1371:
911:
643:
4208:
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43:
364:
153:
142:
277:. In the 20th century, such an approach was gradually superseded by the academic method, and the term "Man of Letters" became disused, replaced by the generic term "intellectual", describing the intellectual person. The archaic term is the basis of the names of several academic institutions which call themselves
604:
Generally speaking, the record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one. It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in
885:
said that academics had become ill-equipped for participating in public discourse, and that journalists usually are "more politically alert and knowledgeable than sociologists, economists, and especially ... political scientists". That, because the universities of the U.S. are bureaucratic, private
306:
appeared with higher frequency in the literature. Collini writes about this time that "mong this cluster of linguistic experiments there occurred ... the occasional usage of 'intellectuals' as a plural noun to refer, usually with a figurative or ironic intent, to a collection of people who might be
1106:(1885â1971) identified the intelligentsia as the privileged social class who provide revolutionary leadership. By means of intelligible and accessible interpretation, the intellectuals explain to the workers and peasants the "Who?", the "How?" and the "Why?" of the social, economic and political
791:
movement in France, intellectuals within the country were often maligned for having specific areas of expertise while discussing general subjects like democracy. Intellectuals increasingly claimed to be within marginalized groups rather than their spokespeople, and centered their activism on the
937:
said that the participation of academic public intellectuals in the public life of society is characterized by logically untidy and politically biased statements of the kind that would be unacceptable to academia. He concluded that there are few ideologically and politically independent public
1337:
promises" and that such broad-vision philosophies "succeeded in inspiring the imagination of the intellectuals" to change and improve their societies. According to Hayek, intellectuals disproportionately support socialism for idealistic and utopian reasons that cannot be realized in practice.
427:
in 1898. Nevertheless, by 1930 the term "intellectual" passed from its earlier pejorative associations and restricted usages to a widely accepted term and it was because of the
Dreyfus Affair that the term also acquired generally accepted use in English.
293:
reports that 'I wish I may be well enough to listen to these intellectuals'. Over the course of the 19th century, other variants of the already established adjective 'intellectual' as a noun appeared in
English and in French, where in the 1890s the noun
696:
said that the "true intellectual is, therefore, always an outsider, living in self-imposed exile, and on the margins of society". Public intellectuals usually arise from the educated Ă©lite of a society; although the North
American usage of the term
1320:
wrote that "journalists, teachers, ministers, lecturers, publicists, radio commentators, writers of fiction, cartoonists, and artists" form an intellectual social class whose function is to communicate the complex and specialized knowledge of the
1064:) is to be the source of progressive ideas for the transformation of society: providing advice and counsel to the political leaders, interpreting the country's politics to the mass of the population (urban workers and peasants). In the pamphlet
1278:
said: "We do wrong to our own minds, when we carry out scientific difficulties down to the arena of popular dissension". In his view, it was necessary for the sake of social, economic and political stability "to separate the serious,
1154:
said that intellectuals are the moral conscience of their age; that their moral and ethical responsibilities are to observe the socio-political moment, and to freely speak to their society, in accordance with their consciences.
779:
with the vital reality of the contemporary world, i.e. participation in the public affairs of society. Consequently, being designated as a public intellectual is determined by the degree of influence of the designator's
1127:-based", the intellectuals, who create and preserve knowledge, are "spokesmen for different social groups, and articulate particular social interests". That intellectuals occur in each social class and throughout the
742:
said that politics and intellectuals can be linked, but that moral responsibility for the intellectual's ideas, even when advocated by a politician, remains with the intellectual. Therefore, it is best to avoid
191:, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an
840:, said that professional sociology has failed by giving insufficient attention to resolving social problems, and that a dialogue between the academic and the layman would bridge the gap. An example is how
1086:
and the urban industrial workers in order to integrate them to the revolution because "the history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own efforts, is able to develop only
860:, the Pinochet régime allowed professional opportunities for some liberal and left-wing social scientists to work as politicians and as consultants in effort to realize the theoretical economics of the
755:
that might harm and that have harmed civil society; that intellectuals be mindful of the social and cultural ties created with their words, insights and ideas; and should be heard as social critics of
348:
in the 1830s". An intellectual class in Europe was socially important, especially to self-styled intellectuals, whose participation in society's arts, politics, journalism, and educationâof either
1474:(2010) that intellectuals, who are producers of knowledge, not material goods, tend to speak outside their own areas of expertise, and yet expect social and professional benefits from the
719:(1963) made significant contribution to the notion of public intellectual by historically and conceptually delineating the idea of private and public. Controversial, in the same year, was
1457:
argued that intellectuals become embittered leftists because their superior intellectual work, much rewarded at school and at university, are undervalued and underpaid in the capitalist
1202:
describes the intellectuals of Latin
America as people from an identifiable social class, who have been conditioned by that common experience and thus are inclined to share a set of
727:
of modern society, all intellectuals have the duty to doubt everything that is obvious, to make relative all authority, to ask all those questions that no one else dares to ask".
680:
problems of society, and, as such, are expected to be impartial critics who can "rise above the partial preoccupation of one's own professionâand engage with the global issues of
3284:
647:"Role of Intellectuals in Public Life", panel featuring Michael Ignatieff, Russell Jacoby, Roger Kimball, Susie Linfield, Alex Star, Ellen Willis and Alan Wolfe, March 1, 2001
1187:
222:
but is not synonymous with "an academic". A "man of letters" was a literate man, able to read and write, and thus highly valued in the upper strata of society in a time when
771:
The determining factor for a "thinker" (historian, philosopher, scientist, writer, artist) to be considered a public intellectual is the degree to which the individual is
356:, or ethnic sentimentâconstitute "vocation of the intellectual". Moreover, some intellectuals were anti-academic, despite universities (the academy) being synonymous with
1287:
for the general public". This expresses a dichotomy, derived from Plato, between public knowledge and private knowledge, "civic culture" and "professional culture", the
479:
said that "Intellectuals are not defined according to the jobs they do, but the manner in which they act, the way they see themselves, and the values that they uphold.
