Public participation - Knowledge (XXG)

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actors who share the same values and seek the same outcomes. However, the uncertain nature of many of the environmental issues would undermine the validity of public participation, given that in many cases the actors come to the table of discussion hold very different perceptions of the problem and solution which are unlikely to be welded into a consensus due to the incommensurability of different positions. This may run the risk of expert bias, which generates further exclusion as those who are antagonistic to the consensus would be marginalised in the environmental decision-making process, which violates the assumed advantage of participatory approach to produce democratic environmental decisions. This raises the further question of whether consensus should be the measure of a successful outcome of participation. As Davies suggests, participative democracy could not guarantee the substantive environmental benefits 'if there are competing views of what the environment should be like and what it is valuable for'. Consequently, who should be involved at what points in the process of environmental decision-making and what is the goal of this kind of participation become central to the debates on public participation as a key issue in environmental governance.

552:). In addition, some opponents argue that the right to participate in environmental decision-making is a procedural right that "can be seen as part of the fundamental right to environmental protection". From this ethical perspective, environmental governance is expected to operate within a framework coinciding the "constitutional principle of fairness (inclusive of equality)", which inevitably requires the fulfillment of "environmental rights" and ultimately calls for the engagement of public. Further, in the context of considerable scientific uncertainties surrounding environmental issues, public participation helps to counter such uncertainties and bridges the gap between scientifically-defined environmental problems and the experiences and values of stakeholders. Through joint effort of the government and scientists in collaboration with the public, better governance of environment is expected to be achieved by making the most appropriate decision possible. 591:

of public participation by using analyzing data from U.S. state transportation agencies. The way these authors measured this is by observing the "effect of public participation on organizational performance" (Neshkova and Guo, 2012). The organizational performance in this instance is U.S. state transportation agencies. The researchers concluded that "public participation is, in fact, associated with enhanced organizational performance" (Neshkova and Guo, 2012). Bureaucratic agencies in general become more effective when including the public in their decision making. What these two studies show is that one the public has not only an interest in policy making but is driven by their beliefs. Lastly, public participation is indeed an effective tool when lawmakers or bureaucratic agencies are making policies or laws.

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engagement in policy drafting increased effectiveness and responsiveness of government public service delivery. All modern constitutions and fundamental laws contain and declare the concept and principle of popular sovereignty, which essentially means that the people are the ultimate source of public power or government authority. The concept of popular sovereignty holds simply that in a society organized for political action, the will of the people as a whole is the only right standard of political action. It can be regarded as an important element in the system of the checks and balances, and representative democracy. Therefore, the people are implicitly entitled even to directly participate in the process of public policy and law making.

548:. It is recognised that environmental problems cannot be solved by government alone. Participation in environmental decision-making effectively links the public to environmental governance. By involving the public, who are at the root of both causes and solutions of environmental problems, in environmental discussions, transparency and accountability are more likely to be achieved, thus securing the democratic legitimacy of decision-making that good environmental governance depends on. Arguably, a strong public participation in environmental governance could increase the commitment among stockholders, which strengthens the compliance and enforcement of environmental laws. GIS can provide a valuable tool for such work (see 147: 516:

off of work, and access to education in public matters exacerbate the lack of participation by low-income citizens. To foster greater participation of all social groups, vanguard privileged classes work to bring in low-income citizens through collaboration. The organizations establish an incentive for participation through accessible language and friendly environments. This allows for an atmosphere of consensus between middle and lower-income citizens.

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standardised terminology have been developed. For example, a beta version of Standardised Data on Initiatives (STARDIT) was published in 2022, using Wikidata to encourage consistent terminology across languages to describe the tasks of involvement, the methods, communication modes and any impacts or outcomes from involvement. STARDIT has already been used by a number of organisations to report initiatives, including

41:. This can be in relation to individuals, governments, institutions, companies or any other entities that affect public interests. The principle of public participation holds that those who are affected by a decision have a right to be involved in the decision-making process. Public participation implies that the public's contribution will influence the decision. Public participation may be regarded as a form of 130:

by community members, election of budget delegates to represent different communities, facilitation and technical assistance by public employees, local and higher level assemblies to deliberate and vote on spending priorities, and the implementation of local direct-impact community projects. Participatory budgeting may be used by towns and cities around the world, and has been widely publicised in

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until the end of the 20th century. A paradigm shift started with the Burra Charter by ICOMOS Australia in 1979 and was later developed by the work of the GCI around 2000. Today, so called “value-led conservation” is at the base of heritage management for WH sites: establishing stakeholders and associated values is a fundamental step in creating a Management Plan for such sites.

