399:, that want to be able to engage in activities such as lobbying and class action, rely on other sources of funding. Public interest law organizations admit that the preferences of donors affect the priorities they can work on. For example, donors need measurable outcomes in order to see that their money is being put to good use. They will be more likely to donate again if there are concrete outcomes from their donations. The need for outcomes inhibits these organizations from working on more complex problems that tend to have less discrete solutions. It is easier to take on similar cases in order to attract the same donors that were moved to donate in the past. Grassroots organizing and coalition building, because they are not as visible as high profile litigation are not prioritized when resources are limited. However, in order to empower communities, grassroots organizing and coalition building is very important and has led to significant social reforms in the past.
116:, test cases, and other tactics familiar from the U.S. experience, they already understood that their ultimate tactical weapon in any piece of litigation was to use the threat or reality of a supportive decision at the European Court of Human Rights. With this background in mind, it made more sense for the promoters of public interest law in Central and Eastern Europe to talk about "strategic litigation" than about public interest litigation. Using the instrumentality of the European Court of Human Rights effectively required a strategic approach. Not all human rights cases were likely to receive a favorable ruling; a negative ruling could produce more damage to the human rights cause than no ruling at all. The European Court had a rich case law that could provide clues to how a future case might be decided, and there were procedural aspects, such as the requirement to exhaust domestic remedies, to consider.
327:, who before becoming a U.S. Supreme Court justice incorporated advocacy for the interests of the general public into his legal practice. In a celebrated 1905 speech, Brandeis decried the legal profession, complaining that "able lawyers have to a large extent allowed themselves to become adjuncts of great corporations and have neglected their obligation to use their powers for the protection of the people." In the late 1960s and 1970s, large numbers of American law school graduates began to seek "relevance" in their work—wishing to affect the social issues that were so visibly and hotly debated within American society at that time. They defined themselves as public interest lawyers in order to distinguish themselves from the "corporate adjuncts" referred to by Brandeis.
335:
underrepresented individuals. Consequently, a significant current in public interest lawyering has always emphasized the need to provide legal services to those living in poverty. The term has grown, however, to encompass a broader range of activities of lawyers and non-lawyers working toward a multitude of objectives, including civil rights, civil liberties, women's rights, consumer rights, environmental protection, and so on. Nevertheless, a common denominator for public interest lawyers in the United States and in a growing number of countries remains the ethic of “fighting for the little guy”—that is, representing the underrepresented and vulnerable segments of society.
364:
generate revenue. These organizations rely on federal funds, private foundation grants, donations, state funds, attorney's fees, membership dues, fundraising events, and fellowships for new lawyers. Federal funds and private foundation grants are the largest sources of funding for most organizations, however funding varies based on the type of organization. For example, economic liberalism and environmental organizations follow the membership-oriented approach of leading civil rights organizations such as the
292:, the Centre for Applied Legal Studies and Lawyers for Human Rights. Despite the hostile political environment and a legal system that was inimical to public interest lawyering, they achieved some notable successes opposing forced removals and contesting the system of pass laws and other racist laws. However, even as early as the late 19th century, litigation had been used as a strategy for resistance, especially by early black lawyers, many of whom were among the founders of the
351:, which is well established in the United States, provides opportunities for law students to do practical legal work on basic legal matters as well as more complex public interest issues, such as women's rights, anti-discrimination law, constitutional rights, and environmental protection, among others. Some law schools have public interest law centers, which advise law students interested in pursuing public interest law careers.
313:
146:
417:
221:
inequality between economically disadvantaged litigants and the government. However, NGOs and charitable organizations are not eligible to get legal aid. The NGOs and
Charitable organizations contributed to opening of avenues for people who deserved justice but lacked interest to approach courts and helped them in becoming petitioners to get justice.
403:
failure to coordinate with individuals causes low-income household to obtain legal aid for less than 20% of their legal needs. During periods of increased hostility toward minorities, lawyers are forced to prioritize only the most severe violations of rights. By only being able to take the most severe cases, many people's needs remain unmet.
