Knowledge (XXG)

Golf swing

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power of the golf swing is not unlocked by muscle or by fastest club head speed, but by the precise timing and mechanics of a motion that has to be put together in harmony. However, more power in the golf swing can be attributed to the development of these lower limb muscles: tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. With more power, comes the necessity for more control over the body that a golfer must have to control the motions of the swing. "Strength and inertial variations seem more likely than size to account for long and short hitting".
145:. Stronger muscles on wrist can prevent wrists from being twisted at swings, while stronger shoulders increase the turning force. Weak wrists can also deliver the impacts to elbows and even neck and lead to injury of them. (When a muscle contracts, it pulls equally from both ends and, in order to have movement at only one end of the muscle, other muscles must come into play to stabilize the bone to which the other end of the muscle is attached.) Golf is a unilateral exercise that can break body balances, requiring exercises to keep the balance in muscles. A recommended exercise is free weight, an exercise not reliant on machines to stimulate and balance the fine muscles. 250: 113:
the wrists begin to snap through from the wrist cock in the backswing. A solid extension of the arms and good transfer of body should put the golfer leaning up on his right toe, balanced, with the golf club resting on the back of the golfers neck. Importantly, all of the movements occur with precise timing, while the head remains completely still with eyes focused on the ball throughout the entire swing.
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occurs when the clubface is closed relative to the swingpath or with an inside-out swingpath and thus flies severely from right to left for a right-handed player, or vice versa for a left-handed player. Skilled players can hook the ball at will, but most commonly it is a misplayed shot that often has
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The downswing begins with the hips and the lower body rather than the arms and upper body, with emphasis on the wrist cock. As the golfer's hips shift towards the target and begin rotate, the right elbow will drop straight down, hugging the right side of the golfer's torso. As the right elbow drops,
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occurs when the clubface is open relative to the swingpath or with an outside-in swingpath and thus flies severely from left to right for a right-handed player, or vice versa for a left-handed player. Skilled players can slice the ball at will, but most commonly it is a misplayed shot that often has
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The golf swing is capable of producing great force, though it takes practice to be able to effectively utilize it in a productive manner. Most amateur golfers try to get as much power as possible, and try to hit the ball as far as possible, but this is not an appropriate approach for an amateur. The
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A good golf swing involves having proper posture. This usually means setting up and moving in a balanced and athletic fashion. Proper posture is greatly aided by adopting a good stance to begin with: slightly crouched, with legs slightly bent and the back relatively straight. The width of the stance
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is a stroke played with the effect that, for a right-handed player, the ball moves from left to right during flight. Conversely the ball will move from right to left for a left-handed player. These characteristics are achieved by having either an out-to-in swingpath or an open clubface, relative to
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shot is made from the fairway after the drive, but intended to travel a shorter distance than might normally be expected and/or with a higher degree of accuracy, due to intervening circumstances. Most often, a lay-up shot is made to avoid hitting the ball into a hazard placed in the fairway, or to
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in order that they may remain balanced throughout the swing path. The swing starts with the arms moving back in a straight line. When the club head reaches the level of the hip, two things happen: there is a stern wrist cock that acts as a hinge along with the left knee (for a right-handed swing),
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who have developed various equations to help explain the complexity of the swing. It is generally agreed that a successful and consistent golf swing requires precise timing and mechanics, from the grip and position of one's fingers, to the position and movement of the feet. At any moment of the
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building up its torque by moving into the same line as the belly button before the start of the upswing. As the swing continues to the top of the backswing (again for right-handed golf swing), the golfer's left arm should be perfectly straight and his right arm should be hinged at the elbow.
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into the club head so when it comes into contact with the ball, the energy will transfer to the ball, sending it into flight. Before a swing is taken golfers first adopt their stance. This is usually a partial crouch because it allows for a more effective range of movement whilst also
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A "pitch shot" is a shot played with a high lofted club, a lob wedge, sand wedge, gap wedge, or pitching wedge, with lofts ranging from 49° to 62°. These high lofted clubs are designed to hit the ball high from short distances, usually from 30–70 yards (30–60 m) and closer.
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is a ball whose flight path is straight, with negligible sidespin, that ends up right of the target. The incidence angle of the clubface is x° to the right of the target, and where the path of the clubface is also x° to the right of the target (inside to outside
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is a ball whose flight path is straight, with negligible sidespin that ends up left of the target. The incidence angle of the clubface is x° to the left of the target, and where the path of the clubface is also x° to the left of the target (outside to inside