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Weible digresses his statements with a "three-tier hierarchical belief system" (Weible, 2007). The first tier is unchanging fundamental beliefs that a person holds. The middle tier is compose of core beliefs regarding policy and is more "pliable than deep core beliefs" (Weible, 2007), which is found in tier one. The final tier is merely secondary beliefs.

148: 489:, and other democracies. Establishing direct citizen participation can increase governance's effectiveness, legitimacy, and social justice. The idea is that public should be involved more fully in the policy process in that, authorities seek public views and participation, instead of treating the public as simply passive recipients of policy decisions. 150: 620:

states the right of every person to participate in the affairs of his country, either directly or by selecting representatives. Likewise, the right to political participation means the right under which the ruling authority is committed to providing rights to citizens, including the right to nominate

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The concept and practice of public participation has been critiqued, often using Foucauldian analytical frameworks. Such accounts detail how participation can be a method of capturing community activity into regimes of power and control although it has also been noted that capture and empowerment can

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Public participation may also be viewed as accountability enhancing. The argument being that public participation can be a means for the participating communities to hold public authorities accountable for implementation. In the United Kingdom citizens are used to ensure the fair and humane detention

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As shown in Christopher Weible's study, it is obvious that the public has an intrinsic desire to participate in policy making to some degree. That being said, how effective is public participation in the sphere of policy making? A study by Milena I. Neshkova and Hai Guo illuminates the effectiveness

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in authorities and politicians has become a widespread concern in many democratic societies.The relationship between citizens and local governments has weakened over the past two decades due to shortcomings in public service delivery. Public participation is regarded as one potential solution to the

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Why is the public motivated to participate in policy making in the first place? A study from Christopher M. Weible argues in his stakeholder example that individuals are motivated by their belief systems. More specifically, people are "motivated to convert their beliefs into policy" (Weible, 2007).

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Although broad agreements exist, the notion of public participation in environmental decision-making has been subject to a sustained critique concerning the real outcome of participatory environmental governance. Critics argue that public participation tends to focus on reaching a consensus between

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In the United States, public participation in administrative rulemaking refers to the process by which proposed rules are subject to public comment for a specified period of time. Public participation is typically mandatory for rules promulgated by executive agencies of the US government. Statutes

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Consultation with local communities is acknowledged formally in cultural management processes. They are necessary for defining the significance of a cultural place/site, otherwise you run the risk of overseeing many values, focusing on “experts’” views. This has been the case in heritage management

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Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making, in which ordinary city residents decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget. Participatory budgeting is usually characterized by several basic design features: identification of spending priorities

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Many community organizations are composed of affluent middle-class citizens with the privilege and the time to participate. It is well documented that low-income citizens face difficulty organizing themselves and engaging in public issues. Obstacles like: finding affordable childcare, getting time

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The underlying assumption by political theorists, social commentators, and even politicians is that public participation increase public trust in authorities, improving citizen political efficacy, enhancing democratic ideals and even improving the quality of policy decisions. However, the assumed

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movements. Public participation may be advanced as part of a "people first" paradigm shift. In this respect, public participation may challenge the concept that "big is better" and the logic of centralized hierarchies, advancing alternative concepts of "more heads are better than one" and arguing

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The key to success in applying citizen science to policy development is data which is "suitable, robust, and of a known quality for evidence-based policy making". Barriers to applying citizen science to policy development include a lack of suitability between the data collected and the policy in

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Greater inclusion of non-professional scientists in policy research is important. It is academia's responsibly to facilitate the "democratization of policy research". This has several benefits: having citizens involved in not just the contribution of data, but also the framing and development of

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Public participation is viewed as a tool, intended to inform planning, organising or funding of activities. Public participation may also be used to measure attainable objectives, evaluate impact, and identify lessons for future practice. In Brazil's housing councils, mandated in 2005, citizen

