Golf course - Knowledge (XXG)

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travel distance while playing a round, and to vary the mix of shorter and longer holes. Combined with the need to package all the fairways within what is frequently a compact square or rectangular plot of land, the fairways of a course tend to form an oppositional tiling pattern. In complex areas, two holes may share the same tee box, fairway, or even green. It is also common for separate tee-off points to be positioned for men, women, and amateurs, each one respectively lying closer to the green. Eighteen-hole courses are traditionally broken down into a "front 9" (holes 1–9) and a "back 9" (holes 10–18). On older courses (especially links courses, like the Old Course at St. Andrews), the holes may be laid out in one long loop, beginning and ending at the clubhouse, and thus the front 9 is referred to on the scorecard as "out" (heading out away from clubhouse) and the back 9 as "in" (heading back in toward the clubhouse). More recent courses (and especially inland courses) tend to be routed with the front 9 and the back 9 each constituting a separate loop beginning and ending at the clubhouse. This is partly for the convenience of the players and the club, as then it is easier to play just a 9-hole round, if preferred, or stop at the clubhouse for a snack between the front 9 and the back 9.

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courses incorporate natural features and wildlife corridors, contributing to biodiversity. This is a big step forward in the movement towards a greener environment. Golf courses as a whole also typically require substantial water for irrigation. Properly managed courses can showcase efficient water management practices, such as the use of reclaimed water or sustainable irrigation systems. These are the first crucial stages to conquer environmental issues and the problems within the golf industry. The sustainability issue hits when animals and non invasive plant life are displaced and alteration and distortion to many prominent swamps, wetlands, and other prominent wildlife fixtures.

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course used to be a great rarity, courses measuring 7,500-yards are now not uncommon, and courses of 8,000-yards are being contemplated. The cause of modern science allows these specifications that cause more acreage to be used up. All this has led to a ten-percent increase in the acreage required to build a typical course. Water restrictions established by communities have forced courses to limit the amount of maintained turf grass. While most modern 18-hole golf courses occupy as much as 60 hectares (150 acres) of land, the average course has 30 hectares (74 acres) of maintained turf.

627:, a costly and time-consuming weed. Augusta National is one of many golf courses to use this type of green. The original design of Augusta National did not include bent grass greens, but in the early 1980s the greens were converted from Bermuda to bent grass. This affected the speed of the greens, making them too quick, and several areas were subsequently remodelled to reduce the slopes and make them more playable. Many other golf courses subsequently made the decision to change from Bermuda to bent grass when they observed increased business at courses that had already changed over. 503: 1416: 511:

then hitting the turf and removing a portion of it as the club continues its arc). Fairways on prestigious tours, like the PGA Tour, are cut low. Mowing heights influence the play of the course. For example, the grass heights at U.S. Open events are alternated from one hole to the next in order to make the course more difficult. One example of this is the infamous roughs at U.S. Opens, which are often 3 to 5 inches high, depending on how close to the fairway or green the section of grass will be. This makes it difficult for a player to recover after a bad shot.

1611: 639: 924: 311:, although many of the finest golf course architects in the world choose not to become members of any such group, as associations of architects are not government-sanctioned licensing bodies, but private groups. While golf courses often follow the original landscape, some modification is unavoidable. This is increasingly the case as new courses are more likely to be sited on less optimal land. Bunkers and sand traps are always built in by architects unless the formation of such items is already in the course's natural terrain. 1483:

dry. In arid areas, dry creek beds can be marked as "water hazards", but the importation of non-native grasses and other plant life can have a detrimental effect on native landscapes, often requiring non-native soil and large quantities of water and fertilizer to maintain the course. In these areas, course builders are often prohibited from growing and maintaining non-native grass on areas of the course other than the fairway, or even on the fairway itself, in which case only greens are allowed to have grass.

571:" club, which has very low loft so that the ball rolls smoothly along the ground, and hopefully into the cup. The shape and topology of the green can vary almost without limit, but for practical purposes the green is usually flatter than other areas of the course, though gentle slopes and undulations can add extra challenge to players who must account for these variations in their putting line. The green typically does not include any fully enclosed hazards such as sand or water; however, these hazards can 699: 1595: 1062:, who arrange competitions for their members on the courses and may provide clubhouse facilities. In the UK particularly, some older private members clubs have an associated "Artisan" club, originally established to provide low-cost golf with limited playing rights in exchange for unpaid work on the course. These associated clubs may be totally independent organizations from the course management, or may have various degrees of formal or informal links. 549: 890:

have been upgraded "in-place" to 18 holes and a traditional par score, or the original course was sold for other development and new land was acquired and built into an 18-hole course. By contrast, par-3 courses, especially Pitch and Putt, are rising in popularity as a compromise between the long play time and high skill levels required of a traditional 18-hole course, and the artificial nature and single-minded putting focus of

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Golf Course was the first course in North Carolina to utilize a special Bermuda called Mini Verde. A green is generally established from sod which has had the soil washed off of it (to avoid soil compatibility problems) and which is then laid tightly over the green, then rolled and topdressed with fine sand. Another common and more economical approach for establishing a putting green is to introduce hybrid Bermuda sprigs (the

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multibillion-dollar courses is that it takes the place for much better use of land. Those methods of use include building communities for the homeless and under privileged, national parks and foresty for tourism, growth of wildlife, and animals to roam free. There is also a problem with giving up farm land which is a top necessity in the US economy which causes problems in the supply chain.