237:
without imposing any means test. The Hong Kong Bar
Association and The Law Society of Hong Kong operate their own Bar Free Legal Service Scheme and Free Legal Consultation Scheme respectively where enrolled law firms and barristers specializing in different fields volunteer to give consultations on a pro bono basis.
304:
specialist organisations being established, alongside the older generalist organisations. South Africa has since seen extensive public interest lawyering seeking to give effect to the transformative promise of the
Constitution, in particular to enforce socio-economic rights and shore up democratic institutions.
363:
Most of the work done by public interest law organizations does not make money because their clients often cannot afford private counsel. In addition, the other activities they perform such as community outreach, organizing coalitions, talking to the press, and initiating grassroots campaigns, do not
287:
South Africa has seen significant public interest litigation throughout its constitutional history. During colonial and apartheid rule, public interest litigation was used as a tool of struggle to resist unjust laws. During the late apartheid period from 1979, three public interest organisations were
184:
Chinese reformers believe that one avenue for speeding the development of public interest law is implementing an associational standing rule by which organizations can instigate lawsuits to protect the interests of its members. Currently, China's Civil
Procedure Law is undergoing revision. One of the
240:
In addition, unlike in the United States where NGOs and public interest law groups routinely bring public interest lawsuits on behalf of aggrieved individuals, in-house counsel working in NGOs and charities in Hong Kong are not allowed to directly represent the people these organizations serve. Some
236:
Scheme which offers free legal representation to eligible defendants on the first day of court appearance. They also run the Free Legal Advice Scheme at their Legal Advice
Centres within nine District Offices in Hong Kong with the aim to provide one-off preliminary legal advice to the general public
199:
In Hong Kong public interest law is an emerging field. The chief vehicle for pursuing public interest claims is judicial review. This is the process by which decisions of the government are challenged in the courts. There has been a surge in judicial review cases since 2000. Environmental issues and
220:
provides funding to legal services for those who pass the means and merits test. The two Legal Aid
Schemes that it operates, namely the Ordinary Legal Aid Scheme (OLAS) and the Supplementary Legal Aid Scheme (SLAS) have facilitated the practice of public interest law through narrowing the resource
330:
Summing up the movement's history in the United States, Stanford
University Law Professor Deborah Rhode writes: "Public interest lawyers have saved lives, protected fundamental rights, established crucial principles, transformed institutions, and ensured essential benefits for those who need them
402:
An overall lack of funds necessary to meet the legal needs of the poor and underrepresented is one of the most significant issues facing organizations. Legal aid clinics across the country are forced to decline many of the requests they receive because of lack of resources. Lack of resources and
383:
funds for programs that "engaged in redistricting, lobbying, class action suits, training for political activities, any activities directed toward reforming federal or state welfare systems, abortion or prison litigation" and recovering attorney's fees. These restrictions cause government funded
176:
Public interest law (公益法) is an accepted term in China, where the basic institutions supporting the rule of law are still extremely nascent. China does not have a common-law system in which lawyers are expected to play a key role in "making law." Nevertheless, a small but effective community of
111:
Over time, in the mid-1990s, U.S. experiences became more relevant. The
Council of Europe's prerequisite that lawyers use their own country's courts first to seek legal remedies before turning to the European bodies gradually became more than a pro forma exercise, and civil society organizations
127:
The changes to the
Italian electoral law from 2014 to 2017 were both "caused by actions born from the bottom (...) the result of a methodical, studied and concerted action. It has been featured by university professors, constitutional and electoral law-makers, parliamentarians and other elected
177:
lawyers has gained acceptance of public interest litigation as a legitimate means of resolving social issues and contributing to a harmonious society, and non-governmental actors have significantly improved the enforcement of rights for migrant workers, women, children and those suffering from
334:
Public interest law does not describe a body of law or a legal field; the term was adopted to describe whom the public interest lawyers were representing, rather than what matters they would work on. Instead of representing powerful economic interests, they chose to be advocates for otherwise
303:
introduced radical changes to the legal system that have facilitated public interest litigation, including a justiciable Bill of Rights, broad rules of standing and flexible remedial powers for courts. Since 1995, the South
African public interest litigation sector has grown, with a number of
342:
that work to promote and protect human rights using the U.S. legal system, fight to protect the environment, or advocate on behalf of consumers, call themselves public interest law organizations. A large community of lawyers practices public interest law in the form of providing
1311:
Balancing the Scales of Justice: Financing Public Interest Law in America: A Report by the Council for Public Interest Law (1976, 361 p. & appendices) KF 299.P8C6 1976 Includes A History of Public Interest Law, at 17–76, and The World of Public Interest Law Today, at
185:
proposed amendments would create a form of associational standing. In theory, the new law would give domestic NGOs the power to file lawsuits in their own name on behalf of their members, but the proposed amendment has engendered spirited debate and its fate is unclear.
