1651:
4025:
1761:
680:
4031:
1523:
888:
4649:
133:
1545:
552:
4581:
1494:
903:
1217:
2155:
1087:
157:
671:
1465:
1186:
774:
1433:
1052:
990:
4611:
1374:
808:
4661:
4587:
757:. This bone, designated DMNH 21460 belongs to an immature individual. This discovery expands the known age profile of this dinosaur genus from this particular site. The specimen has nasal ornamentation that is dorsally enlarged, representing an intermediate stage of growth. Of note, the authors pointed out that the posterior part of the nasal shows evidence for "a degree of
4637:
818:
Instead of horns, their skulls bore massive, flattened bosses; a large boss over the nose and a smaller one over the eyes. A prominent pair of horns grew from the frill and extended upwards. The skull also bore several smaller horns or ornaments that varied between individuals and between species. In
653:
discovered an amazingly large and dense selection of bonesâup to 100 per square metre, with a total of 3,500 bones and 14 skulls. This was apparently the site of a mass mortality, perhaps a failed attempt to cross a river during a flood. Found amongst the fossils were the skeletons of
2384:
made up the fish fauna. Reptiles such as turtles and crocodilians are rare in the
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and this was thought to reflect the relatively cool climate which prevailed at the time. A study by Quinney et al. (2013), however, showed that the decline in turtle diversity, which was
1665:
show extremely rapid growth. When the animals were one year old, they had already reached 28% of their adult body size. By age two, they were almost half the size of a mature adult. However, the rate of growth slows considerably after that, and maximum size is not fully attained until about age
2711:
E. B. Koppelhus. 2008. Palynology of the Wapiti
Formation in the northwestern part of Alberta with special emphasis on a new Pachyrhinosaur bonebed. International Dinosaur Symposium in Fukui 2008: Recent Progress of the Study on Asian Dinosaurs and Paleoenvironments. Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur
1707:
in the specimens that have been examined. However, growth bands are weakly expressed later in ontogeny. This probably indicates rapid growth in youth, followed by gradually decreasing growth rates as the animal neared adulthood. The growth curve of the animal would therefore be somewhat
3115:
J. Haffty, R. G. Schmidt, L. B. Riley, W. D. Goss. Rocks and
Mineral Resources of the Wolf Creek Area, Lewis and Clark and Cascade Counties, Montana: A Descriptive Report on an Area in the Disturbed Belt Along the Eastern Front of the Northern Rocky Mountains in Western Montana, Issues
594:
near
Lethbridge, Alberta, from terrestrial sediments considered to be between 74 and 66 million years old. These were among the first dinosaur sites found in the province, in the 1880s. The significance of these discoveries was not understood until shortly after
2945:
Erickson, Gregory M. & Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (December 2011). "Longevity and growth rate estimates for a polar dinosaur: a
Pachyrhinosaurus (Dinosauria: Neoceratopsia) specimen from the North Slope of Alaska showing a complete developmental record".
2434:
were present. Vertebrate trace fossils from this region included the tracks of theropods, ceratopsians and ornithopods, which provide evidence that these animals were also present. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included both marine and terrestrial
2117:. The area was wet and warm with a temperate to subtropical climate. Just prior to the CampanianâMaastrichtian boundary, the mean annual temperature and precipitation in this region dropped rapidly. The dinosaurs from this formation form part of the
843:
was thought to have two unique, flattened horns which projected forward and down from the top edge of the frill, but 2019 it was shown that these had been inaccurately reconstructed and it instead had the same backward pointed as its sister species.
3165:
Quinney, Annie; Therrien, François; Zelenitsky, Darla K.; Eberth, David A. (2013). "Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction of the Upper
Cretaceous (late Campanianâearly Maastrichtian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada".
3260:
Larson, Derek W.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Bell, Phil R. (2010). "Faunal assemblages from the upper
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the
2345:
of this paleoenvironment. Of these, the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of sheer number and made up half of all dinosaurs who lived in this region. Vertebrates present in the
Horseshoe Canyon Formation at the time of
2109:, shorelines and wetlands. Due to the changing sea levels, many different environments are represented in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, including offshore and near-shore marine habitats and coastal habitats like
898:; note the small forwards pointing epiparietals at the top of the frill, which were inaccurately reconstructed following the original description, while these would actually have faced up like in the other species.
585:
incomplete skull NMC 8866, which included the anterior part of the skull but was lacking the right lower mandible, and the "beak". These skulls were collected in 1945 and 1946 from the sandy clay of the
1742:
had very low rates of palaeopathologies compared to ceratopsians that inhabited lower latitudes, suggesting that the high latitude environment of Alaska did not impose unique hardships on the species.
614:
has plans to reopen this important site some day as a field school for university-level paleontology students. Several specimens, NMC 21863, NMC 21864, NMC 10669 assigned in 1975 by W. Langston Jr. to
3106:
Kososki, B., Reiser, H., Cavitt, C., Detterman, R. (1978) A Gravity study of the northern part of the Arctic
National Wildlife Range, Alaska. (Geological Survey Bulletin 1440) Bibliography: p. 20â21
1781:
has not undergone a definitive radiometric dating, however, the available stratigraphic correlation has shown that this formation was deposited between 74 and 66 million years ago, during the
1727:
bosses, occurred when the dinosaur was roughly 73% the size of a full-grown adult. The age of sexual maturity is unknown. Due to the lack of conspicuous growth banding, more detailed analyses of
2124:
Modern life at high elevations in lower latitudes resembles life at low elevation in higher latitudes. There may be parallels to this phenomenon in
Cretaceous ecosystems, for instance,
2385:
previously attributed to climate, coincided instead with changes in soil drainage conditions, and was limited by aridity, landscape instability, and migratory barriers. The saltwater
4809:
4869:
4814:
4750:
629:
in the late 1980s but is now worked annually for a couple weeks each summer (since 2006) by the University of Alberta. Material from this site appears referable to
2724:"An Immature Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) Nasal Reveals Unexpected Complexity of Craniofacial Ontogeny and Integument in Pachyrhinosaurus"
492:, Canada, in 1946, and named in 1950. Over a dozen partial skulls and a large assortment of other fossils from various species have been found in Alberta and
662:-style horns on the parietal bone just behind their eyes. The concave boss types might be related to erosion only and not reflect male/female differences.