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Reporting and evaluating methods of public participation and involvement in across multiple disciplines and languages has been an ongoing challenge, making it difficult to assess effectiveness. Some novel tools for reporting involvement, engagement and participation across disciplines using

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In 1990 practitioners established the International Association for Public Practitioners in order to respond to the increasing interest in the practice, and in turn established the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2). The practice is well established globally and the

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into their policy-making processes. Situating citizens as active actors in policy-making can work to offset government failures by allowing for reform that will better emulate the needs of citizens. By incorporating citizens, policies will reflect everyday needs and realities, and not the

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Nunn, Jack S.; Shafee, Thomas; Chang, Steven; Stephens, Richard; Elliott, Jim; Oliver, Sandy; John, Denny; Smith, Maureen; Orr, Neil; Preston, Jennifer; Borthwick, Josephine; van Vlijmen, Thijs; Ansell, James; Houyez, Francois; de Sousa, Maria Sharmila Alina (2022-07-19).

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222:. In this context are limits of solely relying on technocratic bureaucratic monopoly of decision making, and it is argued that public participation allows governments to adopt policies and enact laws that are relevant to communities and take into account their needs. 657:

since 1791. More recently, since the 1970s in New Zealand numerous laws (e.g.: health, local government, environmental management) require government officials to "consult" those affected by a matter and take their views into consideration when making decisions.

180:. The desire to increase public participation in humanitarian aid and development has led to the establishment of a numerous context-specific, formal methodologies, matrices, pedagogies and ad hoc approaches. These include conscientization and praxis; 347:

research, online discussion forums, or deliberative citizens' juries. There are many different public participation mechanisms, although these often share common features (for a list over 100, and a typology of mechanisms, see Rowe and Frewer, 2005).

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and public participation are closely connected democratic societies have incorporated public participation rights into their laws for centuries. For example, in the US the right to petition has been part of the First Amendment of the

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and elect representatives, to hold public office in accordance with the principle of equal opportunities, to participate in private and public meetings, and the right to form and join political parties. Articles 20 and 27 of the

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In Australia, Indigenous communities increasingly have stewardship of conservation and management programs to care for, monitor and maintain their cultural heritage places and landscapes, particularly those containing rock art.

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benefits of public participation in restoring public trust are yet to be confirmed. Citizen participation is only sustained if citizens support it and if their involvement is actively supported by the governing body.

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making within democratic bodies, policies are rendered legitimate when citizens have the opportunity to influence the politicians and parties involved. In the UK and Canada it has been observed that all levels of

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Chapman, Colin and Crona Hodges. "Can Citizen Science Seriously Contribute to Policy Development?: A Decision Maker's View." Analyzing the Role of Citizens Science in Modern Research. IGI Global, 2017.

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There have emerged a number of arguments in favor of a more participatory approach, which stress that public participation is a crucial element in environmental governance that contributes to better

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Pring, G. and Noé, S.Y. (2002) 'The Emerging International Law of Public Participation Affecting Global Mining, Energy, and Resource Development' in Zillman, D.M., Lucas, A. and Pring, G.(eds)

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Effective public participation depends on the public having accessing to accurate and comprehensive information. Hence laws regarding public participation often deal with the issue of the

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Weible, Christopher (2007). "An Advocacy Coalition Framework Approach to Stakeholder Analysis: Understanding the Political Context of California Marine Protected Area Policy".

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With growing complexities of the environmental issues, public participation has come to the fore in academic analysis concerning the contemporary debates about

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A conservation programme in Dangeil, Sudan, has used social and economic relationship with the community to make the project sustainable over the long term.

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Richardson, Liz. "Engaging the Public in Policy Research: Are Community Researchers the Answer?" Politics and Governance, vol. 2, no. 1, 2014, pp. 32–44.

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enshrined by some international and national legal systems that protects public participation in certain decision making processes. Article 21 of the

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Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2000) Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 25 (1), 3-29.

