296:, like most sea-island palms, grows erect, with a single slender stem or, more often, several stems that are up to eight inches (20 cm) thick, in a cluster; generally armed with stiff, black spines in circular rows from the base to the summit. There are occasional specimens with only a few spines. It can typically grow to 20 metres (66 ft) or taller. The trunk is composed of a hard outer ring of black fibers embedded in a lighter tan or light brown colored body. Fibers are more densely packed toward the outside of the tree trunk, becoming more and more sparse toward the center of the tree. The center core of the tree is soft and contains none of the darker vascular bundles that give the wood its characteristic look and hardness. The
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long-lived perennial and predominantly outcrossing species, the genetic diversity of the populations is high. Though no definite studies have been conducted on seed dispersal of peach palms, it is probably restricted locally to dispersal by birds and seed-gathering mammals. Seeds may only be occasionally dispersed by water of greater distances. The gene flow of outcrossing tree species with such scattered distribution may be restricted and could result in genetically distinct, isolated subpopulations with small effective population sizes. In contrast to the cultivated peach palm, wild populations are threatened by deforestation, driven mainly by
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453:. In commercial plantations, peach palm is found in agroforestry systems with coffee and banana in Costa Rica. In several countries in Central and South America, it is found in combination with pineapple, papaya, passion fruit, maize, cassava and cacao. Fruit production starts between three and five years after planting and production lasts then for 50 to 75 years. The plant reaches its full productivity after about seven years.
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665:, and has commercial advantages in being fast growing; the first harvest can be from 18 to 24 months after planting. Brazil has a large domestic market for heart of palm and international demand is growing. It is also an economically important crop in Costa Rica. It is a viable substitute for other sources of heart of palm, such as
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has been used for food for centuries. Spanish explorers found a pejibaye plantation of 30,000 trees on the
Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, providing fruit that replaced corn in the indigenous diet. The fruit is stewed in salted water and peeled, the seed is removed, and it may be flavored with salt or
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Peach palm is a predominantly outcrossing species, though self-fertilization has also been observed. Pollination is carried out mainly by insects, especially by small curculionid beetles over distances between 100 and 500 m. Wind and gravity can also function as pollen vectors. Since peach palm is a
383:
Wild and cultivated peach palm populations are genetically very diverse and could offer useful traits for breeding. Genetically, the peach palm can be divided into (a) two western populations including
Central America, the Andean valleys of Colombia and Venezuela and the Pacific lowlands of Colombia
280:
that is productive for 50 to 75 years on average. Its population has an important genetic diversity, leading to numerous fruits, colors, and qualities. The fruits are edible and nutritious but need to be cooked for 30 minutes to five hours. They also benefit many animals in the wild. Peach-palms are
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Besides the fruits and seeds for human consumption, the pre-Columbian uses of the tree included the roots as medicine. The timber is exceptionally dense and strong; it had many uses. It is a durable material for bows, arrows, fishing poles, harpoons and building material, the spines for needles and
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and the transition of forest to savannah. Many populations are now isolated by increasing forest fragmentation, which will lead to decreased reproduction via inbreeding depression and eventual extinction even without complete deforestation. Their natural distribution is not yet well defined. Wild
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The peach palm grows wild in well-drained soils with various physical and chemical conditions, including acid and poor soils, since it is assisted by its association with mycorrhizas. It is grown in climates with precipitations between 2 000 mm and 5 000 mm and annual mean temperatures
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crystals that disappear under intense heat. Sellers of the fruit (often, street vendors) cook the fruit for 5 hours the night previous to the sale; however, recent studies have revealed that the same effect can be achieved in 30 minutes inside a pressure cooker, or even less in dry ovens or
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can be avoided. However, a protein-rich additive is needed to enrich the silage of peach palm so it can be used to feed cattle. Peach palm fruit can further be used to feed fish, poultry and pigs and to produce multi-nutritional blocks for cows, goats and sheep.
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are dependent on the nutrient status of the soil and are usually adapted from heart of palm or from other palm fruit production. Phosphorus is considered the most limiting nutrient and yield is driven by phosphorus and magnesium rather than by nitrogen.
384:
and
Ecuador; and (b) two eastern populations including the upper and the eastern Amazon. In general, the western populations have harder stems, more abundant and stronger spines, larger leaves and more solid rooting in their juvenile phase.
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exceeding 24 °C. The recommended altitude for commercial cultivation ranges from 0 to 900 m asl. Peach palm is occasionally found at higher altitudes of up to 1800m asl, as in
Colombia's Cauca region El Tambo.
372:. The exact origin of the cultivated peach palm remains open to debate. The widespread cultivation of peach palm in the Americas reflects its capacity to adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions in the
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Clement CR (1990) Pejibaye. In: Nagy S, Shaw PE, Wardowski WF (eds) Fruits of tropical and subtropical origin: composition, properties and uses. Florida
Science Source Inc., Lake Alfred, pp 302–32
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event in the south western Amazon, (b) a single domestication event in the
Colombian inter-Andean valleys and adjacent Pacific lowlands or (c) multiple independent centres of domestication.