2637:(1975). "The Ceratopsian Dinosaurs and Associated Lower Vertebrates from the St. Mary River Formation (Maestrichtian) at Scabby Butte, Southern Alberta".
4839:
2860:
Tykoski, Ronald S.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Chiba, Kentaro (2019). "New data and diagnosis for the Arctic ceratopsid dinosaur Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum".
4844:
4737:
4859:
4819:
4864:
4024:
2844:
2816:
2700:
1813:. The region where dinosaurs lived was bounded by mountains to the west, and included ancient channels, small freshwater ponds, streams, and
646:
3346:
2689:(Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada." pp. 1-108. In: Currie, P.J., Langston, W., and Tanke, D.H. 2008.
1650:
2895:
Chiba, Kentaro; Ryan, Michael J.; Fanti, Federico; Loewen, Mark A.; Evans, David C. (2018). "New material and systematic re-evaluation of
3225:
Arbour, Victoria (2010). "A Cretaceous armoury: Multiple ankylosaurid taxa in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA".
4030:
1798:
3315:
3146:
3091:
4829:
4604:
2448:
4834:
4824:
2615:
Sternberg, C. M. (1950). "Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia, from southern Alberta".
156:
4849:
4580:
496:. A great number were not available for study until the 1980s, resulting in a relatively recent increase of interest in
800:, have been estimated by Greg Paul at 5 metres (16.4 ft) in length and 2 tonnes (2.2 tons) in weight. They were
590:
in Alberta, Canada. In the years to come, additional material would be recovered at the Scabby Butte locality of the
3022:"Paleobiological inferences from paleopathological occurrences in the Arctic ceratopsian Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum"
4854:
4627:
2055:
1810:
1427:
1180:
1163:
1132:
587:
524:
516:
1760:
2585:
1294:
792:
indicate lengths of 6â8 metres (19.7â26.2 ft) and a weight of 3â4 tonnes (3.3â4.4 tons). The other species,
574:
324:
1674:
bosses, occurred at approximately nine years of age. This presumably corresponds to the age of sexual maturity.
3437:
3339:
2601:
1778:
984:
679:
591:
528:
1522:
625:
bonebed, on the Wapiti River south of Beaverlodge in northwestern Alberta, was worked briefly by staff of the
4804:
3555:
2132:, in North America's northern biome, there is a general trend of reduced centrosaurine diversity, with only
2063:
732:
2782:
4677:
2163:
1327:
1211:
536:
2062:
as being between 74 and 67 million years old. It was deposited during the gradual withdrawal of the
827:, the bosses over the nose and eyes nearly grew together, and were separated only by a narrow groove. In
4776:
4614:
3464:
3026:
1459:
1368:
1081:
967:
887:
700:
In 2008, a detailed monograph describing the skull of the Pipestone Creek pachyrhinosaur, and penned by
611:
4715:
4586:
402:
765:. It was determined that the dorsal surface of the nasal boss bore a thick, cornified pad and sheath.
4724:
3274:
3207:
Lehman, T. M., 2001, Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by
3175:
2955:
2908:
2869:
2735:
2646:
2509:
2252:
1351:
1233:
1032:
921:
626:
485:
144:
2094:. The valley where dinosaurs lived included ancient meandering estuary channels, straight channels,
1544:
847:
Various ornaments of the nasal boss have also been used to distinguish between different species of
132:
3720:
3332:
3307:
3299:
3079:
3071:
3021:
2832:
1829:
551:
539:
of Alaska, and date to 70â69 Ma ago. The presence of three known species makes this genus the most
1493:
4440:
4390:
3822:
3242:
2979:
2924:
2525:
2059:
2032:
1277:
151:
2691:
1967:
1935:
1797:
to as far north as the Little Bow River in Alberta. The St. Mary River Formation is part of the
1216:
902:
4781:
3138:
2154:
1086:
4763:
4755:
4523:
4461:
4424:
3898:
3785:
3311:
3212:
3142:
3087:
3043:
3002:
2971:
2840:
2812:
2763:
2696:
2678:
2634:
1870:
1790:
1464:
1413:
1185:
1018:
705:
607:
512:
377:
288:
4768:
2025:
1951:
654:
four distinct age groups ranging from juveniles to full-grown dinosaurs, indicating that the
4641:
4351:
4176:
3878:
3573:
3282:
3234:
3183:
3035:
2963:
2916:
2877:
2753:
2743:
2674:
2654:
2597:
2565:
2517:
2421:
2201:
2083:
2013:
1720:
1685:
shows highly conspicuous growth banding in the bones, indicating retarded growth during the
1667:
867:
was unique in having a narrow dome in the middle of the back portion of the nasal boss, and
701:
670:
540:
508:
398:
373:
2588:(1947). "New dinosaur from southern Alberta, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia".
1432:
1051:
645:. When the area was finally excavated between 1986 and 1989 by staff and volunteers of the
4447:
4399:
4358:
4294:
4197:
4148:
3850:
3774:
3729:
3603:
3589:
3548:
3422:
3406:
2804:
2493:
2416:
2327:
2313:
2087:
1945:
1907:
1843:
1806:
1802:
773:
638:
477:
2128:
species are found in both Alaska and upland environments in southern Alberta. During the
17:
3278:
3179:
2959:
2912:
2873:
2739:
2650:
2513:
4454:
4413:
4344:
4331:
4302:
4287:
4257:
4218:
4204:
4121:
4082:
3961:
3871:
3836:
3829:
3709:
3659:
3582:
3562:
3131:
2758:
2723:
2390:
2233:
2211:
2177:
2079:
1885:
989:
946:
650:
275:
233:
3310:(eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. (2004) pp. 861
1373:
658:
cared for their young. The adult skulls had both convex and concave bosses as well as
4798:
4665:
4653:
4532:
4511:
4481:
4472:
4372:
4266:
4211:
4190:
4162:
4155:
4141:
4134:
3940:
3929:
3922:
3864:
3857:
3843:
3801:
3736:
3702:
3673:
3626:
3303:
3246:
2983:
2928:
2811:(2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 292â293.