1445:: most intellectuals believed in socialism while businessmen expected economic privileges. In his essay "Why Do Intellectuals Oppose Capitalism?" (1998), the American
1095:, socialist theory was the product of the "educated representatives of the propertied classes", of "revolutionary socialist intellectuals", such as were Karl Marx and
278:
2234:
857:
1784:
Jennings, Jeremy; Kemp-Welch, Tony (1997). "The
Century of the Intellectual: From Dreyfus to Salman Rushdie". In Jennings, Jeremy; Kemp-Welch, Tony (eds.).
4012:
3887:
2075:"Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media: Section 4: Scientists, Politics and Religion â Pew Research Center for the People & the Press"
792:
social problems relevant to their areas of expertise (such as gender relations in the case of psychologists). A similar shift occurred in China after the
3897:
2505:
4155:
318:, the intellectual class responsible for upholding and maintaining the national culture, the secular equivalent of the Anglican clergy. Likewise, in
3053:
1478:
derived from possessing professional expertise. In relation to other professions, public intellectuals are socially detached from the negative and
4004:
3942:
2253:
Intellectual
Politics and Cultural Conflict in the Romantic Period: Scottish Whigs, English Radicals and the Making of the British Public Sphere
3984:
3315:
2961:
1280:
3979:
3989:
4022:
1446:
1411:
253:) denotation broadened to mean "specialized", a man who earned his living writing intellectually (not creatively) about literature: the
890:
to the student", who then does not know "how to gauge what is going on in the general struggle for power in modern society". Likewise,
625:, composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty.
4170:
4150:
4129:
1741:
1714:
832:, the public intellectual connects scholarly research to the practical matters of solving societal problems. The British sociologist
423:
to the public; thenceforward, "intellectual" became common, yet initially derogatory, usage; its French noun usage is attributed to
242:, a social institution, usually run by a hostess, meant for the edification, education, and cultural refinement of the participants.
4134:
4017:
3860:
2677:
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2152:
2025:
1793:
126:
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intellectuals, and disapproved public intellectuals who limit themselves to practical matters of public policy, and not with
894:
criticized the quality of participation of intellectuals in public discourse as an example of the "civic irresponsibility of
793:
64:
1035:
of those possessing intellectual formation (schooling, education), and who were
Russian society's counterpart to the German
2929:
107:
4272:
4247:
4165:
3937:
3932:
3416:
1351:
1112:âthe ideological totality of societyâand its practical, revolutionary application to the transformation of their society.
60:
1123:'s conception of the intelligentsia to include political leadership in the public sphere. That because "all knowledge is
79:
4160:
3994:
3959:
3910:
3634:
1415:
1230:
877:
865:
760:
4114:
4104:
3971:
3179:
353:
2231:
86:
4094:
3433:
2954:
2056:
1333:
because the socialists offered "broad visions; the spacious comprehension of the social order, as a whole, which a
1222:
460:
1461:. Thus, intellectuals turn against capitalism despite enjoying more socioeconomic status than the average person.
53:
4237:
4119:
4059:
2667:
1470:
344:
literate, antiestablishment lay intelligentsia is one of the more significant phenomena of the social history of
2546:
In Search of the
Liberal Moment: Democracy, Anti-totalitarianism, and Intellectual Politics in France since 1950
4232:
4064:
4054:
3411:
3223:
1355:
1307:
93:
4267:
4211:
4109:
4044:
2828:
2825:
1479:
1171:
784:, opinions, and options of action (social, political, ideological), and by affinity with the given thinker.
311:
30:
This article is about the term for a practician of intellect. For the process of developing intellect, see
4069:
3698:
3440:
2908:
classified by profession, discipline, scholastic citations, media affiliation, number of web hits and sex.
2778:
2410:
1521:
Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Welch, Tony. "The
Century of the Intellectual: From Dreyfus to Salman Rushdie",
1350:
to repress political dissent. Intellectuals were targeted by the Nazis, the communist regime in China, in
1245:
and champion the poor and downtrodden . utonomy is much harder to demonstrate if you come from a poor or
829:
2429:
75:
4124:
4099:
4089:
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3927:
2995:
2947:
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1271:
1032:
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404:
176:
1414:", Chomsky analyzes the intellectual culture in the U.S., and argues that it is largely subservient to
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and social status as a status group they must be autonomous in order to be credible as intellectuals:
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4277:
4257:
4185:
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2358:
1347:
1037:
589:
156:
2916:
1490:(1872â1970), who advised the British government against national rearmament in the years before the
289:
The earliest record of the
English noun "intellectual" is found in the 19th century, where in 1813,
4252:
3569:
3374:
3349:
3329:
3233:
2610:
The Intellectuals And The Masses: Pride and Prejudice Among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880â1939.
2309:
1403:
849:
772:
520:
333:
235:
1103:
1091:
consciousness" and will settle for the limited, socio-economic gains so achieved. In Russia as in
1012:), or by nationality (American intellectuals, French intellectuals, IberoâAmerican intellectuals,
588:
to perform the tasks of daily governance. Such civil servants earned academic degrees by means of
3726:
3708:
3703:
3691:
3525:
3344:
3324:
3294:
3076:
3048:
2857:
The Wind from the East: French Intellectuals, the Culture Revolution and the Legacy of the 1960s.
2774:
2767:(1999; English edition 2014); highly influential study of intellectuals in the French Resistance
2710:
2292:
1908:
1869:
1275:
1263:
1140:
1092:
1053:
622:
545:
502:
424:
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621:(the "middle people"), in accordance with the Confucian system. Socially, they constituted the
245:
In the late 19th century, when literacy was relatively common in European countries such as the
379:
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3339:
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2522:
2514:
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2446:
2346:
2148:
2021:
2013:
1900:
1789:
1737:
1710:
1610:
1370:
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proposed segregating the intellectuals from the public sphere of society in the United States.
