508:. In areas like Andorra and France in the mainland, the Pyrenean ibex became extinct first in the northern tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The Pyrenean ibex was estimated to have a peak population of 50,000 individuals with more than 50 other subgroups that ranged from the Sierra Nevada to Sierra Morena and Muela de Cortes. Many of these subgroups lived in mountainous terrain extending into Spain and Portugal. The last remaining Pyrenean ibex were seen in areas of the Middle and Eastern Pyrenees, below 1,200 metres (3,940 ft) altitude. However, in areas of southern France and surrounding areas, ibex were found from 350–925 metres (1,150–3,030 ft) to 1,190–2,240 metres (3,900–7,350 ft).
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genetic samples from many individuals would be needed to create genetic diversity in the cloned population. This is a major obstacle to re-establishing an extinct species population through cloning. One solution could be to cross Celia's clones with males of another subspecies, although the offspring would not be pure
Pyrenean ibex. A more ambitious plan would be to remove one X chromosome and add a Y chromosome from another still-existing subspecies, creating a male Pyrenean ibex, but such technology does not yet exist, and it is not known whether this will be feasible at all without irreparable damage to the cell.
512:
the
Iberian coast also formed suitable habitat. The ibex was able to thrive well in its environment as long as the appropriate habitat was available, and was able to disperse rapidly and colonize quickly. Pyrenean ibex formed a useful resource for humans, which may have been a cause of their eventual extinction. Researchers say that the eventual downfall of the Pyrenean ibex may have been caused by continuous hunting and even perhaps that the animal could not compete with the other livestock in the area. However, definite reasons for the extinction of this animal are still unknown.
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differences. The male was a faded grayish brown during the summer, and they were decorated with black in several places on the body such as the mane, forelegs, and forehead. In the winter, the ibex was less colorful. The male transformed from a greyish brown to a dull grey and where the spots were once black, he became dull and faded. The female ibex, though, could be mistaken for a deer since her coat was brown throughout the summer. Unlike the male ibex, a female lacked black coloring. Young ibex were colored like the female for the first year of life.
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736:. Despite this setback, cloned cells of Celia taken by a research team are still being studied in attempt to create hybrids. Cells for this organism are alive and frozen, giving this an advantage over bringing back extinct species like mammoths who have very ancient DNA. Still, reproductive biotechnology has a long way to go before communities can be replicated or brought back.
694:), as the reproductive biology of goats is better known and the normal gestation period is only five months. In addition, only certain extinct animals are candidates for cloning because of the need for a suitable proxy surrogate to carry the clone to term. ACT agreed with the government of Aragon that the future cloned Pyrenean ibex would be returned to their original habitat.
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Celia provided suitable tissue samples for cloning. However, attempts to clone her highlighted a major problem: even if it were possible to produce another healthy
Pyrenean ibex, no males were available for the female clone to breed with. To produce a viable population of a previously extinct animal,
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The male had large, thick horns, curving outwards and backwards, then outwards and downwards, then inwards and upwards. The surface of the horn was ridged, and the ridges developing progressively with age. The ridges were said to each represent a year, so the total would correspond to the ibex's age.
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Researchers took adult somatic cells from the tissue and fused them with oocytes from goats that had their nuclei removed. The purpose of removing the nuclei from the goats' oocytes was to extract all the DNA of the goat, so there would be no genetic contribution to the clone from the egg donor. The
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Three teams of scientists, two
Spanish and one French, are involved in the cloning project. One of the Spanish teams was led by Dr. Jose Folch of Zaragoza, from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon. The other teams had researchers from the National Research Institute of Agriculture
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The
Pyrenean ibex was abundant until the 14th century and numbers did not dwindle in the region until the mid-19th century. Pyrenean ibex tended to live in rocky habitats with cliffs and trees interspersed with scrub or pine trees. However, small patches of rocks in farmland or various areas along
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Competition with domestic and wild ungulates also contributed to the extinction of the
Pyrenean ibex. Much of its range was shared with sheep, domestic goats, cattle, and horses, especially in summer when it was in the high mountain pastures. This led to interspecific competition and overgrazing,
495:
Pyrenean ibex migrated according to seasons. In spring, the ibex would migrate to more elevated parts of mountains where females and males would mate. In spring, females would normally separate from the males, so they could give birth in more isolated areas. Kids were typically born during May,
1289:
Raul E. Piña-Aguilar; Janet Lopez-Saucedo; Richard
Sheffield; Lilia I. Ruiz-Galaz; Jose de J. Barroso-Padilla; Antonio Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez (2009). "Revival of extinct species using nuclear transfer: hope for the mammoth, true for the Pyrenean ibex, but is it time for "conservation cloning"?".
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The
Pyrenean ibex had short hair which varied according to seasons. During the summer, its hair was short, and in winter, the hair grew longer and thicker. The hair on the ibex's neck remained long through all seasons. Male and female ibex could be distinguished due to color, fur, and horn
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more different from their separate genes. It is known that all four subspecies lived together in the Upper
Pleistocene time, but scientists are unsure of how much genetic exchange could have occurred. The problem with this theory is that genetics suggest that
725:), to act as a surrogate mother. The first cloning attempts failed. Of the 285 embryos reconstructed, 54 were transferred to 12 ibex and ibex-goat hybrids, but only two survived the initial two months of gestation before they, too, died.
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In the Middle Ages, Pyrenean ibex were very abundant in the
Pyrenees region, but decreased rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries due to hunting pressure. In the second half of the 20th century, only a small population survived in the
1348:
Villalta, M., Folch, J., Alabart, J. L., & Fernández-Arias, A. (1997). Taxonomic status and sex identification from single follicle hairs in endangered Pyrenean Ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica). Theriogenology, 47(1), 410–410.
535:. A few hundred years ago, they were numerous, but by 1900, their numbers had fallen to fewer than 100. From 1910 onwards, their numbers never rose above 40, and the subspecies was found only in a small part of
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through genetic cloning techniques, with the research article published in 2009. However, she died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect. The Pyrenean ibex remains the only animal to have ever been
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Folch, J.; Cocero, M.J.; Chesné, P.; Alabart, J.L.; Domínguez, V.; Cognié, Y.; Roche, A.; Fernández-Árias, A.; Martí, J.I.; Sánchez, P.; Echegoyen, E.; Beckers, J.F.; Bonastre, A. Sánchez; Vignon, X. (2009).
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had already become extinct. Since the last of the Pyrenean ibex became extinct before scientists could adequately analyze them, the taxonomy of this particular subspecies is controversial.
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Perez, Jesus M.; José E. Granados; Ramón C. Soriguer; Paulino Fandos; Francisco J. Márquez; Jean P. Crampe (2002). "Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish Ibex".
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usually singularly. During the winter, the ibex would migrate to valleys that are not covered in snow. These valleys allowed them to eat regardless of the change in season.
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may have been more different from the other three ibex species that lived in the Iberian Peninsula than scientists currently know. For example, this would mean that the
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1106:) y sus relaciones tróficas con los ungulados silvestres y domésticos en Sª Nevada, Sª de Gredos y Sª de Cazorla. PhD Thesis. Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park) increased the grazing pressure, as well as the risk of transmission of both native and exotic diseases.