1363: 739: 43: 188:, and a green with a cylindrical hole in the ground, known as a "cup". The cup holds a flagstick, known as a "pin". A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes, and as such most courses contain 18 distinct holes; however, there are many 9-hole courses and some that have holes with shared fairways or greens. There are also courses with a non-standard number of holes, such as 12 or 14. 473: 621:

greens. A green may consist of a thin carpet so that bad weather is not allowed to become a serious factor in maintaining the course. These are considered the best greens because they may be cut to an extremely low height, and because they may be grown from seed. Bent grass does not have grain, which makes it superior as a putting surface. However, bent grass may become infested with

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from grass, as the ball may embed itself into the sand, and the loose nature of the sand and more severe sloping of many bunkers make taking one's stance more difficult. As in any hazard, a ball in a bunker must be played without touching the sand with the club except during the stroke, and loose impediments (leaves, stones, twigs) must not be moved before making the stroke.

4218: 495:; the grass there is cut higher and is often of a coarser strain than on the fairways, making roughs disadvantageous areas from which to hit. On par-3 holes, the player is expected to be able to drive the ball to the green on the first shot from the tee box. On holes longer than par 3, players are expected to require at least one additional shot to reach their greens. 410: 4206: 652:

pole positioned in it so that it may be seen from a distance, but not necessarily from the tee. This location marker is officially called the "flagstick" but is also commonly referred to as the "pin". Flagsticks are made of either coated fiberglass, metal, or wood and have a metal or synthetic bottom (called a ferrule) that is designed to fit in the hole cup.

1581: 352:. On occasion, factors other than distance are taken into account when setting the par for a hole; these include altitude, terrain and obstacles that result in a hole playing longer or shorter than its measured distance, e.g. route is significantly uphill or downhill, or requiring play of a stroke to finish short of a body of water before hitting over it. 268: 647:

encountered getting through the hole. The slope or break of the green also affects the roll of the ball. The hole, or cup, is always found within the green and must have a diameter of 108 millimeters (4.25 in) and a depth of at least 10 centimeters (3.94 in). Its position on the green is not fixed and typically is changed daily by a

456:, each one a different distance from the hole (and possibly with a different angle of approach to the green or fairway) to provide differing difficulty. The teeing ground is generally as level as feasible, with closely mown grass very similar to that of a putting green, and most are slightly raised from the surrounding fairway. 600:

account the characteristics of the green to arrive at the hole at the proper angle and speed. The best players will read the green by walking around the green and studying the characteristics of the green before addressing the ball. Many golfers consider reading the green and putting to be the most difficult part of the game.

750:, usually with practice greens, bunkers, and driving areas. Markers showing distances are usually included on a practice range for the golfer's information. Driving ranges are also commonly found as separate facilities, unattached to a golf course, where players may simply hit balls into the range for practice or enjoyment. 812:

hazard, perhaps due to the instability of the dunes closest to the water and the high cost of hand-made golf balls precluding anything that could result in their irrecoverable loss. The land is naturally treeless and this combined with their coastal location makes wind and weather an important factor in links golf.

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A "par-3" course has either 9 or 18 holes, and the distance of each hole is a par 3 rating (typically 240 yards or less from the "men's" tee), with no par-4 or par-5 holes mandating shots through the green (though, occasionally, a "par-3" course may feature a par-4 or even a par-5 hole). As a result,

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Traditional links courses are often arranged with holes in pairs along the coastline; players would play "out" from the town through a series of holes to the furthest point of the course, and then would return "in" along the second set of holes. The holes may share fairways and sometimes greens (such

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Just as there are good-quality grasses for putting greens, there are good-quality grasses for the fairway and rough. The quality of grass influences the roll of the ball as well as the ability of the player to "take a divot" (effectively, the ability to hit down into the ball, hitting the ball first,

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While many holes are designed with a direct line-of-sight from the teeing ground to the green, a hole may bend either to the left or to the right. This is called a "dogleg", in reference to the similarity to a dog's ankle. The hole is called a "dogleg left" if the hole angles leftwards, and a "dogleg

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The layout of a course follows certain traditional principles, such as the number of holes (nine and 18 being most common), their par values, and the number of holes of each par value per course. It is also preferable to arrange greens to be close to the tee box of the next playable hole, to minimize

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The use of natural creeks and ponds is generally desirable when designing a golf course for their aesthetics and the increase in playing difficulty. However, such areas also typically include wetlands within the flood plain that are unsuitable for golfing and are often filled in and raised to remain

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and other environmentally important areas during construction. These pesticides run off into bodies of water and cause over flowing of pesticides into water which causes algae blooms that destroys whole ecosystem shutdowns. The United Nations estimates that, worldwide, golf courses consume about 2.5