1249:
background , calls to join the wealthy in common cause appear to betray one's class origins.
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239:
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2480:
Anxious Intellects: Academic Professionals, Public Intellectuals, and Enlightenment Values.
3920:
3612:
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3159:
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1953:
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882:
833:
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436:
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407:(1870â1940), marked the full emergence of the "intellectual in public life", especially
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324:
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True Crime: Rodolfo Walsh and the Role of the Intellectual in Latin American Politics.
1852:
McLennan, Gregor (2004). "Traveling With Vehicular Ideas: The Case of the Third Way".
1362:, the Khmer Rouge, and in conflicts in Bangladesh, the former Yugoslavia, and Poland.
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The Social Scientist As Public Intellectual: Critical Reflections In A Changing World
1873:
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1206:(values and ethics); that ninety-four per cent of intellectuals come either from the
1170:, ideological stupidity, and poor planning hampered by ideology. In her memoirs, the
1143:
and that as a social class the "intellectuals view themselves as autonomous from the
1001:
891:
853:
796:
from the "universal intellectual" (who plans better futures from within academia) to
752:
483:
444:
443:, especially when the intellectual's activities exerted positive consequences in the
408:
374:
1386:
noted that "the Intellectual is someone who meddles in what does not concern them" (
1378:
identified the intelligentsia and the business class as interfering with capitalism.
17:
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Globalizing knowledge: Intellectuals, universities and publics in transformation
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1427:
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required the participation of the intellectuals to explain the complexities of
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2321:
2074:
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1442:
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1359:
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It is relatively easy to demonstrate autonomy, if you come from a wealthy or
1128:
1108:
993:
869:
800:("grassroots") intellectuals, the latter group represented by such figures as
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578:
in the period from 206 BC until AD 1912, the intellectuals were the
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472:
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432:
258:
152:
141:
1904:
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In the 20th century, the term intellectual acquired positive connotations of
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3741:
3629:
3624:
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3535:
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The New Radicalism in America, 1889â1963: The Intellectual as a Social Type.
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1326:
1322:
1136:
1120:
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1005:
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and so increased the intellectual understanding of the public, by means of
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3510:
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1294:
In the United States, members of the intellectual status class have been
1132:
977:
756:
731:
560:
524:
486:, as a descriptive term of person, personality, and profession, the word
452:
448:
341:
223:
192:
172:
145:
1912:
1888:
1166:
misunderstand the reality of society and so are doomed to the errors of
747:
intellectuals who offer 'universal insights' to resolve the problems of
307:
identified in terms of their intellectual inclinations or pretensions."
234:: the French participants inâsometimes referred to as "citizens" ofâthe
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3797:
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3555:
3505:
3497:
3487:
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3379:
3238:
3134:
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1303:
985:
669:
618:
345:
188:
180:
2335:. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. Anthology with many contributors.
1433:
In "An Interview with Milton Friedman" (1974), the American economist
1325:
to the general public. He argued that intellectuals were attracted to
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1183:
947:
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The New Public Intellectual: Politics, Theory, and the Public Sphere
1786:
Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie
1389:
L'intellectuel est quelqu'un qui se mĂȘle de ce qui ne le regarde pas
872:, abandoning the political neutrality of the academic intellectual.
2753:(1989). "World War I as Fulfillment: Power and the Intellectuals,"
668:
of society, in addition to an academic career. Regardless of their
3592:
3520:
3071:
2622:, ed. Theolord Roszak. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 254â298.
1406:, they are the ideological administrators, the most threatened by
1369:
1257:
841:
681:
617:, who knew how to read and write, and had been designated, as the
362:
290:
254:
140:
2870:
1889:"Review of Minjian: The Rise of China's Grassroots Intellectuals"
3602:
3144:
1587:(Second (1989) ed.). Oxford English Dictionary. June 2012 .
1545:
The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days
1512:
Third Edition, A. Bullock & S. Trombley, Eds. (1999) p. 433.
584:("Scholar-gentlemen"), who were civil servants appointed by the
319:
3846:
3203:
2943:
2939:
2703:(1958). "Intellectuals, Catholics, and the Intellectual Life,"
2228:
The Intellectual: A Phenomenon in Multidimensional Perspectives
664:
describes the intellectual participating in the public-affairs
2315:
The Future of the Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class.
1706:
The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
36:
2736:(1958). "Intellectuals, Experts, and the Classless Society,"
2553:
Inventing Herself: Claiming A Feminist Intellectual Heritage.
1540:
Les Intellectuels en France. De lâaffaire Dreyfus Ă nos jours
1992:
Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin
676:
expertise, public intellectuals address and respond to the
1569:
The New Cassel's FrenchâEnglish, EnglishâFrench Dictionary
1398:
expressed the view that "intellectuals are specialists in
701:
includes the university academics. The difference between
2061:
The Intellectual: The Positive Power of Negative Thinking
1186:
attempt to overthrow a traditional order in the name of
2936:âdiscussion of public intellectuals in the 21st century.
2270:
Intellectuals and the State in Twentieth-Century Mexico.
567:
and Raja-Maharaja (kings-emperors) came to the meeting,
1486:
derived from their ideas. Sowell gives the example of
600:
philosophers. Historian Wing-Tsit Chan concludes that:
212:
The term "man of letters" derives from the French term
2787:
Shenfield, Arthur A. (1970). "The Ugly Intellectual,"
1283:
of professionals from their responsibility supplying
2882:"Richard Posner's table of 600+ public intellectuals"
2285:
Di Leo, Jeffrey R., and Peter Hitchcock, eds. (2016)
27:
Person who engages in critical thinking and reasoning
4143:
4035:
4003:
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3859:
3760:
3717:
3677:
3659:
3578:
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3358:
3313:
3216:
3062:
3016:
2618:(1968). "The Responsibility of Intellectuals." In:
954:, nor with matters of moral and spiritual outrage.