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announced in 2000 that the Spanish government would let them try to clone her from those samples. ACT intended to work alongside other scientists to clone Celia by
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natural Pyrenean ibex, a female named Celia, was found dead on January 6, 2000; she had been killed by a fallen tree. The reason for the subspecies' decline and
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KUPFERSCHMIDT, K. (2014). Can Cloning Revive Spain’s Extinct Mountain Goat? Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 344(6180), 137–138.
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possibly was already living in the Iberian Peninsula when the ibex began to migrate through the Alps. Genetic evidence also supports the theory that multiple
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Fandos, P.; Reig, S. (1992). "Problems associated with mouflon and barbary sheep introductions in Spain". In B. Bobek; K. Pierzanowski; W. Regelin (eds.).
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Following several failed attempts to revive the subspecies through cloning, a living specimen was born in July 2003. The cloned Pyrenean ibex was born in
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675:, Spain; skin biopsies were taken and cryopreserved in nitrogen. She died a year after tissue was harvested from her ear. American biotechnology company
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which particularly affected the ibex in dry years. In addition, the introduction of non-native wild ungulate species in areas occupied by the ibex (e.g.
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is not fully understood. Some hypotheses include the inability to compete with other species for food, infections and diseases, and
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On July 30, 2003, one clone was born alive, but died several minutes later due to physical defects in the lungs. There was
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The Pyrenean ibex was one of four subspecies of the Iberian ibex. The first to become extinct was the Portuguese ibex (
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The species was often seen in parts of France, Portugal, Spain and Andorra, but not as much in northern areas of the
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The project is coordinated by the Food and Agricultural Investigation Service of the Government of Aragon (Spanish:
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555:) in 1892. The Pyrenean ibex was the second, with the last individual, a female called Celia, found dead in 2000.
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Burton, A. (2022). The ibex carousel. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 20(7), 444–444.
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en el Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas. ICONA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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The female had short, cylindrical horns. Ibex fed on vegetation such as grasses and herbs.
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709:) and by the National Institute of Investigation and Food and Agrarian Technology
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437:(300 ky earlier migration) would have evolved from different ancestors and been
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Multiple theories are given regarding the evolution and historical migration of
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It was expected to be easier than the cloning experiment of endangered
639: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1178:"The First De-extinction: Alberto Fernandez-Arias at TEDxDeExtinction"
979:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae) Skulls from the Southern Pyrénées".
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first migrated to and evolved in the Iberian Peninsula are related.
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through southern France into the Pyrenees area at the beginning of
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In January 2000, the last Pyrenean ibex died, making the species
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Servicio de Investigación Agroalimentaria del Gobierno de Aragón
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subspecies migrated to the Iberian region around the same time.
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333:, and the northern Pyrenees. This species was common during the
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Martínez, T. (1992) Estrategia alimentaria de la cabra montés (
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List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization
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in France and Spain and the surrounding area, including the
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may have been possible, but the results are not conclusive.
721:
resultant embryos were transferred into a domestic goat (
392:, and the relationship between the different subspecies.
1183:, published April 1, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
876:"First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (
345:
subspecies in southwestern Europe from the same time.
7832:
1228:"Cloning Used In an Effort To Preserve Rare Species"
713:. The National Institute of Agrarian Investigation (
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5241:
5229:
5201:
5192:
5155:
5131:
5098:
5074:
5065:
5037:
5028:
5000:
4991:
4945:
4885:
4876:
4848:
4797:
4764:
4755:
4681:
4647:
4613:
4589:
4565:
4469:
4436:
4412:
4379:
4355:
4331:
4322:
4258:
4207:
4183:
4150:
4099:
4066:
4042:
3910:
3901:
3861:
3849:
3776:
3734:
3710:
3701:
3619:
3610:
3555:
3531:
3522:
3494:
3485:
3316:
3285:
3262:
3147:
3099:
3090:
3042:
2976:
2960:
2890:
2771:
2626:
2463:
2406:
2375:
2295:
2162:
2042:
1931:
1838:
1718:
1648:
1597:
1588:
1547:
1492:
1471:
1436:
1198:Dobson, Roger; Gray, Richard (January 31, 2009).
2262:Other effective area-based conservation measures
1120:. Krakow & Warsaw: Świat. pp. 139–140.
2257:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
1065:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
975:Garcia-Gonzalez, Ricardo (2012). "New Holocene
450:may have shared a more common origin, possibly
425:period about 18 kya. If this is the case, then
321:or Iberian wild goat, a species endemic to the
3293:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3405:
2868:
2007:
1414:
1351:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)82537-X
717:) of France is also involved in the project.
8:
1338:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.344.6180.137
376:—and also the only one to go extinct twice.
1034:"Pyrenean Ibex – Capra Pyrenaica Pyrenaica"
832:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3798A10085397.en
7927:
7748:
7739:
7725:
7616:
7607:
7593:
7505:
7222:
7213:
7199:
6940:
6720:
6659:
6312:
6303:
6282:
6134:
5908:
5847:
5838:
5817:
5295:
5274:
5198:
5071:
5034:
4997:
4882:
4761:
4752:
4736:
4328:
3907:
3898:
3882:
3707:
3616:
3528:
3491:
3482:
3468:
3412:
3398:
3390:
3350:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
3096:
2875:
2861:
2853:
2014:
2000:
1992:
1594:
1421:
1407:
1399:
563:situated in the Spanish Central Pyrenees.
40:
31:
1162:
1008:
895:
830:
655:Learn how and when to remove this message
1454:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology
1200:"Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning"
921:
919:
917:
915:
325:. Pyrenean ibex were most common in the
7839:
794:
769:
807:Herrero, J. & Pérez, J.M. (2008).
802:
800:
798:
667:Celia, the last ibex, was captured in
515:The subspecies once ranged across the
483:Behaviour and physical characteristics
352:. Other subspecies have survived: the
1266:. National Geographic. Archived from
1193:
1191:
1189:
7:
7980:6c29c76c-8c50-477d-b83c-c77e0fe5de3c
3374:
1974:
1118:Global Trends in Wildlife Management
1061:"The Subspecies of the Spanish Ibex"
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
897:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.11.005
868:
866:
864:
862:
669:Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
637:adding citations to reliable sources
399:evolved from an ancestor related to
3308:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
3057:Extinction risk from climate change
1226:Pollack, Andrew (October 9, 2000).
818:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
593:The Pyrenean ibex became the first
1089:Fandos, P. (1991) La cabra montés
1077:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01967.x
27:Extinct subspecies of Iberian ibex
25:
2134:Conservation biology of parasites
417:probably moved from the northern
7914:
7902:
7890:
7878:
7866:
7854:
7842:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3329:Decline in amphibian populations
3298:IUCN Species Survival Commission
2951:
2837:
2836:
2250:Tropical rainforest conservation
2154:Vulnerability and susceptibility
1973:
1962:
1961:
1462:
1384:
1370:
1326:https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2558
1262:Holt, Bill (February 10, 2009).