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The popularity of the 9-hole course has waned in recent decades; a full 18-hole course still allows for the player to play only the "front nine" or "back nine" as a shorter game, while attracting more golfers seeking to play a traditional full round of 18 distinct holes. Many older executive courses

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These types of courses provide a faster pace of play than a standard course, and get their name from their target patronage of business executives who would play the course on a long lunch or as part of a meeting. They are also popular with young professionals, because during the normal golf season,

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Courses may also have other design features which the skilled player will avoid; there are earth bunkers (pits or depressions in the ground that are not filled with sand but require a lofted shot to escape), high grass and other dense vegetation, trees or shrubs, ravines and other rocky areas, steep

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specify exactly the point from which the ball may be played outside a hazard. Bunkers are small to medium areas, usually lower than the fairway but of varying topography, that are filled with sand and generally incorporate a raised lip or barrier. It is more difficult to play the ball from sand than

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Golfers use a method known as "reading" the green to enhance their chances of making a putt. Reading a green involves determining the speed, grain, incline, decline and tilt of the green on the line of the putt. Most putts are not struck directly at the hole, instead they must be struck to take into

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Another type of grass common for greens is TifDwarf Hybrid Bermuda (other variants exist, but TifDwarf is one of the most common), or simply Bermuda grass. Bermuda is more common in regions that have very warm summers and mild winters, such as the Southern and Southwestern United States. Red Bridge

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Each tee box has two markers showing the bounds of the legal tee area. The teeing area spans the distance between the markers, and extends two-club lengths behind the markers. A golfer may stand outside the teeing area, but the ball must be placed and hit from inside it. A golfer may place his ball

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and elsewhere in arid regions, golf courses have been constructed on nothing more than oil-covered sand. Players may use a roller on the "greens" to smooth the intended path before putting. In November 2022, four Saudi Arabian golf courses were certified by the GEO foundation that solidifies those

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In 2022 the U.S. Geological Survey reported that the state of Utah uses about 38 million gallons of water on its golf courses per day - enough water to fill almost 58 Olympic-sized swimming pools. Studies have also found that golf courses take up 2,244,415 acres of land nationwide. A golf course's

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A "9-hole course", typically the type referred to as an "executive course", has only 9 holes instead of 18, but with the otherwise normal mix of par-3, par-4 and par-5 holes (typically producing a par score of between 34 and 36), and the course can be played through once for a short game, or twice

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There may even be a practice course (often shorter and easier to play than a full-scale course), where players may measure the distance they can obtain with a specific club, or in order to improve their swing technique. Practice courses often consist of old holes of a previous design that are kept

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in order to prevent excessive localized wear and damage to the turf. A new hole will be cut by a device that removes a plug of the turf from the ground, and the reinforced cup is then moved, before the old hole is filled in with the plug cut from the new hole and levelled. The hole has a flag on a

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A successful design is as visually pleasing as it is playable. With golf being a form of outdoor recreation, the strong designer is an adept student of natural landscaping who understands the aesthetic cohesion of vegetation, water bodies, paths, grasses, stonework, and woodwork, among many other

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Golf courses can be built on sandy areas along coasts, on abandoned farms, among strip mines, and quarries, and in deserts and forests. Many Western countries have instituted environmental restrictions on where and how courses are allowed to be built. The problem in today's society with building

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is that today's players can hit the ball much farther than previously. As a result, because of demand from course customers who possess this enhanced equipment, and also out of an expressed concern for safety, golf course architects have had to lengthen and widen golf courses. Where a 7,000-yard

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and is designed to slow and stop balls rolling along the green from an approach shot or errant putt, preventing them from exiting the green. Though putting strokes can be made on it, the higher grass can interfere with the path of the ball, so players often choose to use a lofted club such as an

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While golf courses are a big target of pollution and global warming, there has been good efforts of evolving golf into a game which helps the environment and not the latter of destroying it. Golf courses often create large green spaces that serve as habitats for various plants and animals. Some

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The closely grazed turf and naturally good drainage of the links was ideal for golf, and areas of longer grass, heather, low growing bushes and exposed sand provided the hazards that are familiar on modern courses. Although early links courses were often close to the sea it was rarely used as a

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shares best management practices and case studies of U.S. golf courses, on topics such as irrigation efficiency, use of recycled water, stormwater infrastructure, native grasses, and increasing pollinator habitat. Golf course superintendents are often trained in the uses of these practices and

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The shallow top soil and sandy subsoil made links land unsuitable for the cultivation of crops or for urban development and was of low economic value. The links were often treated as common land by the residents of the nearby towns and were used by them for recreation, animal grazing and other

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The grass of the putting green (more commonly just "green") is cut very short so that a ball can roll for a long distance. The most common types of greens are for cold winter, but warmer summer regions (i.e., not extremely warm, as in the Southern and Southwestern United States) are bent grass

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Two downside factors of Bermuda greens are cost of maintenance, and also the existence of grain (the growth direction of the blades of grass), which affects the ball's roll and which is called "the grain of the green" and not to be confused with "the rub of the green" which are idiosyncrasies

195:, that a proficient player should be able to achieve; this is usually three, four or five strokes. Par-3 courses consist of holes all of which have a par of three. Short courses have gained in popularity; these consist of mostly par 3 holes, but often have some short par 4 holes. 595:

adjacent to the green, and depending on the shape of the green and surrounding hazards, and the location of the hole (which often changes from day to day to promote even wear of the turf of the green), there may not be a direct putting line from a point on the green to the cup.