1516:"Toward "Strong Democracy" in Global Cities? Social Capital Building, Theory-Driven Reform, and the Los Angeles Neighborhood Council Experience" 2378: 2318: 2167: 30:, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive than 1869: 1293: 617: 226: 628:

In some jurisdictions, the right to public participation is enshrined by law. The right to public participation may also be conceived of as

274:, education, consultation, exhibitions, academic events, publicity campaigns, among others are all effective means for local participation. 2546: 738: 449: 193: 1023: 874: 267: 2705: 2657: 2428: 694:

funded research projects, La Trobe University's Academic and Research Collaborative in Health (ARCH), citizen science projects and the

1451:"Accountability and Oversight of State Functions: Use of Volunteers to Monitor Equality and Diversity in Prisons in England and Wales" 1308:

Rowe, G. and Frewer, L.J. (2005) A typology of public engagement mechanisms, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 30 (2), 251-290.

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

2746: 1091:"Finding Sustainability in the Desert: Conservation of the Archaeological Site of Dangeil, Sudan, and Its Associated Collections" 758: 549: 444: 1645:

Human Rights in Natural Resource Development: Public Participation in the Sustainable Development of Mining and Energy Resources

974: 854: 676:, meant to ensure equal and full participation of a designated group in society. For example, in the context of disabled people. 1418:

Rowe, G. and Gammack, J.G. (2004) Promise and perils of electronic public engagement, Science and Public Policy, 31 (1), 39-54.

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Nazrul Islam, Nazrul Isable Martinez and Wang Xi, "Environmental Law in Developing Countries: Selected Issues, IUCN, 2002, pg.7

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In recent years, public participation has become seen as a vital part of addressing environmental problems and bringing about

2710: 2607: 2363: 189: 38: 2199: 1234:"Participatory Governance Reform: A Good Strategy for Increasing Government Responsiveness and Improving Public Services?" 609: 601: 377: 213: 185: 181: 171: 88:. Similarly major environmental and sustainability mechanisms have enshrined a right to public participation, such as the 81: 2647: 509: 241:

Around the globe, experts work closely with local communities. Local communities are crucial stakeholders for heritage.

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Citizen science is a coined term commonly used to describe the participation of non-scientists in scientific research.

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Du Plessis, A. (2008), 'Public Participation, Good Environmental Governance and Fulfillment of Environmental Rights',

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Bulkeley, H. and Mol, A.P.J. (2003), 'Participation and Environmental Governance: Consensus, Ambivalence and Debate',

1491:"Wampler, Brian, and Stephanie McNulty. "Does participatory governance matter." Exploring the (2011). - Google Search" 2350: 1319: 454: 439: 2695: 2637: 177: 163: 80:

Some legal and other frameworks have developed a human rights approach to public participation. For example, the

2652: 2617: 2562: 2448: 1921:"مفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لحقوق الإنسان | العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية" 785: 538: 429: 409: 404: 373: 1823:

Neshkova, Milena (2012). "Public Participation and Organizational Performance: Evidence from State Agencies".

963: 2358: 936:"Engaging local communities in stewardship of World Heritage: a methodology based on the COMPACT experience" 753: 687: 669: 399: 316: 260: 219: 124: 50: 2741: 2388: 2373: 723: 665: 645: 633: 434: 335: 197: 167: 31: 2700: 2508: 2498: 2463: 1378:"Comparative Sustainability of Bazaar in Iranian Traditional Cities: Case Studies in Isfahan and Tabriz" 768: 763: 743: 459: 424: 389: 113: 708: 201: 1428: 1007: 56:

Public participation is part of "people centred" or "human centric" principles, which have emerged in

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International Association of Public Participation now has affiliate organizations across the globe.

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Davies, A. (2001). 'What silence knows – planning, public participation and environmental values',

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3rd IGES International Workshop on Forest Conservation Strategies for the Asia and Pacific Region

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and inclusiveness, shaped by the desire for the participation of the whole community or society.

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Owens, S. (2000). 'Engaging the public: information and deliberation in environmental policy',

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make a similar declaration about the right to participate in the management of public affairs.

