143:. The Great Debate requires students from a variety of classes to research and write about a controversial theme. These themes have ranged from water and agriculture to mental health. The event is open to the public. Students give individual and group presentations, engage in formal debates, break out into discussion sessions, and display interactive poster presentations. Community members and public officials also participate as moderators, discussion leaders, and debaters. Unlike the Town Hall Meetings, which usually take place on campus property, the Great Debate is hosted in public spaces including City Council Chambers and public libraries.
66:, Habermas envisioned the public sphere as an inclusive discursive space in which the citizens of a society gathered, discussed, and debated over the issues of the day. Habermas argued that the European bourgeois public sphere that emerged in eighteenth century coffee houses and salons represented an idealized form of the public sphere. Individuals engaging in discussion in these spaces would share and debate their views with one another. Habermas argues that this dialectic encounter was a critical part of one's social life where individuals, as part of a larger public, could construct
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participate. This specialized student training draws two critiques. First, conceiving of public pedagogy as a form of instruction risks erasing the plurality that is central to being a public. Training individuals how to be "good" citizens prescribes action in a way that limits the scope of politics and the public sphere. Second, conceiving of public pedagogy as a form of learning risks eclipsing politics with education. Turning political and social issues into learning problems individualizes the issues instead of making them the responsibility of the public.
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existence of female and plebeian styles of discourse. The concern here is that as a model of the bourgeois public sphere, applications of public sphere pedagogy might alienate students and community members unaccustomed to this type of dialectic experience. In addition to its exclusionary nature, attention has also been called to
Habermas' privileging of a hegemonic public sphere.
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23:) represents an approach to educational engagement that connects classroom activities with real world civic engagement. The focus of PSP programs is to connect class assignments, content, and readings with contemporary public issues. Students are then asked to participate with members of the community in various forms of
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argues that the bourgeois public sphere was structured to be affable to those privileged few who made up the powerful upperclass. While students participating in public sphere pedagogy application receive special training in their classrooms, the same is not necessarily true of community members who
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in 2007. Classes participating in the Town Hall event require students to research and write about controversial issues. Students then come together with classmates, students from other classes, faculty, and community members. During the Town Hall
Meeting, participants move into breakout sessions to
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Public sphere pedagogy inherently is subject to many of the criticisms of
Habermas' conception of the public sphere. Chief among them is the traditionally exclusionary nature. The bourgeois public sphere, as introduced by Habermas, has been characterized as highly patriarchal, and oblivious to the
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Student Voices programs are a type of civic engagement initiative that have been implemented in several high schools in the United States. The curriculum has high school students research and complete classroom assignments on current issues in government and candidates in local elections. Students
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then connect with outside communities via the digital public sphere and engage in moderated "Speak Out" events. Student Voices programs have been successfully implemented in curricula in
Seattle and Pennsylvania school districts.
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share their work and engage in discussions about their topics. Faculty and community members moderate these discussions, share expert insight, and move students toward further development of their work.
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This traditional notion of a face-to-face public sphere has evolved with the invention of online technologies. The public sphere no longer requires a physical setting, but can manifest in
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Feldman, Lauren; Josh Pasek; Daniel Romer; Kathleen Hall
Jamieson (2007-11-01). "Identifying Best Practices in Civic Education: Lessons from the Student Voices Program".
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The Great Debate also uses public sphere pedagogy as its foundation. This event started at
California State University, Chico in 2010 and has since been implemented at
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Public Sphere
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in particular discusses the role of new media in the public sphere and public pedagogy. However, scholars debate whether
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Ryan, M. P. (1992). "Gender and public access: Women's politics in nineteenth century
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78:". Further, Habermas argued that a functioning public sphere was critical to maintaining a healthy democratic order and
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Fraser, Nancy (1990). "Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy".
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797:. Peter Labanyi, Jamie Owen Daniel, Assebja Oksiloff (trans.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
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Town Hall
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Public sphere and experience: Toward an analysis of the bourgeois and proletarian public sphere
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Goldberg, Greg (2010). "Rethinking the public/virtual sphere: The problem with participation".
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in an online setting actually constitutes a functioning public sphere or just a public space.
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Biesta, Gert (2012). "Becoming public: public pedagogy, citizenship and the public sphere".
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Students participate in interactive poster displays at the Shasta
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and public debate events. Through these events, students are challenged to practice
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Papacharissi, Zizi (2002). "The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere".
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Swiencicki, Jill; Chris Fosen; Sofie Burton; Justin Gonder; Thia Wolf (2011).
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Public sphere pedagogy is theoretically grounded in
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3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Norfolk Island
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:American Samoa
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3315:of New Zealand
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Sint Eustatius
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Cayman Islands
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:European Union
2956:
2954:
2953:Other entities
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2907:other entities
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2858:United Kingdom
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Czech Republic
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2191:
2178:
2169:
2155:Canary Islands
2151:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1599:Primary school
1593:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1559:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Cognitive load
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
983:Evidence-based
980:
975:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
947:
946:
931:
926:
920:
918:
917:By perspective
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
894:
892:
886:
885:
882:
875:
874:
869:
867:
866:
859:
852:
844:
836:
835:
829:978-1890951283
828:
810:
804:978-0816620319
803:
785:
779:978-0262531146
778:
760:
731:10.2307/466240
713:
708:10.1086/520692
700:10.1086/520686
678:
649:
624:
599:
574:
549:
525:
510:
485:
466:(5): 739–754.
450:
415:
388:(7): 683–697.
367:
328:
308:978-0262531146
307:
290:
284:978-0262581080
283:
265:
237:
212:
174:
173:
171:
168:
163:Michael Warner
157:
154:
148:
145:
141:Chabot College
137:Shasta College
128:
125:
107:
104:
102:
99:
68:public opinion
53:
50:
48:
45:
27:discourse and
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3632:
3621:
3620:Public sphere
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3522:French Guiana
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:New Caledonia
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Easter Island
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3097:United States
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Faroe Islands
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:South Ossetia
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Liechtenstein
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:South Ossetia
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Guinea-Bissau
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:Undergraduate
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:Middle school
1672:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1626:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Project-based
1437:
1435:
1434:Problem-based
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Demonstration
1392:
1390:
1389:Contemplative
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Homeschooling
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Environmental
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:Instructional
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:Psychometrics
949:
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543:2014-03-15
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259:2014-03-15
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743:JSTOR
704:JSTOR
476:S2CID
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348:(9).
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