903:
635:
555:The word intellectual is found in Indian scripture
226:was rare. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
340:said that "the emergence of a socially alienated,
159:was one of the foremost intellectuals of his time.
709:is participation in the realm of public affairs.
559:in the Bachelorette meeting (Swayamvara Sava) of
1235:
602:
183:of society, and who proposes solutions for its
2695:The Reckless Mind â Intellectuals in Politics.
2665:Kidder, David S., Oppenheim, Noah D., (2006).
1646:
1644:
1346:Totalitarian governments manipulate and apply
730:An intellectual usually is associated with an
2955:
2441:The Intellectuals On The Road To Class Power.
1662:
1660:
1652:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
1316:In "The Intellectuals and Socialism" (1949),
1291:and the life of ordinary people in society.
815:
8:
3639:
2859:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2801:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2265:New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
2219:New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
1980:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1760:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
1538:
1510:The New Fontana dictionary of Modern Thought
1387:
494:Educated; erudition for developing theories;
301:
295:
2648:(1949). "The Intellectuals and Socialism,"
2333:The Intellectuals: A Controversial Portrait
1779:
1777:
1775:
1241:background. You simply need to disown your
569:Nipuna Buddhijibina (perfect intellectuals)
552:, a term which is sometimes applied today.
3865:
3856:
3843:
3362:
3213:
3200:
3013:
2962:
2948:
2940:
2544:Sawyer, S., and Iain Stewart, eds. (2016)
2506:"The Rise & Fall of the Intellectual,"
717:Structural Transformation of Public Sphere
2799:Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power.
2519:Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline.
2304:The Intelligentsia and the Intellectuals.
2170:"Why do intellectuals oppose capitalism?"
1971:
1969:
1967:
1842:, ed. Philip Rieff, Garden City, NY, 1969
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1214:and that only six per cent come from the
1150:Addressing their role as a social class,
419:directly addressing the matter of French
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2847:"The Vanishing Man of Letters: Part Two"
2845:Whittington-Egan, Richard (2003-10-01).
2840:"The Vanishing Man of Letters: Part One"
2838:Whittington-Egan, Richard (2003-08-01).
2521:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
2501:Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
2460:Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.
2168:Nozick, Robert (JanuaryâFebruary 1998).
1948:
1946:
920:Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline
613:(1392â1910), the intellectuals were the
151:
2745:German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past.
2326:The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters
1828:Der Intellektuelle und die Gesellschaft
1674:. London and New York: Continuum Press.
1557:The Oxford English Reference Dictionary
1502:
968:Socially, intellectuals constitute the
509:, law, medicine, and science, etc.; and
2747:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1672:Where Have All The Intellectuals Gone?
1607:Absent Minds. Intellectuals in Britain
900:
632:
336:workers. For Germany, the theologian
2650:The University of Chicago Law Review,
2563:Shame and Glory of the Intellectuals.
1703:Charles Alexander Moore, ed. (1967).
1190:, formulated by vain intellectuals".
787:After the failure of the large-scale
605:Chinese government have been a curse.
7:
2662:New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
2246:Marxism, Intellectuals and Politics.
2147:. Penguin Books India. p. 206.
2097:The University of Chicago Law Review
1547:), Paris: Armand Colin, 2002, p. 10.
844:intellectuals worked to reestablish
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2871:The Responsibility of Intellectuals
2755:The Journal of Libertarian Studies,
2672:Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Books
2428:(Stanford University Press). 424pp
2353:. Highly ideological criticisms of
2331:Huszar, George B. de, ed., (1960).
2095:"The Intellectuals and Socialism",
1609:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1412:The Responsibility of Intellectuals
1115:The Italian communist theoretician
1060:function of the intellectuals (the
690:Representations of the Intellectual
399:(1894â1906), an identity crisis of
187:problems. Coming from the world of
3205:
2652:Vol. XVI, No. 3, pp. 417â433.
2630:"Do Public Intellectuals Matter?,"
2487:Intellectuals and the Public Good.
2272:Austin: University of Texas Press.
1960:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1525:, Routledge: New York (1997) p. 1.
1102:The Hungarian Marxist philosopher
898:, especially academic intellect".
858:military dictatorship of 1973â1990
25:
2811:New Haven: Yale University Press.
2791:, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 9â14.
2779:"The Revolutionary Intellectual,"
2765:The French Writers' War 1940â1953
2642:New Haven: Yale University Press.
2263:The Treason of the Intellectuals.
1635:The Twilight of the Intellectuals
1441:and intellectuals are enemies of
1418:. He is particularly critical of
1298:characterized as people who hold
475:(condescension). The sociologist
4207:
4206:
2757:Vol. IX, No. 1, pp. 81â125.
2697:New York: New York Review Books.
2603:The Flight of the Intellectuals.
2498:The Decline of the Intellectual.
2302:Gella, Aleksander, Ed., (1976).
1178:wrote that the anti-monarchical
909:
641:
548:, intellectuals could be called
41:
2740:Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 33â39.
2707:Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 40â53.
2585:New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
2541:. New York: Doubleday & Co.
2453:New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
2217:The Opium of the Intellectuals.
2077:. People-press.org. 9 July 2009
1788:. Routledge. pp. 100â110.
1422:and technocrats, who provide a
886:businesses, they "do not teach
310:In early 19th-century Britain,
279:Colleges of Letters and Science
195:, and by defending a system of
52:needs additional citations for
3848:
2826:"Intellectuals and Highbrows,"
1834:, 20 March 1963, reprinted in
1559:Second Edition, (1996) p. 130.
1537:and Sirinelli, Jean-François.
1262:The Congregational theologian
1031:â1870s), where it denotes the
868:was contingent upon political
592:, and were often also skilled
1:
2818:Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
2345:. New York: Harper Perennial
2306:California: Sage Publication.
1730:The Korea Foundation (2016).