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A commercial course is owned and managed by a private organization and is operated for profit. They may be constructed to provide a core or supplementary attraction for visitors to a hotel or commercial resort, as the centrepiece to a real estate development, as an exclusive

871:" course, where each of the 9 or 18 holes has a distance from tee to cup of less than 100 yards, with an overall 18-hole course distance no more than 1,200 yards (so each hole averages 67 yards). This allows the course to be played without a full set of clubs; typically only 1549:

from which they tee the ball. Other Australian golf courses in locations where water is scarce or water conservation is a priority sometimes feature "scrapes" in place of greens. These are made of fine dirt which requires raking between uses but does not require watering.

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The cost of installing and maintaining grass greens constitutes a considerable proportion of the expense of installing and maintaining a golf course. To save money, many low budget courses catering to casual players have sand greens instead of real grass. In recent years,

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from where it came to rest; this spot is known as its "lie". When the ball is in play and not out of bounds or in a hazard the player must play the ball as it lies. The area between the tee box and the putting green where the grass is cut even and short is called the

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courses pledge and to higher the sustainability in the courses in the area and to improve economic output. This act was supported by very strict laws in Saudi Arabia including stewardship, carbon and climate footprint reducal, and restoration of the economy as well.

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and maintained for practice purposes or as substitute holes if one or more holes become unplayable; a 21-hole golf course, for instance, will have three additional holes that can be used for practice or as substitutes for a flooded or otherwise damaged hole.

835:, the oldest of golf's major championships, is always played on a links course. Links and links-style golf courses have been developed throughout the world, reproducing the broken, treeless terrain with deep bunkers of their Scottish prototypes. 710:

Special rules apply to playing a ball that falls in a hazard. For example, a player may not touch the ground or water with their club before playing the ball, not even for a practice swing. A ball in any hazard may be played as it lies without

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In some parts of the world, attempts to build courses and resorts have led to protests, vandalism, and violence. Populists perceive golf as an elitist activity, and thus golf courses become a target for popular opposition. Resisting golf

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A private course is owned and managed by a golf club on behalf of its members, on a non-profit basis. Many of the courses opened during the golf booms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are of this type. Some courses, such as

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billion gallons/9.5 billion litres of water per day. The number one method of water use goes toward green regulations and the maintainment of courses. Many golf courses are now irrigated with non-potable water and rainwater. The

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Putting greens are not all of the same quality. The finest-quality greens are well-kept so that a ball will roll smoothly over the closely mowed grass. Excess water can be removed from a putting green using a machine called a

567:, is an area of very closely trimmed grass on relatively even, smooth ground surrounding the hole, allowing players to make precision strokes on it. To "putt" is to play a stroke on this surface, usually with the eponymous " 1004:, are highly exclusive and will only allow visitors to play at the invitation of and alongside a member of the club. Others allow visitors at certain times but may insist on advance booking and proof of golfing competency. 724:

inclines, etc.; while disadvantageous to play from, these are typically not considered "hazards" unless specifically designated so by the course (a ravine or creekbed may be termed a "water hazard" even if completely dry)

1530:, for example, are engaged in legal and political opposition to golf developments on their islands, for fear the golf courses will destroy the nutrient-poor balance on which their coral reef and mangrove systems depend. 206:. The first golf courses were based on the topography of sand dunes and dune slacks with a ground cover of grasses, exposed to the wind and sea. Courses are private, public, or municipally owned, and typically feature a 1049:

in the US and many others of less renown. It is increasingly common for the management of municipal courses to be contracted out to commercial or other organisations or the course to be sold or shut down completely.

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and is also known as chip and putt. The maximum hole length for international competitions is 90 metres (100 yd) with a maximum total course length of 1,200 metres (1,310 yd). Players may only use three

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The green is typically surrounded by slightly higher grass, cut at a height between that of the green and fairway, and then by the fairway and/or rough. This longer grass surrounding the green is known as the

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Holes often include hazards, which are special areas that have additional rules for play, and are generally of two types: (1) water hazards, such as ponds, lakes, and rivers; and (2) bunkers, or sand traps.

2859: 348:. Holes are generally assigned par values between three and five, which includes a regulation number of strokes to reach the green based on the average distance a proficient golfer hits the ball, and two 1471:

grasses. This has led to significant reduction in the amount of water and chemicals on courses. Golf course turf is an excellent filter for water and has been used in communities to cleanse

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has also become an increasingly popular surface as a less costly alternative to grass which more closely resembles the appearance and feel of real grass compared to a sand surface.

