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and supermarkets. Present-day
European and North American pumpernickel differ in several characteristics, including the use of additional leaveners. The less dense North American version may eschew rye grains, have coloring and flavoring agents, added wheat flour, glazed crust, a higher baking
407:
that says the word is older than its usage for this particular type of bread, and may have been used as a mocking name for a person of unrefined manners (a "farting Nick") first. The change of meaning may have been caused by its use as a mocking expression for the (in the eyes of outsiders)
512:
to produce its characteristic deep brown color, its sweet, dark chocolate, coffee flavor, and its earthy aroma. To achieve this, loaves are baked in long narrow lidded pans 16 to 24 hours in a low-temperature, about 120 °C (250 °F), steam-filled oven. Like French
268:
453:
region of
Germany, first referred to in print in 1450. Although it is not known whether this and other early references refer to precisely the bread that came to be known as
929:
527:, a dense rye bread with large amounts of whole grains added. German pumpernickel is often sold sliced in small packets in supermarkets, where it may be paired with
461:
and a very long baking period, which gives the bread its characteristic dark color. Like most traditional all-rye breads, pumpernickel is made with an acidic
896:
437:
gives the etymology as being the German word for a rackety goblin, a coarse lout, and rye-bread — possibly from its giving forth a sound like
597:
and short dry bakes that do not allow for the same degree of
Maillard browning as traditional German methods. To compensate, ingredients such as
581:
The term "pumpernickel" is often used in North
America, especially in the United States, to refer to an airy style of dark-colored wheat-and-rye
613:
are added for both color and flavor. Some shops and bakeries, especially those in Canada, do use recipes that produce a traditional dense loaf.
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does not commit to any particular etymology for the word. It suggests it may mean a lout or booby, but also says "origin uncertain". The
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term for "hard", either referring to the process used to grind the grain into flour, or the density of the final bread product.
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adds "so named from being hard to digest". A variant of this explanation is also given by the German etymological dictionary
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or 'Frisian rye bread', as this variety of rye bread originates in the Dutch province of
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Traditional German pumpernickel contains no coloring agents, instead relying on the
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means "farting devil" or "devil's fart", a definition accepted by the publisher
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521:, Westphalian pumpernickel has little or no crust. It is very similar to rye
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starter, which preserves dough structure. The acid inactivates the rye
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457:, Westphalian pumpernickel is distinguished by use of coarse rye
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788:"The Difference Between American And German Pumpernickel Bread"
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18:
391:, and by some English language dictionaries, including the
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currently states the first use in
English was in 1756.
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temperature, and a dramatically shortened baking time.
745:[Grain varieties]. Nederlands BakkerijMuseum.
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
569:, rye bread made with yeast, from the province of
285:. It is sometimes made with a combination of rye
930:Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants
870:Description of Schupp "bon pour Nicol" quotation
761:"Pumpernickel Bread: Real versus American-style"
865:How to make authentic German pumpernickel bread
664:. Random House. August 15, 1997. Archived from
449:Pumpernickel has been long associated with the
890:
662:"Pumpernickel at The Mavens' Word of the Day"
8:
350:
336:
121:
1531:
1250:
897:
883:
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853:How to make an American pumpernickel bread
551:Pumpernickel varieties are popular in the
317:A very dark, dense wholegrain pumpernickel
120:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1009:Religious dietary laws and related terms
495:
712:Chambers's twentieth century dictionary
653:
273:) is a typically dense, slightly sweet
3446:List of foods with religious symbolism
321:The word supposedly stems from an old
539:, and other expensive products on an
434:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
260:
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
786:Ephanov, Nikita (13 January 2024).
2290:Casseroles and savory baked dishes
2114:Dumplings, pastas and grain dishes
14:
848:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
812:Trillin, Calvin (27 March 2000).
724:From the label of a German-style
689:. Merriam-Webster. Archived from
3474:
3473:
3024:Cheeses and other dairy products
749:from the original on 2018-11-13.
217:
193:
129:
23:
296:At one time it was traditional
163:
153:
34:needs additional citations for
1:
3461:List of restaurants in Israel
3451:List of Jewish cuisine dishes
359:, commonly associated with a
3327:Herbs, spices and seasonings
2416:Snacks and other baked goods
714:. Edinburgh: Chambers. 1952.