1584:Discover the Story of English
1306:political perspectives about
1025:
723:'s definition: "As the court-
544:, at least starting from the
501:in the fields of philosophy,
2784:Vol. CXXV, pp. 320â330.
2485:Misztal, Barbara A. (2007).
2424:Kennedy, Michael D. (2015).
2318:New York: The Seabury Press.
1958:The Sociological Imagination
1887:BĂ©ja, Jean-Philippe (2020).
1836:The Intellectual and Society
1342:Persecution of intellectuals
878:The Sociological Imagination
383:asking the French President
328:(1860sâ1870s), who were the
300:) formed from the adjective
2835:, Vol. XV, pp. 52, 92.
2668:The Intellectual Devotional
2660:In the Shadows of Tomorrow.
2489:Cambridge University Press.
2463:McCaughan, Michael (2000).
2458:Intellectuals and Politics.
2244:Bates, David, ed., (2007).
1994:(Pluto Press, London: 2008)
1866:10.1080/0308514042000285251
1289:intellectual sphere of life
1162:said that the intellectual
1082:ideology to the uneducated
933:The American legal scholar
459:, without resorting to the
373:(13 January 1898) featured
167:is a person who engages in
4299:
3054:Weberian (three-component)
2930:"The Optimist's Book Club"
2640:Intellectuals in Politics.
2638:Hamburger, Joseph (1966).
2551:Showalter, Elaine (2001).
2299:Columbia University Press.
1047:enlightened middle classes
961:
435:, derived from possessing
265:, et al. Examples include
230:came to be applied to the
29:
4202:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3212:
3199:
3012:
2983:
2917:"Here's a Few You Missed"
2605:New York: Melville House.
2237:24 September 2015 at the
2196:Intellectuals and Society
2043:A view from Latin America
2020:. London: HarperCollins.
1978:Intellect and Public Life
1930:. Rowman and Littlefield.
1926:Gattone, Charles (2006).
1523:Intellectuals in Politics
1471:Intellectuals and Society
1076:vanguard-party revolution
958:Intellectual status class
918:interview with Posner on
908:
816:
794:Tiananmen Square Massacre
738:. The Czech intellectual
640:
571:appeared at the meeting.
490:identifies three traits:
238:, which evolved into the
4176:Pre-industrial East Asia
2816:The Public Intellectual.
2730:New York: Vintage Books.
2715:The Burden of Bad Ideas.
2690:Cambridge: Polity Press.
2688:Intellectuals and Power.
2504:Piereson, James (2006).
2456:Lemert, Charles (1991).
2443:Sussex: Harvester Press.
2251:Benchimol, Alex. (2016)
2232:Inter-Disciplinary Press
2041:Smith, Peter H. (2017).
2018:The Downing Street Years
1605:Collini, Stefan (2006).
1410:." In his 1967 article "
1356:Romanian Communist Party
322:Russia, there arose the
249:, the "Man of Letters" (
3224:Administrative detainee
2583:The Revolt of the Mind.
2511:, Vol. XXV, p. 52.
2297:The Defeat of the Mind.
2282:Sydney: Quadrant Books.
2280:The Last Intellectuals.
1976:Bender, Thomas (1993).
1690:Knowledge and Decisions
1637:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
1480:unintended consequences
1382:The French philosopher
312:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
203:Etymological background
4263:Positions of authority
3640:
2934:The New Haven Advocate
2849:. Contemporary Review.
2842:. Contemporary Review.
2743:Moses, A. Dirk (2009)
2717:New York: Ivan R. Dee.
2620:The Dissenting Academy
2593:The House of Intellect
2482:Duke University Press.
2478:Michael, John (2000).
2328:. New York: Macmillan.
2268:Camp, Roderic (1985).
2143:Chomsky, Noam (2003).
1756:Etzioni, Amitai. Ed.,
1539:
1426:justification for the
1388:
1379:
1270:The 19th-century U.S.
1267:
1251:
1198:The American academic
1158:The British historian
1119:(1891â1937) developed
1074:(1870â1924) said that
864:, but their access to
607:
392:
302:
296:
160:
149:
4181:Pre-industrial Europe
2814:Small, Helen (2002).
2795:Shlapentokh, Vladimir
2782:The Atlantic Monthly,
2612:Chicago Review Press.
2565:Boston: Beacon Press.
2467:Latin America Bureau
1954:Mills, Charles Wright
1733:Koreana â Winter 2015
1709:. U of Hawaii Press.
1402:, they are basically
1373:
1261:
405:French Third Republic
366:
155:
144:
4273:Sociology of culture
4248:Intellectual history
4038: or countries
3849:By country or region
3087:Class discrimination
2894:on 22 September 2015
2693:Lilla, Mark (2003).
2608:Carey, John (2005).
2255:(London: Routledge).
2110:"Papers of Interest"
1758:Public Intellectuals
1404:political commissars
1348:anti-intellectualism
1147:" of their society.
1043:bourgeoisie éclairée
976:organised either by
590:imperial examination
563:. Immediately after
497:Productive; creates
403:nationalism for the
157:Erasmus of Rotterdam
61:improve this article
18:Public intellectuals
3570:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2877:, 23 February 1967.
2751:Rothbard, Murray N.
2595:. New York: Harper.
2577:Aczél, Tamås &
2293:Finkielkraut, Alain
2145:Understanding Power
2129:Annie Cohen-Solal,
1854:Economy and Society
1650:Williams, Raymond.
1581:"Littérateur, n.".
1428:crimes of the state
1285:usable philosophies
1182:(1789â1799) was "a
1067:What Is to Be Done?
856:governments of the
804:, social scientist
661:public intellectual
629:Public intellectual
236:Republic of Letters
4151:18th-century Spain
4005:Standard of living
3709:Upper middle class
3704:Lower middle class
3295:Political prisoner
3077:Chattering classes
3049:Spoon class theory
2775:Shapiro, J. Salwyn
2711:MacDonald, Heather
2684:Laruelle, François
2633:Prospect Magazine,
2515:Posner, Richard A.