1155:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00097.x
811:Capra pyrenaica subsp. pyrenaica
613:
79:
3764:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
3004:Human impact on the environment
2799:NatureServe conservation status
2084:Conservation-induced extinction
1939:Index of biotechnology articles
1367:at The Sixth Extinction Website
624:needs additional citations for
409:, at the beginning of the last
4553:Central American red brocket (
2984:Climate variability and change
2190:Conservation management system
2074:Conservation-dependent species
2034:Index of conservation articles
1944:List of biotechnology articles
739:This was the first attempt to
677:Advanced Cell Technology, Inc.
433:(possible migration 18ky) and
1:
8070:Mammal extinctions since 1500
3334:Decline in insect populations
3277:IUCN Red List extinct species
2416:Assisted natural regeneration
2220:Ecoregion conservation status
1788:Genetically modified organism
1555:Biotechnology industrial park
5260:Large subfamily listed below
5248:Large subfamily listed below
5236:Large subfamily listed below
2804:Special Area of Conservation
2342:Landscape-scale conservation
2337:High conservation value area
2215:Community-based conservation
936:National Geographic Magazine
931:"Bringing Them Back to Life"
847:"Return of the Neanderthals"
741:revive an extinct subspecies
374:brought back from extinction
3755:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
3746:Indian spotted chevrotain (
2822:List of conservation issues
2230:Evidence-based conservation
2124:Mutualisms and conservation
1778:Environmental biotechnology
941:National Geographic Society
852:National Geographic Society
758:List of resurrected species
734:extra lobe in the left lung
360:or beceite ibex, while the
8101:
8085:Habitats Directive species
2898:Background extinction rate
2272:Roadless area conservation
2064:Compassionate conservation
1001:10.1016/j.crpv.2011.12.006
553:Capra pyrenaica lusitanica
427:C. caucasica praepyrenaica
8065:Extinct mammals of Europe
7941:Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
7738:
7724:
7691:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
7682:Domestic Bactrian camel (
7606:
7592:
7246:North Sulawesi babirusa (
7212:
7198:
6302:
6281:
5837:
5816:
5294:
5273:
4751:
4735:
4535:Amazonian brown brocket (
3897:
3881:
3868:Large family listed below
3856:Large family listed below
3833:Williamson's mouse-deer (
3481:
3467:
3429:
3359:
3220:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
2949:
2817:
2029:
1957:
1460:
1449:Timeline of biotechnology
878:Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
266:Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
247:Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
225:Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica
218:
211:
76:Scientific classification
74:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
5932:Domestic water buffalo (
4297:Central Asian red deer (
3922:Bornean yellow muntjac (
3272:Lists of extinct species
2659:Central African Republic
2307:Conservation designation
2225:Environmental protection
2210:Conspicuous conservation
2200:Conservation photography
2175:Conservation development
2170:Conservation agriculture
1805:Microbial biodegradation
1484:Industrial biotechnology
1444:History of biotechnology
395:One possibility is that
6810:Bates' pygmy antelope (
6597:Soemmerring's gazelle (
4702:Yucatan brown brocket (
3931:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3815:Philippine mouse-deer (
2398:Human–wildlife conflict
2282:Site-based conservation
2205:Conservation psychology
2023:Conservation of species
1479:Colors of biotechnology
356:or Gredos ibex and the
49:Illustration from 1898
7520:White-lipped peccary (
7456:Philippine warty pig (
7081:Yellow-backed duiker (
7045:Black-fronted duiker (
7018:White-bellied duiker (
6639:Przewalski's gazelle (
5862:Four-horned antelope (
4660:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
4219:Visayan spotted deer (
4078:European fallow deer (
4021:Northern red muntjac (
3967:Southern red muntjac (
3077:Latent extinction risk
2455:Species reintroduction
2114:Latent extinction risk
1873:Biomedical engineering
1580:Pharmaceutical company
1560:Biotechnology products
1292:Cloning and Stem Cells
981:Comptes Rendus Palevol
459:Many versions of when
313:, was one of the four
256:
8075:Fauna of the Pyrenees
7700:Wild Bactrian camel (
7402:Bornean bearded pig (
7393:Palawan bearded pig (
6982:White-legged duiker (
6408:Red-fronted gazelle (
4087:Persian fallow deer (
4003:Roosevelt's muntjac (
3676:Himalayan musk deer (
3585:Reticulated giraffe (
3034:Paradox of enrichment
2923:Functional extinction
2913:Ecological extinction
2827:List of organisations
2481:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2421:Ecosystem restoration
2393:Habitat fragmentation
2388:Fortress conservation
2347:Marine protected area
2317:Conservation easement
2312:Conservation district
2277:Roadside conservation
2195:Conservation movement
2139:Species translocation
2079:Conservation genetics
2069:Conservation behavior
1304:10.1089/clo.2009.0026
245:
7975:Fauna Europaea (new)
7873:Evolutionary biology
7787:Pygmy hippopotamus (
7447:Oliver's warty pig (
7072:Red-flanked duiker (
6477:Erlanger's gazelle (
6197:Harnessed bushbuck (
5923:Wild water buffalo (
5400:East Caucasian tur (
5391:West Caucasian tur (
4544:Little red brocket (
4012:Truong Son muntjac (
3824:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3806:Greater mouse-deer (
3685:Siberian musk deer (
3303:Extinction Rebellion
3245:Pliocene–Pleistocene
3127:Cretaceous–Paleogene
3072:Hypothetical species
3062:Extinction threshold
3019:Overabundant species
2789:Planetary boundaries
2779:Conservation officer
2383:Conservation refugee
2332:Habitat conservation
2322:Conservation reserve
2287:Wetland conservation
2185:Conservation grazing
2180:Conservation finance
2144:Conservation welfare
2109:In-situ conservation
2104:Extinction threshold
2099:Ex-situ conservation
1898:Chemical engineering
1761:Reproductive cloning
1625:Hybridoma technology
1575:Human Genome Project
1381:at Wikimedia Commons
1270:on February 14, 2009
1059:Cabrera, A. (1911).
825:: e.T3798A10085397.
702:and Food in Madrid.