504:-colored Polish pumpernickel
400:American Heritage Dictionary
3120:Condiments, dips and sauces
500:A slice of very dense flat
375:), or more generally for a
3546:
3456:List of kosher restaurants
3364:Everything bagel seasoning
589:originally popularized by
412:rye bread produced by the
394:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3469:
1407:Bagels and similar breads
920:Ancient Israelite cuisine
732:in eastern Massachusetts.
422:Oxford English Dictionary
188:
128:
122:
3374:Montreal steak seasoning
1582:Flourless chocolate cake
1535:Cakes and sweet pastries
1295:Sephardic/Mizrahi breads
925:1902 kosher meat boycott
333:Johann Christoph Adelung
277:traditionally made with
135:A very dense wholegrain
3505:Jewish American cuisine
1429:Bagel with cream cheese
355:was a form of the name
199:Media: Pumpernickel
1779:Black and white cookie
505:
371:, a familiar name for
351:
337:
318:
262:[ˈpʊmpɐˌnɪkl̩]
2616:Jerusalem mixed grill
499:
473:, which converts the
316:
2651:Montreal smoked meat
2469:Corned beef sandwich
1985:Carciofi alla giudia
1814:Jewish almond cookie
1449:New York-style bagel
1444:Montreal-style bagel
1041:Kosher by ingredient
281:and coarsely ground
43:improve this article
3530:Westphalian cuisine
3202:Spicy brown mustard
2950:Chicken noodle soup
2822:Tuna salad sandwich
1612:New York cheesecake
1051:Kosher for Passover
1046:Kosher airline meal
567:Brabants roggebrood
125:
3510:Jewish baked goods
2863:Kosher dill pickle
2841:Salads and pickles
1934:Pastelitos de hoja
858:2008-05-11 at the
506:
345:synonym for being
319:
3487:
3486:
3293:Pomegranate juice
3278:Linden flower tea
2382:Stuffed artichoke
2025:Fried cauliflower
1877:
1876:
1728:Sesame seed candy
1587:Jewish apple cake
1523:
1522:
1137:Michael Solomonov
1056:Kosher restaurant
814:"The Magic Bagel"
510:Maillard reaction
377:malevolent spirit
293:("rye berries").
279:sourdough starter
207:
206:
119:
118:
111:
93:
16:Type of rye bread
3537:
3525:Sourdough breads
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3420:Dairy restaurant
3415:Appetizing store
3041:Clarified butter
2892:Vegetable dishes
2873:Pickled cucumber
2802:Smoked whitefish
2792:Schmaltz herring
2342:Ktzitzot Khubeza
2186:Kasha varnishkes
2060:Ktzitzot Khubeza
1673:Halvah ice cream
1532:
1439:Everything bagel
1391:Ethiopian breads
1254:Ashkenazi breads
1251:
1163:Apples and honey
1142:Yotam Ottolenghi
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558:Fries roggebrood
491:commercial yeast
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3056:Farmer's cheese
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2923:Soups and stews
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2909:Stuffed cabbage
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2832:Whitefish salad
2787:Pickled herring
2737:Dressed herring
2715:
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2499:Sailor sandwich
2479:Pastrami on rye
2474:Hillel sandwich
2457:
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2392:Stuffed peppers
2387:Stuffed cabbage
2322:Jerusalem kugel
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2109:
2050:Keftes de prasa
2030:Fritas de prasa
1958:
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1500:Keftes de prasa
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1156:Religious foods
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767:. 6 August 2010
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2040:Jelly doughnut
2037:
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2020:Fish and chips
2017:
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1995:Corn schnitzel
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1753:Streuselkuchen
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1678:Jordan almonds
1675:
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1663:Carrot pudding
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1636:Other desserts
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1102:Ron Ben-Israel
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906:Jewish cuisine
904:
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839:
838:External links
836:
834:
833:
819:The New Yorker
804:
778:
752:
743:"Graansoorten"
734:
717:
703:
687:"Pumpernickel"
678:
652:
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647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:List of breads
618:
615:
583:sandwich bread
578:
575:
548:
545:
541:hors d'oeuvres
515:sandwich bread
446:
443:
310:
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117:
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58:"Pumpernickel"
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3542:
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3515:Jewish breads
3513:
3511:
3508:
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3503:
3501:
3500:German breads
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3441:
3439:Related lists
3437:
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3406:
3400:
3397:
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3384:Nigella seeds
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3379:Licorice root
3377:
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3313:Vodka Perfect
3311:
3309:
3306:
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3301:
3299:
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3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Mint lemonade
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3137:Baba ghanoush
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2970:Ghormeh sabzi
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2858:Israeli salad
2856:
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2800:
