167:, small, stocky horses named after the Scottish district where they were first bred. Those employed in the lime-carriage trade were known as "limegals". Each pony could carry about 240 pounds (110 kg) in weight, spread between two panniers. Typically a train of ponies would number between 12 and 20, but sometimes up to 40. They averaged about 25 miles (40 km) a day. The train's leader commonly wore a bell to warn of its approach, since contemporary accounts emphasised the risk packhorse trains presented to others. They were particularly useful as roads were muddy and often impassable by wagon or cart, and there were no bridges over some major rivers in the north of England.
92:
241:. In colonial America, Spanish, French, Dutch and English traders made use of pack horses to carry goods to remote Native Americans and to carry hides back to colonial market centers. They had little choice, the Americas had virtually no improved waterways before the 1820s and roads in times before the automobile were only improved locally around a municipality, and only rarely in between. This meant cities and towns were connected by roads which carts and wagons could navigate only with difficulty, for virtually every eastern hill or mountain with a shallow
340:
227:
1220:
280:, North America's second oldest which used mule trains to return the five ton coal cars the four hour climb the nine miles back to the upper terminus. Mules rode the roller-coaster precursor on the down trip to the docks, stables and paddocks below. The same company, as did its many competitors made extensive use of sure footed pack mules and donkeys in coal mines, including in some cases measures to stable the animals below ground. These were often managed by 'mule boys', a pay-grade up and a step above a
480:
31:
192:
developing commercial and industrial economy. In the 18th century, canals started to be built in
England and, following the Turnpike Act 1773, metalled roads. They made the ancient packhorse routes obsolete. Away from main routes, their use persisted into the 19th century leaving a legacy of paths across wilderness areas called
414:
520:
Loading of a packhorse requires care. Weight carried is the first factor to consider. The average horse can carry up to approximately 30% of its body weight. Thus, a 1,000 pounds (450 kg) horse cannot carry more than 250 to 300 pounds (110 to 140 kg). A load carried by a packhorse also
504:
Foundation training of the packhorse is similar to that of a riding horse. Many but not all packhorses are also trained to be ridden. In addition, a packhorse is required to have additional skills that may not be required of a riding horse. A pack horse is required to be tolerant of close proximity
191:
As the need for cross-Pennine transportation increased, the main routes were improved, often by laying stone setts parallel to the horse track, at a distance of a cartwheel. They remained difficult in poor weather, the
Reddyshore Scoutgate was "notoriously difficult", and became insufficient for a
496:, pack mules are used to bring supplies to areas where roads are poor and fuel supply is uncertain. For example, they are a critical part of the supply chain for all sides of the conflict in remote parts of Afghanistan.
509:, long ropes, noisy loads, and the shifting of the load during transit. Patience and tolerance are crucial; for example, there are many ways to put pack horses into a pack string, but one method incorporates tying the
307:
people when traveling from place to place, and were also used by traders to carry goods to both Indian and White settlements. During a few decades of the 19th
Century, enormous pack trains carried goods on the
78:
period to the present day. Today, westernized nations primarily use packhorses for recreational pursuits, but they are still an important part of everyday transportation of goods throughout much of the
489:
In the third world, packhorses and donkeys to an even greater extent, still haul goods to market, carry supplies for workers, and many other of the same jobs that have been performed for millennia.
472:
to carry in supplies to maintain trails, cabins and bring in commercial goods to backcountry tourist lodges and other remote, permanent residences. Additionally, packhorses have also been used by
401:) carried a variety of merchandise and the baggage of travelers using a pack saddle that ranged from a basic wooden frame to the elaborate pack saddles used for the semi-annual processions (
152:
for a road or way) and the Rapes
Highway (after Rapes Hill). The medieval paths were marked by wayside crosses along their routes. Mount Cross, above the hamlet of Shore in the
212:
name throughout
England. During the 19th century, horses that transported officers' baggage during military campaigns were referred to as "bathorses" from the French
74:. Typically packhorses are used to cross difficult terrain, where the absence of roads prevents the use of wheeled vehicles. Use of packhorses dates from the
911:
160:
influence. As the
Vikings moved eastwards from the Irish Sea in about 950 AD, it is likely that the pack horse routes were established from that time.
1013:
272:
using pack trains in what may be the earliest commercial mining company in North
America. Afterwards in 1818−1827 its new management built first the
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945:
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91:
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483:
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102:
565:
110:
940:
Kinsey, J. M. and
Denison, Jennifer. Backcountry Basics Colorado Springs, CO: Western Horseman Publishing, 2008.
265:
114:
999:
530:
436:, the packhorse plays a major role in recreational pursuits, particularly to transport goods and supplies into
339:
175:
919:
226:
464:
to transport materials to remote locations to set up campsites for tourists and guests. They are used by the
405:) of Daimyō. Pack horses also carried the equipment and food for samurai warriors during military campaigns.
1279:
201:
505:
to other animals in the packstring, both to the front and to the rear. The horse must also be tolerant of
1284:
413:
287:
As the nation expanded west, packhorses, singly or in a pack train of several animals, were used by early
1238:
1115:
469:
1219:
141:
between
Lancashire and Yorkshire, enabling salt, limestone, coal, fleeces and cloth to be transported.
670:
Both
Collins, at p.81, and Parry at p.31, above, quote in full the Long Causeway jingle, which starts
1105:
886:
535:
453:
422:
313:
231:
35:
513:
lead of one animal to the tail of the animal in front of it, an act that often provokes kicking or
179:
253:
formations, including escarpments. Even a small stream would have steep banks in normal terrains.