633:improve this article
561:Ordesa National Park
537:Ordesa National Park
358:southeastern Spanish
327:Cantabrian Mountains
204:C. p. pyrenaica
7420:Celebes warty pig (
7411:Visayan warty pig (
7027:Red forest duiker (
6759:Günther's dik-dik (
6621:Mongolian gazelle (
6426:Heuglin's gazelle (
6417:Thomson's gazelle (
5571:Long-tailed goral (
4966:Mountain reedbuck (
4957:Southern reedbuck (
4809:East African oryx (
4711:White-tailed deer (
4490:Small red brocket (
4457:South Andean deer (
4400:Siberian roe deer (
4391:European roe deer (
4228:Philippine sambar (
4195:Père David's deer (
3797:Lesser mouse-deer (
3658:Kashmir musk deer (
3230:Cenomanian-Turonian
3175:Cambrian–Ordovician
3107:Ordovician–Silurian
3014:Mutational meltdown
2999:Habitat destruction
2918:Extinct in the wild
2129:Nature conservation
2119:Marine conservation
2089:Conservation status
1783:Genetic engineering
1766:Therapeutic cloning
1746:Bionic architecture
1726:Animal cell culture
1493:Biological concepts
993:2012CRPal..11..241G
947:on January 19, 2017
776:According to Folch
56:Conservation status
7885:History of science
7568:Collared peccary (
7438:Flores warty pig (
7279:Giant forest hog (
7141:Maxwell's duiker (
7063:Ruwenzori duiker (
7009:Jentink's duiker (
6918:Sharpe's grysbok (
6674:Tibetan antelope (
6579:Bright's gazelle (
6513:Goitered gazelle (
6486:Mountain gazelle (
6459:Cuvier's gazelle (
6399:Mongalla gazelle (
5787:Pyrenean chamois (
5213:Tibetan antelope (
5167:Black wildebeest (
3994:Reeves's muntjac (
3958:Sumatran muntjac (
3949:Gongshan muntjac (
3722:Water chevrotain (
3649:Alpine musk deer (
3576:Southern giraffe (
3567:Northern giraffe (
2426:Island restoration
2357:Open space reserve
2149:Threatened species
1839:Interdisciplinary
1793:Molecular genetics
1539:Selective breeding
257:
67: (2000, 2003)
8042:
8041:
7933:Taxon identifiers
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7799:
7798:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7580:
7579:
7544:Chacoan peccary (
7495:
7494:
7483:Javan warty pig (
7474:Timor warty pig (
7281:H. meinertzhageni
7255:Togian babirusa (
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7150:Walter's duiker (
7090:Abbott's duiker (
7054:Ogilby's duiker (
7000:Harvey's duiker (
6964:Brooke's duiker (
6930:
6929:
6710:
6709:
6651:
6650:
6588:Peter's gazelle (
6570:Grant's gazelle (
6504:Speke's gazelle (
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6154:
6124:
6123:
6112:African buffalo (
5943:B. depressicornis
5898:
5897:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5580:Himalayan goral (
5402:C. cylindricornis
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5225:
5224:
5188:
5187:
5176:Blue wildebeest (
5110:Common tsessebe (
5061:
5060:
5024:
5023:
4987:
4986:
4899:K. ellipsiprymnus
4872:
4871:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4671:P. mephistophiles
4627:P. mephistophiles
4318:
4317:
4014:M. truongsonensis
3976:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3845:
3844:
3788:Java mouse-deer (
3697:
3696:
3667:Black musk deer (
3640:Dwarf musk deer (
3631:Anhui musk deer (
3606:
3605:
3569:G. camelopardalis
3518:
3517:
3387:
3386:
3339:Extinction symbol
3258:
3257:
3122:Triassic–Jurassic
3092:Extinction events
2968:Extinction vortex
2928:Genetic pollution
2850:
2849:
2809:Soil conservation
2362:Wildlife corridor
2245:Forest protection
2240:Forest management
1989:
1988:
1918:Nanobiotechnology
1913:Molecular biology
1714:
1713:
1565:Biotechnology law
1375:Media related to
1236:. Sec. A, p. 16.
665:
664:
657:
506:Iberian Peninsula
390:Iberian Peninsula
339:Upper Pleistocene
240:
239:
187:C. pyrenaica
69:
16:(Redirected from
8092:
8035:
8034:
8022:
8021:
8009:
8008:
7996:
7995:
7983:
7982:
7970:
7969:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7928:
7919:
7918:
7907:
7906:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7871:
7870:
7859:
7858:
7847:
7846:
7838:
7749:
7740:
7726:
7617:
7608:
7594:
7506:
7312:Common warthog (
7303:Desert warthog (
7223:
7214:
7200:
7099:Weyns's duiker (
6973:Peters' duiker (
6955:Aders's duiker (
6941:
6828:Royal antelope (
6786:Salt's dik-dik (
6777:Silver dik-dik (
6768:Kirk's dik-dik (
6721:
6698:Saiga antelope (
6660:
6599:N. soemmerringii
6468:Dorcas gazelle (
6313:
6304:
6297:
6283:
6170:Mountain nyala (
6153:
6152:
6144:
6135:
6090:P. nghetinhensis
5992:European bison (
5983:American bison (
5909:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5818:
5694:Domestic sheep (
5538:Himalayan tahr (
5505:Mainland serow (
5487:Japanese serow (
5296:
5289:
5275:
5199:
5072:
5035:
4998:
4975:Bohor reedbuck (
4883:
4862:A. nasomaculatus
4785:Sable antelope (
4762:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4499:Merida brocket (
4329:
4270:Thorold's deer (
4122:A. calamianensis
4005:M. rooseveltorum
3951:M. gongshanensis
3908:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3708:
3617:
3596:G. tippelskirchi
3529:
3492:
3483:
3469:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3377:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3344:Human extinction
3235:Eocene–Oligocene
3117:Permian–Triassic
3097:
3067:Field of Bullets
3024:Overexploitation
3009:Muller's ratchet
2994:Invasive species
2955:
2943:Pseudoextinction
2938:Local extinction
2877:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2840:
2839:
2724:Papua New Guinea
2616:Cryopreservation
2581:Gray nurse shark
2235:Flagship species
2059:Captive breeding
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1815:Pharmacogenomics
1595:
1589:Basic techniques
1570:Green Revolution
1548:General concepts
1466:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1389:Data related to
1388:
1374:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:on June 27, 2012
1036:. Archived from
1030:
1015:
1014:
1012:
972:
957:
956:
954:
952:
943:. Archived from
923:
910:
909:
899:
890:(6): 1026–1034.
870:
857:
856:
855:. March 6, 2013.