2798:
2797:Smoked salmon
2795:
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2790:
2788:
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2783:
2782:Pescado frito
2780:
2778:
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2582:
2581:Chopped liver
2579:
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2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Fatoot samneh
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2509:Tuna sandwich
2507:
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2502:
2500:
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2453:Stuffed dates
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2448:Shkedei marak
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2357:Matzo lasagna
2355:
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2352:Lokshen kugel
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2211:Lokshen kugel
2209:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
2197:
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2182:
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2101:
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2075:Noodle latkes
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Fatoot samneh
2008:
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2001:
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1869:Tahini cookie
1867:
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1860:
1857:
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1834:Linzer cookie
1832:
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1809:Honey buttons
1807:
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1617:Pan d'Espanya
1615:
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1600:
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1555:
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1545:
1543:
1542:Apple strudel
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1515:Noodle latkes
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1486:
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1427:
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1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1382:Water challah
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
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1234:
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1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Hanukkah gelt
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
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1154:
1148:
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1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Laura Frankel
1105:
1103:
1100:
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1097:
1093:
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1079:
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1022:
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1001:
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996:
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989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
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970:
969:
966:
964:
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959:
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952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
943:
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937:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
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915:
911:
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895:
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888:
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877:
871:
868:
866:
863:
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854:
851:
849:
845:
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837:
821:
820:
815:
808:
805:
793:
792:Yahoo Finance
789:
782:
779:
766:
762:
756:
753:
748:
744:
738:
735:
731:
727:
721:
718:
713:
707:
704:
693:on 2007-09-29
692:
688:
682:
679:
667:
663:
657:
654:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:caramel color
600:
596:
595:baker's yeast
592:
588:
584:
577:North America
576:
574:
572:
571:North Brabant
568:
564:
560:
559:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
533:smoked salmon
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
511:
503:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
441:when struck.
440:
436:
435:
430:
428:
424:
423:
417:
415:
411:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
386:
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378:
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366:
362:
358:
353:
348:
344:
339:
334:
331:
326:
324:
315:
308:
306:
303:
302:delicatessens
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
263:
253:
211:
200:
196:
191:
190:
187:
184:, rye berries
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
160:
157:
150:
147:
143:
138:
132:
127:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3394:Sesame seeds
3288:Manischewitz
3152:Filfel chuma
3111:Tzfat cheese
3051:Cream cheese
2960:Chamo kubbeh
2747:Gefilte fish
2367:Potato kugel
2266:Soup mandels
2166:Gefilte fish
1804:Hamantaschen
1607:Linzer torte
1485:Cheese latke
1470:Pesaha Appam
1377:Taboon bread
1281:Pumpernickel
1280:
1061:Kosher-style
847:
844:pumpernickel
824:. Retrieved
822:. p. 53
817:
807:
795:. Retrieved
791:
781:
769:. Retrieved
764:
755:
737:
730:Trader Joe's
726:Pumpernickel
725:
720:
711:
706:
695:. Retrieved
691:the original
681:
670:. Retrieved
666:the original
656:
611:cocoa powder
591:Jewish delis
580:
566:
556:
550:
524:Vollkornbrot
522:
519:pullman loaf
507:
455:Pumpernickel
454:
448:
438:
432:
431:
426:
420:
418:
416:population.