2784:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages
2496:; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur
2468:
2400:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2320:
2306:
2289:
2282:
2262:
2247:
2229:
2216:
2190:
2173:
2142:
2121:
land vertebrate age, and are distinct from those in the formations above and below.
2071:
1999:
1961:
1902:
in its ecosystem. Vertebrates present in the St. Mary River Formation at the time of
1899:
1894:
1890:
1863:
1837:
1786:
1770:
1256:
1246:
912:
481:
464:
83:
45:
2529:
4546:
4497:
4490:
4406:
4379:
4365:
4273:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4183:
4169:
4061:
4048:
3979:
3968:
3953:
3915:
3907:
3889:
3794:
3760:
3743:
3695:
3688:
3644:
3449:
3397:
3238:
3208:
3126:
3075:
2999:
Dino fest : proceedings of a conference for the general public, March 24, 1994
2682:
2436:
2410:
2380:
2278:
2272:
2240:
2223:
2194:
1922:
895:
807:
709:
596:
381:
333:
262:
217:
2899:(Dinosauria, Ceratopsidae) from the Judith River Formation (Campanian, Montana)".
2881:
2140:
appears to have been part of a coastal fauna characterized by an association with
2078:
period. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is a terrestrial unit which is part of the
879:
bore another comb-like horn arising from the middle of the frill behind the eyes.
3187:
2967:
2748:
4709:
4539:
4433:
4316:
4280:
4103:
3815:
3680:
2429:
2296:
2129:
2118:
2102:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1916:
1445:
801:
750:
304:
58:
871:
had a pommel-like structure projecting from the front of the boss (the boss of
859:
bore a jagged, comb-like extension at the tip of the boss which was missing in
4309:
4225:
4075:
3808:
3596:
3530:
3517:
3476:
3355:
3006:
2405:
2386:
2302:
2268:
2256:
2207:
2184:
2114:
2106:
2075:
1974:
1881:
1853:
1833:
1814:
1709:
758:
754:
474:
467:
249:
103:
68:
4700:
3047:
2975:
2722:
Fiorillo, Anthony R. and Tykoski, Ronald S. (2013). Farke, Andrew A. (ed.).
2425:
2355:
2067:
1992:
1928:
1859:
1782:
1713:
928:
747:
633:. In 1974, Grande Prairie, Alberta science teacher Al Lakusta found a large
168:
108:
52:
41:
2767:
606:
skull was taken out of the Scabby Butte locality in 1955, and then in 1957
2570:
2549:
804:
and possessed strong cheek teeth to help them chew tough, fibrous plants.
4694:
4110:
4096:
4089:
3652:
3388:
3379:
2521:
2367:
2363:
2219:
2091:
1941:
1849:
1704:
691:
582:
578:
470:
201:
188:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
2920:
519:, is known to have existed from about 73.5â72.5 million years ago.
4742:
4504:
3666:
3610:
2554:
from the North Slope (Prince Creek Formation: Maastrichtian) of Alaska"
2500:
Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus".
2351:
2038:
1956:
1876:
1794:
839:, the frill bore two additional small, curved, backward-pointed horns.
659:
642:
634:
489:
113:
88:
3160:
3158:
511:, the bonebed horizon of which is roughly equivalent age to the upper
3373:
3039:
2395:
2371:
2110:
2019:
1686:
736:
493:
178:
4671:
3286:
2658:
1693:
experienced much harsher winters than southerly species within the
727:
described a new specimen, an incomplete nasal bone attributable to
2692:
A New Horned Dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous Bone Bed in Alberta
2359:
2153:
2098:
2004:. Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included mollusks, the oyster
1759:
1694:
1649:
917:
901:
886:
806:
772:
744:
610:
and a small crew excavated additional pachyrhinosaur remains. The
550:
460:
4729:
2095:
1965:. A fair number of mammals lived in this region, which included
1724:
1671:
4675:
4046:
3515:
3366:
3328:
2839:(1st ed.). Hampshire, England: Pan Macmillan. p. 32.
3086:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 577â584.
2375:
3324:
2550:"A new Maastrichtian species of the centrosaurine ceratopsid
931:
below shows the phylogenetic position of all currently known
454:
448:
442:
435:
428:
421:
3020:
Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Tykoski, Ronald S. (22 October 2022).
27:
Ceratopsid dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous US and Canada
2602:
10.1130/0016-7606(1947)58[1161:AOPPAT]2.0.CO;2
2394:
was present and freshwater environments were populated by
1723:, including competition between males, such as pronounced
1670:, including competition between males, such as pronounced
761:
complexity not previously recognized in other species" of
731:
which was collected from the Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry on the
3001:. Geology Dept., Indiana University-Purdue University.
2695:. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 144 pp.
4625:
2023:. Flora of the region include the aquatic angiosperm
1789:, during the final regression of the mid-continental
1666:
twenty. The development of characteristics useful in
1654:
Skull differences between different growth stages of
743:
named this unique northern Alaskan species after the
2548:
Fiorillo, Anthony R. and Tykoski, Ronald S. (2012).
2162:
resting next to contemporaneous paleofauna from the
388:
363:
340:
4684:
4522:
4480:
4471:
4423:
4389:
4330:
4256:
4120:
4059:
3978:
3939:
3897:
3888:
3784:
3758:
3719:
3624:
3572:
3528:
3475:
3448:
3421:
1689:. This is perhaps not surprising, considering that
3137:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp.