1197:
Argüello H (1999) Cultivos y tecnologı´as para la reconversio´n econo´mica en la
Amazonia Colombiana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto Amazo´nico de Investigaciones, Bogota
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Ares A, Falcao N, Yuyama K, Yost RS, Clement CR (2003) Response to fertilization and nutrient deficiency diagnostic in peach palm in
Central Amazonia. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 6:221–232
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Clay JW, Clement CR (1993) Selected species and strategies to enhance income generation from
Amazonian forests. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome
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Kunth. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 20. Institute of plant
Genetics and Crop Plant Research". Gatersleben/IPGRI, Rome.
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Peach palm has a rapid juvenile growth (1.5 – 2 m per year) and a moderate light interception if the plant is spaced appropriately. Therefore, it is suitable for
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The palm was a staple in pre-Columbian times, and it became a neglected crop after the Spanish conquest. Even so, it has provided food safety when needed.
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the leaves for thatch and basketry. Though first used by humans for wood, it was likely fully domesticated for its starchy and oily fruits, of which the
931:"Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) in tropical Latin America: implications for biodiversity conservation, natural resource management and human nutrition"
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peach palm trees can be found in disturbed ecosystems, on river banks and in primary forest gaps. They often occur in isolation or at low densities.
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microwaves, without significantly altering the flavour of the final product. The raw fruit spoils quickly but it can be stored as a dry meal or
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658:. Further, peach palm chips, currently produced in southern Colombia, are believed to have a large potential to enter mainstream markets.
1065:"Ecological adaptation of wild peach palm, its in situ conservation and deforestation-mediated extinction in southern Brazilian Amazonia"
1124:
Clement, C. R. (1988). Domestication of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes): past and present. Advances in economic botany, 6, 155-174.
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Winogrond W (2004) Colombia alternative development project. Survey of Department of Cauca. Chemonics International Inc., Washington
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Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In
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González-Jaramillo, Nancy; Bailon-Moscoso, Natalia; Duarte-Casar, Rodrigo; Romero-Benavides, Juan Carlos (16 November 2022).
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was domesticated early in the occupation of the lowland humid neotropics by the indigenous people of the Americas during the
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713:, the Spanish cut down 20,000 peach palms in Costa Rica in order to deprive and subjugate the indigenous population.
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Araújo, Michelly de Cristo; Rodrigues, Doriane Picanço; Astolfi Filho, Spartaco; Clement, Charles Roland (2010).
641:. In some regions, the fruit halves are filled with mayonnaise or sour cream. Raw peach palm contains irritating
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Peach palm fruit is widely used as animal feed. With its low fiber and high starch content, it can substitute
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era. There are three hypotheses for the exact origin of cultivated peach palm: There was either (a) a single
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324:) of the fruit can be red, yellow, or orange when the fruit is ripe, depending on the variety of the palm.
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Clement CR (1989) The potential use of the pejibaye palm in agroforestry systems. Agrofor Syst 7:201–212
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in the fodder mixture. By ensiling the fruits, drying and heat treatment to deactivate the
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1319:"Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.): Ancestral Tropical Staple with Future Potential"
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Peach palm can be considered the most important domesticated palm species of the
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HS1072. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. 2006.
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Clement, Charles R. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
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honey. The texture both raw and cooked has been compared to a firm
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1032:"Genetic variability in the peach palm genebank with RAPD markers"
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Pejibaye (Peach Palm) Growing in the Florida Home Landscape.
897:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017
348:. Its wild and domesticated populations can be found in
1235:. "According to Dominique Dufour", French researcher.
320:, 4–6 cm long and 3–5 cm broad. The rind (
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Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
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Neglected Crops: 1492 From a Different Perspective.
1253:Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
1369:Revista Brasileira de LinguĂstica AntropolĂłgica
1255:(International Centre of Tropical Agriculture)
520:. The fruit is attacked by fungi of the genera
441:is the most valued part in modern cultivation.
368:, especially at the eastern foothills of the
8:
1387:"Palms and religion in the northwest Amazon"
857:Hernández Bermejo, J. E. and J. León, Eds.
489:The trunk of the tree can be infested with
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754:cor wary, supa (San Andrés archipelago)
1282:20 June 2008. Accessed 26 August 2013.
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661:This plant may also be harvested for
7:
576:adding citations to reliable sources
994:Mora-Urpi, J. (1997). "Peach palm.
1136:The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts
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1063:Clement, CR; et al. (2009).
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1707:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28453-2
1049:10.1590/S1984-70332010000300005
563:needs additional citations for
498:. The foliage is infested with
1294:The Cultural History of Plants
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1371:. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
1223:. Editorial Costa Rica. 2000.