409:
404:
398:
392:
389:Random House
385:pumpernickel
384:
327:
320:
298:peasant fare
295:
210:Pumpernickel
209:
208:
139:pumpernickel
123:Pumpernickel
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3359:Dried onion
3268:Grape juice
3258:Dr. Brown's
3177:Horseradish
2945:Chamo kubbe
2930:Adom kubbeh
2720:Fish dishes
2701:Shish taouk
2696:Shish kebab
2586:Corned beef
2564:Meat dishes
2550:Matzoquiles
2545:Matzah brei
2256:Shirin polo
2231:Orez Shu'it
2141:Egg noodles
2070:Matzah brei
1963:Fried foods
1854:Marunchinos
1849:Mandelbread
1738:Sponge cake
1708:Marunchinos
1683:Kogel mogel
1592:Krantz cake
1567:Coffee cake
1454:Pizza bagel
1424:Bagel toast
1419:Bagel Bites
1127:Ruth Reichl
1122:Joan Nathan
797:28 February
771:28 February
633:Schwarzbrot
553:Netherlands
547:Netherlands
489:along with
487:lactic acid
483:citric acid
414:Westphalian
330:philologist
137:Westphalian
3520:Rye breads
3494:Categories
3389:Poppy seed
3182:Mikpah Ful
3127:Applesauce
3101:Sour cream
3000:Sanbat wat
2935:Avgolemono
2827:Vorschmack
2817:Tuna salad
2681:Sanbat wat
2555:Shakshouka
2518:Egg dishes
2462:Sandwiches
2433:Khachapuri
2327:Karniyarik
2226:Matzo ball
2171:Germknödel
2136:Dampfnudel
2090:Sufganiyot
1799:Hadji bada
1794:Duvshaniot
1789:Egg kichel
1743:Sufganiyot
1653:Bambalouni
1572:Crumb cake
1562:Cheesecake
1490:Chremslach
1367:Pain petri
1271:Onion roll
1218:Pain petri
1132:Eyal Shani
1112:Ina Garten
826:3 November
697:2007-12-13
672:2008-08-31
649:References
643:Pumper Nic
451:Westphalia
215:English:
169:Westphalia
69:newspapers
3263:Egg cream
3226:Beverages
3187:Muhammara
3066:Kashkaval
2878:Tabbouleh
2727:Abudaraho
2535:Haminados
2438:Pitzuchim
2372:Potatonik
2317:Holishkes
2297:Almadrote
2271:Tabbouleh
2261:Shlishkes
2191:Kneidlach
2080:Potatonik
1909:Chebureki
1844:Macaroons
1819:Jødekager
1774:Biscochos
1769:Alfajores
1622:Plum cake
1597:Kugelhopf
1286:Rye Bread
1228:Showbread
1183:Dabo kolo
1147:Molly Yeh
1117:Gil Marks
1066:Mashgiach
958:Ethiopian
946:Ashkenazi
765:CooksInfo
563:Friesland
463:sourdough
410:unrefined
383:. Hence,
347:flatulent
309:Etymology
275:rye bread
149:Rye bread
99:July 2009
3479:Category
3408:Eateries
3354:Consommé
3349:Cinnamon
3344:Cardamom
3142:Charoset
2868:Matbucha
2812:Tunafish
2691:Schmaltz
2686:Shawarma
2671:Pastrami
2666:Pastirma
2661:Pastilla
2656:Pargiyot
2591:Gribenes
2504:Shawarma
2281:Vareniki
2196:Kreplach
2131:Couscous
2095:Teiglach
2035:Gribenes
2015:Fazuelos
1949:Sambusak
1944:Pirozhki
1939:Pastilla
1919:Hojaldre
1894:Bourekas
1882:Pastries
1864:Rugelach
1839:Ma'amoul
1718:Mofletta
1703:Marzipan
1627:Rugelach
1557:Basbousa
1510:Mofletta
1463:Pancakes
1352:Manakish
1347:Malawach
1337:Lahmacun
1233:Teiglach
1223:Pekalach
1178:Charoset
1081:Shechita
1031:Kitniyot
1021:Hechsher
1016:Fleishig
1000:Yemenite
995:Sephardi
983:Moroccan
973:Bukharan
951:American
856:Archived
747:Archived
728:sold by
617:See also
599:molasses
537:sturgeon
369:Old Nick
357:Nicholas
323:Bavarian
3399:Za'atar
3339:Baharat
3303:Seltzer