95:
At the end of the communist period in the early 1990s, the national legal systems of Central and Eastern Europe were still in a formative stage. The most important source of legal authority for the new human rights groups came from outside the region: the
279:. And since then there had been instances when the Courts are keen to decide the matters of public importance without delay, as the case in Shyam Sundar where the court accepted the matter even when the application was made by a letter sent through post.
248:
legal service to students. Pro bono committees of law firms in Hong Kong also meet on a bimonthly basis in the Hong Kong Legal Community Roundtable, a forum for international law firms to discuss development of pro bono work in Hong Kong and the region.
78:
decried the legal profession, complaining that "able lawyers have to a large extent allowed themselves to become adjuncts of great corporations and have neglected their obligation to use their powers for the protection of the people."
1340:
Charles R. Halpern & John M. Cunningham, Reflections on the New Public Interest Law: Theory and Practice at the Center for Law and Social Policy, 59 Geo. L. J. 1095-1126 (1971). Includes Appendix B: Nader v. Volpe: A Case Study, at
773:
1350:
Karen O'Connor & Lee Epstein, Rebalancing the Scales of Justice: Assessment of Public Interest Law. 7 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 483-505 (1984). Includes history of both liberal & conservative public interest law
212:
who represent citizens and social groups in human rights and public policy litigation on a consistent basis in Hong Kong are also members of political parties or active participants in social movements outside the courts.
203:
One of the pioneers in public interest law in Hong Kong was Pamela Baker. In the late 1980s she litigated a series of landmark courtroom cases challenging the government's treatment of Vietnamese refugees. In 1995 the
1373:
Edwin Rekosh, Kyra A. Buchko, and Vessela Terzieva, eds., Pursuing the Public Interest: A Handbook for Legal Professionals and Activists, PILnet (then Public Interest Law Institute), New York (2001). Retrieved from
1318:
Gordon Harrison & Sanford M. Jaffe, The Public Interest Law Firm; New Voices For New Constituencies (Ford Foundation, 1973, 40 p.) KF299.P8 H37 Edited version of article originally published at 58 ABA J. 459-467
181:, among others. For example, public interest lawyers in China have filed lawsuits in court successfully challenging workplace sexual harassment and the involuntary confinement of healthy people to mental hospitals.
263:"Public Interest Litigation" or PIL right since its inception in the Indian judicial system, has shown some good examples of safeguarding the rights of the people of India and has strengthened the position of the
1143:
Rekosh, supra; See also Joel F. Handler, Ellen Jane Hollingsworth & Howard S. Erlanger, Lawyers and the Pursuit of Legal Rights 24-39 (1978); Note, The New Public Interest lawyers, 79 Yale L.J. 1069, 1069-70
1030:
128:
representatives (...), representatives of civil society and ordinary citizens. Their names are, as voters, in more than twenty introductory pleadings (quotations or appeals)", all of them brought
1357:
Francis B. Stevens & John L. Maxey, John L. II, Representing the Unrepresented: A Decennial Report on Public-Interest Litigation in Mississippi, 44 Miss. L. J. 333-390 (1973).