264: 2622: 2582: 2535: 2483: 2408: 2266: 2248: 2125: 2107: 2065: 2047: 2005: 1987: 1570: 1535: 1472: 1358: 1289: 1253: 1211: 1157: 1110: 1063: 923: 414: 105: 1889:"The Right to Public Participation in Resources and Environmental Decision-Making in Alberta" 1336: 49:, the establishment of ongoing participatory processes is seen by some as the facilitator of 2612: 2528: 2493: 2256: 2238: 2115: 2097: 2055: 2037: 1995: 1977: 1900: 1832: 1805: 1562: 1527: 1462: 1348: 1281: 1245: 1203: 1149: 1102: 1055: 252: 72:

and international relief and development programs. Public participation is advanced by the

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A rights-based approach to public participation and local management of natural resources

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have been undertaking several projects with local communities to protect their heritage.

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Clark, Kate. “Preserving What Matters. Value-Led Planning for Cultural Heritage Sites.”

2632: 2557: 2513: 2261: 2226: 2120: 2085: 2060: 2025: 2000: 1965: 482: 357: 1515: 982: 138:, were the first full participatory budgeting process was developed starting in 1989. 2730: 2662: 2597: 2478: 1582: 1531: 1169: 1122: 1075: 935: 661: 322: 69: 57: 1233: 1138:"Indigenous Stewardship of Decolonised Rock Art Conservation Processes in Australia" 2572: 2567: 2458: 2335: 1514:

Musso, Juliet; Weare, Christopher; Bryer, Thomas; Cooper, Terry L. (January 2011).

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People-Centred Approaches to the Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Living Heritage

690:, Australian Genomics 'Guidelines For Community Involvement In Genomics Research', 673: 613: 477: 131: 1153: 1106: 1059: 155:

Video segment in 2011: "Without people participation development actions fail". -

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machinations of politicians and political parties. This may involve large-scale

42: 2243: 2102: 2042: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1566: 1385:

International Journal on Technical and Physical Problems of Engineering (IJTPE)

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African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation

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African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation

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that reports on the fair and humane detention of prisoners and detainees.

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Marshall, Melissa; May, Kadeem; Dann, Robin; Nulgit, Lloyd (2020-08-31).

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In some countries public participation has become a central principle of

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involvement of those potentially affected by or interested in a decision

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Inclusion of the people in the activities of any organization or project

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The concept of stakeholders has widened to include local communities.

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Public participation is recognised as an environmental principle, see

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question and skepticism regarding the data collected by non-experts.

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that public participation can sustain productive and durable change.

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Nunn, Jack S.; Tiller, Jane; Fransquet, Peter; Lacaze, Paul (2019).

1337:"The Public Participation in the Drafting of Legislation in Hungary" 668:. The right to participation may also be advanced in the context of 1905: 1553:

Huxley, Margo (June 2000). "The Limits to Communicative Planning".

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http://hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pub/values_heritage_research_report

1966:"Public Involvement in Global Genomics Research: A Scoping Review" 1870:"Public Participation Guide: Introduction to Public Participation" 1731:

Pellizzoni, L. (2003): 'Uncertainty and Participatory Democracy',

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Guiducci, Francesca; Sweek, Tracey; Anderson, Julie (2020-08-31).

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culture over the last thirty years, and has had some bearings of

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provisions in their legal systems since before the Middle Ages.

278: 263:, and communities are all important parties. Activities such as 45:

and as a vital part of democratic governance. In the context of

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Avrami, Erica C., Randall Mason, and Marta De la Torre. 2000.

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Reporting and evaluating public participation and involvement

644:, Germany, Denmark and Sweden, have public participation and 1679:"Ramos, G. Public participation in Environmental Governance" 84:

in economic and human development was enshrined in the 1990

2168:"Guidelines for Community Involvement in Genomics Research" 924:

https://www.iccrom.org/sites/default/files/PCA_Annexe-2.pdf

806:"IAP2 Core Values for the Practice of Public Participation" 481:

crisis in public trust and governance, particularly in the

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Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report

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Generally public participation seeks and facilitates the

2227:"Standardised data on initiatives—STARDIT: Beta version" 2086:"Standardised data on initiatives—STARDIT: Beta version" 2026:"Standardised data on initiatives—STARDIT: Beta version" 1596: 176:

In economic development theory, there is a school of

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Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

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Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory

