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and supermarkets. Present-day
European and North American pumpernickel differ in several characteristics, including the use of additional leaveners. The less dense North American version may eschew rye grains, have coloring and flavoring agents, added wheat flour, glazed crust, a higher baking
418:
that says the word is older than its usage for this particular type of bread, and may have been used as a mocking name for a person of unrefined manners (a "farting Nick") first. The change of meaning may have been caused by its use as a mocking expression for the (in the eyes of outsiders)
523:
to produce its characteristic deep brown color, its sweet, dark chocolate, coffee flavor, and its earthy aroma. To achieve this, loaves are baked in long narrow lidded pans 16 to 24 hours in a low-temperature, about 120 °C (250 °F), steam-filled oven. Like French
279:
464:
region of
Germany, first referred to in print in 1450. Although it is not known whether this and other early references refer to precisely the bread that came to be known as
940:
538:, a dense rye bread with large amounts of whole grains added. German pumpernickel is often sold sliced in small packets in supermarkets, where it may be paired with
472:
and a very long baking period, which gives the bread its characteristic dark color. Like most traditional all-rye breads, pumpernickel is made with an acidic
907:
448:
gives the etymology as being the German word for a rackety goblin, a coarse lout, and rye-bread — possibly from its giving forth a sound like
608:
and short dry bakes that do not allow for the same degree of
Maillard browning as traditional German methods. To compensate, ingredients such as
592:
The term "pumpernickel" is often used in North
America, especially in the United States, to refer to an airy style of dark-colored wheat-and-rye
624:
are added for both color and flavor. Some shops and bakeries, especially those in Canada, do use recipes that produce a traditional dense loaf.
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does not commit to any particular etymology for the word. It suggests it may mean a lout or booby, but also says "origin uncertain". The
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term for "hard", either referring to the process used to grind the grain into flour, or the density of the final bread product.
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adds "so named from being hard to digest". A variant of this explanation is also given by the German etymological dictionary
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604:. These products often forgo the sourdough starter, long bake times, and steaming, and instead use
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or 'Frisian rye bread', as this variety of rye bread originates in the Dutch province of
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Traditional German pumpernickel contains no coloring agents, instead relying on the
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346:(1732–1806) states that the word has an origin in the Germanic vernacular, where
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means "farting devil" or "devil's fart", a definition accepted by the publisher
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532:, Westphalian pumpernickel has little or no crust. It is very similar to rye
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starter, which preserves dough structure. The acid inactivates the rye
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468:, Westphalian pumpernickel is distinguished by use of coarse rye
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1990:
1939:
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799:"The Difference Between American And German Pumpernickel Bread"
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259:
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29:
402:, and by some English language dictionaries, including the
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currently states the first use in
English was in 1756.
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temperature, and a dramatically shortened baking time.
756:[Grain varieties]. Nederlands BakkerijMuseum.
256:
250:
576:, and is significantly different from, for example,
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185:
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
580:, rye bread made with yeast, from the province of
296:. It is sometimes made with a combination of rye
941:Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants
881:Description of Schupp "bon pour Nicol" quotation
772:"Pumpernickel Bread: Real versus American-style"
876:How to make authentic German pumpernickel bread
675:. Random House. August 15, 1997. Archived from
460:Pumpernickel has been long associated with the
901:
673:"Pumpernickel at The Mavens' Word of the Day"
8:
361:
347:
132:
1542:
1261:
908:
894:
886:
864:How to make an American pumpernickel bread
562:Pumpernickel varieties are popular in the
328:A very dark, dense wholegrain pumpernickel
131:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1020:Religious dietary laws and related terms
506:
723:Chambers's twentieth century dictionary
664:
284:) is a typically dense, slightly sweet
3457:List of foods with religious symbolism
332:The word supposedly stems from an old
550:, and other expensive products on an
445:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary
271:
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
797:Ephanov, Nikita (13 January 2024).
2301:Casseroles and savory baked dishes
2125:Dumplings, pastas and grain dishes
25:
859:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
823:Trillin, Calvin (27 March 2000).
