691:, let him do what he wanted. When he suggested the TK-80 project, Sawanobori supported him in anticipation that it would expand the microprocessor market, and Ouchi trusted their decision. When he planned to develop the personal computer, Ouchi wavered. It would become a computer product involved in NEC's core business, and would influence their corporate image. Watanabe also hesitated to develop it in the device division instead of the computer division, but he saw the burgeoning personal computer market in America, and then he decided to continue the project. As the project progressed, Watanabe, Sawanobori and Ouchi discussed their thoughts about marketing, planned a method for mass production, and reached an agreement they devoted all their energies to the project. In January 1979, Goto submitted the first mass production request to New Nippon Electric. They were sure the product would sell, but planned to educate and increase dealers little by little.
668:. When he circulated the contract with Microsoft for approval, computer division's director criticized they planned to purchase the software from a small company. Inside the company, it was considered engineers were confident in their softwares and had to develop softwares themselves. He explained to the director, "It's profitable, so there is no problem. We are salesmen." Watanabe knew importance of the industrial standard and third party developers, but his perception was against company's practice.
1913:
1903:
416:
36:
349:
27:
723:
held from May 16 to 19 at the Tokyo Ryūtsū Center. Soon after the exposition, NEC received thousands of orders. It took half a year to ship about 10,000 backorders after shipment began on
September 20, 1979. By 1981, it dominated 40% of the Japanese personal computer market. About 250,000 units were
658:
Other NEC divisions didn't appreciate the project before the PC-8001 went on sale. Most people, even in NEC, didn't know about microcomputers, and they couldn't understand what the
Microcomputer Sales Section aimed for. The TK-80 sold well for computer enthusiasts, but the computer division regarded
650:
computers. Also, they didn't have the capability for mass production. They asked New Nippon
Electric (NEC Home Electronics since 1983) to sell the personal computers through their consumer distribution network. The system unit, displays and storage devices were all developed by NEC, and manufactured
511:
port. Original floppy disk drives for the PC-8001 are the dual-unit PC-8031 and the additional dual-unit PC-8032, which use 143 KB single-sided 5.25-inch format. They were followed by the single-unit PC-8031-1V, the dual-sided PC-8031-2W and PC-8032-2W. These units are attached to the PC-8001
810:
audio system. Its internal BASIC was also updated to allow usage of this new hardware, as well as providing mkII and PC-8001 compatibility modes (although a significant proportion of older software would not run properly under these modes). Other changes included the change of one general-purpose
727:
The PC-8001 sold well in the educational market because NEC advertised that the PC-8001 used the industrial standard of
Microsoft BASIC. Kanagawa Prefectural Chigasaki Nishihama High School was the first futsu-ka school (upper secondary schools with a focus on a common course) to purchase PC-8001
846:
Sawanobori recalled why the PC-8001 became a long seller that "The biggest factor is the price setting of 168,000 yen. The major opinion insisted 220,000 to 230,000 yen was appropriate for value of the product, but Kazuya
Watanabe never withdrew 168,000 yen. After all, Watanabe's proposal was
859:
s
American reviewers concluded in January 1981 after evaluating a unit purchased in Japan that "the PC-8001 appears to be an attractive, well-planned, and well-made personal computer ... Most people who have seen our PC-8001 feel that, if it were sold in our country, it would provide strong
767:
interface as well as two internal expansion slots, doing away with the need for an "expansion box" to permit upgrades. The internal BASIC was changed as well, from the 24 KB N-BASIC to a 32 KB "N80-BASIC" that added new conditional statements as well as graphics commands.
700:
724:
shipped until production stopped in
January 1983. NEC also succeeded in expanding their personal computer chain in Japan. The chain owned 7 stores in 1979, 15 stores in 1980, more than 100 stores in 1981, and reached 200 stores by 1983.