935:Biodiversity and Conservation
352:, in the Pacific lowlands of
1090:10.1371/journal.pone.0004564
711:colonization of the Americas
1270:Indigenous palm vulnerable.
977:. Miami, Florida. p. 12–14.
829:The name of the pupunha in
260:systems or more rarely, in
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895:Plants of the World Online
837:has been reconstructed as
1781:Flora of Southern America
1412:Handbook of Energy Crops.
1296:. Routledge. p. 93.
956:10.1007/s10531-012-0402-3
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52:Scientific classification
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1776:Flora of Central America
1385:Schultes, R. E. (1974).
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747:chontaduro or cachipay (
281:also cultivated for the
1275:11 January 2014 at the
1221:Costa Rica Precolombina
975:Fruits of Warm Climates
929:Graefe, Sophie (2013).
364:and in the area of the
1336:10.3390/plants11223134
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740:chonta or chontaduro (
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532:. Other pests include
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1251:. Citing a study by
869:Rome: UN FAO. 1994.
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947:2013BiCon..22..269G
777:Trinidad and Tobago
698:Metroxylon vitiense
973:In: Morton, J. F.
770:Dominican Republic
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1771:Edible palms
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859:Peach-palm (
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676:
675:, including
670:
660:
627:sweet potato
621:
620:
615:Cali Airport
610:
590:
584:January 2013
581:
570:Please help
565:verification
562:
537:
529:Ceratocystis
527:
521:
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492:Phytophthora
490:
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451:agroforestry
448:
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413:Spiny trunk.
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266:Common names
258:agroforestry
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1786:Fruit trees
1585:iNaturalist
1456:Wikispecies
1268:Foster, S.
709:During the
637:or roasted
617:(Colombia).
496:water molds
468:Animal feed
445:Agriculture
397:Cultivation
289:Description
262:monoculture
121:Commelinids
95:Angiosperms
1760:Categories
1676:Plant List
1400:(1): 3–21.
1303:0415927463
901:4 December
845:References
793:pijiguao (
766:Costa Rica
764:pejibaye (
656:edible oil
457:Fertilizer
378:subtropics
346:Neotropics
270:peach palm
1681:kew-18855
1551:242429867
1394:Principes
971:Pejibaye.
814:pupunha (
800:pijuayo (
795:Venezuela
784:Nicaragua
759:Guatemala
648:preserves
523:Monilinia
362:Venezuela
159:Species:
141:Arecaceae
65:Kingdom:
1715:Tropicos
1616:11155061
1470:BioLib:
1441:Wikidata
1355:36432863
1273:Archived
1248:Fog, L.
1232:Fog, L.
1109:19238213
1069:PLOS ONE
835:Tucanoan
788:Honduras
775:peewah (
768:and the
757:manaco (
749:Colombia
639:chestnut
613:sold at
354:Colombia
268:include
216:Synonyms
137:Family:
131:Arecales
108:Monocots
1766:Bactris
1720:2400230
1603:28453-2
1564:2733060
1525:1130861
1507:Ecocrop
1447:Q790172
1346:9695847
1100:2642997
1077:Bibcode
943:Bibcode
823:Bolivia
821:tembé (
742:Ecuador
733:awara (
705:History
672:Euterpe
374:tropics
358:Ecuador
328:Ecology
322:epicarp
306:petiole
302:pinnate
274:English
250:Central
152:Bactris
147:Genus:
127:Order:
69:Plantae
18:Pupunha
1730:477469
1727:uBio:
1689:PLANTS
1655:780750
1642:154467
1629:506706
1577:418541
1486:371280
1473:196752
1408:H.B.K.
1353:
1343:
1323:Plants
1300:
1107:
1097:
891:Kunth"
873:
816:Brazil
809:Panama
735:Guyana
693:juçara
685:) and
635:squash
633:, dry
631:hominy
514:, and
308:. The
298:leaves
1694:BAGA2
1611:IRMNG
1590:85315
1538:BCTGA
1499:5VZXW
1414:1983.
1390:(PDF)
831:Proto
652:flour
534:mites
500:fungi
474:maize
370:Andes
360:, in
314:drupe
312:is a
310:fruit
190:Kunth
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1702:POWO
1663:PfaF
1637:NCBI
1624:ITIS
1598:IPNI
1572:GRIN
1559:GBIF
1533:EPPO
1512:2307
1481:BOLD
1351:PMID
1298:ISBN
1105:PMID
1017:help
903:2020
871:ISBN
865:In:
839:*ɨne
802:Peru
786:and
683:açaĂ
654:and
526:and
376:and
356:and
318:seed
300:are
252:and
242:palm
1738:WFO
1546:FNA
1520:EoL
1494:CoL
1341:PMC
1331:doi
1095:PMC
1085:doi
1044:doi
951:doi
701:).
574:by
540:).
272:in
248:of
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