1597:"International Association for Public Participation" 623:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2671: 2544: 2349: 2696:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 420:Public participation geographic information system 1944:"Public participation legislation - Coastal Wiki" 1022:. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. 1006:. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. 1004:Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report 905: 903: 850: 848: 826: 824: 822: 533:Public participation in environmental governance 188:(RRA) and participatory rural appraisal (PRA); 781:Strategic lawsuit against public participation 2319: 1341:Central European Public Administration Review 8: 2364:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 1722:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, p.222. 1429:"Public participation (science in society)" 2326: 2312: 2304: 1555:Journal of Planning Education and Research 1376:Assari, Ali; T.M. Mahesh (December 2011). 1277:Civil Society and Participatory Governance 465:Public participation in patent examination 2260: 2242: 2119: 2101: 2059: 2041: 1999: 1981: 1904: 1466: 1352: 775:Progress in Community Health Partnerships 1647:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, P 76. 2578:Right to an adequate standard of living 1697: 1695: 1681:. Globalnation.inquirer.net. 2008-07-21 797: 208:Environment and sustainable development 190:appreciation influence control analysis 2379:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 1657: 1655: 1653: 1269: 1267: 1227: 1225: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 632:, or as manifestation of the right to 508:of prisoners. Volunteers comprise the 1781: 1779: 1720:Citizens, Experts and the Environment 618:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 227:Environmental Principles and Policies 7: 1703:Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 832:"Principles of Public Participation" 739:Localisation (humanitarian practice) 450:Participatory technology development 194:Objectives Oriented Project Planning 2231:Research Involvement and Engagement 2173:. Australian Genomics. April 2023. 2090:Research Involvement and Engagement 2030:Research Involvement and Engagement 1868:US EPA, OITA (February 24, 2014). 1274:Donaghy, Maureen M. (2013-03-05). 14: 2499:Right to refuse medical treatment 2180:from the original on 18 July 2023 834:. Co-intelligence.org. 2008-05-23 277:For instance, local charities in 1532:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02311.x 1232:Speer, Johanna (December 2012). 1036:"A tale of a Syrian city at war" 960:Conservation, The GCI Newsletter 759:GIS and environmental governance 600:This section is an excerpt from 582:Efficacy of Public Participation 550:GIS and environmental governance 445:Participatory poverty assessment 229:, and has been enshrined in the 192:(AIC); "open space" approaches; 1887:Fluker, Shaun (June 30, 2015). 1851:"What is Public Participation?" 1449:Roffee, James A. (2017-01-01). 749:Participation (decision making) 497:Accountability and transparency 356:or agency policies may mandate 2711:Sexual and reproductive health 2608:Right to a healthy environment 1335:Vértesy, László (2017-01-10). 1250:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.034 1018:De la Torre, Marta, ed. 2002. 28:patient and public involvement 1: 2628:Right to public participation 1154:10.1080/00393630.2020.1778264 1107:10.1080/00393630.2020.1761183 1060:10.1080/13604813.2019.1575605 610:right to public participation 602:Right to public participation 595:Right to public participation 378:Participatory action research 214:right to public participation 182:Participatory action research 172:Participatory rural appraisal 82:right to public participation 2648:Right to science and culture 2202:. 