483:
controller. It has various text modes, and the maximum screen is 80×25 text with 8×8 pixel font. Each character has two attributes chosen from blinking, highlight, reverse, secret, vertical line, over line, under line and
603:
to him after he returned to Japan. Goto thought of visiting
Microsoft, but he worried that the trip wouldn't be accepted by his boss because Microsoft was a small company. Instead, he attended the fall 1978
1385:
663:
checking, and they assumed the microprocessors of the time were not suitable for computing due to their lack of performance and reliability. He believed microprocessors were more reliable than wirewrapped
467:-compatible processor) clocked at 4 MHz, 16 KB of RAM (expandable to 32 KB), CRT video output, cassette port, parallel port for a printer, serial port and an expansion bus. The built-in
556:
646:
The
Electronic Device Group only had a small distribution network of electronic parts stores, and the Information Processing Group only had corporate customers who purchased expensive
550:
In the summer of 1978, the
Microcomputer Sales Section started developing the PC-8001, codenamed "PCX-1". The development team consisted of 10 engineers including section manager
775:
computer offerings at the time, its graphics were notably worse than its competitors (most likely an attempt on NEC's part to avoid competing with their own, higher-powered
659:
it as a toy. Their projects were often criticized inside the company. Watanabe recalled that engineers of the computer division criticized microcomputers didn't have
1947:
475:
4.51. Optional DISK BASIC allows disk I/O for an external floppy drive. The video output is provided by an NEC μPD3301 CRT controller and a μPD8257C (
384:
interface. Although it is often believed to be the first domestically produced personal computer for the Japanese market, it was preceded by both the
1053:"日電と日本マイクロコンピュータ、低価格パソコン相次ぎ新製品発表" [NEC and Nippon Microcomputer announced new products 'Low-priced personal computer', one after another.].
393:
1702:
843:
concluded in 1979 that "Although some problems remain, at present, we can guarantee it is the strongest machine for both software and hardware."
791:
A games-oriented revision of the PC-8001mkII with significantly better graphics and sound, making its debut in January 1985 for 108,000 yen.
1588:
584:
within a plastic case as a personal computer. It was released as the COMPO BS/80, but it failed in the market due to its poor built-in
760:
A higher-performance, more graphically capable revision of the PC-8001, the Mark II debuted in March 1983 for a price of 123,000 yen.
547:, both developed by consumer electronics companies, were released as personal computers targeted for hobbyists, not for business use.
372:
were sold as "semi-kits" requiring end user assembly, the fully assembled PC-8001 was a rarity in the market. Peripherals included a
1942:
1634:
1537:
1512:
1456:
1428:
1323:
998:
971:
914:
500:
432:
528:
kit, and it became popular among hobbyists. American personal computers were expensive for personal use (Initial list price of the
356:
The first member of the PC-8000 series, the PC-8001 was first introduced on May 9, 1979, and went on sale in September 1979 for
1937:
635:
business in Japan, so N-BASIC was provided for NEC with a very low licence fee. It had been developed at Microsoft's office in
632:
495:
The PC-8011 Expansion Unit provides additional capabilities and interfaces, which has 32 KB RAM sockets for μPD416
428:
1695:
1369:
504:
1644:
588:
and slow clock speed. The PC-8001 was intended to be a high-performance and inexpensive computer for personal use.
377:
763:
While its most obvious improvement was in its graphical capabilities, the Mark II also included an internal 5.25"
605:
551:
713:
The PC-8001 was introduced on May 9, 1979, and its prototype went to the public at the Microcomputer Show '79
520:
In Japan, Nippon Electric's Microcomputer Sales Section in the Electronic Device Sales Division released the
728:
computers (buying 17 units) and started teaching programming as an elective subject in 1981. In April 1982,
613:
152:
1916:
1906:
1688:
1863:
1731:
525:
1626:
1572:
1555:
1055:
709:
June 1979. "A dramatic story with the computer will begin. The Personal Computer comes out from NEC."
480:
274:
179:
1014:
616:. After lunch, they went to Microsoft's office, and then Gates told him the importance of having a
388:
1477:
1340:
1247:
729:
988:
1598:
1533:
1508:
1481:
1452:
1424:
1420:
1319:
1251:
1224:
1220:
1138:
1109:
1105:
994:
967:
910:
742:" using the PC-8001. Its textbook "Introduction to Microcomputers - the first half of Showa 57
628:
617:
541:
399:
361:
286:
266:
931:
488:
colors, and up to 20 different attributes per line can be set. The attribution also supports
1758:
1389:
1211:
1096:
840:
816:
799:
705:
460:
440:
381:
373:
175:
157:
139:
1070:
1884:
1638:
1593:
1129:
936:
847:
accepted by the executive director Ouchi's decision, but his stubbornness was admirable."