843:
837:
836:
834:
804:
781:
774:
681:nuclear transfer
660:
653:
649:
646:
640:
617:
609:
597:ever to become "
227:
223:
201:
84:
83:
68:
44:
32:
21:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8090:
8089:
8045:
8044:
8043:
8038:
8030:
8025:
8017:
8012:
8004:
7999:
7991:
7986:
7978:
7973:
7965:
7963:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7935:
7925:
7913:
7901:
7891:
7889:
7879:
7877:
7865:
7853:
7841:
7833:
7831:
7818:
7795:
7771:
7734:
7708:
7666:
7602:
7576:
7552:
7528:
7491:
7458:S. philippensis
7395:S. ahoenobarbus
7377:
7369:Red river hog (
7344:
7320:
7287:
7263:
7237:Buru babirusa (
7208:
7182:
7174:Common duiker (
7158:
7116:
6926:
6884:
6860:
6836:
6794:
6743:
6706:
6682:
6647:
6632:P. picticaudata
6605:
6545:
6521:
6515:G. subgutturosa
6434:
6383:
6359:
6335:
6298:
6287:
6265:
6232:
6224:Cape bushbuck (
6217:T. strepsiceros
6146:
6145:
6143:
6120:
6096:
6072:
5967:
5959:Mountain anoa (
5894:
5888:B. tragocamelus
5870:
5864:T. quadricornis
5833:
5822:
5804:
5771:
5747:
5703:Bighorn sheep (
5669:
5645:
5621:
5613:Mountain goat (
5597:
5589:Chinese goral (
5546:
5522:
5507:C. sumatraensis
5471:
5454:Siberian ibex (
5418:Domestic goat (
5366:
5342:
5318:
5310:Barbary sheep (
5290:
5279:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5221:
5184:
5151:
5127:
5094:
5057:
5020:
4983:
4941:
4868:
4844:
4818:Scimitar oryx (
4793:
4776:Roan antelope (
4747:
4741:
4719:
4677:
4669:Northern pudu (
4643:
4635:Southern pudu (
4625:Northern pudu (
4609:
4585:
4561:
4526:Pygmy brocket (
4508:Dwarf brocket (
4465:
4432:
4408:
4375:
4351:
4314:
4254:
4203:
4179:
4146:
4120:Calamian deer (
4095:
4089:D. mesopotamica
4062:
4038:
4032:M. vuquangensis
4030:Giant muntjac (
3940:Fea's muntjac (
3893:
3887:
3869:
3857:
3841:
3772:
3730:
3693:
3651:M. chrysogaster
3602:
3594:Masai giraffe (
3551:
3514:
3477:
3463:
3425:
3418:
3388:
3383:
3355:
3312:
3281:
3264:Extinct species
3254:
3210:Carnian Pluvial
3155:Great Oxidation
3143:
3086:
3052:Extinction debt
3044:
3038:
2989:Genetic erosion
2972:
2956:
2947:
2886:
2881:
2851:
2846:
2813:
2767:
2622:
2540:Indian elephant
2459:
2402:
2371:
2367:30 by 30 target
2298:
2291:
2267:Riparian buffer
2158:
2045:
2038:
2025:
2020:
1990:
1985:
1953:
1927:
1868:Biopharmacology
1840:
1834:
1710:
1681:Electrophoresis
1676:Kidney dialysis
1666:Crystallization
1644:
1590:
1584:
1543:
1488:
1467:
1458:
1432:
1427:
1392:Capra pyrenaica
1378:Capra pyrenaica
1361:
1356:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1264:"Bucardo Clone"
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1104:Capra pyrenaica
1101:
1097:
1091:Capra pyrenaica
1088:
1084:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1018:
977:Capra pyrenaica
974:
973:
960:
950:
948:
925:
924:
913:
872:
871:
860:
845:
844:
840:
806:
805:
796:
790:
785:
784:
775:
771:
766:
749:
661:
650:
644:
641:
630:
618:
607:
605:Cloning project
549:
502:
485:
453:C. camburgensis
439:morphologically
382:
362:Portuguese ibex
354:western Spanish
331:Southern France
236:
229:
221:
220:
207:
190:
78:
70:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8098:
8096:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8080:Cloned animals
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8060:Fauna of Spain
8057:
8047:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8023:
8010:
7997:
7984:
7971:
7961:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7923:
7911:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7851:
7828:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7789:C. liberiensis
7783:
7781:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7763:Hippopotamus (
7759:
7757:
7746:
7744:Hippopotamidae
7736:
7735:
7729:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7697:
7693:C. dromedarius
7688:
7678:
7676:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7627:
7625:
7614:
7604:
7603:
7597:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7562:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7540:
7538:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7516:
7514:
7503:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7480:
7476:S. timoriensis
7471:
7462:
7453:
7444:
7435:
7429:Domestic pig (
7426:
7417:
7408:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7332:
7330:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7309:
7305:P. aethiopicus
7299:
7297:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7273:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7257:B. togeanensis
7252:
7243:
7233:
7231:
7220:
7210:
7209:
7203:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7147:
7138:
7128:
7126:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7108:Zebra duiker (
7105:
7096:
7087:
7083:C. silvicultor
7078:
7069:
7060:
7051:
7042:
7036:Black duiker (
7033:
7024:
7020:C. leucogaster
7015:
7006:
6997:
6988:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6915:
6909:Cape grysbok (
6906:
6896:
6894:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6852:Klipspringer (
6848:
6846:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6825:
6816:
6806:
6804:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6783:
6779:M. piacentinii
6774:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6729:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6694:
6692:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6670:
6668:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:P. przewalskii
6636:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6603:
6594:
6585:
6576:
6567:
6561:Dama gazelle (
6557:
6555:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6510:
6501:
6495:Rhim gazelle (
6492:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6446:
6444:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6371:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:A. marsupialis
6347:
6345:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6321:
6310:
6300:
6299:
6286:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6257:Common eland (
6254:
6244:
6242:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6221:
6215:Greater kudu (
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6157:
6155:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6043:
6034:
6028:Domestic yak (
6025:
6016:
6007:
5998:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5956:
5952:B. mindorensis
5947:
5941:Lowland anoa (
5938:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5880:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5821:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5718:
5709:
5700:
5691:
5681:
5679:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5661:Nilgiri tahr (
5657:
5655:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5514:Taiwan serow (
5511:
5502:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5445:Iberian ibex (
5442:
5433:
5424:
5415:
5406:
5397:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5334:Arabian tahr (
5330:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5306:
5304:
5292:
5291:
5278:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5139:
5137:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4968:R. fulvorufula
4963:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4836:Arabian oryx (
4833:
4824:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:O. virginianus
4708:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4595:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:O. bezoarticus
4573:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4519:M. gouazoubira
4517:Gray brocket (
4514:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4272:C. albirostris
4266:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:E. cephalophus
4050:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3991:
3985:Leaf muntjac (
3982:
3978:M. puhoatensis
3973:
3964:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:T. williamsoni
3830:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:M. moschiferus
3682:
3678:M. leucogaster
3673:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3642:M. berezovskii
3637:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3537:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3489:
3487:Antilocapridae
3479:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3459:Laurasiatheria
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Middle Miocene
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3205:End-Capitanian
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2832:List of people
2829:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2744:United Kingdom
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Painted turtle
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2508:American bison
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1971:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Bioengineering
1855:
1853:Bioelectronics
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1830:Tissue culture
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Bioinformatics
1733:
1731:Biofabrication
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Chromatography
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Centrifugation
1652:
1650:
1649:Chemical field
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:Flow cytometry
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1395:at Wikispecies
1382:
1368:
1360:
1359:External links
1357:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1298:(3): 341–346.
1281:
1254:
1233:New York Times
1218:
1185:
1170:
1133:
1126:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1071:(4): 963–977.
1051:
1016:
987:(4): 241–249.
958:
929:(April 2013).