3130:
831:, the two bosses were separated by a wide gap. In
618:were also recovered at the Scabby Butte locality.
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3168:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3066:
3064:
1793:. It ranges from as far south as Glacier County,
712:, classified the specimen as a second species of
2670:
2668:
1801:in southwestern Alberta, which extends from the
2997:Rosenberg, Gary D.; Wolberg, Donald L. (1994).
1809:in the east. It is laterally equivalent to the
3340:
1719:The development of characteristics useful in
599:when preliminary excavations were conducted.
419:(meaning in Greek "thick-nosed lizard", from
8:
2781:Holtz, T.R. (2011). "Winter 2011 Appendix".
2799:
2797:
2543:
2541:
2539:
1661:During the first few years of development,
4810:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
4672:
4477:
4336:
4126:
4067:
4056:
4043:
3945:
3894:
3766:
3636:
3632:
3540:
3536:
3525:
3512:
3454:
3427:
3418:
3363:
3347:
3333:
3325:
906:TMP 2002.76.1, which may be a specimen of
131:
31:
3215:, Indiana University Press, pp. 310â328.
2757:
2747:
2569:
1712:, unlike the linear growth found in many
559:(with inaccurate epiparietal placement),
484:. The first examples were discovered by
4870:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
4815:Taxa named by Charles Mortram Sternberg
4632:
3133:The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History
2460:
1764:Restoration of a confrontation between
2809:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
2590:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1703:does not show growth banding early in
555:Skulls of the three species compared:
2940:
2938:
875:was mainly flat on top and rounded).
647:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
7:
2030:, the amphibious heterosporous fern
503:Three species have been identified.
2862:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1509:
1480:
1451:
1419:
1343:
1319:
1269:
1262:
1252:
1155:
1148:
1124:
1024:
1014:
959:
952:
942:
581:incomplete skull NMC 8867, and the
531:. Fossils of the youngest species,
3267:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3227:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2639:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2617:National Museum of Canada Bulletin
2502:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2469:"Pachyrhinosaurus | dinosaur"
1832:with other dinosaurs, such as the
1799:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
1731:growth rates cannot be performed.
25:
4840:Campanian genus first appearances
3057:– via Wiley Online Library.
523:is younger, known from the lower
4659:
4647:
4635:
4610:
4609:
4585:
4579:
4029:
4023:
2837:Walking with Dinosaurs Dinopedia
2449:Timeline of ceratopsian research
1543:
1521:
1492:
1463:
1431:
1372:
1215:
1184:
1085:
1050:
988:
678:
669:
155:
4845:Maastrichtian genus extinctions
784:Size estimates for the largest
535:, have been recovered from the
527:, about 71.5â71 Ma ago and the
3239:10.1080/02724634.2010.10411819
1:
4860:Ceratopsians of North America
4820:Fossil taxa described in 1950
2882:10.1080/14772019.2018.1532464
2558:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2253:bone-head pachycephalosaurids
2041:, and taxodiaceous conifers.
4865:Late Cretaceous ceratopsians
3188:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.12.009
2968:10.1080/08912963.2010.546856
2835:(2013). "Pachyrhinosaurus".
2749:10.1371/journal.pone.0065802
2245:, and an unnamed species of
455:
443:
429:
3084:The Dinosauria (Second ed.)
2341:sarcophagus, which was the
1489:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
631:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
573:, was described in 1950 by
571:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
517:Horseshoe Canyon Formations
345:Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis
4886:
2685:(2008). "A new species of
2498:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
2420:. Evidence has shown that
2056:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
2045:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
1811:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
1540:Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum
1428:Einiosaurus procurvicornis
1181:Wendiceratops pinhornensis
1164:Sinoceratops zhuchengensis
1133:Xenoceratops foremostensis
729:Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum
588:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
543:among the centrosaurines.
525:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
449:
436:
422:
4599:
4577:
4339:
4129:
4070:
4055:
4042:
4020:
3948:
3769:
3639:
3635:
3543:
3539:
3524:
3511:
3457:
3430:
3417:
3362:
3263:Albertosaurus sarcophagus
1536:
1518:Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai
1514:
1507:
1485:
1478:
1456:
1449:
1424:
1417:
1365:
1348:
1341:
1324:
1317:
1295:Styracosaurus albertensis
1291:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1230:
1208:
1177:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1129:
1122:
1100:
1078:
1065:
1047:
1029:
1022:
1012:
981:
964:
957:
950:
575:Charles Mortram Sternberg
459:), lizard) is an extinct
360:
355:
339:
332:
152:Scientific classification
150:
139:
130:
34:
18:Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai
1779:St. Mary River Formation
1751:St. Mary River Formation
985:Machairoceratops cronusi
935:species following Chiba
592:St. Mary River Formation
529:St. Mary River Formation
4830:Paleontology in Alberta
3556:Micropachycephalosaurus
2901:Journal of Paleontology
2473:Encyclopedia Britannica
2064:Western Interior Seaway
1898:, which was likely the
4835:Paleontology in Alaska
4825:Horseshoe Canyon fauna
2166:
2164:Prince Creek Formation
1774:
1658:
1328:Coronosaurus brinkmani
1212:Albertaceratops nesmoi
924:
899:
815:
781:
720:after its discoverer.
567:
537:Prince Creek Formation
4777:Paleobiology Database
3027:The Anatomical Record
2807:(2016). "Genasaurs".
2571:10.4202/app.2011.0033
2157:
2060:radiometrically dated
1763:
1653:
1460:Achelousaurus horneri
1369:Spinops sternbergorum
1082:Nasutoceratops titusi
968:Diabloceratops eatoni
905:
890:
810:
776:
612:University of Calgary
554:
547:Discovery and species
4850:Ornithischian genera
3300:Weishampel, David B.