347:
free of charge to those who cannot afford to pay for it. However, the grim reality remains that lawyers are underpaid and grossly overworked, offering perfunctory representation.
790:
323:"Public interest law" is a term that became widely adopted in the United States during and after the social turmoil of the 1960s. It built on a tradition exemplified by
634:
598:
777:
1315:
Bringing Justice to the People: The Story of the Freedom-Based Public Interest Law Movement / edited by Lee Edwards (Heritage Books, 2004, 218 p.) KF 390.5.P78 B74.
794:
677:
Edwin Rekosh, Constructing Public Interest Law: Transnational Collaboration and Exchange in Central and Eastern Europe, 13 UCLA J. Int'l L.& For. Aff.55, 80-82
1322:
Sanford M. Jaffe, Public Interest Law : Five Years Later (American Bar Association, Special Committee on Public Interest Practice, 1976, 52 p.) KF299.P8 J3.
241:
commentators believe that the inability of NGOs to directly represent clients in legal proceedings has dampened the growth of public interest law in Hong Kong.
119:
The core lesson from the U.S. experience for local activists was how courts could be used effectively as a tool for civil society engagement in governance.
993:
738:
82:
In the tradition thus exemplified, a common ethic for public-interest lawyers in a growing number of countries remains "fighting for the little guy".
331:
most....In virtually every major American social reform movement of the last half century, public interest lawyers have played an important role."
650:
1334:
Susan D. Carle, Re-Envisioning Models for Pro Bono Lawyering: Some Historical Reflections, 9 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol'y & L. 81-96 (2001)
1128:
707:
1375:
1344:
Judith Kilpatrick, Race Expectations: Arkansas African-American Attorneys (1865- 1950), 9 Am. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol'y & L. 63-79 (2001).
1308:
Nan Aron, Liberty and Justice for All : Public Interest Law in the 1980s and Beyond (Westview Press, 1989, 166 p) KF390.5.P78 A96 1989.
33:
refers to legal practices undertaken to help poor, marginalized, or under-represented people, or to effect change in social policies in the
1103:
434:
355:
programs at bar associations and law firms provide opportunities for commercial lawyers to donate time to public interest law activities.
112:
began to make more effective use of domestic means of adjudication. But by the time local activists were ready to consider the utility of
258:
101:
379:-funded organizations can perform has been restricted. In 1996, the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act prohibited
1078:
500:
1187:
481:
1328:
Felice Batlan, The Ladies' Health Protective Association: Lay Lawyers and Urban Cause Lawyering, 41 Akron L. Rev. 701-732 (2008).
1295:
Ann Southworth, Conservative Lawyers and the Contest over the Meaning of "Public Interest Law", 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1223-1278 (2005).
194:
453:
1164:
597:
Forster, Christine M. (University of New South Wales, Sydney); Jivan, Vedna (University of Technology Sydney, Sydney) (2008).
1325:
F. Raymond Marks, The Lawyer, The Public, and Professional Responsibility (American Bar Foundation, 1972, 305 p.) KF 299.P8M3
950:
438:
396:
365:
205:
105:
609:
460:
339:
1354:
David P. Riley, Challenge of the New Lawyers: Public Interest and Private Clients, 38 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 546-587 (1970).
300:
229:
1292:
Jeremy Rabkin, Public Interest Law: Is it Law in the "Public Interest"?, 8 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 341-347 (1985).
1298:
Patricia M. Wald, Whose Public Interest Is It Anyway: Advice for Altruistic Young Lawyers, 47 Me. L. Rev. 3-33 (1995).