735:From the label of a German-style
700:. Merriam-Webster. Archived from
3485:
3484:
3035:Cheeses and other dairy products
760:from the original on 2018-11-13.
228:
204:
140:
34:
307:At one time it was traditional
174:
164:
45:needs additional citations for
1:
3472:List of restaurants in Israel
3462:List of Jewish cuisine dishes
370:, commonly associated with a
3338:Herbs, spices and seasonings
2427:Snacks and other baked goods
725:. Edinburgh: Chambers. 1952.
515:-colored Polish pumpernickel
411:American Heritage Dictionary
3131:Condiments, dips and sauces
511:A slice of very dense flat
386:), or more generally for a
3557:
3467:List of kosher restaurants
3375:Everything bagel seasoning
600:originally popularized by
423:rye bread produced by the
405:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
3480:
1418:Bagels and similar breads
931:Ancient Israelite cuisine
743:in eastern Massachusetts.
433:Oxford English Dictionary
199:
139:
133:
3385:Montreal steak seasoning
1593:Flourless chocolate cake
1546:Cakes and sweet pastries
1306:Sephardic/Mizrahi breads
936:1902 kosher meat boycott
344:Johann Christoph Adelung
288:traditionally made with
146:A very dense wholegrain
3516:Jewish American cuisine
1440:Bagel with cream cheese
366:was a form of the name
210:Media: Pumpernickel
1790:Black and white cookie
516:
382:, a familiar name for
362:
348:
329:
273:[ˈpʊmpɐˌnɪkl̩]
2627:Jerusalem mixed grill
510:
484:, which converts the
327:
2662:Montreal smoked meat
2480:Corned beef sandwich
1996:Carciofi alla giudia
1825:Jewish almond cookie
1460:New York-style bagel
1455:Montreal-style bagel
1052:Kosher by ingredient
292:and coarsely ground
54:improve this article
3541:Westphalian cuisine
3213:Spicy brown mustard
2961:Chicken noodle soup
2833:Tuna salad sandwich
1623:New York cheesecake
1062:Kosher for Passover
1057:Kosher airline meal
578:Brabants roggebrood
136:
3521:Jewish baked goods
2874:Kosher dill pickle
2852:Salads and pickles
1945:Pastelitos de hoja
869:2008-05-11 at the
517:
356:synonym for being
330:
18:Pumpernickel bread
3498:
3497:
3304:Pomegranate juice
3289:Linden flower tea
2393:Stuffed artichoke
2036:Fried cauliflower
1888:
1887:
1739:Sesame seed candy
1598:Jewish apple cake
1534:
1533:
1148:Michael Solomonov
1067:Kosher restaurant
825:"The Magic Bagel"
521:Maillard reaction
388:malevolent spirit
304:("rye berries").
290:sourdough starter
218:
217:
130:
129:
122:
104:
27:Type of rye bread
16:(Redirected from
3548:
3536:Sourdough breads
3488:
3487:
3431:Dairy restaurant
3426:Appetizing store
3052:Clarified butter
2903:Vegetable dishes
2884:Pickled cucumber
2813:Smoked whitefish
2803:Schmaltz herring
2353:Ktzitzot Khubeza
2197:Kasha varnishkes
2071:Ktzitzot Khubeza
1684:Halvah ice cream
1543:
1450:Everything bagel
1402:Ethiopian breads
1265:Ashkenazi breads
1262:
1174:Apples and honey
1153:Yotam Ottolenghi
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649:Jewish rye bread
569:Fries roggebrood
502:commercial yeast
365:
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302:whole rye grains
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186:Main ingredients
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3333:
3232:
3208:Resek avganiyot
3126:
3117:Strained yogurt
3067:Farmer's cheese
3030:
2996:Matzo ball soup
2934:Soups and stews
2929:
2920:Stuffed cabbage
2898:
2847:
2843:Whitefish salad
2798:Pickled herring
2748:Dressed herring
2726:
2570:
2524:
2510:Sailor sandwich
2490:Pastrami on rye
2485:Hillel sandwich
2468:
2422:
2403:Stuffed peppers
2398:Stuffed cabbage
2333:Jerusalem kugel
2296:
2120:
2061:Keftes de prasa
2041:Fritas de prasa
1969:
1884:
1768:
1734:Poppy seed roll
1642:
1530:
1511:Keftes de prasa
1469:
1413:
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1219:Mishloach manot
1167:Religious foods
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989:Mountain Jewish
945:
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871:Wayback Machine
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778:. 6 August 2010
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679:on Dec 14, 2000
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3057:Cottage cheese
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2864:Eggplant salad
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849:External links
847:
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830:The New Yorker
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754:"Graansoorten"
745:
728:
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698:"Pumpernickel"