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The face of the club starts square to the target line. The club goes straight back and straight through along the same path like a pendulum. One strategy is to aim the ball 10% past the hole. Another is to look at the hole for long putts instead of the ball.
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swing, whether back-swing, downswing, or upswing, something can go wrong that will throw off the whole body and result in a mishit. The entire swing motion should move on a plane in a fluid manner. The plane can be characterized as horizontal or vertical.
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shot is one with a low trajectory, that is employed when hitting into the wind or in order to avoid hitting the ball into overhead obstructions. This stroke is achieved by keeping the weight forward and the hands ahead of the clubhead through
201:, the man who popularized it, the little finger of the trailing hand (the dominant hand) is placed between the index and middle finger of the lead hand (the non-dominant hand). The lead-hand thumb fits along the lifeline of the trailing hand. 222:
model, where the arms and shoulders become the first pendulum and movements along the hands, grip, and shaft form the second. Both of these interlocking pendulum movements must be timed correctly in order to reach maximum club head speed.
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The chip is a type of shot generally used from short range around the green usually under 40 yards. Although any club may be used, and there are specialist chipping clubs (or chippers) available, a short iron or wedge is most common.
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is a stroke played with the effect that, for a right-handed player, the ball moves from right to left during flight. Conversely the ball will move from left to right for a left-handed player. These characteristics are achieved with
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The putt is used for putting the ball in the hole or closer to the hole (as in lagging) from the green or the fringe of the green. It can also be done from off the fringe and from in the fairway, especially on Bermuda Grass. The
2309:“Golf Science Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: Journal of Sports Sciences: Vol 21, No 9.” Hume, Keogh, and Reid, “The Role of Biomechanics in Maximizing Distance and Accuracy of Golf Shots.” 1213: 502:
shot occurs when the forward edge of the clubhead strikes the ball too high, causing the shot to fly low, sometimes even causing it to travel across the ground, and usually comes up short of the target.
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is a shot played from close to a green with a steep bank confronting the player, in which the ball is played so as to pitch on the face of the bank and go over it, either running or on the bounce.
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The ball is positioned near the center of the player's stance for short irons, moving forward of center through the middle and long irons until it is opposite the heel of the front foot for woods.
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shot is made with the intention of placing the ball on the green. The term "approach" typically refers to a second or subsequent shot with a shorter-range iron depending on the distance required.
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Slightly more weight is placed on the front foot for short irons, with balance shifting onto both feet through the middle irons until weight is distributed fairly evenly for long irons and woods.
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Ten finger (or baseball) grip: The little finger of the trailing hand is placed close to the index finger of the lead hand. The lead-hand thumb is covered with the lifeline of the trailing hand.
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At address the body is positioned parallel to the target line, although stance can be adjusted for different shots; in general the body and stance should be parallel to the target line.
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is a shot played from a sand trap. It is hit with a lofted wedge and is intended to hit the ball high so that it can carry over the lip of the bunker while still staying on the green.
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is slightly longer than a chip shot and thus requires a slightly larger swing. It is generally hit with a lofted club and expected to stop fairly quickly once reaching the green.
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Interlocking grip: The little finger of the trailing hand is intertwined with the index finger of the lead hand. The lead-hand thumb fits in the lifeline of the trailing hand.
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occurs when the ball is struck on the hosel of the club, and thus flies at a sharp angle to the right of the intended direction (or vice versa for a left-handed player).
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Timing is the most critical element of the golf swing because it connects all of the different moving parts of the body into one motion. The golf swing follows a
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occurs when the golfer makes contact with the top half of the ball on follow through and then it proceeds to bounce along the ground or when the golfer
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shot is when a player opens the club face on a chip shot to get the ball to fly over an obstacle and stop quickly or spin back once it hits the ground.
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occurs when the player strikes the top half of the golf ball causing it to dribble along the ground and come up severely short of the intended target.
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is a long putt designed less to try to place the ball in the cup than to simply move the ball closer to the hole for an easier putt into the hole.
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is used for the putt. The golfer adjusts their putt to fit the circumstances of the play such as distance to the hole and slope of the green.
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occurs when the ball strikes too highly on the clubface, causing the shot to travel very high, leaving it well short of its intended target.
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shot occurs when the forward edge of the clubhead strikes the ground behind the ball first, causing the shot to come up short of the target.