911:
884:Theriogenology
858:
838:
793:
789:
786:
783:
782:
768:
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
755:
748:
745:
663:
662:
621:
619:
612:
606:
603:
548:
545:
521:Basque Country
501:
498:
484:
481:
411:glacial period
381:
378:
238:
237:
230:
216:
215:
213:Trinomial name
209:
208:
198:
196:
192:
191:
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
71:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:Pyrenean ibex
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8097:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:Capra (genus)
8053:
8052:
8050:
8033:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7836:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7727:
7723:
7705:
7703:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7684:C. bactrianus
7680:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7661:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7573:
7571:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7525:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7488:
7486:
7485:S. verrucosus
7481:
7479:
7477:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7431:S. domesticus
7427:
7425:
7423:
7422:S. celebensis
7418:
7416:
7414:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7351:Potamochoerus
7347:
7341:
7339:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7248:B. celebensis
7244:
7242:
7240:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7201:
7197:
7179:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7132:Blue duiker (
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7047:C. nigrifrons
7043:
7041:
7039:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7029:C. natalensis
7025:
7023:
7021:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6975:C. callipygus
6971:
6969:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6902:R. campestris
6898:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6854:O. oreotragus
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6497:G. leptoceros
6493:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6401:E. albonotata
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6378:
6377:A. cervicapra
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6280:
6262:
6260:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6248:Giant eland (
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6226:T. sylvaticus
6222:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6188:Lesser kudu (
6186:
6184:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6003:B. domesticus
6001:Bali cattle (
5999:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5815:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5705:O. canadensis
5701:
5699:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5652:Nilgiritragus
5648:
5642:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5615:O. americanus
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5540:H. jemlahicus
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5436:Nubian ibex (
5434:
5432:
5430:
5427:Alpine ibex (
5425:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Pantholopinae
5191:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5145:A. buselaphus
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5049:Grey rhebok (
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Aepycerotinae
4990:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4924:Nile lechwe (
4922:
4920:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Hippotraginae
4754:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4734:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4603:B. dichotomus
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4577:Pampas deer (
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4537:M. nemorivaga
4533:
4531:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4481:Red brocket (
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4450:H. antisensis
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4290:C. canadensis
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4239:R. timorensis
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4197:E. davidianus
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4164:R. duvaucelii
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4129:Bawean deer (
4127:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4054:Tufted deer (
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3987:M. putaoensis
3983:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3933:M. crinifrons
3929:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3826:T. versicolor
3822:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3633:M. anhuiensis
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3587:G. reticulata
3583:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3380:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:Organizations
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Carboniferous
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:End-Ediacaran
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Late Devonian
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3082:Living fossil
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Lazarus taxon
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:De-extinction
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:IUCN Red List
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:De-extinction
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:United States
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:afforestation
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:Reforestation
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Cell immunity
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1706:Sedimentation
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Cultured meat
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:Biology field
1596:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:Biotechnology
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1205:The Telegraph
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Mammal Review
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:83-85597-02-6
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
922:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:) by cloning"
879:
869:
867:
865:
863:
859:
854:
853:
848:
842:
839:
833:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
812:
803:
801:
799:
795:
792:
787:
779:
773:
770:
763:
759:
756:
754:
753:De-extinction
751:
750:
746:
744:
742:
737:
735:
731:
726:
724:
718:
716:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
659:
656:
648:
638:
634:
628:
627:
622:This section
620:
616:
611:
610:
604:
602:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
564:
562:
556:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
507:
499:
497:
493:
489:
482:
480:
478:
477:Hybridization
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
454:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:(120–80 ky).
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
261:Pyrenean ibex
255:
251:
248:
244:
234:
228:
226:
217:
214:
210:
206:
205:
197:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
73:
66:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Pyrenean Ibex
7940:
7897:Paleontology
7788:
7776:
7765:H. amphibius
7764:
7754:Hippopotamus
7752:
7732:Whippomorpha
7701:
7692:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7650:
7641:
7632:
7620:
7569:
7557:
7545:
7533:
7521:
7509:
7484:
7475:
7466:
7457:
7448:
7439:
7430:
7421:
7413:S. cebifrons
7412:
7403:
7394:
7382:
7370:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7325:
7314:P. africanus
7313:
7304:
7294:Phacochoerus
7292:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7247:
7239:B. babyrussa
7238:
7226:
7175:
7163:
7151:
7143:P. maxwellii
7142:
7134:P. monticola
7133:
7121:
7109:
7100:
7091:
7082:
7074:C. rufilatus
7073:
7064:
7055:
7046:
7037:
7028:
7019:
7010:
7001:
6992:
6991:Bay duiker (
6984:C. crusalbum
6983:
6974:
6965:
6956:
6944:
6936:Cephalophini
6919:
6911:R. melanotis
6910:
6901:
6889:
6877:
6865:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6821:N. moschatus
6820:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6778:
6769:
6761:M. guentheri
6760:
6748:
6737:D. megalotis
6736:
6724:
6699:
6687:
6676:P. hodgsonii
6675:
6663:
6640:
6631:
6623:P. gutturosa
6622:
6610:
6598:
6589:
6580:
6571:
6562:
6550:
6538:
6526:
6514:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6479:G. erlangeri
6478:
6469:
6460:
6452:G. bennettii
6451:
6439:
6427:
6419:E. thomsonii
6418:
6410:E. rufifrons
6409:
6400:
6388:
6376:
6364:
6352:
6340:
6328:
6316:
6258:
6250:T. derbianus
6249:
6237:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6189:
6181:T. eurycerus
6180:
6171:
6162:
6138:
6130:Tragelaphini
6113:
6101:
6089:
6077:
6065:
6056:
6048:B. javanicus
6047:
6038:
6030:B. grunniens
6029:
6020:
6012:B. frontalis
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5972:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5933:
5924:
5912:
5887:
5875:
5863:
5851:
5798:R. rupicapra
5797:
5789:R. pyrenaica
5788:
5776:
5764:
5752:
5740:
5731:
5730:Snow sheep (
5722:
5713:
5712:Dall sheep (
5704:
5695:
5686:
5674:
5663:N. hylocrius
5662:
5650:
5639:O. moschatus
5638:
5626:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5551:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5488:
5476:
5464:
5463:Walia ibex (
5455:
5447:C. pyrenaica
5446:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5411:C. falconeri
5410:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5371:
5360:B. taxicolor
5359:
5347:
5335:
5323:
5311:
5299:
5215:P. hodgsonii
5214:
5202:
5177:
5168:
5158:Connochaetes
5156:
5144:
5143:Hartebeest (
5132:
5120:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5067:Alcelaphinae
5051:P. capreolus
5050:
5038:
5013:
5001:
4976:
4967:
4959:R. arundinum
4958:
4946:
4934:
4926:K. megaceros
4925:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4886:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4798:
4786:
4777:
4765:
4712:
4703:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4661:
4648:
4636:
4626:
4614:
4602:
4601:Marsh deer (
4590:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4483:M. americana
4482:
4470:
4458:
4449:
4439:Hippocamelus
4437:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4393:C. capreolus
4392:
4380:
4368:
4367:Water deer (
4356:
4344:
4332:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4238:
4230:R. mariannus
4229:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4172:
4171:Eld's deer (
4163:
4162:Barasingha (
4151:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4100:
4088:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4031:
4023:M. vaginalis
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3924:M. atherodes
3923:
3911:
3834:
3825:
3817:T. nigricans
3816:
3807:
3798:
3790:T. javanicus
3789:
3777:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3735:
3724:H. aquaticus
3723:
3711:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3620:
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3556:
3545:O. johnstoni
3544:
3532:
3508:A. americana
3507:
3495:
3457:Superorder:
3451:Infraclass:
3422:Artiodactyla
3348:
3324:Anthropocene
3165:End-Botomian
3045:and concepts
2903:Coextinction
2557:Bengal Tiger
2513:Arabian oryx
2504:Land mammal
2491:Golden eagle
2327:Gap analysis
2054:Biodiversity
2044:Conservation
1978:
1966:
1903:Microbiology
1888:Biochemicals
1800:Gene therapy
1741:Biosynthesis
1719:Applications
1640:Spectroscopy
1610:Cell culture
1519:Fermentation
1391:
1377:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1211:November 17,
1209:. Retrieved
1203:
1180:
1173:
1149:(1): 26–39.