1224:"Funding the Cause: How Public Interest Law Organizations Fund Their Activities and Why It Matters for Social Change"
689:
467:
1331:
Edward Berlin, Anthony Z. Roisman, & Gladys Kessler, Public Interest Law, 38 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 674-693 (1970).
705:
Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 2011 Annual Report, Parts II and III (October 10, 2011), available at
563:
392:
385:
380:
376:
369:
44:
427:
1347:
Ralph Nader, Keynote Address, 40 San Diego L. Rev. 7-18 (2003) (part of symposium, Summit: Taking the Offensive).
293:
225:
178:
1367:
Scott L. Cummings, The Future of Public Interest Law, UC Los Angeles: UCLA School of Law (2011). Retrieved from
665:
Scott L. Cummings & Ingrid V. Eagly, After Public Interest Law, NWU L. Rev. 1251, 1251-1259, 2075-2077(2006)
449:
1396:
998:
692:
ORIZZONTI DI TECNICA ELETTORALE: PROBLEMI SUPERATI, IRRISOLTI ED EMERSI ALLA LUCE DELLA SENTENZA N. 35 DEL 2017
568:
348:
68:
208:
was established with the aim of promoting better human rights protection in Hong Kong. Today, the majority of
1044:
384:
organizations to be more vulnerable to political shifts because the government has significant control over
1401:
518:
289:
264:
743:; see generally R.P. Peerenboom, China's Long March toward Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
651:
Edwin Rekosh, et al.,ed. "Pursuing the Public Interest, A Handbook for Legal Professionals and Activists"
1391:
628:
830:
753:
578:
217:
1288:
There is nothing in democracy every thing is equal, Doing Well, 57 Vand. L. Rev. 2087-2125 (2004).
902:
Kong, Karen. "Costs in Public Interest Litigation: Whose Pocket Should be Picked?" 39 HKLJ 767, 768.
526:
268:
52:
807:
714:
599:"Public Interest Litigation and Human Rights Implementation: The Indian and Australian Experience"
17:
1243:
548:
474:
272:
1267:
1153:
Deborah L.Rhode, Public Interest Law: the Movement and Midlife, 60 Stan.L.Rev. 1, 13-14 (2004)
1124:
1099:
1074:
732:
113:
97:
60:
517:
suits in the United Kingdom) and an exemption from certain laws or regulations (for instance
1235:
1223:
954:
573:
209:
64:
48:
34:
931:"The Duty Lawyer Service : Free Legal Advice Scheme : Free Legal Advice Scheme"
375:
Since the 1960s/70s the amount of government funding has decreased and the kind of work
159:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1096:
The Land is Ours: South Africa's First Black Lawyers and the Birth of Constitutionalism
966:
324:
316:
276:
75:
1385:
1378:- Synthesizes experiences of public interest advocates in former socialist countries.
983:
Chung, Eugenie. "Why Hong Kong Needs a Pro Bono Clearinghouse" 40 HKLJ 719, 731-732.
1337:
Richard Frank, The Public Interest Lawyer, 7 J. Int'l L. & Econ. 180-186 (1972).
1247:
312:
815:
543:
538:
56:
947:
1012:
913:"The Duty Lawyer Service : Duty Lawyer Scheme : The Duty Lawyer Scheme"
513:
In law, public interest is a defence against certain lawsuits (for instance some
271:. It was introduced in India around 1979-80 by the Supreme Court judges, Justice
1165:"How Americans Lost the Right to Counsel, 50 Years After 'Gideon' (March, 2013)"
930:
912:
758:
558:
416:
233:
244:
Law schools in Hong Kong also organize various programs to promote the idea of
872:
522:
891:"Political Transition and the Rise of Cause Lawyering: The Case of Hong Kong"
860:"Political Transition and the Rise of Cause lawyering: The Case of Hong Kong"
653:(Scott L. Cummings, The Politics of Pro Bono, 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1, 13-14 (2004)
344:
1368:
1071:
Politics by Other Means: Law in the Struggle against Apartheid, 1980-1994
352:
129:
38:
372:
funds. The source of funding influence the impact and strategy pursued.