3285: 3466: 3347: 3337: 3290: 3486: 909:, with four (regular division) or three (over-65 division) rounds played over the par-3 course, and one round played on a nearby regulation 18-hole course with par of 71. 1672: 3367: 3352: 1515:. These causes are valiant but only come to more divide, then instead of coming to conclusions and to agree and make more efforts of making this game more eco friendly. 3471: 3302: 3297: 2864: 1033:

A municipal course is owned and managed by a local government body for the benefit of residents and visitors. Some of the historic Scottish golf courses, including

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has an educational and certification program for golf courses to achieve higher environmental standards and become a Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary.

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Environmental concerns, along with concerns about cost and human health, have led to research into more environmentally sound practices and turf grasses. The

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Many golf courses have what may be referred to as a "signature hole". This will commonly be the most memorable, aesthetically pleasing or photogenic hole.

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and sometimes similar areas inland. It is on links land near the towns of central eastern Scotland that golf has been played since the 15th century.

3976: 3357: 1875: 3435: 3404: 3362: 1570: 2248: 291:, golf course architecture is considered a separate field of study. Some golf course designers become celebrities in their own right, such as 3240: 3119: 2500: 2432: 1785: 491:. The area between the fairway and the out-of-bounds markers, and also between a mowed apron surrounding the green and out of bounds, is the 333:

Most golf courses have only par-3, −4, and −5 holes, although some courses include par-6 holes. The Ananti CC and the Satsuki golf course in

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golf courses around the world. A 2019 study revealed that 78% of the world's supply of golf courses are located in 10 countries: the

3314: 1402: 894:. Pitch and Putt, specifically its governing association the IPPA, has received financial support and logo rights from the R&A. 126: 2924: 860:

the total par for 18 holes of a par-3 course would be 54 instead of a typical 68–72. Some par-3 courses still require the use of a

672:. By collecting sample measurements, golf courses can be compared in terms of average green speed. It is, however, illegal by the 304: 3440: 715:. If it cannot be played from the hazard, the ball may be hit from another location, generally with a penalty of one stroke. The 460:

directly on the surface of the teeing ground (called hitting it "off the deck"), or the ball may be supported by a manufactured

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green a stronger stroke is necessary to roll the ball the same distance. The exact speed of a green can be determined with a

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The vast majority of golf courses have holes of varying length and difficulties that are assigned a standard score, known as

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to economize on land use, but in modern times this is rare due to the potential for injury from balls coming the other way.

617:" or a "bump and run", where the ball carries in the air for a few yards and then rolls along the green like a normal putt. 4249: 3430: 2844: 2297: 2271: 107: 4222: 2218: 464:(limited to a height of four inches), or by any natural substance, such as a mound of sand placed on the teeing surface. 3969: 3157: 1380: 502: 79: 60: 31: 3235: 3175: 3042: 295:; others are professional golfers of high standing and demonstrated appreciation for golf course composition, such as 3070: 2999: 2186: 3750: 3399: 3257: 2937: 970: 638: 253: 86: 1373: 991:

There are three main categories of ownership and management of a golf course: private, commercial, and municipal.

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is a course with a total par significantly less than that of a typical 18-hole course. Two main types exist:

93: 3962: 3725: 3526: 3180: 3032: 3009: 2869: 2020: 1046: 961:. The game is played from raised artificial teeing surfaces using a tee and it has its own handicap system. 499:

right" if the hole angles rightwards. A hole's direction may bend twice, which is called a "double dogleg".

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After the first shot from the tee ("teeing off"), the player whose ball is farthest from the green hits the

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to test the speed of a green while playing by rolling a ball on it, or by feeling or rubbing the green.

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Water hazard, sand trap, and dense vegetation on the 13th hole at Ridgefield Golf Course, Connecticut

1727:"Golf Courses as Designed Landscapes of Historic Interest. Historic England Research Report 42/2017" 3930: 3708: 3693: 3124: 2914: 1042: 906: 553: 3772: 2932: 2626: 1756: 1710: 534:. As in putting-green grass types, not every grass type works equally well in all climate types. 527: 1658:"Why does a golf course have 18 holes?", www.ScottishGolfHistory.org, 2003–2007, webpage: 4089: 3506: 3104: 2909: 2884: 2476:. Earth Metrics Inc., Prepared for the city of Monterey and State of California Clearinghouse. 2428: 2171: 1781: 1430:

over the use of land for golf courses have grown since the 1960s. Specific issues include the

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the course can usually be played in the time between the end of the work day and sundown.

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Environmental Impact Report for the Pebble Beach Properties project by Del Monte Forest

1821: 1487: 1431: 986: 918: 898: 891: 793: 712: 452:, or tee-box. There is typically more than one available box where a player places his 276: 241:, the world's longest golf course spanning 1,365 kilometres, was established along the 1459:

on golf courses and sod farms because of its negative impact on bird species in 1988.

4238: 4198: 4164: 3943: 3891: 3830: 3551: 3516: 3511: 3027: 2821: 2743: 2738: 2671: 2619: 2222: 2193: 1075: 1017:, or as a "Pay and Play" course open to the general public. Notable examples include 958: 747: 733: 716: 693: 673: 519: 449: 443: 345: 341: 334: 296: 211: 185: 173: 2141: 2111: 635:

of the grass which are raked out at the sod farm), which are laid out on the green.