699:
624:
485:
472:
329:
108:
1631:
1127:
Kocher, C P; Keith, Michael (1982). "Six Personal Computers from Japan : PC-8001A".
1156:
623:
The team had already been developing a BASIC interpreter, but Watanabe decided to adopt
1763:
1748:
1743:
1182:
902:
820:
780:
596:
592:
448:
313:
1275:
415:
1931:
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because it was widely used in the North American market. At that time, Microsoft and
533:
385:
369:
298:
69:
1773:
807:
795:
665:
489:
357:
98:
35:
798:
memory from 16 kB to 48 kB, allowing for 640×200-pixel graphics or 320×200-pixel
423:
The PC-8001A was released in the United States in August 1981, and was priced at
1672:
1668:
776:
764:
732:
started the television program "Interest course 'Introduction to Microcomputers'
671:
Watanabe's bosses, Electronic Device Sales Division manager Morichika Sawanobori
652:
496:
365:
337:
252:
248:
348:
1858:
1738:
1726:
803:
660:
609:
599:
at a computer store. They only exchanged business cards, but Nishi introduced
476:
444:
1602:
1485:
1394:
1255:
1228:
1142:
1113:
860:
competition for any of the color-based home computers currently being sold".
471:
interpreter, called N-BASIC, fits in 24 KB of ROM. This is a variant of
1788:
647:
640:
600:
464:
333:
161:
779:). This led to a relative dearth of software produced for it, particularly
407:
1879:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1504:
963:
828:
544:
529:
508:
436:
402:
907:
The encyclopedia of consoles, handhelds & home computers 1972 - 2005
26:
636:
1094:"ASCII EXPRESS : PC-8000シリーズ、いよいよアメリカに上陸開始、米国仕様PC-8001Aのスペックは?".
1805:
537:
317:
302:
1447:田中, 繁廣 (1988-02-17). "ドキュメント・NECのPC戦略―市場制覇への道を切り拓いた戦士達 その決断と挑戦の歴史".
655:) because NEC had only developed expensive printers for mainframes.
507:, a serial port, a floppy drive controller, a parallel port and an
1778:
1768:
1655:
824:
812:
772:
698:
585:
581:
521:
468:
414:
347:
325:
321:
290:
238:
1386:
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers
651:
by New Nippon Electric. Printers were provided from Tokyo Denki (
1680:
852:
145:
1684:
1341:"【大河原克行の「パソコン業界、東奔西走」】ビル・ゲイツとの密会、サードパーティ戦略。いま振り返る「PC-8001」成功物語"
1711:
294:
165:
59:
49:
1209:
ASCIIラボラトリーズ (1979). "LOAD TEST No.4: 日本電気株式会社 NEC PC-8001".
771:
While the price of the PC-8001mkII was comparable with other
595:
to survey the application of microprocessors, he ran across
850:
Although handicapped by the lack of English documentation,
1532:(in Japanese). コンピュータ・ニュース社. 1988-02-17. pp. 62–63.
631:(the main Microsoft dealer in Japan) intended to expand
540:
was 248,000 yen). In 1978, the Hitachi Basic Master and
312:) were also sold in some European countries like in the
580:. They had already planned to release a version of the
308:
Original models of the NEC PC-8001B (or sometimes the
1627:
Available software at 2012 and picture of NEC PC-8001
1872:
1804:
1797:
1719:
1589:"The NEC PC-8001: A New Japanese Personal Computer"
1242:田口, 潤 (1984-10-29). "アップル社の対日戦略：米国産リンゴは日本人の口に合うか".
244:
234:
226:
218:
210:
202:
194:
186:
171:
151:
138:
130:
115:
93:
75:
65:
55:
45:
1553:"パソコン特集 : パソコン、着実な歩み : 情報処理教育は普通高校にも".