2023-07-18. Archived from 1520:Public Administration Review 1196:Public Administration Review 1034:Azzouz, Ammar (2019-02-11). 664:, access of information and 510:Independent Monitoring Board 2474:Right to keep and bear arms 2384:Freedom from discrimination 1322:September 27, 2008, at the 1190:Fung, Archon (2015-02-25). 2763: 2244:10.1186/s40900-022-00363-9 2103:10.1186/s40900-022-00363-9 2043:10.1186/s40900-022-00363-9 1970:Frontiers in Public Health 1749:Environment and Planning A 1567:10.1177/0739456X0001900406 599: 563: 500: 455:Participatory organization 440:Participatory 3D modelling 367: 314: 299: 211: 161: 122: 103: 2638:Right to rest and leisure 2342: 476:In recent years, loss of 178:participatory development 164:Participatory development 2653:Right to social security 2618:Right to Internet access 2563:Equal pay for equal work 2449:Presumption of innocence 1983:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00079 1468:10.1177/2158244017690792 962:16, no. 3 (2001): 5-12. 786:Visual preference survey 539:environmental governance 520:Critical interpretations 430:Participatory management 410:Participatory evaluation 405:Participatory ergonomics 374:Participatory monitoring 261:charitable organisations 2747:Participatory democracy 2529:right to be a candidate 2359:Equality before the law 1461:(1): 2158244017690792. 1354:10.17573/ipar.2016.4.06 1142:Studies in Conservation 1095:Studies in Conservation 754:Participatory economics 400:Participatory economics 317:Participatory democracy 220:sustainable development 125:Participatory budgeting 51:collective intelligence 2389:Freedom of information 2374:Freedom of association 859:July 11, 2008, at the 724:Deliberative democracy 666:freedom of information 646:freedom of information 634:freedom of association 435:Participatory modeling 336:stakeholder engagement 330:have started to build 198:vulnerability analysis 168:Participatory planning 159: 32:stakeholder engagement 2701:Intersex human rights 2509:Right of self-defense 2464:Right to a fair trial 1837:10.1093/jopart/mur038 1810:10.1093/jopart/muj015 1286:10.4324/9780203098011 769:Participatory justice 764:Participatory culture 744:Neighborhood planning 460:Participatory sensing 425:Participatory justice 390:Participatory culture 257:research institutions 212:Further information: 186:rapid rural appraisal 154: 114:Participatory theatre 24:citizen participation 2588:Right to development 2469:Right to family life 2419:Freedom from torture 2404:Freedom from slavery 1762:Environmental Values 1733:Environmental Values 1663:Environmental Values 979:australia.icomos.org 877:May 2, 2008, at the 734:Involve (think tank) 503:Radical transparency 395:Participatory design 360:during this period. 110:Participatory cinema 47:knowledge management 20:Public participation 2399:Freedom of religion 2394:Freedom of movement 2369:Freedom of assembly 2351:Civil and political 1718:Fischer, F. (2000) 1148:(sup1): P205–P212. 1101:(sup1): P113–P118. 1052:2019City...23..107A 638:freedom of assembly 306:Participatory video 302:Participatory media 2716:Right to sexuality 2593:Right to education 2519:Security of person 2414:Freedom of thought 1893:Alberta Law Review 1208:10.1111/puar.12361 940:unesdoc.unesco.org 729:Intentional living 709:Citizens' assembly 270:2021-05-03 at the 265:knowledge exchange 251:Various levels of 160: 2724: 2723: 2623:Right to property 2583:Right to clothing 2568:Fair remuneration 2536:Right to homeland 2484:Right to petition 2409:Freedom of speech 1295:978-0-203-09801-1 1244:(12): 2379–2398. 1238:World Development 889:Shelton, Dinah. " 574:research itself. 415:Participatory GIS 202:capacity analysis 152: 106:Participatory art 2754: 2613:Right to housing 2547:Economic, social 2494:Right to protest 2489:Right to privacy 2328: 2321: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2264: 2246: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2105: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2063: 2045: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2003: 1985: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1940: 1929: 1928: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1739: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1710: 1709:(2): 170-201.