1146:
1142:
1136:
1117:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
984:
980:
976:
951:November 17,
949:. Retrieved
945:the original
934:
927:Zimmer, Carl
887:
883:
877:
850:
841:
822:
816:
810:
791:
777:
772:
738:
727:
723:Capra hircus
722:
719:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
685:
666:
651:
645:January 2017
642:
631:Please help
626:verification
623:
592:
577:
565:
557:
552:
550:
531:, and north
514:
510:
503:
494:
490:
486:
472:
469:C. pyrenaica
468:
464:
461:C. pyrenaica
460:
458:
451:
447:
444:C. pyrenaica
443:
434:
431:C. pyrenaica
430:
426:
415:C. pyrenaica
414:
402:C. caucasica
400:
397:C. pyrenaica
396:
394:
386:C. pyrenaica
385:
383:
366:
347:
342:
319:Iberian ibex
309:
308:
307:common name
299:
298:
297:common name
289:
288:
287:common name
279:
278:
277:common name
265:
264:
260:
258:
252:specimen –
246:
224:
219:
203:
202:
195:Subspecies:
185:
173:
133:Artiodactyla
29:
8001:iNaturalist
7642:L. guanicoe
7501:Tayassuidae
7465:Wild boar (
7404:S. barbatus
7362:P. larvatus
7338:P. salvania
7336:Pygmy hog (
7270:Hylochoerus
7123:Philantomba
7011:C. jentinki
6993:C. dorsalis
6946:Cephalophus
6830:N. pygmaeus
6788:M. saltiana
6726:Dorcatragus
6700:S. tatarica
6590:N. petersii
6528:Litocranius
6428:E. tilonura
6375:Blackbuck (
6351:Springbok (
6294:Antilopinae
6292:(subfamily
6239:Taurotragus
6206:Sitatunga (
6199:T. scriptus
6190:T. imberbis
6147:(including
6140:Tragelaphus
5961:B. quarlesi
5843:Boselaphini
5827:(subfamily
5732:O. nivicola
5573:N. caudatus
5562:Red goral (
5553:Naemorhedus
5516:C. swinhoei
5496:Red serow (
5478:Capricornis
5456:C. sibirica
5393:C. caucasia
5384:C. aegagrus
5382:Wild goat (
5336:A. jayakari
5325:Arabitragus
5284:(subfamily
5255:Antilopinae
5178:C. taurinus
5121:D. pygargus
5014:A. melampus
4935:K. vardonii
4897:Waterbuck (
4838:O. leucoryx
4767:Hippotragus
4695:O. hemionus
4693:Mule deer (
4592:Blastocerus
4501:M. bricenii
4459:H. bisulcus
4426:R. tarandus
4402:C. pygargus
4324:Capreolinae
4306:Sika deer (
4248:R. unicolor
4237:Rusa deer (
4140:A. porcinus
3960:M. montanus
3757:M. kathygre
3506:Pronghorn (
3497:Antilocapra
3170:Dresbachian
2729:South Sudan
2714:New Zealand
2408:Restoration
1893:Biorobotics
1883:Biomimetics
1878:Biomedicine
1274:October 21,
1164:10261/62905
1044:October 25,
1010:10261/65768
730:atelectasis
569:fallow deer
423:Magdalenian
407:Middle East
149:Subfamily:
8049:Categories
7921:Technology
7778:Choeropsis
7660:L. vicugna
7546:C. wagneri
7449:S. oliveri
7440:S. heureni
7176:S. grimmia
7165:Sylvicapra
7152:P. walteri
7065:C. rubidis
7056:C. ogilbyi
7002:C. harveyi
6966:C. brookei
6920:R. sharpei
6900:Steenbok (
6891:Raphicerus
6843:Oreotragus
6716:Neotragini
6665:Pantholops
6581:N. notatus
6539:L. walleri
6488:G. gazella
6461:G. cuvieri
6450:Chinkara (
6342:Antidorcas
6329:A. clarkei
6318:Ammodorcas
6308:Antilopini
6208:T. spekeii
6172:T. buxtoni
6163:T. angasii
6055:Wild yak (
6039:B. indicus
5994:B. bonasus
5934:B. bubalis
5877:Boselaphus
5853:Tetracerus
5723:O. gmelini
5591:N. griseus
5564:N. baileyi
5529:Hemitragus
5498:C. rubidus
5489:C. crispus
5438:C. nubiana
5301:Ammotragus
5204:Pantholops
5134:Alcelaphus
5119:Bontebok (
5112:D. lunatus
5101:Damaliscus
5088:B. hunteri
4977:R. redunca
4878:Reduncinae
4829:O. gazella
4778:H. equinus
4704:O. pandora
4684:Odocoileus
4568:Ozotoceros
4424:Reindeer (
4369:H. inermis
4358:Hydropotes
4281:C. elaphus
4279:Red deer (
4221:R. alfredi
4138:Hog deer (
3996:M. reevesi
3969:M. muntjak
3799:T. kanchil
3766:M. meminna
3713:Hyemoschus
3703:Tragulidae
3660:M. cupreus
3578:G. giraffa
3524:Giraffidae
3475:Ruminantia
3250:Quaternary
2884:Extinction
2664:Costa Rica
2627:By country
2547:Slow loris
2523:Polar bear
2376:Key issues
2163:Approaches
1848:Bioeconomy
1820:Stem cells
1773:Embryology
1696:Filtration
1686:Extraction
1605:Bioreactor
788:References
692:Bos gaurus
584:extinction
547:Extinction
315:subspecies
7730:Suborder
7640:Guanaco (
7612:Camelidae
7598:Suborder
7570:D. tajacu
7559:Dicotyles
7535:Catagonus
7522:T. pecari
7467:S. scrofa
7371:P. porcus
7360:Bushpig (
7228:Babyrousa
7204:Suborder
7101:C. weynsi
7092:C. spadix
6957:C. adersi
6878:O. ourebi
6812:N. batesi
6801:Neotragus
6770:M. kirkii
6572:N. granti
6537:Gerenuk (
6506:G. spekei
6470:G. dorcas
6327:Dibatag (
6114:S. caffer
6079:Pseudoryx
6066:B. taurus
6046:Banteng (
6021:B. gaurus
5950:Tamaraw (
5796:Chamois (
5778:Rupicapra
5765:P. nayaur
5741:O. vignei
5721:Mouflon (
5420:C. hircus
5409:Markhor (
5312:A. lervia
5077:Beatragus
5003:Aepyceros
4827:Gemsbok (
4820:O. dammah
4662:P. carlae
4555:M. temama
4546:M. rufina
4510:M. chunyi
4492:M. bororo
4382:Capreolus
4308:C. nippon
4299:C. hanglu
4186:Elaphurus
4131:A. kuhlii
4045:Elaphodus
3913:Muntiacus
3748:M. indica
3737:Moschiola