4127: 3866: 3800: 3720: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 2811: 2788: 2733: 1534: 1014: 974: 928: 872: 776: 648: 543: 242: 199: 2551: 1420: 272: 2422: 359:, the typical distances for the various holes from standard tees are as follows: 4143: 3884: 3805: 3735: 3139: 2701: 2681: 1542: 1519: 1508: 1504: 1362: 1103: 868: 861: 797: 786: 738: 669: 614: 610: 531: 328: 192: 42: 4148: 4060: 4045: 4040: 3898: 3850: 3845: 3835: 3810: 3780: 3144: 3099: 2969: 2849: 2783: 2706: 2686: 1993: 1906: 1463:

carbon footprint is ten times greater than an average person's everyday life.

1443: 1435: 801: 664:

if a light stroke on the ball makes it roll a long distance; conversely, on a

515: 349: 227: 153: 148: 222:

The golf course has its roots dating to the 18th century. The 18-hole course

17: 4122: 4084: 4004: 3999: 3840: 3820: 3795: 3785: 3134: 2760: 2755: 2696: 2051: 1546: 1522:, opposition to golf developments has become a national issue. Residents of 1512: 1472: 1439: 1091: 657: 623: 523: 481: 472: 453: 746:

Often, a golf course will include among its facilities a practice range or

487: 4179: 4106: 3905: 3790: 2879: 2826: 1476: 1456: 1111: 231: 207: 1580: 340:

Par is primarily determined by the playing length of each hole from the

267: 1585: 1574:

Fountain pond at Seltenheim Golf Course Klagenfurt-Seltenheim, Austria.

1500: 1447: 1387: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1095: 1087: 942: 932: 409: 157: 506:

Fairway and rough, Spur Valley Golf Course, Radium Hot Springs, Canada

3878: 3703: 1527: 1107: 1099: 1083: 876: 831:, which is generally regarded as the first recorded golf course. The 632: 568: 2526: 2245:"The decline of municipal golf clubs during the economic downturn" 1619: 1609: 1593: 1579: 1569: 1414: 1079: 945: 922: 875:

are needed, possibly a 9-iron for the longest holes, along with a

780: 737: 697: 637: 547: 501: 471: 408: 266: 203: 172:

is played. It consists of a series of holes, each consisting of a

3954: 2874: 2642: 2424:

The Future of Golf: How Golf Lost Its Way and how to Get it Back

1910: 1692:"Barnbougle Opens 'Bougle Run': A Stunning 14-Hole Short Course" 949: 169: 3958: 2615: 864:

on some tee shots, and thus a "complete" set of clubs is used.

4014: 2765: 1356: 461: 36: 2860:

Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)

2323:"EPA PROHIBITS USE OF DIAZINON ON GOLF COURSES AND SOD FARMS" 1725:

European Institute of Golf Course Architects (EIGCA) (2017).

1058:

Many commercial and municipal establishments have associated

800:

word hlinc : "rising ground, ridge", describing coastal

1614:

Water feature at the Shell Point Golf Course, Iona, Florida.

476:

Typical doglegs. Left: "dogleg left". Right: "double dogleg"

2458:

and the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America

1757:"The Ghost Course - Links to the past on a Scottish island" 2490:: 2 August 1995 (Volume 60, Number 148, Pages 39326-39337) 2078: 1803:"Who is the most underrated golf architect of all time?" 2611: 2472:

C.M. Hogan; G. Deghi; M. Papineau; et al. (1992).

2348: 1899:

Rules of Golf and the Rules of Amateur Status 2008–2011

1706:"Short Courses Are Gaining Favor With Golfing Families" 514:

Variants of grass used for fairways and roughs include

1876:"Rules of Handicapping | Appendix F: Establishing Par" 2021:"Bermuda, bent, rye: Grass types make big difference" 1801:

Reviriego, Javier; Brown, Thomas (22 February 2020).

1503:

and golf's expansion has become an objective of some

2219:"Scottish Croquet: The English Golf Boom, 1880–1914" 4157: 4136: 4115: 4069: 4033: 3992: 3859: 3771: 3686: 3560: 3499: 3459: 3413: 3392: 3383: 3266: 3228: 3168: 3092: 3083: 3056: 3018: 2980: 2923: 2905: 2835: 2804: 2776: 2649: 2501:"View: Golf has grown into an 'ecological villain'" 867:

A common standardized type of par-3 course is the "