(4) 1699: 1690: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1675: 1669: 1659: 1648: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1470: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1382: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1332: 1326: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1271: 1262: 1261: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1187: 1174: 1173: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1031: 1025: 1016: 1010: 1000: 994: 993: 991: 990: 981:. 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Iap2.org 793:References 525:co-exist. 328:government 315:See also: 104:See also: 2424:Legal aid 2285:"STARDIT" 2253:2056-7529 2237:(1): 31. 2144:"STARDIT" 2112:2056-7529 2096:(1): 31. 2052:2056-7529 2036:(1): 31. 1992:2296-2565 1583:143756651 1575:0739-456X 1540:0033-3352 1477:2158-2440 1455:SAGE Open 1395:6 January 1363:2591-2259 1258:0305-750X 1216:0033-3352 1170:224805280 1162:0039-3630 1123:219435237 1115:0039-3630 1076:150357708 1068:1360-4813 650:Democracy 119:Budgeting 62:education 2686:Abortion 2524:Suffrage 2271:35854364 2175:Archived 2130:35854364 2070:35854364 2010:31024880 1786:246-261. 1320:Archived 918:ICCROM. 875:Archived 857:Archived 702:See also 688:Cochrane 670:equality 268:Archived 237:Heritage 196:(ZOPP); 95:By field 74:humanist 66:business 2434:Liberty 2262:9294764 2121:9294764 2061:9294764 2001:6467093 1048:Bibcode 922:. 2015 897:. 1999. 364:Science 332:citizen 184:(PAR), 157:S.Kumar 58:Western 2673:Sexual 2269: 2259: 2251: 2128: 2118: 2110: 2068: 2058: 2050: 2008: 1998: 1990: 1976:: 79. 1874:US EPA 1581: 1573: 1538: 1475: 1361: 1292: 1256: 1214: 1168: 1160: 1121: 1113: 1074: 1066: 487:Europe 376:, and 170:, and 136:Brazil 112:, and 2178:(PDF) 2171:(PDF) 1579:S2CID 1381:(PDF) 1347:(4). 1166:S2CID 1119:S2CID 1072:S2CID 612:is a 383:Other 296:Media 283:Syria 2267:PMID 2249:ISSN 2186:2023 2126:PMID 2108:ISSN 2066:PMID 2048:ISSN 2006:PMID 1988:ISSN 1855:EUKN 1571:ISSN 1536:ISSN 1473:ISSN 1397:2013 1359:ISSN 1290:ISBN 1254:ISSN 1212:ISSN 1158:ISSN 1111:ISSN 1064:ISSN 1040:City 692:NIHR 672:and 636:and 608:The 334:and 304:and 279:Homs 200:and 2675:and 2257:PMC 2239:doi 2116:PMC 2098:doi 2056:PMC 2038:doi 1996:PMC 1978:doi 1901:doi 1833:doi 1806:doi 1563:doi 1528:doi 1463:doi 1349:doi 1282:doi 1246:doi 1204:doi 1150:doi 1103:doi 1056:doi 893:." 100:Art 26:or 2733:: 2287:. 2265:. 2255:. 2247:. 2233:. 2229:. 2146:. 2124:. 2114:. 2106:. 2092:. 2088:. 2064:. 2054:. 2046:. 2032:. 2028:. 2004:. 1994:. 1986:. 1972:. 1968:. 1933:^ 1923:. 1897:52 1895:. 1891:. 1872:. 1853:. 1829:22 1827:. 1802:17 1800:. 1778:^ 1736:12 1707:11 1705:, 1694:^ 1666:12 1652:^ 1623:. 1599:. 1577:. 1569:. 1559:19 1557:. 1534:. 1524:71 1522:. 1518:. 1493:. 1471:. 1457:. 1453:. 1387:. 1383:. 1357:. 1345:14 1343:. 1339:. 1288:. 1266:^ 1252:. 1242:40 1240:. 1236:. 1224:^ 1210:. 1200:75 1198:. 1194:. 1178:^ 1164:. 1156:. 1146:65 1144:. 1140:. 1117:. 1109:. 1099:65 1097:. 1093:. 1070:. 1062:. 1054:. 1044:23 1042:. 1038:. 977:. 938:. 902:^ 847:^ 821:^ 698:. 541:. 485:, 483:UK 372:, 343:, 281:, 255:, 233:. 204:. 166:, 134:, 108:, 68:, 64:, 34:. 2327:e 2320:t 2313:v 2297:. 2273:. 2241:: 2235:8 2213:. 2188:. 2156:. 2132:. 2100:: 2094:8 2072:. 2040:: 2034:8 2012:. 1980:: 1974:7 1953:. 1927:. 1909:. 1903:: 1876:. 1857:. 1839:. 1835:: 1812:. 1808:: 1688:. 1633:. 1609:. 1585:. 1565:: 1542:. 1530:: 1503:. 1479:. 1465:: 1459:7 1438:. 1399:. 1389:3 1365:. 1351:: 1298:. 1284:: 1260:. 1248:: 1218:. 1206:: 1172:. 1152:: 1125:. 1105:: 1078:. 1058:: 1050:: 992:. 948:. 841:. 815:. 604:.

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