994:"More public interest lawyers can help ease Hong Kong's social tensions
441: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1239:
1188:"Fifty Years of Defiance and Resistance After Gideon v. Wainwright"
795:
Vallejos Evangeline Banao v Commissioner of Registration & Anor
514:
311:
774:
Society for Protection of the Harbour Ltd v Town Planning Board
338:
Public interest law is institutionalized in the United States.
267:
as preeminent guardian of Fundamental Rights enumerated in the
1013:"KE Spotlight - Community Engagement - HKU Knowledge Exchange"
553:
410:
139:
27:
Legal practices undertaken to help poor or marginalized people
838:
1268:"Donor Preferences and the Crisis in Public Interest Law"
1285:
The first Quotation of the Author is no longer valid...
395:-funded organizations, larger organizations such as the
368:, whereas poverty organizations are more likely to use
778:
Clean Air Foundation Ltd v The Government of the HKSAR
873:"Legal Aid Department - Legal Aid Schemes - Overview"
1167:. The Brennan Center for Justice (NYU School of Law)
200:
minority rights are among the most litigated areas.
1222:Albiston, Catherine; Nelson, Laura (Winter 2014).
608:. The Berkeley Electronic Press: 3. Archived from
820:, Saturday 27 April 2002. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
1186:Bright, Stephen B.; Sanneh, Sia M. (June 2013).
525:systems can make judgements on the grounds of
754:"Draft limits scale of class-action lawsuits"
8:
1002:(17 September 2013). Retrieved 4 April 2014.
633:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
301:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
1303:History of the public interest law movement
299:Following the transition to democracy, the
1121:Public Interest Litigation in South Africa
661:
659:
1043:Rajagopal, Krishnadas (26 January 2010).
501:Learn how and when to remove this message
893:3 35 Law & Social Inquiry 663, 673.
862:3 35 Law & Social Inquiry 663, 664.
673:
671:
589:
737:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
730:
626:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1217:
1215:
1213:
7:
1362:Globalization of public interest law
646:
644:
439:adding citations to reliable sources
391:Because of the restrictions put on
259:Public interest litigation in India
102:European Convention on Human Rights
25:
18:Public-interest litigation (India)
1250:– via Wiley Online Library.
521:laws in the UK). Also, judges in
1278:: 43–96 – via Hein Online.
606:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
415:
370:Legal Services Corporation (LSC)
195:Public interest law in Hong Kong
144:
1031:"Pro Bono Update" (Spring 2010)
426:needs additional citations for
397:American Civil Liberties Union
366:American Civil Liberties Union
206:Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor
106:European Court of Human Rights
1:
1094:Ngcukaitobi, Tembeka (2018).
1045:"Starting the PIL revolution"
340:Nongovernmental organizations
74:In a celebrated 1905 speech,
37:, on 'not for profit' terms (
319:(center) in his office 1916.
230:The Law Society of Hong Kong
1418:
791:W v Registrar of Marriages
256:
224:Apart from legal aid, the
192:
91:Central and Eastern Europe
43:), often in the fields of
1119:Brickhill, Jason (2018).
1069:Abel, Richard L. (1995).
294:African National Congress
226:Hong Kong Bar Association
179:environmental degradation
153:This section needs to be
1266:Jeffrey, Kosbie (2017).
999:South China Morning Post
569:Private attorney general
349:Clinical legal education
69:environmental protection
1073:. New York: Routledge.
564:National Lawyer's Guild
1272:Santa Clara Law Review
1228:Law and Social Inquiry
1098:. Cape Town: Penguin.
971:www.choosehklawyer.org
519:freedom of information
388:funded organizations.
320:
290:Legal Resources Centre
265:Supreme Court of India
935:www.dutylawyer.org.hk
917:www.dutylawyer.org.hk
806:Robertson, Geoffrey.