2897:Medusaceratops lokii
2712:Museum, Fukui 65-66.
2522:10.1671/039.029.0405
1352:Centrosaurus apertus
1234:Medusaceratops lokii
1033:Avaceratops lammersi
922:Royal Tyrrell Museum
627:Royal Tyrrell Museum
486:Charles M. Sternberg
145:Royal Tyrrell Museum
143:composite skeleton,
3721:Archaeoceratopsidae
3279:2010CaJES..47.1159L
3180:2013PPP...371...26Q
2960:2011HBio...23..327E
2921:10.1017/jpa.2017.62
2913:2018JPal...92..272C
2874:2019JSPal..17.1397T
2740:2013PLoSO...865802F
2651:1975CaJES..12.1576L
2514:2009JVPal..29.1117A
1805:in the west to the
777:Size comparison of
4441:Crittendenceratops
4391:Albertaceratopsini
2948:Historical Biology
2167:
2082:that includes the
2074:stage of the Late
1775:
1659:
1278:Rubeosaurus ovatus
925:
900:
816:
782:
723:In 2013, Fiorillo
568:
4855:Cretaceous Alaska
4792:
4791:
4764:Open Tree of Life
4678:Taxon identifiers
4623:
4622:
4595:
4594:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4524:Pachyrhinosaurini
4462:Yehuecauhceratops
4425:Nasutoceratopsini
4326:
4325:
4038:
4037:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3899:Protoceratopsidae
3786:Leptoceratopsidae
3754:
3753:
3620:
3619:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3308:OsmĂłlska, Halszka
2868:(16): 1397â1416.
2846:978-1-447-25158-3
2818:978-0-691-16766-4
2701:978-0-660-19819-4
2422:multituberculates
2378:and the gar-like
2011:, the small clam
1871:Saurornitholestes
1858:, the duckbilled
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1414:Pachyrhinosaurini
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1306:
1305:
1197:
1196:
1111:
1110:
1019:Nasutoceratopsini
1001:
1000:
706:Wann Langston Jr.
694:skull and diagram
608:Wann Langston Jr.
412:
411:
406:
385:
328:
289:Pachyrhinosaurini
16:(Redirected from
4877:
4785:
4784:
4772:
4771:
4759:
4758:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4716:Pachyrhinosaurus
4705:
4704:
4703:
4686:Pachyrhinosaurus
4673:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4613:
4612:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4554:Pachyrhinosaurus
4478:
4352:Machairoceratops
4337:
4177:Coahuilaceratops
4127:
4068:
4057:
4044:
4033:
4028:
4027:
3946:
3895:
3879:Zhuchengceratops
3767:
3637:
3633:
3574:Chaoyangsauridae
3541:
3537:
3526:
3513:
3455:
3428:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3364:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3319:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3273:(9): 1159â1181.
3257:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3136:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3072:Weishampel, D.B.
3068:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3040:10.1002/ar.25104
3034:(7): 1697â1711.
3017:
3011:
3010:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2687:Pachyrhinosaurus
2672:
2663:
2662:
2645:(9): 1576â1608.
2635:Langston, W. Jr.
2631:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2586:Sternberg, C. M.
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2552:Pachyrhinosaurus
2545:
2534:
2533:
2508:(4): 1117â1135.
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2465:
2348:Pachyrhinosaurus
2202:Epichirostenotes
2138:Pachyrhinosaurus
2134:Pachyrhinosaurus
2126:Pachyrhinosaurus
2084:Battle Formation
2017:, and the snail
1904:Pachyrhinosaurus
1868:, the theropods
1830:paleoenvironment
1826:Pachyrhinosaurus
1721:sexual selection
1679:Pachyrhinosaurus
1668:sexual selection
1547:
1525:
1510:
1496:
1481:
1467:
1452:
1435:
1420:
1376:
1344:
1320:
1270:
1263:
1253:
1219:
1188:
1156:
1149:
1125:
1102:Malta new taxon
1089:
1054:
1025:
1015:
992:
960:
953:
943:
933:Pachyrhinosaurus
908:Pachyrhinosaurus
849:Pachyrhinosaurus
786:Pachyrhinosaurus
763:Pachyrhinosaurus
753:and benefactor,
714:Pachyrhinosaurus
702:Philip J. Currie
682:
673:
656:Pachyrhinosaurus
623:Pachyrhinosaurus
616:Pachyrhinosaurus
604:Pachyrhinosaurus
509:Wapiti Formation
498:Pachyrhinosaurus
458:
452:
451:
446:
439:
438:
432:
425:
424:
416:Pachyrhinosaurus
397:
390:
372:
365:
342:
323:
319:Pachyrhinosaurus
316:
303:
287:
274:
261:
248:
232:
216:
160:
159:
135:
125:
55:
40:Temporal range:
36:Pachyrhinosaurus
32:
21:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4680:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4648:
4646:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4591:
4584:
4559:
4518:
4467:
4448:Furcatoceratops
4419:
4400:Albertaceratops
4385:
4359:Menefeeceratops
4322:
4295:Tatankaceratops
4252:
4198:Mercuriceratops
4149:Arrhinoceratops
4116:
4064:
4051:
4034:
4022:
3994:
3974:
3935:
3884:
3851:Montanoceratops
3780:
3775:Graciliceratops
3763:
3750:
3730:Archaeoceratops
3715:
3629:
3616:
3604:Xuanhuaceratops
3590:Hualianceratops
3568:
3549:Albalophosaurus
3533:
3520:
3491:
3471:
3444:
3438:Avemetatarsalia
3423:Avemetatarsalia
3413:
3407:Marginocephalia
3369:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3323:
3322:
3298:
3294:
3287:10.1139/e10-005
3259:
3258:
3254:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3206:
3195:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3019:
3018:
3014:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2833:Brusatte, Steve
2831:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2673:
2666:
2659:10.1139/e75-142
2633:
2632:
2628:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2445:
2417:Stangerochampsa
2328:Montanoceratops
2314:Arrhinoceratops
2172:coexisted with
2152:
2088:Whitemud Member
2052:
2047:
1946:Plioplatecarpus
1908:actinopterygian
1880:, possibly the
1844:Montanoceratops
1823:
1807:Canadian Shield
1803:Rocky Mountains
1758:
1753:
1748:
1737:
1735:Palaeopathology
1648:
1643:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1307:
1198:
1112:
1002:
894:mounted at the
885:
811:Restoration of
771:
698:
697:
696:
695:
685:
684:
683:
675:
674:
651:paleontologists
639:Pipestone Creek
549:
396:
371:
351:
350:Sternberg, 1950
348:
322:
314:
301:
285:
272:
259:
246:
230:
214:
154:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4883:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4805:Centrosaurines
4797:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4773:
4760:
4747:
4734:
4721:
4706:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4455:Nasutoceratops
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4414:Medusaceratops
4410:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4345:Diabloceratops
4340:
4334:
4332:Centrosaurinae
4328:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4303:Titanoceratops
4299:
4291:
4288:Regaliceratops
4284:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4258:Triceratopsini
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4219:Sierraceratops
4215:
4208:
4205:Navajoceratops
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4122:Chasmosaurinae
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4083:Brachyceratops
4079:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3962:Turanoceratops
3958:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3872:Unescoceratops
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3837:Ischioceratops
3833:
3830:Gryphoceratops
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3710:Sasayamagnomus
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3660:Auroraceratops
3656:
3649:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3583:Chaoyangsaurus
3578:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3563:Psittacosaurus
3559:
3552:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3431:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3292:
3252:
3217:
3193:
3154:
3147:
3118:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3060:
3012:
2989:
2954:(4): 327â334.
2934:
2907:(2): 272â288.
2887:
2852:
2845:
2824:
2817:
2793:
2773:
2714:
2704:
2664:
2626:
2607:
2577:
2564:(3): 561â573.
2535:
2485:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2424:and the early
2391:Leurospondylus
2234:Dromiceiomimus
2212:Albertavenator
2178:Anodontosaurus
2151:
2148:
2080:Edmonton Group
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
1886:Thescelosaurus
1848:, the armored
1822:
1819:
1791:Bearpaw Seaway
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
980:
977:
976:
973:
972:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
947:Centrosaurinae
941:
884:
883:Classification
881:
770:
767:
733:Colville River
687:
686:
677:
676:
668:
667:
666:
665:
664:
548:
545:
473:from the Late
410:
409:
408:
407:
386:
358:
357:
356:Other species
353:
352:
349:
337:
336:
330:
329:
312:
308:
307:
299:
292:
291:
283:
279:
278:
276:Centrosaurinae
270:
266:
265:
257:
253:
252:
244:
237:
236:
234:Neornithischia
228:
221:
220:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4882:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4633:
4629:
4616:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4588:
4582:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:Achelousaurus
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4513:
4512:Styracosaurus
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4482:Centrosaurini
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Eucentrosaura
4470:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:Wendiceratops
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:Eotriceratops
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:Pentaceratops
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:Kosmoceratops
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4163:Bravoceratops
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:Bisticeratops
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:Anchiceratops
4139:
4137:
4136:
4135:Agujaceratops
4132:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4026:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Ceratopsoidea
3938:
3932:
3931:
3930:Protoceratops
3927:
3925:
3924:
3923:Breviceratops
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:Udanoceratops
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:Prenoceratops
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3844:Leptoceratops
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:Bainoceratops
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:Helioceratops
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3703:Mosaiceratops
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3674:Koreaceratops
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3627:Neoceratopsia
3623:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3317:
3316:0-520-24209-2
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:Dodson, Peter
3301:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3213:Carpenter, K.
3210:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:0-691-05900-4
3144:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3127:Dodson, Peter
3122:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3093:0-520-24209-2
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:(6): e65802.
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:invertebrates
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2401:Champsosaurus
2397:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2343:apex predator
2340:
2339:
2338:Albertosaurus
2335:
2334:tyrannosaurid
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:Eotriceratops
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2307:Anchiceratops
2304:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2290:Hypacrosaurus
2286:
2284:
2283:Edmontosaurus
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:edmontonensis
2264:
2263:Sphaerotholus
2259:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2248:Struthiomimus
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:ornithomimids
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:alvarezsaurid
2215:curriei, the
2214:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:maniraptorans
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:ankylosaurids
2171:
2170:P. canadensis
2165:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:Edmontosaurus
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Maastrichtian
2069:
2066:, during the
2065:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:Paracimexomys
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:Champsosaurus
1958:
1954:
1953:
1949:, the turtle
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1906:included the
1905:
1901:
1900:apex predator
1897:
1896:
1895:Albertosaurus
1892:
1891:tyrannosaurid
1888:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:Edmontosaurus
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:Anchiceratops
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Maastrichtian
1785:and the late
1784:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1771:Albertosaurus
1767:
1766:P. canadensis
1762:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1677:Unlike other
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:Centrosaurini
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:Eucentrosaura
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:(ANSP 15800)
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
991:
987:
986:
979:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
969:
962:
961:
955:
954:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
923:
919:
915:
914:
913:Achelousaurus
909:
904:
897:
893:
889:
882:
880:
878:
874:
873:P. canadensis
870:
866:
862:
861:P. canadensis
858:
854:
850:
845:
842:
838:
834:
833:P. canadensis
830:
826:
822:
821:P. canadensis
814:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:P. canadensis
787:
780:
779:P. canadensis
775:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
693:
690:
681:
672:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
593:
589:
584:
580:
577:based on the
576:
572:
566:
562:
561:P. canadensis
558:
553:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:P. canadensis
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:North America
479:
476:
472:
469:
466:
465:centrosaurine
462:
457:
447:), nose; and
445:
440:
431:
426:
418:
417:
404:
400:
395:
394:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
369:
362:
361:
359:
354:
347:
346:
338:
335:
331:
326:
321:
320:
313:
310:
309:
306:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:73.5â69
47:
46:Maastrichtian
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4685:
4553:
4552:
4547:Stellasaurus
4545:
4538:
4531:
4510:
4503:
4498:Coronosaurus
4496:
4491:Centrosaurus
4489:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4412:
4407:Lokiceratops
4405:
4398:
4380:Xenoceratops
4378:
4371:
4366:Sinoceratops
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4274:Nedoceratops
4272:
4265:
4247:Vagaceratops
4245:
4240:Utahceratops
4238:
4233:Terminocavus
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4184:Judiceratops
4182:
4175:
4170:Chasmosaurus
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4062:Ceratopsidae
4049:Ceratopsidae
3980:Ceratopsidae
3969:Zuniceratops
3967:
3960:
3954:Ajkaceratops
3952:
3928:
3921:
3916:Bagaceratops
3914:
3908:Ajkaceratops
3906:
3890:Coronosauria
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3795:Asiaceratops
3793:
3773:
3761:Euceratopsia
3744:Yamaceratops
3742:
3735:
3728:
3708:
3701:
3696:Microceratus
3694:
3689:Liaoceratops
3687:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3645:Ajkaceratops
3643:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3465:Ornithischia
3450:Ornithischia
3402:
3398:Ornithischia
3393:
3384:
3295:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3209:Tanke, D. H.