689:
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634:List of breads
629:
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594:sandwich bread
589:
586:
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552:hors d'oeuvres
526:sandwich bread
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69:"Pumpernickel"
42:
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2:
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3526:Jewish breads
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3511:German breads
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3450:Related lists
3448:
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3390:Licorice root
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2981:Ghormeh sabzi
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2544:
2542:
2541:Fatoot samneh
2539:
2537:
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2520:Tuna sandwich
2518:
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2222:Lokshen kugel
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2109:
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2086:Noodle latkes
2084:
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2021:Fatoot samneh
2019:
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1880:Tahini cookie
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1628:Pan d'Espanya
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1556:
1554:
1553:Apple strudel
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1526:Noodle latkes
1524:
1522:
1519:
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1509:
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1410:
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1394:
1393:Water challah
1391:
1389:
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1379:
1376:
1374:
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1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
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1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Hanukkah gelt
1202:
1200:
1197:
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1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
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1141:
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1121:
1119:
1118:Laura Frankel
1116:
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1110:
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985:
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948:
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803:Yahoo Finance
800:
793:
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764:
759:
755:
749:
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738:
732:
729:
724:
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704:on 2007-09-29
703:
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631:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
614:caramel color
611:
607:
606:baker's yeast
603:
599:
595:
588:North America
587:
585:
583:
582:North Brabant
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:smoked salmon
541:
537:
536:
531:
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522:
514:
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
452:when struck.
451:
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406:
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319:
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314:
313:delicatessens
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195:, rye berries
194:
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95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
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74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3405:Sesame seeds
3299:Manischewitz
3163:Filfel chuma
3122:Tzfat cheese
3062:Cream cheese
2971:Chamo kubbeh
2758:Gefilte fish
2378:Potato kugel
2277:Soup mandels
2177:Gefilte fish
1815:Hamantaschen
1618:Linzer torte
1496:Cheese latke
1481:Pesaha Appam
1388:Taboon bread
1292:Pumpernickel
1291:
1072:Kosher-style
858:
855:pumpernickel
835:. Retrieved
833:. p. 53
828:
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:
792:
780:. Retrieved
775:
766:
748:
741:Trader Joe's
737:Pumpernickel
736:
731:
722:
717:
706:. Retrieved
702:the original
692:
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
667:
622:cocoa powder
602:Jewish delis
591:
577:
567:
561:
535:Vollkornbrot
533:
530:pullman loaf
518:
466:Pumpernickel
465:
459:
449:
443:
442:
437:
431:
429:
427:population.