450:"Public interest law"
315:
232:jointly provides the
579:Rutherford Institute
435:improve this article
218:Legal Aid Department
1123:. Cape Town: Juta.
615:on 10 December 2014
275:along with Justice
269:Indian Constitution
31:Public interest law
1049:The Indian Express
953:2014-04-07 at the
694:, Nomos, n. 2/2017
690:Gabriele Maestri,
549:Legal mobilisation
529:, a related term.
321:
273:V. R. Krishna Iyer
216:In Hong Kong, the
1240:10.1111/lsi.12013
1130:978-1-48512-816-8
1029:Mayer Brown LLP,
789:See for example,
772:See for example,
762:. April 24, 2012.
511:
510:
503:
485:
174:
173:
114:impact litigation
98:Council of Europe
53:religious liberty
16:(Redirected from
1409:
1369:escholarship.org
1280:
1279:
1263:
1252:
1251:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1192:Yale Law Journal
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1105:978-1-77609-2857
1091:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1003:
992:Precht, Robert.
990:
984:
981:
975:
974:
967:"ChooseHKLawyer"
963:
957:
945:
939:
938:
927:
921:
920:
909:
903:
900:
894:
887:
881:
880:
869:
863:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
837:. Archived from
835:www.hkhrm.org.hk
827:
821:
804:
798:
787:
781:
770:
764:
763:
750:
744:
742:
736:
728:
726:
725:
719:
713:. Archived from
712:
703:
697:
688:
684:
678:
675:
666:
663:
654:
648:
639:
638:
632:
624:
622:
620:
614:
603:
594:
506:
499:
495:
492:
486:
484:
443:
419:
411:
169:
166:
160:
148:
147:
140:
136:China (mainland)
40:pro bono publico
21:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1397:Practice of law
1382:
1381:
1283:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1163:Cohen, Andrew.
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1006:
991:
987:
982:
978:
965:
964:
960:
955:Wayback Machine
946:
942:
929:
928:
924:
911:
910:
906:
901:
897:
889:Tam, Waikeung.
888:
884:
871:
870:
866:
858:Tam, Waikeung.
857:
853:
844:
842:
829:
828:
824:
805:
801:
788:
784:
771:
767:
752:
751:
747:
729:
723:
721:
717:
710:
708:"Archived copy"
706:
704:
700:
686:
685:
681:
676:
669:
664:
657:
649:
642:
625:
618:
616:
612:
601:
596:
595:
591:
587:
574:Public defender
535:
507:
496:
490:
487:
444:
442:
432:
420:
409:
361:
310:
285:
261:
255:
197:
191:
170:
164:
161:
158:
149:
145:
138:
125:
93:
88:
86:By jurisdiction
65:consumer rights
49:civil liberties
35:public interest
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1209:
1178:
1155:
1146:
1136:
1129:
1111:
1104:
1086:
1079:
1061:
1035:
1022:
1004:
985:
976:
958:
940:
922:
904:
895:
882:
877:www.lad.gov.hk
864:
851:
822:
799:
782:
765:
745:
698:
679:
667:
655:
640:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
534:
531:
509:
508:
423:
421:
414:
408:
407:United Kingdom
405:
360:
357:
325:Louis Brandeis
309:
306:
284:
281:
277:P. N. Bhagwati
254:
251:
193:Main article:
190:
187:
172:
171:
152:
150:
143:
137:
134:
124:
121:
92:
89:
87:
84:
76:Louis Brandeis
71:, and so on.