3171:
3167:
3132:
3121:
3111:
3102:
3083:
3080:Osmolska, H.
3051:. Retrieved
3031:
3025:
3015:
2998:
2992:
2951:
2947:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2836:
2827:
2808:
2783:
2776:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2679:Langston, W.
2675:Currie, P.J.
2642:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:Arbour, V.M.
2488:
2478:December 20,
2476:. Retrieved
2472:
2463:
2428:
2415:
2411:Leidyosuchus
2409:
2406:crocodilians
2399:
2389:
2381:Belonostomus
2379:
2347:
2336:
2330:cerorhynchus
2326:
2323:xerinsularis
2319:
2312:
2305:
2303:ceratopsians
2295:
2288:
2281:
2279:hadrosaurids
2273:Parksosaurus
2271:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2243:edmontonicus
2241:Ornithomimus
2239:
2236:brevitertius
2232:
2224:Albertonykus
2222:
2210:
2200:
2195:Atrociraptor
2193:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2160:P. perotorum
2159:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2103:river deltas
2053:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2009:wyomingensis
2005:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1934:
1927:
1923:Belonostomus
1921:
1915:
1912:Amia fragosa
1911:
1903:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1852:
1846:cerorhynchus
1842:
1836:
1834:ceratopsians
1825:
1824:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1746:Paleoecology
1740:P. perotorum
1739:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1700:
1699:
1691:P. perotorum
1690:
1683:P. perotorum
1682:
1678:
1676:
1663:P. perotorum
1662:
1660:
1656:P. perotorum
1655:
1646:Growth rates
1641:Paleobiology
1539:
1538:
1537:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1458:
1457:
1426:
1425:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1349:
1326:
1325:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1275:
1232:
1231:
1210:
1209:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1131:
1130:
1101:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1048:
1031:
1030:
983:
982:
966:
965:
936:
932:
926:
911:
907:
896:Perot Museum
892:P. perotorum
891:
876:
872:
868:
865:P. perotorum
864:
860:
857:P. perotorum
856:
852:
848:
846:
841:P. perotorum
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:P. perotorum
824:
820:
817:
812:
798:P. perotorum
797:
793:
789:
785:
783:
778:
762:
740:
728:
724:
722:
717:
713:
710:Darren Tanke
699:
689:P. perotorum
688:
655:
630:
622:
620:
615:
603:
601:
597:World War II
570:
569:
564:
560:
557:P. perotorum
556:
533:P. perotorum
532:
520:
504:
502:
497:
434:
420:
415:
414:
413:
393:P. perotorum
392:
391:
367:
366:
344:
343:
334:Type species
318:
317:
295:
263:Ceratopsidae
240:
224:
218:Ornithischia
208:
195:
140:
35:
29:
4710:Wikispecies
4540:Einiosaurus
4434:Avaceratops
4317:Triceratops
4281:Ojoceratops
4104:Monoclonius
3816:Ferrisaurus
3681:Kulceratops
3053:9 September
2683:Tanke, D.H.
2430:Didelphodon
2297:Saurolophus
2136:surviving.
2130:Edmontonian
2119:Edmontonian
2115:tidal flats
2107:floodplains
2033:Hydropteris
2007:Crassostrea
1987:Leptalestes
1981:Didelphodon
1917:Lepisosteus
1828:shared its
1815:floodplains
1729:P. lakustai
1714:ectothermic
1701:P. lakustai
1446:Pachyrostra
916:, or a new
877:P. lakustai
869:P. lakustai
853:P. lakustai
837:P. lakustai
829:P. lakustai
813:P. lakustai
802:herbivorous
794:P. lakustai
769:Description
751:billionaire
739:. Fiorillo
718:P. lakustai
565:P. lakustai
507:, from the
505:P. lakustai
368:P. lakustai
305:Pachyrostra
269:Subfamily:
141:P. lakustai
4799:Categories
4603:See also:
4310:Torosaurus
4226:Spiclypeus
4076:Agathaumas
3989:see belowâ
3809:Cerasinops
3597:Stenopelix
3531:Ceratopsia
3518:Ceratopsia
3486:see belowâ
3477:Ceratopsia
3389:Dinosauria
3356:Ceratopsia
3265:bonebed".
3076:Dodson, P.
3007:1035309268
2805:Paul, G.S.
2623:: 109â120.