3253:Cel-Ray
3212:Tatbila
3192:Mustard
3162:Harissa
3096:Smetana
3015:Tarator
3010:Sofrito
2965:Cholent
2940:Borscht
2914:Tzimmes
2772:Lakerda
2757:Herring
2752:Gravlax
2732:Chraime
2641:Merguez
2611:Hot dog
2576:Cholent
2571:Brisket
2525:Beitzah
2443:Pretzel
2407:Yapchik
2307:Cholent
2302:Brisket
2241:Pierogi
2236:Pelmeni
2161:Freekeh
2105:Tulumba
2100:Torrija
2000:Falafel
1975:Buñuelo
1904:Bulemas
1762:Cookies
1748:Strudel
1643:Baklava
1357:Markook
1327:Lachooh
1322:Kubaneh
1317:Jachnun
1307:Challah
1276:Pletzel
1266:Challah
1173:Challah
1168:Brisket
1071:Milchig
1026:Kashrut
968:Mizrahi
963:Israeli
913:History
846:at the
628:Rugbrød
517:, or a
471:amylase
467:protein
445:Germany
338:pumpern
258:German:
159:Germany
83:scholar
3430:Kosher
3369:Hawaij
3308:Tallah
3243:Boukha
3207:Tahini
3172:Hummus
3167:Hilbeh
3147:Chrain
3086:Sirene
3076:Labneh
3031:Akkawi
2955:Chamin
2883:Torshi
2807:Tarama
2767:Kipper
2711:Tagine
2631:Kishka
2626:Kibbeh
2606:Helzel
2494:Sabich
2489:Reuben
2484:Rachel
2428:Bissli
2402:Yakhna
2397:Tagine
2332:Kishka
2276:Tahdig
2251:Ptitim
2206:Kubbeh
2201:Kibbeh
2156:Fideos
2151:Farfel
2126:Bulgur
2055:Kibbeh
2045:Keftes
2005:Fatoot
1990:Churro
1970:Blintz
1914:Flódni
1889:Bichak
1829:Kipfel
1824:Kichel
1698:Malabi
1688:Krembo
1648:Ashure
1602:Lekach
1577:Dobosh
1547:Atayef
1528:Sweets
1495:Keftes
1480:Blintz
1475:Atayef
1398:Injera
1342:Lavash
1247:Breads
1076:Pareve
1036:Kosher
988:Syrian
609:, and
607:coffee
543:tray.
529:caviar
475:starch
397:. The
367:(e.g.
361:goblin
352:Nickel
349:, and
341:was a
192:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3334:Anise
3298:Salep
3273:Kedem
3217:Zhoug
3157:Harif
3081:Quark
3071:Kefir
3036:Ayran
3005:Schav
2995:Poike
2990:Msoki
2975:Gondi
2904:Dolma
2899:Bamia
2706:Sujuk
2646:Miltz
2636:Kofta
2621:Kebab
2601:Hamin
2596:Gondi
2423:Bamba
2377:Sólet
2347:Kugel
2337:Knish
2312:Hamin
2246:Pilaf
2221:Manti
2181:Kasha
2176:Gondi
2146:Dolma
2121:Bsisa
2085:Sfinj
2065:Latke
1924:Knish
1899:Boyoz
1733:Sfinj
1713:Milky
1693:Lokum
1668:Halva
1552:Babka
1505:Latke
1434:Bialy
1414:Bagel
1362:Mouna
1332:Laffa
1312:Folar
1261:Babka
1238:Zeroa
1213:Mouna
1203:Matzo
1198:Maror
1188:Etrog
1095:Chefs
1086:Treif
939:Types
587:bagel
479:sugar
405:Kluge
381:demon
373:Satan
365:devil
287:flour
182:flour
90:JSTOR
76:books
3425:Deli
3318:Wine
3248:Boza
3238:Beer
3233:Arak
3132:Amba
3091:Smen
3061:Feta
2848:Apio
2762:Ikra
2676:Plov
1980:Brik
1954:Ziva
1929:Nunt
1658:Bolo
1372:Pita
1302:Bolo
828:2020
799:2024
773:2024
502:malt
459:meal
439:pump
419:The
328:The
289:and
145:Type
62:news
2777:Lox
2362:Pom
585:or
485:or
477:to
427:OED
379:or
363:or
283:rye
179:Rye
45:by
3496::
816:.
790:.
763:.
605:,
601:,
573:.
535:,
531:,
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469:,
256:;
249:əl
237:ər
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801:.
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252:/
246:k
243:ɪ
240:n
234:p
231:m
228:ʌ
225:p
222:ˈ
219:/
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