2447:Lasch, Christopher
2310:Gouldner, Alvin W.
2174:Cato Policy Report
2063:. Cambridge: Icon.
2045:. The New History.
2014:Thatcher, Margaret
1468:wrote in his book
1380:
1276:Edwards Amasa Park
1268:
1264:Edwards Amasa Park
1225:said that because
1204:common assumptions
1141:political spectrum
1093:Continental Europe
1054:Marxist philosophy
1041:and to the French
888:critical reasoning
828:In the matters of
814:editor Ding Dong (
623:petite bourgeoisie
546:Carolingian Empire
503:literary criticism
425:Georges Clemenceau
393:
367:The front page of
161:
150:
4220:
4219:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4031:
4030:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3732:Lumpenproletariat
3234:illegal immigrant
3195:
3194:
3107:Classless society
2809:Caviar and Ashes.
2509:The New Criterion
2248:London: Palgrave.
2133:, Gallimard, 1989
2119:. 18 August 2014.
1826:Ralf Dahrendorf,
1424:pseudo-scientific
1420:social scientists
1352:communist Romania
1180:French Revolution
1176:Margaret Thatcher
1049:of those realms.
1038:BildungsbĂŒrgertum
944:public philosophy
931:
930:
836:, an exponent of
767:Public engagement
749:political economy
688:of the time". In
656:
655:
581:Scholar-officials
515:; creates art in
169:critical thinking
148:(c.â470 â 399 BC)
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4290:
4238:1810s neologisms
4210:
4209:
4037:
3938:Mexican-American
3866:
3857:
3844:
3645:
3588:Business magnate
3478:Knowledge worker
3363:
3251:dual or multiple
3214:
3201:
3155:Social exclusion
3150:Social cleansing
3064:
3014:
3003:Economic classes
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2926:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2887:. Archived from
2886:
2822:Strunsky, Simeon
2726:The Captive Mind
2555:London: Picador.
2538:On Intellectuals
2379:Bertrand Russell
2200:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2181:
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2159:
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2047:
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2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1990:Le Blanc, Paul.
1988:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1840:On Intellectuals
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1781:
1770:
1769:Bauman, 1987: 2.
1767:
1761:
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1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1492:Second World War
1488:Bertrand Russell
1391:
1384:Jean-Paul Sartre
1331:social democracy
1227:cultural capital
1152:Jean-Paul Sartre
1097:Friedrich Engels
1030:
1027:
1020:originated from
913:
912:
901:
838:public sociology
819:
818:
811:Yanhuang Chunqiu
684:, judgment, and
645:
644:
633:
586:Emperor of China
499:cultural capital
451:responsibility,
354:internationalist
314:coined the term
305:
299:
220:homme de lettres
208:"Man of letters"
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4291:
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4288:
4287:
4233:Intellectualism
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4190:
4139:
4027:
3999:
3966:
3950:Underprivileged
3892:
3851:
3850:
3826:
3756:
3713:
3673:
3655:
3574:
3492:
3452:
3354:
3309:
3208:
3207:
3191:
3170:Social position
3160:Social mobility
3058:
3008:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2915:(2 July 2004).
2911:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2880:
2867:
2862:
2721:Milosz, Czeslaw
2701:Lukacs, John A.
2656:Huizinga, Johan
2589:Barzun, Jacques
2573:
2571:Further reading
2568:
2535:, Ed., (1969).
2435:Konrad, George
2399:Lillian Hellman
2395:Victor Gollancz
2239:Wayback Machine
2208:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2167:
2166:
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2155:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2117:Mises Institute
2112:
2108:
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2078:
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2068:
2055:
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2012:
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1989:
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1529:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1435:Milton Friedman
1376:Milton Friedman
1368:
1344:
1318:Friedrich Hayek
1296:demographically
1256:
1196:
1168:logical fallacy
1117:Antonio Gramsci
1028:
1018:intelligentsiya
966:
960:
952:public theology
910:
904:External videos
883:C. Wright Mills
834:Michael Burawoy
826:
769:
753:public policies
721:Ralf Dahrendorf
713:JĂŒrgen Habermas
642:
636:External videos
631:
538:
536:Historical uses
433:social prestige
395:In France, the
387:to resolve the
377:'s open letter
358:intellectualism
338:Alister McGrath
287:
210:
205:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:intellectualism
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4275:
4270:
4268:Social classes
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4178:
4173:
4171:Ottoman Empire
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:Ancient Greece
4153:
4147:
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4141:
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4130:United Kingdom
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4025:
4023:Home-ownership
4020:
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3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:American Dream
3875:
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3297:
3292:
3290:Migrant worker
3287:
3282:
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3263:
3258:
3253:
3243:
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3218:
3210:
3209:
3206:By demographic
3204:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3186:Status Anxiety
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Ranked society
3137:
3132:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3082:Class conflict
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3065: topics
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Mudsill theory
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2999:
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2984:
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2938:
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2927:
2909:
2878:
2866:
2865:External links
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:Wolin, Richard
2850:
2843:
2836:
2819:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2789:The Modern Age
2785:
2772:
2761:Sapiro, GisĂšle
2758:
2748:
2741:
2734:Molnar, Thomas
2731:
2718:
2708:
2698:
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2681:
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2643:
2636:
2626:Grayling, A.C.
2623:
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2559:Viereck, Peter
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2502:
2493:Molnar, Thomas
2490:
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2403:Cyril Connolly
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2300:
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2276:Coleman, Peter
2273:
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2256:
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2222:Basov, Nikita
2220:
2209:
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2202:
2201:
2198:. Basic Books.
2192:Sowell, Thomas
2183:
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2153:
2135:
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2101:
2088:
2066:
2048:
2033:
2026:
2005:
1996:
1983:
1963:
1942:
1933:
1918:
1899:(4): 285â287.