61:women's rights
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1414:
1403:
1402:Public sphere
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1080:0-415-90817-5
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1017:www.ke.hku.hk
1014:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
986:
980:
977:
972:
968:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
944:
941:
936:
932:
926:
923:
918:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
892:
886:
883:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
855:
852:
841:on 2006-10-19
840:
836:
832:
826:
823:
819:
817:
811:
810:
803:
800:
796:
792:
786:
783:
779:
776:1 HKLRD 396;
775:
769:
766:
761:
760:
755:
749:
746:
740:
734:
720:on 2013-02-13
716:
709:
702:
699:
695:
693:
683:
680:
674:
672:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
636:
630:
611:
607:
600:
593:
590:
584:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:
528:
527:public policy
524:
520:
516:
505:
502:
494:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452: –
451:
447:
446:Find sources:
440:
436:
430:
429:
424:This section
422:
418:
413:
412:
406:
404:
400:
398:
394:
389:
387:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
358:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
332:
328:
326:
318:
314:
308:United States
307:
305:
302:
297:
295:
291:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
252:
250:
247:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
222:
219:
214:
211:
210:cause lawyers
207:
201:
196:
188:
186:
182:
180:
168:
165:November 2021
156:
151:
142:
141:
135:
133:
131:
122:
120:
117:
115:
109:
107:
103:
99:
90:
85:
83:
80:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
19:
1392:Human rights
1287:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1231:
1227:
1200:. Retrieved
1195:
1191:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1095:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1025:
1016:
1007:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
898:
890:
885:
876:
867:
859:
854:
843:. Retrieved
839:the original
834:
825:
816:The Guardian
813:
808:
802:
785:
768:
757:
748:
722:. Retrieved
715:the original
701:
691:
687:(in Italian)
682:
629:cite journal
617:. Retrieved
610:the original
605:
592:
544:John Banzhaf
539:Cause lawyer
512:
497:
488:
478:
471:
464:
457:
445:
433:Please help
428:verification
425:
401:
390:
374:
362:
337:
333:
329:
322:
298:
288:formed: the
286:
283:South Africa
262:
245:
243:
239:
223:
215:
202:
198:
183:
175:
162:
154:
126:
118:
110:
94:
81:
73:
57:human rights
45:civil rights
39:
30:
29:
1202:10 December
1171:10 December
809:"Pam Baker"
759:China Daily
559:Natural law
234:Duty Lawyer
100:, with its
1386:Categories
1376:pilnet.org
1054:7 December
1033:, page 19.
845:2020-05-12
793:HKCFA 39;
780:HKEC 1356.
724:2013-02-13
619:8 December
585:References
523:common law
461:newspapers
257:See also:
104:, and the
1234:: 62–95.
1198:(8): 2150
831:"基本法第廿三條"
797:HKCFA 17.
345:legal aid
189:Hong Kong
1341:1122–26.
1248:54584519
951:Archived
948:archived
733:cite web
533:See also
491:May 2019
353:Pro bono
317:Brandeis
246:pro bono
130:pro bono
1351:groups.
1319:(1972).
1312:77-161.
475:scholar
359:Funding
155:updated
1246:
1144:(1970)
1127:
1102:
1077:
477:
470:
463:
456:
448:
1244:S2CID
718:(PDF)
711:(PDF)
613:(PDF)
602:(PDF)
515:libel
482:JSTOR
468:books
253:India
123:Italy
1204:2014
1173:2014
1125:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1056:2014
739:link
635:link
621:2014
454:news
228:and
1236:doi
1196:122
554:Law
437:by
393:LSC
386:LSC
381:LSC
377:LSC
1388::
1276:57
1274:.
1270:.
1256:^
1242:.
1232:39
1230:.
1226:.
1212:^
1194:.
1190:.
1047:.
1015:.
996:,
969:.
933:.
915:.
875:.
833:.
812:,
756:.
735:}}
731:{{
670:^
658:^
643:^
631:}}
627:{{
604:.
296:.
132:.
108:.
67:,
63:,
59:,
55:,
51:,
47:,
1238::
1206:.
1175:.
1133:.
1108:.
1083:.
1058:.
1019:.
973:.
937:.
919:.
879:.
848:.
818:"
814:"
741:)
727:.
696:.
637:)
623:.
504:)
498:(
493:)
489:(
479:·
472:·
465:·
458:·
431:.
167:)
163:(
157:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.