
2443:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1990:Pacific Conservation Biology
1529:Christmas Island pipistrelle
335:. The species is considered
35:Christmas Island flying fox
2188:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.009
1783:. Academic Press, : 511–14.
1373:Johannes Gerardus Keulemans
1122:off the northeast coast of
1042:Mammal Species of the World
1015:In 1940, British zoologist
438:Christmas Island flying fox
254:Christmas Island flying fox
2977:
2829:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2799:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2539:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2491:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2439:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2333:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2117:Pteropus melanotus natalis
1804:Pteropus melanotus natalis
1662:, but would be considered
1570:quarry on Christmas Island
1260:Carl Alexander Gibson-Hill
258:Christmas Island fruit bat
204:Pteropus melanotus natalis
2946:Mammals described in 1887
2941:Fauna of Christmas Island
1771:Thomas, Oldfield (1887).
1615:, has formed destructive
1464:Christmas imperial pigeon
1433:, the parasol leaf tree,
1369:Christmas imperial pigeon
1185:sub-replacement fertility
860:
845:
838:
823:
816:
801:
794:
779:
764:
757:
742:
735:
702:
687:
680:
665:
658:
651:
636:
629:
605:
590:
583:
576:
534:
519:
512:
488:
473:
466:
459:
435:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
377:
370:
360:
239:
232:
227:
218:
200:
193:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2509:10.3161/150811014X683336
2331:Conservation Advice for
2233:The mammals of Australia
1523:Interactions with humans
1476:Christmas Island goshawk
1392:Christmas Island goshawk
1142:British paleontologists
1611:, which sprays noxious
1450:Tristiropsis acutangula
1371:by Dutch ornithologist
1256:Charles William Andrews
1160:Charles William Andrews
1144:Charles William Andrews
1017:Frederick Nutter Chasen
27:Species of mammal (bat)
2936:Bats of Southeast Asia
2136:10.1093/jmammal/gyx001
2033:Chasen, F. N. (1940).
1892:10.1093/jmammal/gyy110
1812:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1604:Tanzanian blue ringleg
1571:
1541:Christmas Island shrew
1513:, possibly the deadly
1496:Meristaspis calcaratus
1394:
1376:
1243:
1219:
1216:John Gerrard Keulemans
1163:
1025:black-eared flying fox
593:Grey-headed flying fox
285:black-eared flying fox
2497:Acta Chiropterologica
2398:James, D. J. (2008).
2058:Tidemann, C. (1985).
2011:10536/DRO/DU:30109156
1664:Critically Endangered
1566:
1440:Planchonella duclitan
1389:
1366:
1238:
1213:
1157:
826:Seychelles flying fox
804:Madagascan flying fox
491:Spectacled flying fox
380:Little red flying fox
337:critically endangered
2235:. Reed New Holland.
2123:Journal of Mammalogy
1886:(6): 1, 510–1, 521.
1880:Journal of Mammalogy
1722:: e.T18740A8525654.
1447:, beach almond, and
1367:Illustration of the
1346:to aid in take-off.
1029:P. melanotus natalis
863:Mauritian flying fox
782:Malaysian flying fox
745:Rodrigues flying fox
289:P. melanotus natalis
2673:IUCN (2021-08-31).
2650:IUCN (2021-08-31).
2620:2019Biotr..51...75D
2455:10.7589/2013-09-245
2179:2014MolPE..77...83A
1588:African giant snail
1584:Oriental wolf snake
1516:Toxocara pteropidis
1431:Polynesian chestnut
1330:grand devil's-claws
1321:Ochrosia ackeringae
522:Marianas flying fox
293:island flying foxes
51:Conservation status
2229:Pteropus melanotus
1708:Pteropus melanotus
1572:
1456:Muntingia calabura
1395:
1377:
1352:Anecdotal evidence
1244:
1220:
1164:
848:Aldabra flying fox
537:Insular flying fox
186:P. m. natalis
2961:Bats of Australia
2918:
2917:
2698:Taxon identifiers
2629:10.1111/btp.12620
2589:10.1071/WR9940279
2577:Wildlife Research
2242:978-1-877069-25-3
1825:978-0-8018-8221-0
1647:cadmium poisoning
1600:yellow crazy ants
1453:. The introduced
1335:Syzygium nervosum
1326:parasol leaf tree
1292:Celtis timorensis
1059:, along with the
1037:genetic isolation
1033:genetic diversity
991:
990:
981:
980:
972:
971:
963:
962:
954:
953:
945:
944:
936:
935:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
873:
872:
767:Indian flying fox
724:
723:
715:
714:
690:Comoro flying fox
668:Ryukyu flying fox
618:
617:
565:
564:
556:
555:
547:
546:
501:
500:
448:
447:
423:Island flying fox
367:Flying foxes
333:cadmium poisoning
250:
249:
172:P. melanotus
74:
16:(Redirected from
2968:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2738:
2737:
2735:Pteropus_natalis
2725:
2724:
2723:
2706:Pteropus natalis
2693:
2687:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2364:
2363:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2327:
2300:
2299:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2110:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1953:Pteropus natalis
1947:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1874:Pteropus natalis
1867:
1838:
1837:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1701:
1609:yellow crazy ant
1469:keystone species
1280:powder-puff tree
1252:Christmas Island
1241:Christmas Island
1181:infant mortality
1003:Christmas Island
1001:, who sailed to
995:Pteropus natalis
841:
819:
797:
760:
738:
705:Pemba flying fox
683:
661:
654:
632:
608:Samoa flying fox
586:
579:
515:
476:Black flying fox
469:
462:
416:
409:
402:
395:
373:
363:
356:
351:
350:
341:population trend
329:phosphate mining
325:invasive species
313:keystone species
277:Pteropus natalis
269:Christmas Island
243:Pteropus natalis
223:
206:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
18:Pteropus natalis
2976:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2690:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2634:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2367:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2278:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2112:
2111:
2098:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2002:10.1071/PC18006
1982:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1869:
1868:
1841:
1826:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1656:
1621:disease vectors
1561:
1545:island tameness
1525:
1493:, and the mite
1480:Nankeen kestrel
1361:
1305:helicopter tree
1233:
1208:
1200:generation time
1169:
1152:
1132:
1069:Philippine grey
1057:species complex
999:Oldfield Thomas
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
725:
716:
619:
566:
557:
548:
502:
449:
349:
308:sexual maturity
214:
208:
202:
189:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2819:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2778:
2765:
2752:
2739:
2726:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2665:
2642:
2594:
2583:(3): 279–286.