198:NEC μPD3301 CRT + μPD8257C (Intel 8257 clone) DMA
1276:"日本PC事始 その2: デバイス屋が創ったNECのパーソナル コンピュータ「PC-8001」"
953:
951:
278:
1442:
1440:
879:
877:
875:
873:
745:
735:
716:
684:
674:
573:
563:
1696:
1451:(in Japanese). コンピュータ・ニュース社. pp. 76–89.
1204:
1202:
897:
895:
8:
1587:Keith, Michael; Kocher, C P (January 1981).
1363:
1361:
1269:
1267:
1265:
802:graphics modes. Additionally, the primitive
512:through the PC-8011 or the PC-8033 adapter.
19:
1576:(Evening ed.). 1989-02-10. p. 12.
1318:(in Japanese). 日本電気文化センター. pp. 46–72.
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
608:during its first day. The next day, he met
499:, 8 KB ROM sockets for 2716 PROMs, an
1801:
1703:
1689:
1681:
1649:
190:Text 80 × 25, Graphics 160 × 100, 8 colors
34:
25:
18:
1528:"PC-9800シリーズ100万台突破を検証する―PCウォッチャー6名の分析".
1393:
1183:"PC-8801 Programing - VRAM Information -"
492:, and each characters have a 2×4 matrix.
427:(32 KB of RAM). It is modified to reduce
297:. The PC-8001 model was also sold in the
111:1,495 (equivalent to $ 3,876 in 2023)
839:The Japanese personal computer magazine
368:into a single unit. At a time when most
40:PC-8001 with monitor and external floppy
869:
1948:Computer-related introductions in 1979
681:and executive director Atsuyoshi Ōuchi
888:(in Japanese). NEC. pp. 653–654.
7:
1158:NEC Personal Computer PC-8000 Series
106: (equivalent to $ 4,340 in 2023)
101:(equivalent to ¥246,603 in 2019)
1415:"秋葉原ビットイン誕生秘話 : 渡邊和也氏インタビュー".
643:prototype, known as the PC-8001g.
14:
1372:[Development of PC-8801]
944:(5): 95 – via Google Books.
360:168,000. Its design combines the
1912:
1911:
1902:
1901:
419:The character set of the PC-8001
1:
570:and chief designer Tomio Gotō
930:Hawkins, William J. (1981).
429:electromagnetic interference
1570:"NHK教育テレビ30周年 比重増す生涯教育番組".
1472:"急成長続けるパーソナル・コンピュータの国内市場".
990:Microcomputer Buyer's Guide
823:keyboard connector, and an
279:
81:; 45 years ago
1964:
222:430(W) × 260(D) × 80(H) mm
16:NEC personal computer line
1897:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1559:. 1982-04-28. p. 33.
1501:パソコン大図鑑 最新・人気パソコン目的別全カタログ
1423:. 2004. pp. 98–103.
1071:"PC-8001-Computer Museum"
1059:. 1979-05-10. p. 14.
794:The mkIISR increased the
746:
736:
717:
685:
675:
606:West Coast Computer Faire
574:
564:
552:Kazuya Watanabe(engineer)
536:was 298,000 yen, and the
270:
33:
24:
1943:Z80-based home computers
1645:NEC PC-8001 / 8801 games
1507:. 1981. pp. 30–31.
1395:10.1587/bplus.2010.15_58
932:"New personal computers"
909:. GAMEPLAN. p. 33.
884:日本電気社史編纂室 (2001-12-25).
439:glyphs in the character
1662:NEC Personal Computers
1480:: 188–193. 1981-01-21.
1187:mydocuments.g2.xrea.com
752:" sold 700,000 copies.
1938:NEC personal computers
1907:NEC personal computers
1339:大河原, 克行 (2019-08-05).
987:Webster, Tony (1981).