1879:
1844:
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1810:
1801:
1794:
1771:
1762:
1749:
1743:979-1156041573
1742:
1722:
1716:978-0824800758
1715:
1695:
1692:. Basic Books.
1686:Sowell, Thomas
1677:
1656:
1640:
1631:Kramer, Hilton
1622:
1615:
1590:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1527:
1514:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1464:The economist
1459:market economy
1455:Cato Institute
1374:The economist
1367:
1364:
1358:(PCR) and the
1343:
1340:
1335:planned system
1308:guns-or-butter
1281:technical role
1272:Congregational
1255:
1252:
1200:Peter H. Smith
1195:
1192:
1188:abstract ideas
1072:Vladimir Lenin
1062:intelligentsia
1033:social stratum
1022:Tsarist Russia
970:intelligentsia
964:Intelligentsia
962:Main article:
959:
956:
935:Richard Posner
929:
928:
922:, June 2, 2002
906:
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576:Imperial China
542:Latin language
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510:
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417:Anatole France
413:Octave Mirbeau
397:Dreyfus affair
389:Dreyfus affair
325:intelligentsia
286:
285:"Intellectual"
283:
275:Thomas Carlyle
267:Samuel Johnson
247:United Kingdom
209:
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76:"Intellectual"
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4036:Other regions
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3300:Socioeconomic
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3175:Social stigma
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3165:Social orphan
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3141:
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3123:Nouveau riche
3120:
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3110:
3108:
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3100:
3098:
3097:Class traitor
3095:
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3092:Class society
3090:
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3029:Gilbert model
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2913:Barton, Laura
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2906:(105 KB)
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2616:Chomsky, Noam
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2434:
2431:
2430:online review
2427:
2423:
2421:, and others.
2420:
2416:
2415:Kenneth Tynan
2412:
2411:James Baldwin
2408:
2407:Norman Mailer
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:Edmund Wilson
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2351:0-06-091657-5
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2343:Intellectuals
2340:
2339:Johnson, Paul
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2289:. (Springer).
2288:
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2259:Benda, Julien
2257:
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2250:
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2229:
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2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:Aron, Raymond
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2205:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:(1): 1, 9â11.
2179:
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2154:9780143029915
2150:
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2102:
2099:(Spring 1949)
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2062:
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2057:Fuller, Steve
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2027:0-8317-5448-6
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1860:(4): 484â99.
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1817:Bourdieu 1989
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1571:(1962) p. 88.
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1484:public policy
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1223:Steven Fuller
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484:Thomas Sowell
482:According to
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461:manipulations
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
48:
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4186:Soviet Union
4161:Ancient Rome
4018:Homelessness
3943:Upper Middle
3815: /
3796: /
3787: /
3752:Working poor
3648:
3635:Robber baron
3458:Intellectual
3457:
3448:Royal family
3412:Ancient Rome
3266:second-class
3184:
3127:
3126: /
3121:
3117:High society
3024:Elite theory
3001:
2994:
2987:
2974:Social class
2933:
2922:The Guardian
2920:
2896:. Retrieved
2889:the original
2875:Noam Chomsky
2856:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2815:
2808:
2805:Shore, Marci
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2599:Berman, Paul
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2582:
2579:MĂ©ray, Tibor
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2518:
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2419:Noam Chomsky
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2096:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
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2036:
2017:
2008:
2003:Scriven 1993
1999:
1991:
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1896:
1893:China Review
1892:
1882:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1808:McKee (2001)
1804:
1785:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1736:. íê”ê”ì ê”ë„ìŹëš.
1732:
1725:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1651:
1634:
1625:
1606:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1449:philosopher
1432:
1396:Noam Chomsky
1394:
1381:
1345:
1315:
1293:
1269:
1239:aristocratic
1236:
1221:Philosopher
1220:
1210:or from the
1208:middle class
1197:
1172:Conservative
1164:social class
1160:Norman Stone
1157:
1149:
1145:ruling class
1114:
1107:
1101:
1065:
1058:social class
1051:
1042:
1036:
1029: 1860s
1017:
1016:). The term
1013:
982:conservatism
974:status class
967:
946:, or public
932:
919:
915:
876:
874:
862:Chicago Boys
827:
809:
797:
786:
770:
740:VĂĄclav Havel
729:
716:
711:
706:
703:intellectual
702:
699:intellectual
698:
689:
674:professional
660:
659:
657:
614:
611:Joseon Korea
608:
603:
579:
573:
568:
554:
549:
539:
488:intellectual
487:
481:
477:Frank Furedi
441:intelligence
430:
421:antisemitism
394:
378:
368:
334:white-collar
330:status class
323:
315:
309:
303:intellectuel
288:
271:Walter Scott
250:
244:
231:
227:
219:
213:
211:
165:intellectual
164:
162:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4278:Stereotypes
4258:Occupations
4105:New Zealand
3822:Untouchable
3747:Proletariat
3737:Pea-pickers
3687:Bourgeoisie
3375:Aristocracy
3261:naturalized
3256:native-born
2833:Vanity Fair
2738:Modern Age,
2705:Modern Age,
2646:Hayek, F.A.
2548:(Springer).
2322:Gross, John
1535:Ory, Pascal
1476:halo effect
1447:libertarian
1439:businessmen
1274:theologian
1247:proletarian
1212:upper class
1174:politician
1089:trade-union
1084:proletariat
998:reactionary
848:within the
806:Yu Jianrong
802:Wang Xiaobo
782:motivations
694:Edward SaĂŻd
557:Mahabharata
469:paternalism
465:demagoguery
401:antisemitic
385:FĂ©lix Faure
350:nationalist
251:littérateur
4253:Lord Byron
4227:Categories
4095:Luxembourg
3985:Inequality
3650:Superclass
3441:Hereditary
3417:Post-Roman
3408:Patrician
3278:adolescent
3102:Classicide
2763:. (2014).
2439:. (1979).
2226:. (2010).
