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his brother next, and ran down the twenty-eight, every man being really an outlaw. I called them Public
Enemies, and so designated them in my letter, sent to the Chief of Police, the Sheriff every law enforcing officer. The purpose is to keep the publicity light shining on Chicago's most prominent, well known and notorious gangsters to the end that they may be under constant observation by the law enforcing authorities and law-abiding citizens.
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I had the operating director of the
Chicago Crime Commission bring before me a list of the outstanding hoodlums, known murderers, murderers which you and I know but can't prove, and there were about one hundred of them, and out of this list I selected twenty-eight men. I put Al Capone at the head and
305:, who used it to describe various notorious fugitives they were pursuing throughout the 1930s. Unlike Loesch's use of the term, the FBI's "Public Enemies" were wanted criminals and fugitives who were already charged with crimes. Among the criminals whom the FBI called "public enemies" were
528:"Le but du gouvernement constitutionnel est de conserver la République ; celui du gouvernement révolutionnaire est de la fonder. […] Le gouvernement révolutionnaire doit au bon citoyen toute la protection nationale ; il ne doit aux Ennemis du Peuple que la mort"
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made use of the term, 'Public Enemy', in the 1930s, an era in which the term was synonymous with 'fugitive' or 'notorious gangster'." It was used in speeches, books, press releases, and internal memoranda and remains in usage to this day.
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in AD 68. Its direct translation is "public enemy". Whereas "public" is currently used in
English in order to describe something related to collectivity at large, with an implication towards government or the State, the Latin word
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banning alcohol), none of those named were fugitives or were actively wanted by the law at that specific moment. The list's purpose was clearly to shame those named and to encourage authorities to prosecute them.
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All of those listed were reputed to be gangsters or racketeers and most were rum-running bootleggers. Although all were known to be consistent law breakers (most prominently in regard to the widely broken
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the "Public Enemy Era". Dillinger, Floyd, Nelson, and Karpis, in that order, would be deemed "Public Enemy Number 1" from June 1934 to May 1936. Use of the term eventually evolved into the
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stated: "The revolutionary government owes to the good citizen all the protection of the nation; it owes nothing to the
Enemies of the People but death". The
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to punish "enemies of the people", with some political crimes punishable by death, including "spreading false news to divide or trouble the people".
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which describes individuals whose activities are seen as criminal and extremely damaging to society.
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could, in addition to that meaning, also refer directly to people, making it the equivalent of the
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The term was used so extensively during the 1930s that some writers call that period of the
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Examples of notable people referred to as Public
Enemies were Al Capone in the 1930s.
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This article is about the phrase used to describe outlaws. For the hip hop group, see
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The FBI's website describes the bureau's use of the term: "The FBI and the
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545:"Trump Embraces ‘Enemy of the People’, a Phrase With a Fraught History"
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Hostis (publicus) dans la littérature latine de la fin de la République
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The modern use of the term was first popularized in April 1930 by
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The phrase is attested in the 17th century in the United
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614:""Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" Program Frequently Asked Questions"
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In 1933, Loesch recounted the origin and purpose of the list:
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Eighteenth
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567:(3rd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 269.
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1161:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
618:The FBI / Federal Bureau of Investigation
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
592:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 365–366.
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27:Person who endangers society as a whole
297:The phrase was later appropriated by
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1149:Right-wing authoritarian personality
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69:adding citations to reliable sources
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663:The dictionary definition of
342:FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
173:The expression dates back to
36:Public enemy (disambiguation)
1044:Rally 'round the flag effect
620:. U.S. Department of Justice
563:Sifakis, Carl (2005-06-30).
1418:Crime in the United Kingdom
1247:Asch conformity experiments
964:Identification (psychology)
590:Capone: The Man and the Era
588:Bergreen, Laurence (1996).
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1413:Crime in the United States
1262:Stanford prison experiment
1004:Normative social influence
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471:see also Jal, Paul (1963)
349:U.S. Department of Justice
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1211:Normalization of deviance
1139:Authoritarian personality
1221:Preference falsification
486:Garzetti, Albino (2014)
266:Chicago Crime Commission
883:Tyranny of the majority
268:, to publicly denounce
264:, then chairman of the
240:. On 25 December 1793,
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34:. For other uses, see
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866:Left-wing nationalism
849:Governmental pressure
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1252:Breaching experiment
1039:Operant conditioning
984:Mere exposure effect
477:, footnotes 1 and 2.
262:Frank J. Loesch
65:improve this article
1132:Individual pressure
1009:Passing (sociology)
944:Fear of missing out
909:Closure (sociology)
823:Enemy of the people
532:National Convention
453:Enemy of the people
426:"Machine Gun" Kelly
338:FBI's early history
256:US Public Enemy Era
216:enemy of the people
18:Public enemy (term)
1300:Civil disobedience
1257:Milgram experiment
1196:Creeping normality
1098:Social integration
1034:Psychosocial issue
974:Invented tradition
828:Enemy of the state
550:The New York Times
412:"Pretty Boy" Floyd
246:Law of 22 Prairial
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323:Machine Gun Kelly
238:French Revolution
181:declared emperor
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1372:Pueblo clown
1357:Idiosyncrasy
1342:Eccentricity
1226:Social proof
934:Echo chamber
914:Collectivism
904:Brainwashing
835:Scapegoating
818:Public enemy
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622:. Retrieved
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208:("people"),
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63:Please help
58:verification
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32:Public Enemy
1392:Shock value
1347:Eclecticism
1240:Experiments
861:Nationalism
797:Civil death
716:Enforcement
524:Robespierre
276:gangsters.
242:Robespierre
175:Roman times
1407:Categories
1181:Compliance
1174:Conformity
1074:Hysterical
1064:Behavioral
1029:Propaganda
1014:Patriotism
949:Groupthink
775:Censorship
754:Homo sacer
709:Conformity
651:Law portal
459:References
272:and other
228:The words
91:newspapers
1377:Rebellion
1335:Political
1216:Obedience
1086:Emotional
1059:Addiction
803:Vogelfrei
760:Ostracism
743:Dissenter
739:Dissident
327:Ma Barker
270:Al Capone
148:Al Capone
1382:Red team
1320:Deviance
840:Shunning
624:March 4,
447:See also
301:and the
200:genitive
195:publicus
1330:Dissent
1113:Teasing
1079:Suicide
994:Mobbing
787:Outcast
205:populus
177:. The
158:" is a
150:in 1930
105:scholar
1387:Satire
1352:Hermit
954:Hazing
792:Outlaw
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344:list.
329:, and
211:populi
179:Senate
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1069:Crime
929:Dogma
748:Exile
112:JSTOR
98:books
626:2016
594:ISBN
569:ISBN
492:ISBN
396:and
183:Nero
160:term
84:news
303:FBI
202:of
67:by
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38:.
20:)
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