710:
420:
353:
214:AC 100 V 50/60 Hz 20 W
1417:蘇るPC-9801伝説 永久保存版 第1弾
1378:電子情報通信学会 通信ソサイエティマガジン
1347:. Impress Corporation
1289:. SSIS半導体シニア協会: 14–15
1019:www.old-computers.com
702:
639:, and NEC provided a
526:single-board computer
418:
378:cassette tape storage
351:
280:Pī-Shī Hassen Shirīzu
1573:Nihon Keizai Shimbun
1556:Nihon Keizai Shimbun
1368:加藤, 明 (2011-06-01).
1056:Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun
811:expansion slot to a
501:interrupt controller
473:Microsoft Disk BASIC
806:was replaced by an
459:The PC-8001 has an
60:New Nippon Electric
21:
1917:NEC supercomputers
1720:Personal computers
1637:2017-04-04 at the
1597:. pp. 72–88.
1530:100万人の謎を解く ザ・PCの系譜
1478:Nikkei McGraw-Hill
1449:100万人の謎を解く ザ・PCの系譜
1248:Nikkei McGraw-Hill
1164:. Japan: NEC. 1981
1042:: 104. April 1983.
819:expansion slot, a
730:NHK Educational TV
711:
612:at the airport in
591:When Goto visited
447:) are replaced by
421:
354:
289:developed for the
287:personal computers
94:Introductory price
1925:
1924:
1893:
1892:
1873:SX-related topics
1864:SX-Aurora TSUBASA
1679:
1678:
1666:Succeeded by
1641:, Oldcomputer.com
1421:ASCII Corporation
1075:museum.ipsj.or.jp
1038:"Buyer's Guide".
618:de facto standard
532:was 358,000 yen,
435:regulations. The
305:as the PC-8001A.
258:
257:
134:250,000 (PC-8001)
119:January 1983
1955:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1802:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1653:Preceded by
1650:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1499:"日本電気 PC-8001".
1496:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
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1375:
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1311:
1298:
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1280:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1221:ASCII Publishing
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1106:ASCII Publishing
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1029:
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1005:
1004:
984:
978:
977:
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946:
945:
927:
921:
920:
899:
890:
889:
881:
858:
751:
749:
748:
747:マイコン入門 昭和57年度 前期
741:
739:
738:
722:
720:
719:
718:マイクロコンピュータショウ'79
695:Success in Japan
690:
688:
687:
680:
678:
677:
579:
577:
576:
569:
567:
566:
560:
426:
411:
397:
352:Original PC-8001
284:
282:
272:
164:compatible) @ 4
140:Operating system
126:
124:
105:
89:
87:
82:
38:
29:
22:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1889:
1885:Earth Simulator
1868:
1793:
1715:
1709:
1675:
1671:
1658:
1639:Wayback Machine
1623:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1503:(in Japanese).
1498:
1497:
1493:
1476:(in Japanese).
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1419:(in Japanese).
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1388:: 15_58–15_65.
1380:(in Japanese).
1373:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1314:太田, 行生 (1983).
1313:
1312:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1285:(in Japanese).
1278:
1274:後藤, 富雄 (2006).
1273:
1272:
1263:
1246:(in Japanese).
1241:
1240:
1236:
1215:(in Japanese).
1208:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1100:(in Japanese).
1093:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:. p. 208.
986:
985:
981:
974:
962:(in Japanese).
958:小林, 紀興 (1987).
957:
956:
949:
937:Popular Science
929:
928:
924:
917:
903:Forster, Winnie
901:
900:
893:
883:
882:
871:
866:
856:
837:
800:double-buffered
789:
758:
743:
733:
714:
697:
682:
672:
625:Microsoft BASIC
620:. Goto agreed.
571:
561:
554:
518:
457:
431:to comply with
424:
405:
391:
346:
330:the Netherlands
264:
251:
122:
120:
107:
103:
102:
85:
83:
80:
50:Nippon Electric
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
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1923:
1922:
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455:Specification
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1399:. Retrieved
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1370:"PC-8001の開発"
1349:. Retrieved
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1291:. Retrieved
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1190:. Retrieved
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1166:. Retrieved
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1151:
1137:(5): 69–74.
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1095:
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1078:. Retrieved
1074:
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1040:Which Micro?