2563:
2522:
2503:(1): 117–127.
2476:
2449:(3): 447–458.
2426:
2415:
2412:on 2019-11-16.
2365:
2342:
2301:
2290:Andrews, C. W.
2276:
2269:
2248:
2241:
2219:
2149:
2129:(2): 428–437.
2096:
2090:on 2019-11-16.
2065:
2045:
2025:
1996:(2): 157–167.
1972:
1935:
1915:
1839:
1824:
1786:
1756:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1655:
1652:
1560:
1557:
1524:
1521:
1435:cockspur thorn
1423:ivory mahogany
1360:
1357:
1297:Malayan banyan
1284:black mangrove
1272:Hosnies Spring
1232:
1229:
1207:
1204:
1168:
1165:
1151:
1148:
1131:
1128:
1115:flying foxes.
989:
988:
984:
983:
979:
978:
975:
974:
970:
969:
966:
965:
961:
960:
957:
956:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:
925:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
894:
893:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
871:
870:
867:
866:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
839:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
822:
817:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
800:
795:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
778:
775:
774:
771:
770:
763:
758:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
741:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
708:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
686:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
635:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
616:
615:
612:
611:
604:
601:
600:
597:
596:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
541:
540:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
518:
513:
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
472:
467:
465:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
419:
414:
412:
407:
405:
400:
398:
393:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
376:
371:
369:
361:
359:
354:
348:
345:
331:and resultant
248:
247:
246:
245:
237:
236:
230:
229:
225:
224:
216:
215:
209:
198:
197:
195:Trinomial name
191:
190:
183:
181:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2973:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2553:on 2019-12-25
2549:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:9780643103740
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:Simmons, N.B.
1793:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:supercolonies
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:barking gecko
1576:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:Maclear's rat
1530:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:C. timorensis
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:Pulau Panjang
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
959:
958:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
905:
904:
896:
895:
887:
886:
878:
877:
869:
868:
865:
864:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
843:
842:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
821:
820:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
799:
798:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
762:
761:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
733:
732:
729:
728:
720:
719:
711:
710:
707:
706:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
685:
684:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
663:
662:
656:
655:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
614:
613:
610:
609:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
588:
587:
581:
580:
574:
573:
570:
569:
561:
560:
552:
551:
543:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
517:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
497:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
464:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
444:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
411:
410:
404:
403:
397:
396:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
375:
374:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
353:
352:
346:
344:
342:
339:, and if the
338:
334:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
309:
305:
300:
298:
297:Pulau Panjang
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
244:
241:
240:
238:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
212:
207:
205:
199:
196:
192:
188:
187:
182:
179:
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
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1654:Conservation
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2864:iNaturalist
2823:Wikispecies
2573:Felis catus
2198:11336/12485
1965:24 December
1735:12 November
1625:insecticide
1613:formic acid
1537:bulldog rat
1445:S. nervosum
1407:nectarivory
1206:Development
1130:Description
1109:Ontong Java
1009:Flying Fish
2925:Categories
2608:Biotropica
2557:2019-11-14
1689:References
1681:500,000 (~
1635:gale-force
1427:common fig
1415:wet season
1381:diurnality
1338:, and the
1313:guest tree
1231:Population
1196:polygynous
1177:wet season
1173:K-selected
1077:spectacled
317:diurnality
304:wet season
281:subspecies
262:flying fox
138:Chiroptera
66:Vulnerable
2814:Q20905775
2721:Q27828750
2356:melanotus
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1301:sea randa
1288:stinkwood
1189:gestation
1093:Admiralty
1007:HMS
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2951:Pteropus
2895:13800334
2808:Wikidata
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128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
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108:Animalia
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1359:Ecology
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1248:endemic
1239:Map of
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