67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1992: 1584:The Tammer Golf Course in the Ruotula district of 1423:, Iceland in May 2011, amid the barren lava fields 552:The 18th hole at the Old Head Golf Links on the 448:The first section of every hole consists of the 337:, Japan, are the only courses with par-7 holes. 2298:"How Many Golf Courses Are There In The World?" 2272:"How Many Golf Courses Are There In The World?" 2047:"What Is a 'Signature Hole' on a Golf Course?" 1446:in maintenance, as well as the destruction of 3970: 2627: 1915:The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews 827:, often described as the "Home of Golf", and 27:Series of holes designed for the game of golf 8: 2865:Professional Golfers' Association of America 2296:updated, Elliott Heath last (29 July 2022). 2270:updated, Elliott Heath last (29 July 2022). 1921:. September 2007. p. 67. Archived from 309:Society of Australian Golf Course Architects 305:European Institute of Golf Course Architects 299:. The field is partially represented by the 2085:. Scottish Language Dictionaries, Edinburgh 234:and has existed under its name since 1895. 3977: 3963: 3955: 3389: 3089: 2920: 2892:American Society of Golf Course Architects 2634: 2620: 2612: 2185:MW Associates, Edinburgh (February 2003). 301:American Society of Golf Course Architects 1847:"How is par on a golf course determined?" 1624:Golf course in Princeville, Kauai, Hawaii 1403:Learn how and when to remove this message 257:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 2110:. St Andrews Links Trust. Archived from 1116: 927:The "par 3" or pitch and putt course in 742:Practice range with 43 tees (20 covered) 398:Par 6 – 570 yards (520 m) or longer 377:Par 6 – 670 yards (610 m) or longer 140: 2397:"Best Management Practice Case Studies" 2212: 2210: 2102: 2100: 1870: 1868: 1673:"Do 12-hole golf courses have a chance" 1651: 1126:Percentage of Total World Golf Courses 901:event on a nine-hole par-3 course, the 808:activities such as laundering clothes. 329:Par (score) § Determination of par 2247:. Golf Club Management. Archived from 395:Par 5 – 370–600 yards (340–550 m) 392:Par 4 – 200–420 yards (180–380 m) 374:Par 5 – 450–710 yards (410–650 m) 371:Par 4 – 240–490 yards (220–450 m) 181: 177: 2401:United States Golf Association (USGA) 168:is the grounds on which the sport of 7: 4205: 1774:Richardson, Forrest (29 July 2002). 1453:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1385:adding citations to reliable sources 642:Flagstick at Spur Valley Golf Course 389:Par 3 – Under 220 yards (200 m) 368:Par 3 – Under 260 yards (240 m) 210:. Many private courses are found at 65:adding citations to reliable sources 4217: 2045:Kelley, Brent (23 September 2016). 1041:fall into this category along with 979:Turf management § Golf courses 785:Domburgsche, a links course in the 3758:Albatrosses in notable tournaments 3298:Women's major championship winners 3120:European Ladies' Team Championship 3115:European Amateur Team Championship 1598:Fairway at Lord Howe Golf Course, 1475:, such as incorporating them into 25: 3310:Senior major championship winners 2377:. Deseret News Publishing Company 1991:Madden, Michael (10 April 1986). 823:Famous links courses include the 4216: 4204: 4193: 4192: 3286:Men's major championship winners 2083:Dictionary of the Scots Language 1675:. 18 August 2010. Archived from 1361: 41: 1994:"Master builders change course" 1948:"USGA Rules of Golf Experience" 1822:"The World's Longest Golf Hole" 1820:Victoria Robb (13 April 2007). 1731:research.historicengland.org.uk 1372:needs additional citations for 903:Big Cedar Lodge Legends of Golf 52:needs additional citations for 2897:World Golf Teachers Federation 2855:United States Golf Association 2607:United States Golf Association 2369:Bauer, Ethan (23 March 2022). 2108:"A Brief History of The Links" 1919:United States Golf Association 1641:List of golf course architects 660:. Golfers describe a green as 357:United States Golf Association 145:Aerial view of a golf course ( 1: 2845:International Golf Federation 2243:Harte, Nigel (24 June 2014). 2217:Lowerson, John (5 May 1983). 2140:. The R&A. Archived from 1972:. Phillip Jennings Turf Farms 1507:movements, especially in the 1066:Golf courses around the world 983:Equipment manager § Golf 897:In 2014, the PGA Tour held a 283:Although a specialty within 248:In 2023, the golf course at 32:Golf course (disambiguation) 4081:Distance measuring devices 3043:Senior Players Championship 2421:Shackelford, Geoff (2005). 2187:"Golf Audit Summary Report" 2009:– via Newspapers.com. 1690:Lu, Garry (14 April 2021). 226:was established in 1764 at 4268: 2577:"Golf and the Environment" 971:Golf course superintendent 968: 916: 774: 731: 691: 541: 441: 326: 252:, was integrated into the 250:Moundbuilders Country Club 29: 4188: 3939: 3731:R&A World Golf Museum 3714:Evans Scholars Foundation 2596:USGA Course Rating Primer 1780:. John Wiley & Sons. 957:; one of which must be a 825:Old Course at St. Andrews 3071:U.S. Senior Women's Open 3066:Senior LPGA Championship 3048:Senior Open Championship 3000:Women's PGA Championship 2990:The Chevron Championship 2456:National Golf Foundation 1438:and the use of chemical 965:Ownership and management 3726:World Golf Hall of Fame 3033:Senior PGA Championship 2870:Professional golf tours 1777:Routing the Golf Course 1070:As per 2019 there were 198:Many older courses are 4245:Golf clubs and courses 3005:The Evian Championship 2605:at the website