1616:0199291055
1498:References
1443:capitalism
1437:said that
1408:dissidence
1400:defamation
1360:Securitate
1129:right-wing
1109:status quo
1006:democratic
994:liberalism
870:pragmatism
854:neoliberal
850:right-wing
773:implicated
736:philosophy
734:or with a
672:fields or
517:literature
473:incivility
457:solidarity
409:Ămile Zola
380:J'AccuseâŠ!
375:Ămile Zola
259:journalist
215:belletrist
179:about the
177:reflection
117:March 2021
87:newspapers
4120:Sri Lanka
4013:Education
3980:Household
3873:Affluence
3808:Rat tribe
3770:Ant tribe
3742:Precariat
3727:Lazzaroni
3669:Bohemians
3630:Overclass
3625:Old money
3561:Spartiate
3536:Kshatriya
3526:Hashashin
3483:Professor
3424:Political
3397:Oligarchy
3387:Hanseaten
3305:Stateless
3285:Convicted
3217:By status
3180:Subaltern
3112:Euthenics
3044:New class
2925:. London.
2581:. (1959)
2375:Hemingway
1905:1680-2012
1874:145227353
1366:Criticism
1327:socialism
1323:scientist
1137:left-wing
1121:Karl Marx
1080:socialist
1010:communism
990:socialism
916:Booknotes
896:intellect
846:democracy
678:normative
666:discourse
658:The term
598:Confucian
550:litterati
529:sculpture
507:sociology
437:intellect
185:normative
4243:Academia
4212:Category
4144:Historic
4065:Colombia
4055:Cambodia
3990:Personal
3888:Mobility
3817:Freedman
3803:Plebeian
3789:Prisoner
3775:Commoner
3661:Creative
3642:Seigneur
3608:Nobility
3566:Vanniyar
3551:Pendekar
3511:Cossacks
3145:Snobbery
3017:Theories
2898:1 August
2855:(2010).
2824:(1921).
2807:(2009).
2777:(1920).
2723:(1990).
2713:(2001).
2686:(2014).
2658:(1936).
2635:No. 206.
2628:(2013).
2601:(2010).
2591:(1959).
2561:(1953).
2517:(2002).
2495:(1961).
2449:(1997).
2355:Rousseau
2341:(1990).
2324:(1969).
2312:(1979).
2295:(1995).
2261:(2003).
2235:Archived
2194:(2010).
2081:14 April
2059:(2005).
2016:(1993).
1956:(1959).
1913:26959862
1832:Die Zeit
1688:(1980).
1670:(2004).
1633:(1999).
1229:confers
1135:and the
1070:(1902),
978:ideology
881:(1959),
757:politics
732:ideology
707:academic
692:(1994),
670:academic
615:literati
561:Draupadi
525:painting
513:Artistic
453:altruism
370:L'Aurore
255:essayist
232:literati
224:literacy
193:ideology
173:research
146:Socrates
4283:Thought
4115:Romania
4110:Nigeria
3995:Poverty
3898:Classes
3883:History
3794:Peasant
3780:Outcast
3719:Working
3699:Burgher
3556:Samurai
3546:OcÄlĆtl
3506:Chhetri
3498:Warrior
3488:Scholar
3402:Russian
3392:Magnate
3380:Aristoi
3359:By type
3246:Citizen
3239:refugee
3135:Poverty
3129:Parvenu
3063:Related
3034:Marxian
2996:Stratum
2829:Part II
2797:(1990)
2371:Tolstoy
2359:Shelley
2278:(2010)
2215:(1962)
1453:of the
1354:by the
1304:leftist
1300:liberal
1184:utopian
1139:of the
986:fascism
980:(e.g.,
842:Chilean
798:minjian
777:engaged
745:utopian
725:jesters
619:chungin
346:Germany
320:Tsarist
316:clerisy
189:culture
181:reality
101:scholar
4070:France
4050:Belize
4045:Africa
3972:Income
3928:Middle
3921:Gentry
3785:Outlaw
3692:Petite
3679:Middle
3613:Landed
3598:Gentry
3531:Knight
3471:Priest
3466:Clergy
3429:Family
3367:Ruling
3316:collar
3273:Clique
2989:Status
2904:
2676:
2525:
2471:
2387:Sartre
2383:Brecht
2349:
2151:
2131:Sartre
2024:
1911:
1903:
1872:
1792:
1740:
1713:
1654:(1983)
1613:
1243:status
1133:centre
1131:, the
1056:, the
1045:, the
1014:et al.
948:ethics
940:values
926:C-SPAN
808:, and
789:May 68
651:C-SPAN
565:Arjuna
531:, etc.
505:, and
455:, and
263:critic
261:, the
257:, the
197:values
175:, and
103:
96:
89:
82:
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4166:Aztec
4125:Tibet
4100:Nepal
4090:Italy
4080:India
4075:Haiti
4060:China
3960:Under
3955:Lower
3933:Black
3916:Donor
3911:Black
3906:Upper
3813:Slave
3762:Under
3618:Petty
3593:Elite
3580:Upper
3521:Harii
3516:CuÄuh
3350:White
3330:Green
3229:Alien
3072:Caste
2892:(PDF)
2885:(PDF)
2873:, by
2437:et al
2367:Ibsen
2224:et al
2113:(PDF)
1909:JSTOR
1870:S2CID
1838:, in
1416:power
1231:power
950:, or
866:power
761:power
751:with
686:taste
682:truth
521:music
449:moral
291:Byron
240:salon
108:JSTOR
94:books
4085:Iran
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3603:Lord
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3434:List
3345:Pink
3335:Grey
3325:Blue
3314:By "
2900:2006
2674:ISBN
2523:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2363:Marx
2347:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2083:2010
2022:ISBN
1901:ISSN
1790:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1302:-to-
972:, a
775:and
759:and
705:and
471:and
439:and
415:and
273:and
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3340:New
1862:doi
1482:of
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1052:In
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596:or
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540:In
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