2455:References
2387:plesiosaur
2356:amphibians
2332:, and the
2292:altispinus
2269:ornithopod
2257:Stegoceras
2208:troodontid
2185:Edmontonia
2158:A herd of
2150:Paleofauna
2090:, both in
2076:Cretaceous
2002:propriscus
1975:Cimolestes
1968:Turgidodon
1936:Platacodon
1889:, and the
1882:ornithopod
1854:Edmontonia
1821:Paleofauna
1710:asymptotic
759:integument
755:Ross Perot
515:and lower
475:Cretaceous
468:ceratopsid
433:), thick;
250:Ceratopsia
202:Dinosauria
4642:Dinosaurs
3372:Kingdom:
3247:220429286
3174:: 26â44.
3116:1441â1446
3048:1932-8486
2984:129724501
2976:0891-2963
2929:134031275
2426:marsupial
2368:sturgeons
2350:included
2316:brachyops
2197:marshalli
2187:longiceps
2068:Campanian
2058:has been
1993:Cimolodon
1929:Paralbula
1860:hadrosaur
1856:longiceps
1783:Campanian
1716:animals.
1681:species,
1067:CMN 8804
929:cladogram
788:species,
325:Sternberg
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
42:Campanian
4695:Wikidata
4615:Category
4605:Timeline
4111:Polyonax
4097:Dysganus
4090:Ceratops
3653:Aquilops
3380:Chordata
3378:Phylum:
3374:Animalia
3129:(1996).
3082:(2004).
2768:23840371
2728:PLOS ONE
2596:: 1230.
2530:85665879
2443:See also
2352:reptiles
2226:borealis
2220:theropod
2092:Edmonton
2086:and the
2039:rhizomes
2028:angulata
1970:russelli
1959:reptile
1955:and the
1942:mosasaur
1850:nodosaur
1705:ontogeny
1049:MOR 692
939:(2017):
716:, named
692:paratype
621:Another
602:Another
583:paratype
579:holotype
541:speciose
471:dinosaur
399:Fiorillo
378:Langston
256:Family:
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
4769:4947066
4756:1059699
4743:4572164
4730:4531628
4701:Q131568
4628:Portals
4505:Spinops
3823:Gremlin
3611:Yinlong
3275:Bibcode
3233:: 55A.
3176:Bibcode
2956:Bibcode
2909:Bibcode
2870:Bibcode
2759:3686821
2736:Bibcode
2647:Bibcode
2510:Bibcode
2396:turtles
2372:bowfins
2309:ornatus
2299:osborni
2285:regalis
2275:warreni
2204:curriei
2111:lagoons
2050:Habitat
2035:pinnata
2026:Trapago
1995:nitidus
1957:diapsid
1952:Boremys
1910:fishes
1877:Troodon
1866:regalis
1795:Montana
1756:Habitat
851:. Both
660:unicorn
643:Alberta
635:bonebed
513:Bearpaw
490:Alberta
403:Tykoski
311:Genus:
282:Tribe:
120:↓
4666:Alaska
4654:Canada
3314:
3306:; and
3245:
3211:, and
3145:
3090:
3046:
3005:
2982:
2974:
2927:
2843:
2815:
2766:
2756:
2699:
2681:, and
2528:
2404:, and
2360:Sharks
2354:, and
2301:, the
2294:, and
2277:, the
2267:, the
2260:, and
2251:, the
2228:, the
2206:, the
2189:, the
2180:lambei
2113:, and
2099:swamps
2020:Thiara
2014:Anomia
1997:, and
1940:, the
1933:, and
1687:winter
937:et al.
741:et al.
737:Alaska
725:et al.
708:, and
637:along
563:, and
494:Alaska
478:period
456:sauros
450:ÏαÏ
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405:, 2012
401:&
384:, 2008
380:&
374:Currie
327:, 1950
4782:38858
4751:IRMNG
3403:Clade
3394:Clade
3385:Clade
3243:S2CID
3139:14â15
2980:S2CID
2925:S2CID
2788:(PDF)
2526:S2CID
2408:like
1938:nanus
1931:casei
1725:nasal
1695:genus
1672:nasal
920:, in
918:taxon
745:Texas
461:genus
430:pachy
382:Tanke
296:Clade
241:Clade
225:Clade
209:Clade
196:Clade
4738:GBIF
3463:see
3436:see
3312:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3055:2024
3044:ISSN
3003:OCLC
2972:ISSN
2841:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2764:PMID
2697:ISBN
2480:2019
2432:coyi
2414:and
2376:gars
2364:rays
2182:and
2096:peat
2070:and
2054:The
1874:and
1841:and
1777:The
1768:and
927:The
855:and
835:and
823:and
796:and
444:rinĂł
437:ÏÎčÎœÏ
423:ΠαÏÏ
59:Preê
4725:EoL
3667:Beg
3283:doi
3235:doi
3184:doi
3172:371
3036:doi
3032:306
2964:doi
2917:doi
2878:doi
2754:PMC
2744:doi
2655:doi
2621:118
2598:doi
2566:doi
2518:doi
748:oil
735:in
641:in
488:in
480:of
463:of
44:to
4801::
4779::
4766::
4753::
4740::
4727::
4712::
4697::
3405::
3396::
3387::
3302:;
3281:.
3271:47
3269:.
3241:.
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3141:.
3078:;
3074:;
3063:^
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3024:.
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2937:^
2923:.
2915:.
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2876:.
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2796:^
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2726:.
2677:,
2667:^
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2641:.
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2560:.
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2538:^
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2516:.
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2471:.
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2358:.
2325:,
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2311:,
2287:,
2238:,
2199:,
2146:.
2105:,
2101:,
2037:,
1990:,
1984:,
1978:,
1972:,
1926:,
1920:,
1914:,
1817:.
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910:,
863:.
704:,
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500:.
376:,
298::
243::
227::
211::
198::
109:Pg
53:Ma
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453:(
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