of the 2164:"Pitch and putt rules" 1625: 1615: 1603: 1589: 1575: 1455:prohibited the use of 1428:Environmental concerns 1424: 935: 789: 743: 703: 643: 556: 507: 477: 434: 289:landscape architecture 280: 161: 4025:Ball mark repair tool 3920:Travel + Leisure Golf 3110:Espirito Santo Trophy 2955:The Open Championship 2601:3 August 2020 at the 2556:Audubon International 2302:Golf Monthly Magazine 2276:Golf Monthly Magazine 2138:The Open Championship 1623: 1613: 1597: 1583: 1573: 1554:Audubon International 1418: 926: 784: 741: 701: 641: 551: 505: 475: 413:Golf course features: 412: 270: 254:world heritage-listed 144: 4250:Grass field surfaces 3931:JTBC Golf&Sports 3741:Jack Nicklaus Museum 3405:Granted Royal status 3348:Ladies European Tour 3338:European Senior Tour 3010:Women's British Open 2454:Sources include the 2371:"An illogical oasis" 1970:"Tifway 419 Bermuda" 1381:improve this article 1353:Environmental impact 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 3709:Caddie Hall of Fame 3216:Youth Olympic Games 3196:Mediterranean Games 3125:International Crown 2174:on 27 October 2013. 2059:on 13 February 2017 1486:A result of modern 907:Ridgedale, Missouri 554:Old Head of Kinsale 423:5 = fairway bunker 3467:Robert Trent Jones 3368:PGA Tour Champions 3353:LPGA of Japan Tour 3211:Summer Universiade 3206:Pan American Games 3186:Inter-Allied Games 2933:Masters Tournament 1928:on 29 October 2008 1711:The New York Times 1626: 1616: 1604: 1590: 1576: 1425: 936: 790: 744: 704: 644: 557: 528:Kentucky bluegrass 508: 478: 435: 281: 162: 4232: 4231: 3993:Playing equipment 3952: 3951: 3495: 3494: 3487:A. W. Tillinghast 3315:Olympic medalists 3224: 3223: 3169:Multi-sport event 3105:Eisenhower Trophy 3079: 3078: 2995:U.S. Women's Open 2885:PGA European Tour 2434:978-1-57061-456-9 1787:978-0-471-43480-1 1679:on 14 April 2021. 1632: 1631: 1602:, NSW, Australia. 1413: 1412: 1405: 1350: 1349: 856:for a full round. 833:Open Championship 829:Musselburgh Links 468:Fairway and rough 429:8 = putting green 421:4 = out of bounds 293:Alister MacKenzie 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 4257: 4220: 4219: 4208: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4175:Golf instruction 3979: 3972: 3965: 3956: 3763:Open tournaments 3390: 3090: 3038:U.S. Senior Open 2945:PGA Championship 2938:Augusta National 2921: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2613: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2488:Federal Register 2484: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2170:. Archived from 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2144:on 3 August 2012 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2055:. Archived from 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1999:The Boston Globe 1996: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1904: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1763:. 13 April 2009. 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1733:. Archived from 1722: 1716: 1715: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1600:Lord Howe Island 1566: 1565: 1408: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1388: 1365: 1357: 1117: 1054:Associated clubs 1002:Augusta National 845:executive course 594: 592: 588: 582: 580: 576: 563:, or simply the 425:6 = penalty area 417:2 = penalty area 285:landscape design 245:, in Australia. 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4184: 4153: 4132: 4111: 4065: 4029: 3988: 3983: 3953: 3948: 3935: 3855: 3767: 3682: 3556: 3491: 3455: 3409: 3385: 3379: 3373:Korn Ferry Tour 3343:Japan Golf Tour 3303:chronologically 3291:chronologically 3262: 3220: 3176:Summer Olympics 3164: 3085: 3075: 3052: 3014: 2976: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2837: 2831: 2800: 2772: 2645: 2640: 2603:Wayback Machine 2592: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2552:"ACSP for Golf" 2550: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2329:. 31 March 1988 2321: 2320: 2316: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1853:. 23 March 2015 1845: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1714:. 1 April 2022. 1704: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1637: 1524:Great Guana Cay 1432:amount of water 1419:Golf course in 1409: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1378: 1366: 1355: 1068: 1056: 1031: 1010: 997: 989: 967: 921: 915: 841: 796:term, from the 779: 773: 768: 760: 736: 730: 696: 690: 682:artificial turf 590: 586: 584: 578: 574: 572: 546: 540: 470: 446: 440: 432: 430: 428: 426: 424: 422: 420: 418: 416: 415:1 = teeing area 414: 407: 331: 325: 271:Kytäjä Golf in 265: 239:Nullarbor Links 220: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4117: 4116:Transportation 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4079: 4077:Ball retriever 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3986:Golf equipment 3984: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3950: 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3328:Challenge Tour 3325: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3281:Female golfers 3278: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3130:Presidents Cup 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3058:Senior Women's 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2965:Challenge Belt 2962: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2940: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2748: 2747: 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