3669:M. fuscus
3612:Moschidae
3473:Suborder
3433:Kingdom:
3029:Overshoot
2891:Phenomena
2704:Mauritius
2684:Indonesia
2669:Hong Kong
2639:Australia
2611:Seed bank
2601:Sea otter
2471:Arthropod
2443:Rewilding
2297:Protected
1691:Fed Batch
1591:and tools
1247:March 11,
1242:0362-4331
1181:TedxTalks
599:unextinct
533:Catalonia
405:from the
388:into the
310:bouquetin
271:Aragonese
250:taxidermy
181:Species:
99:Kingdom:
93:Eukaryota
7956:Q1941059
7950:Wikidata
7702:C. ferus
7658:Vicuña (
7651:L. pacos
7649:Alpaca (
7633:L. glama
7600:Tylopoda
7110:C. zebra
7038:C. niger
6612:Procapra
6390:Eudorcas
6366:Antilope
6103:Syncerus
6064:Cattle (
6057:B. mutus
5985:B. bison
5925:B. arnee
5886:Nilgai (
5763:Bharal (
5754:Pseudois
5714:O. dalli
5696:O. aries
5687:O. ammon
5685:Argali (
5637:Muskox (
5604:Oreamnos
5582:N. goral
5465:C. walie
5349:Budorcas
5286:Caprinae
5231:Caprinae
5086:Hirola (
5030:Peleinae
5012:Impala (
4917:K. leche
4915:Lechwe (
4811:O. beisa
4787:H. niger
4448:Taruca (
4415:Rangifer
4345:A. alces
4246:Sambar (
4173:R. eldii
4153:Rucervus
4111:Chital (
3903:Cervinae
3890:Cervidae
3851:Cervidae
3779:Tragulus
3453:Eutheria
3447:Mammalia
3441:Chordata
3439:Phylum:
3435:Animalia
3369:Category
3317:See also
3215:Toarcian
3180:Ireviken
3137:Timeline
3132:Holocene
3043:Theories
2842:Category
2749:Scotland
2719:Pakistan
2699:Malaysia
2535:Elephant
2464:By taxon
2094:Endemism
1968:Category
1923:Virology
1825:Telomere
1472:Branches
1312:19594389
906:19167744
747:See also
588:poaching
527:, north
517:Pyrenees
335:Holocene
323:Pyrenees
153:Caprinae
139:Family:
123:Mammalia
113:Chordata
109:Phylum:
103:Animalia
89:Domain:
7993:7342823
7909:Science
7861:Biology
7849:Animals
7835:Portals
7814:Cetacea
7805:Cetacea
7673:Camelus
7631:Llama (
7511:Tayassu
7327:Porcula
6876:Oribi (
6867:Ourebia
6750:Madoqua
6735:Beira (
6656:Saigini
6563:N. dama
6441:Gazella
6290:Bovidae
6288:Family
6259:T. oryx
6179:Bongo (
6161:Nyala (
6088:Saola (
6010:Gayal (
5914:Bubalus
5829:Bovinae
5825:Bovidae
5823:Family
5739:Urial (
5429:C. ibex
5358:Takin (
5282:Bovidae
5280:Family
5243:Bovinae
5169:C. gnou
4948:Redunca
4860:Addax (
4744:Bovidae
4742:Family
4650:Pudella
4637:P. pudu
4528:M. nana
4343:Moose (
4113:A. axis
4080:D. dama
3942:M. feae
3888:Family
3863:Bovidae
3808:T. napu
3622:Moschus
3558:Giraffa
3543:Okapi (
3445:Class:
3424:species
3420:Extant
3379:Commons
3200:Olson's
2772:Related
2761:forests
2709:Namibia
2689:Ireland
2674:Iceland
2586:Manatee
2576:Dolphin
2530:Cheetah
2046:biology
1980:Commons
1863:Biology
1756:Cloning
1534:Protein
1529:Plasmid
1437:History
1365:Profile
989:Bibcode
732:and an
573:mouflon
525:Navarre
500:Habitat
465:C. ibex
448:C. ibex
435:C. ibex
380:History
350:extinct
317:of the
295:Catalan
290:bukardo
280:bucardo
275:Spanish
235:, 1838)
222:†
169:Genus:
163:Caprini
159:Tribe:
143:Bovidae
129:Order:
119:Class:
65:Extinct
8032:398063
8019:898944
8006:424102
7964:ECOS:
7218:Suidae
6819:Suni (
6552:Nanger
6037:Zebu (
6019:Gaur (
5904:Bovini
5628:Ovibos
4933:Puku (
4908:K. kob
4472:Mazama
4261:Cervus
3534:Okapia
3225:Aptian
2977:Causes
2961:Models
2739:Uganda
2734:Sweden
2654:Canada
2649:Brazil
2644:Belize
2634:Angola
2607:Plant
2596:Salmon
2571:Marine
2486:Raptor
2448:marine
2352:Marxan
1908:Mining
1841:fields
1500:Allele
1310:
1240:
1124:
904:
778:et al.
673:Huesca
541:Huesca
529:Aragon
305:French
285:Basque
233:Schinz
7206:Suina
6689:Saiga
6630:Goa (
6149:kudus
5373:Capra
5040:Pelea
4906:Kob (
4888:Kobus
4851:Addax
4334:Alces
4288:Elk (
3185:Mulde
3148:Other
3100:Major
2694:Italy
2679:India
2552:Tiger
2500:Fungi
2299:areas
1932:Lists
1810:Omics
764:Notes
595:taxon
539:, in
473:Capra
369:Spain
343:Capra
174:Capra
8027:NCBI
8014:ITIS
7988:GBIF
7967:4236
7812:see
7622:Lama
5676:Ovis
4800:Oryx
4616:Pudu
4210:Rusa
4102:Axis
4069:Dama
2564:Wolf
2518:Bear
2476:Bird
1661:CSTR
1630:HPLC
1524:Gene
1505:Cell
1308:PMID
1276:2012
1249:2021
1238:ISSN
1213:2019
1122:ISBN
1046:2012
953:2019
902:PMID
823:2008
715:INRA
688:gaur
580:last
578:The
571:and
446:and
419:Alps
337:and
303:and
300:herc
273:and
259:The
254:MHNT
7384:Sus
5974:Bos
3190:Lau
1701:PFR
1635:NMR
1514:RNA
1510:DNA
1300:doi
1159:hdl
1151:doi
1073:doi
1005:hdl
997:doi
892:doi
827:doi
671:in
635:by
463:or
269:),
8051::
8029::
8016::
8003::
7990::
7977::
7952::
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1294:.
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1157:.
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1067:.
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995:.
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900:.
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886:.
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861:^
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