420:
415:
409:
403:
400:Random House
396:pumpernickel
395:
338:
331:
309:peasant fare
306:
221:Pumpernickel
220:
219:
150:pumpernickel
134:Pumpernickel
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3370:Dried onion
3279:Grape juice
3269:Dr. Brown's
3188:Horseradish
2956:Chamo kubbe
2941:Adom kubbeh
2731:Fish dishes
2712:Shish taouk
2707:Shish kebab
2597:Corned beef
2575:Meat dishes
2561:Matzoquiles
2556:Matzah brei
2267:Shirin polo
2242:Orez Shu'it
2152:Egg noodles
2081:Matzah brei
1974:Fried foods
1865:Marunchinos
1860:Mandelbread
1749:Sponge cake
1719:Marunchinos
1694:Kogel mogel
1603:Krantz cake
1578:Coffee cake
1465:Pizza bagel
1435:Bagel toast
1430:Bagel Bites
1138:Ruth Reichl
1133:Joan Nathan
808:28 February
782:28 February
644:Schwarzbrot
564:Netherlands
558:Netherlands
500:along with
498:lactic acid
494:citric acid
425:Westphalian
341:philologist
148:Westphalian
3531:Rye breads
3505:Categories
3400:Poppy seed
3193:Mikpah Ful
3138:Applesauce
3112:Sour cream
3011:Sanbat wat
2946:Avgolemono
2838:Vorschmack
2828:Tuna salad
2692:Sanbat wat
2566:Shakshouka
2529:Egg dishes
2473:Sandwiches
2444:Khachapuri
2338:Karniyarik
2237:Matzo ball
2182:Germknödel
2147:Dampfnudel
2101:Sufganiyot
1810:Hadji bada
1805:Duvshaniot
1800:Egg kichel
1754:Sufganiyot
1664:Bambalouni
1583:Crumb cake
1573:Cheesecake
1501:Chremslach
1378:Pain petri
1282:Onion roll
1229:Pain petri
1143:Eyal Shani
1123:Ina Garten
837:3 November
708:2007-12-13
683:2008-08-31
660:References
654:Pumper Nic
462:Westphalia
226:English:
180:Westphalia
80:newspapers
3274:Egg cream
3237:Beverages
3198:Muhammara
3077:Kashkaval
2889:Tabbouleh
2738:Abudaraho
2546:Haminados
2449:Pitzuchim
2383:Potatonik
2328:Holishkes
2308:Almadrote
2282:Tabbouleh
2272:Shlishkes
2202:Kneidlach
2091:Potatonik
1920:Chebureki
1855:Macaroons
1830:Jødekager
1785:Biscochos
1780:Alfajores
1633:Plum cake
1608:Kugelhopf
1297:Rye Bread
1239:Showbread
1194:Dabo kolo
1158:Molly Yeh
1128:Gil Marks
1077:Mashgiach
969:Ethiopian
957:Ashkenazi
776:CooksInfo
574:Friesland
474:sourdough
421:unrefined
394:. Hence,
358:flatulent
320:Etymology
286:rye bread
160:Rye bread
110:July 2009
3490:Category
3419:Eateries
3365:Consommé
3360:Cinnamon
3355:Cardamom
3153:Charoset
2879:Matbucha
2823:Tunafish
2702:Schmaltz
2697:Shawarma
2682:Pastrami
2677:Pastirma
2672:Pastilla
2667:Pargiyot
2602:Gribenes
2515:Shawarma
2292:Vareniki
2207:Kreplach
2142:Couscous
2106:Teiglach
2046:Gribenes
2026:Fazuelos
1960:Sambusak
1955:Pirozhki
1950:Pastilla
1930:Hojaldre
1905:Bourekas
1893:Pastries
1875:Rugelach
1850:Ma'amoul
1729:Mofletta
1714:Marzipan
1638:Rugelach
1568:Basbousa
1521:Mofletta
1474:Pancakes
1363:Manakish
1358:Malawach
1348:Lahmacun
1244:Teiglach
1234:Pekalach
1189:Charoset
1092:Shechita
1042:Kitniyot
1032:Hechsher
1027:Fleishig
1011:Yemenite
1006:Sephardi
994:Moroccan
984:Bukharan
962:American
867:Archived
758:Archived
739:sold by
628:See also
610:molasses
548:sturgeon
380:Old Nick
368:Nicholas
334:Bavarian
3410:Za'atar
3350:Baharat