232:). The downswing (the second part of the swing) is initiated by the shifting and unwinding of the hips. Then the shoulders and arms follow. 1313: 1936: 1335: 2225: 1468: 1668: 908: 790: 1278: 657: 880: 861: 842: 1794: 1779: 1569: 1549: 1373: 2052: 1799: 1774: 1564: 1559: 1539: 1250: 1208: 987: 1606: 1784: 1198: 333:
is a long-distance shot played from the tee box, intended to move the ball a great distance down the fairway towards the
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There are several choices with regard to gripping the club. Generally one of the following three will be used:
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should be about shoulder wide and the arms should be hanging free. Golfers should have their weight on the
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is a shot designed to roll the ball along the ground. It is normally made on the putting green using a
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The goal of the chip is to land the ball safely on the green and let it roll out towards the hole.
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is a very short shot played from near the green, generally made with an abbreviated swing motion.
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by either an in-to-out swingpath or a closed clubface, relative to the swingpath, at impact.
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is imparted due to the non-perpendicularity of the golf club or the path of the clubhead.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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position the ball in a more favorable position on the fairway for the next shot.
292: 161: 30: 65:, Nesbit and Serrano suggest the golf swing has been studied by scientists and 2252: 2204: 2199: 2189: 2164: 2134: 1498: 1453: 1323: 1203: 1060: 1040: 2194: 2174: 2149: 2139: 1488: 1114: 1109: 1050: 600: 595: 227: 134: 47: 757: 686: 2259: 2144: 1233: 1180: 552: 298: 138: 61:
There are differing opinions on what constitutes a "good" golf swing. In
17: 257: 2232: 2057: 306: 903:(1 ed.). : Mathematical Association of America. p. 150. 256: 248: 142: 104:. The stance is critical in making sure that the golfer has a low 72: 29: 1228: 996: 51: 969: 1119: 1214:
Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)
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Slow motion video of a person practicing a golf swing, 2023
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Action of a golf player hitting the ball with a golf club
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Nesbit & Serrano, Steven M. & Monika (2005).
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For shot putting, see 229:Ben Hogan: Five Lessons: the Modern Fundamentals 197:Vardon overlap (or overlapping) grip: Named for 363:are used as short approach shots to the green. 981: 932:"It's Time to Re-establish Golf Swing Basics" 8: 1219:Professional Golfers' Association of America 658:"Work and Power Analysis of the Golf Swing" 629: 627: 625: 623: 621: 1743: 1443: 1274: 1246:American Society of Golf Course Architects 988: 974: 966: 676: 63:Work and Power Analysis of the Golf Swing 95:The goal of the golf swing is to direct 617: 433:the swingpath, at impact, again due to 46:is the action by which players hit the 665:Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 7: 734:"On the Mechanics of the Golf Swing" 2112:Albatrosses in notable tournaments 1652:Women's major championship winners 1474:European Ladies' Team Championship 1469:European Amateur Team Championship 819:Ahn Hye Jung (November 11, 2012), 541:the golf ball causing it to bounce 25: 1664:Senior major championship winners 636:On the Dynamics of the Golf Swing 564:and the clubhead speed at impact. 1640:Men's major championship winners 797:(Korean edition). 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1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Jack Nicklaus 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687:European Tour 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1555:Pacific Games 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438:International 1436: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1382:The Tradition 1380: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1192:organizations 1188: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1176:Driving range 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:teeing ground 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 971: 968: 957: 951: 948: 937: 933: 927: 924: 912: 910:9781614442004 906: 902: 901: 893: 890: 886: 882: 879: 874: 871: 867: 863: 860: 855: 852: 848: 844: 841: 836: 833: 829: 825: 824: 816: 813: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 779: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 728: 726: 722: 717: 711: 708: 692: 688: 684: 679: 674: 670: 666: 659: 652: 650: 648: 646: 642: 637: 630: 628: 626: 624: 622: 618: 611: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 586:Driving range 584: 582: 579: 578: 574: 569: 566: 563: 559: 555: 554: 550: 549: 545: 540: 536: 532: 529: 525: 522: 518: 515: 511: 508: 504: 501: 497: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457: 453: 447: 443: 439: 436: 431: 427: 424: 419: 415: 414: 410: 405: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383: 379: 376: 372: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 343: 339: 336: 332: 331: 326: 325: 322:List of shots 321: 316: 314: 310: 308: 300: 294: 286: 284: 277: 275: 272: 265: 259: 251: 244: 242: 235: 233: 231: 230: 224: 221: 213: 206: 203: 200: 196: 195: 194: 193: 189: 188: 184: 179: 176: 175: 171: 166: 163: 158: 157: 153: 148: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 116: 114: 110: 107: 103: 98: 90: 71: 68: 64: 59: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 32: 19: 2327:Golf strokes 2308: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2244: 2237: 2221:Golf Channel 2155:Hickory golf 2075:Greenskeeper 1740:golf courses 1630:Male golfers 1545:Island Games 1269:Triple Crown 1166:Country club 1137: 950: 939:. Retrieved 936:Pin High Pro 935: 926: 914:. Retrieved 899: 892: 873: 854: 835: 823:John Sitaras 820: 815: 803:. Retrieved 799:the original 787:John Sitaras 781: 769:. Retrieved 741: 737: 710: 698:. 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Index

Putting

Henry Cotton
ball
golf
mathematicians
kinetic energy
preloading the muscles
center of gravity
core
erector spinae muscles
latissimus dorsi muscle
hamstring
shoulder
wrist
balls of their feet
Harry Vardon
double pendulum
Ben Hogan: Five Lessons: the Modern Fundamentals


Golf course § Greens
Shot put
putter
drive
green
Chip shots
putter
sidespin
sidespin

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