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1033:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
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422:
389:Basic Master
380:unit, and a
355:
309:
307:
261:
259:
144:DISK BASIC,
116:Discontinued
76:Release date
56:Manufacturer
1673:NEC PC-8801
1669:NEC PC-6001
1656:COMPO BS/80
886:日本電気株式会社百年史
831:connector.
765:floppy disk
756:PC-8001mkII
653:Toshiba TEC
641:wirewrapped
614:Albuquerque
555: [
524:in 1976, a
516:Development
406: [
392: [
338:New Zealand
310:NEC PC-8000
271:PC-8000シリーズ
253:NEC PC-8801
249:NEC PC-6001
239:COMPO BS/80
235:Predecessor
1932:Categories
1608:18 October
1474:日経エレクトロニクス
1401:2016-11-03
1351:2019-08-25
1293:2019-03-23
1192:2021-03-19
1168:2021-03-19
1080:2022-11-14
1024:2022-11-14
864:References
815:character
804:PC speaker
703:Advert in
661:parity bit
610:Bill Gates
477:Intel 8257
445:JIS X 0201
293:market by
219:Dimensions
131:Units sold
1806:SX series
1784:UltraLite
1714:computers
1603:0360-5280
1486:0385-1680
1256:0285-4619
1250:: 71–79.
1229:0386-5428
1223:: 34–41.
1143:0360-5280
1114:0386-5428
960:富士通の大逆襲計画
835:Reception
648:mainframe
601:Microsoft
425:US$ 1,295
366:mainboard
340:as well.
334:Australia
245:Successor
104:US$ 1,295
46:Developer
1880:SUPER-UX
1774:ProSpeed
1635:Archived
1505:Kodansha
1345:PC Watch
1244:日経コンピュータ
1108:. 1981.
964:Kodansha
905:(2005).
829:joystick
530:Apple II
509:IEEE-488
437:Katakana
398:and the
364:and the
362:keyboard
291:Japanese
267:Japanese
195:Graphics
97:168,000
1759:PC-8201
1632:PC-8001
827:-style
637:Seattle
582:TK-80BS
479:clone)
386:Hitachi
374:printer
344:PC-8001
332:and in
275:Hepburn
187:Display
178:24 KB,
123:1983-01
121: (
84: (
20:PC-8001
1859:SX-ACE
1739:PC-100
1601:
1536:
1511:
1484:
1455:
1427:
1384:(15).
1322:
1316:パソコン誕生
1283:Encore
1254:
1227:
1219:(11).
1141:
1112:
997:
970:
913:
545:MZ-80K
538:TRS-80
403:MZ-80K
318:France
303:Canada
206:Beeper
172:Memory
1789:Versa
1779:TK-80
1769:PC-98
1374:(PDF)
1279:(PDF)
1212:ASCII
1162:(PDF)
1104:(9).
1097:ASCII
857:'
841:ASCII
825:Atari
813:Kanji
781:games
773:8-bit
706:ASCII
686:大内 淳義
676:沢登 盛親
629:ASCII
586:BASIC
575:後藤 富雄
565:渡邊 和也
559:]
542:Sharp
522:TK-80
503:, an
497:DRAMs
469:BASIC
443:(see
410:]
400:Sharp
396:]
326:Italy
322:Spain
211:Power
203:Sound
182:16 KB
1854:SX-9
1849:SX-8
1844:SX-7
1839:SX-6
1834:SX-5
1829:SX-4
1824:SX-3
1819:SX-2
1814:SX-1
1610:2013
1599:ISSN
1594:Byte
1534:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1482:ISSN
1453:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1382:2010
1320:ISBN
1252:ISSN
1225:ISSN
1139:ISSN
1130:Byte
1110:ISSN
995:ISBN
968:ISBN
911:ISBN
853:BYTE
376:, a
336:and
328:and
301:and
260:The
230:4 kg
227:Mass
146:CP/M
109:CA$
86:1979
79:1979
66:Type
1727:APC
1712:NEC
1390:doi
942:219
817:ROM
633:OEM
486:RGB
481:DMA
465:Z80
441:ROM
433:FCC
382:CRT
295:NEC
180:RAM
176:ROM
166:MHz
162:Z80
153:CPU
99:yen
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