3314:Seltzer
3264:Cel-Ray
3223:Tatbila
3203:Mustard
3173:Harissa
3107:Smetana
3026:Tarator
3021:Sofrito
2976:Cholent
2951:Borscht
2925:Tzimmes
2783:Lakerda
2768:Herring
2763:Gravlax
2743:Chraime
2652:Merguez
2622:Hot dog
2587:Cholent
2582:Brisket
2536:Beitzah
2454:Pretzel
2418:Yapchik
2318:Cholent
2313:Brisket
2252:Pierogi
2247:Pelmeni
2172:Freekeh
2116:Tulumba
2111:Torrija
2011:Falafel
1986:Buñuelo
1915:Bulemas
1773:Cookies
1759:Strudel
1654:Baklava
1368:Markook
1338:Lachooh
1333:Kubaneh
1328:Jachnun
1318:Challah
1287:Pletzel
1277:Challah
1184:Challah
1179:Brisket
1082:Milchig
1037:Kashrut
979:Mizrahi
974:Israeli
924:History
857:at the
639:Rugbrød
528:, or a
482:amylase
478:protein
456:Germany
349:pumpern
269:German:
170:Germany
94:scholar
3441:Kosher
3380:Hawaij
3319:Tallah
3254:Boukha
3218:Tahini
3183:Hummus
3178:Hilbeh
3158:Chrain
3097:Sirene
3087:Labneh
3042:Akkawi
2966:Chamin
2894:Torshi
2818:Tarama
2778:Kipper
2722:Tagine
2642:Kishka
2637:Kibbeh
2617:Helzel
2505:Sabich
2500:Reuben
2495:Rachel
2439:Bissli
2413:Yakhna
2408:Tagine
2343:Kishka
2287:Tahdig
2262:Ptitim
2217:Kubbeh
2212:Kibbeh
2167:Fideos
2162:Farfel
2137:Bulgur
2066:Kibbeh
2056:Keftes
2016:Fatoot
2001:Churro
1981:Blintz
1925:Flódni
1900:Bichak
1840:Kipfel
1835:Kichel
1709:Malabi
1699:Krembo
1659:Ashure
1613:Lekach
1588:Dobosh
1558:Atayef
1539:Sweets
1506:Keftes
1491:Blintz
1486:Atayef
1409:Injera
1353:Lavash
1258:Breads
1087:Pareve
1047:Kosher
999:Syrian
620:, and
618:coffee
554:tray.
540:caviar
486:starch
408:. The
378:(e.g.
372:goblin
363:Nickel
360:, and
352:was a
203:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3345:Anise
3309:Salep
3284:Kedem
3228:Zhoug
3168:Harif
3092:Quark
3082:Kefir
3047:Ayran
3016:Schav
3006:Poike
3001:Msoki
2986:Gondi
2915:Dolma
2910:Bamia
2717:Sujuk
2657:Miltz
2647:Kofta
2632:Kebab
2612:Hamin
2607:Gondi
2434:Bamba
2388:Sólet
2358:Kugel
2348:Knish
2323:Hamin
2257:Pilaf
2232:Manti
2192:Kasha
2187:Gondi
2157:Dolma
2132:Bsisa
2096:Sfinj
2076:Latke
1935:Knish
1910:Boyoz
1744:Sfinj
1724:Milky
1704:Lokum
1679:Halva
1563:Babka
1516:Latke
1445:Bialy
1425:Bagel
1373:Mouna
1343:Laffa
1323:Folar
1272:Babka
1249:Zeroa
1224:Mouna
1214:Matzo
1209:Maror
1199:Etrog
1106:Chefs
1097:Treif
950:Types
598:bagel
490:sugar
416:Kluge
392:demon
384:Satan
376:devil
298:flour
193:flour
101:JSTOR
87:books
3436:Deli
3329:Wine
3259:Boza
3249:Beer
3244:Arak
3143:Amba
3102:Smen
3072:Feta
2859:Apio
2773:Ikra
2687:Plov
1991:Brik
1965:Ziva
1940:Nunt
1669:Bolo
1383:Pita
1313:Bolo
839:2020
810:2024
784:2024
513:malt
470:meal
450:pump
430:The
339:The
300:and
156:Type
73:news
2788:Lox
2373:Pom
596:or
496:or
488:to
438:OED
390:or
374:or
294:rye
190:Rye
56:by
3507::
827:.
801:.
774:.
616:,
612:,
584:.
546:,
542:,
504:.
480:,
267:;
260:əl
248:ər
909:e
902:t
895:v
841:.
812:.
786:.
711:.
686:.
263:/
257:k
254:ɪ
251:n
245:p
242:m
239:ʌ
236:p
233:ˈ
230:/
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108:(
98:·
91:·
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