735:
473:
941:
859:
825:
791:
764:
711:
493:
418:
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197:
80:
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514:
440:
and where motor vehicles are either prohibited or impracticable. They are used by mounted
437:
621:(David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London & North Pomfret, Vermont) 1981, chapter 3
1065:
1048:
1033:
1022:
303:
who covered great distances by themselves or in small groups. Packhorses were used by
98:
95:
1273:
1204:
1070:
460:
to carry tools and equipment that cannot be carried with the rider. They are used by
366:
164:
145:
521:
has to be balanced, with weight even on both sides to the greatest degree possible.
1172:
650:
Marsden & Delph to Howarth & Oxenhope-Bridleway Rides in the South Pennines
402:
296:
273:
269:
209:
758:
148:; others were named after landmarks, such as the Reddyshore Scoutgate ("gate" is
1258:
1177:
1157:
1152:
1130:
1120:
1095:
1090:
1075:
1038:
967:
550:
545:
461:
300:
292:
281:
182:" The importance of packhorse routes was reflected in jingles and rhymes, often
149:
1110:
479:
317:
261:
587:(Phillimore & Co, London & Chichester) 1976, chapter 20 Andrew Bibby
125:
Packhorses were heavily used to transport goods and minerals in England from
1248:
1100:
1085:
1080:
1053:
560:
441:
288:
237:
The packhorse, mule or donkey was a critical tool in the development of the
171:
130:
75:
178:(at a ford) called Fennysford in the King's Highway between Clitheroe and
117:, and into modern times where roads are nonexistent or poorly maintained.
17:
1199:
1167:
1125:
250:
242:
238:
184:
153:
138:
126:
661:
Report of Quarter Sessions, 1632, cited by Herbert Collins, above, p163
449:
370:
157:
71:
30:
174:
before 1750, and "commonly 200 to 300 laden horses every day over the
1137:
510:
457:
445:
426:
63:
1184:
1147:
1142:
1043:
991:
555:
478:
412:
362:
338:
246:
225:
144:
Some routes had self-describing names, such as Limersgate and the
134:
90:
55:
29:
361:
Packhorses are used worldwide to convey many products. In feudal
1189:
67:
59:
995:
1209:
1060:
27:
Horse, mule, donkey, or pony used to carry goods on its back
1194:
692:
617:
Herbert C. Collins, above, chapters 6 and 9. Keith Parry
113:. They were invaluable throughout antiquity, through the
369:
was reserved for the samurai class until the end of the
70:
used to carry goods on its back, usually in sidebags or
790:. Congregational Sunday-school and publishing society.
373:
era (1868); lower classes would ride on a pack saddle (
109:
Packhorses have been used since the earliest period of
591:(Frances, Lincoln) 2005, p88. See also Gladys Sellers
395:
389:
382:
375:
351:
345:
958:
American Endurance Ride Conference (November 2003).
818:
Cullen, L. M.; Cullen, Louis Michael (15 May 2003).
639:
Gladys Sellers, above, p26. Andrew Bibby, above, p88
619:
Trans-Pennine Heritage: Hills, People and Transport
357:) carrying two girls as passengers, circa 1900–1929
432:In North America and Australia, in areas such the
652:(Pennine Packhorse Trails Trust, Todmorden) 1998
476:to transport narcotics across wilderness areas.
196:and distinctive narrow, low sided stone arched
83:and have some military uses in rugged regions.
327:maps, many such trails continue to be labeled
1007:
137:in the 18th century. Many routes crossed the
8:
213:
170:About 1000 packhorses a day passed through
101:using packhorses to carry wooden chairs up
1014:
1000:
992:
129:times until the construction of the first
249:and ravines in their bottoms, as well as
852:Turnbull, Stephen (20 September 2011).
576:
245:was flanked by valleys with stream cut
709:
693:"South Pennine Packhorse Trails Trust"
595:(Cicerone Press, Milnthorpe) 1991, p25
278:Mauch Chunk & Summit Hill Railroad
948:. Chapter 3: "Making the Trail Horse"
7:
258:Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company
230:A miner with a packhorse during the
608:(Dent & Sons, London) 1950, p99
589:South Pennines and the Bronte Moors
25:
987:Horses, Hitches and Rocky Trails.
760:Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins
672:Brunley (Burnley) for ready money
194:packhorse routes, roads or trails
1218:
784:Griffis, William Elliot (1890).
734:. cottontown.org. Archived from
484:Australian National Horse Trail
325:United States Geological Survey
291:and explorers, most notably by
824:. Cambridge University Press.
682:See Parry, above, chapters 5-8
474:drug trafficking organizations
1:
1295:Illegal drug trade techniques
960:"Chapter 3, Section IV: Size"
821:A History of Japan, 1582-1941
630:Herbert C Collins, above, p99
593:Walking in the South Pennines
284:in the society of the times.
222:Historic use in North America
1244:List of domesticated animals
466:United States Forest Service
387:) or bareback. Pack horses (
912:"Half a century of the SAS"
541:Bicentennial National Trail
434:Bicentennial National Trail
396:
390:
383:
376:
352:
346:
1311:
964:Endurance Rider's Handbook
855:Warriors of Medieval Japan
763:. OUP Oxford. p. 39.
716:: CS1 maint: url-status (
566:Pack Horse Library Project
111:domestication of the horse
1227:
1216:
1029:
887:"Drug Smuggling by Horse"
757:Cresswell, Julia (2010).
266:Summit Hill, Pennsylvania
1290:Animal-powered transport
531:Backpacking with animals
268:, to cargo boats on the
585:A History of Lancashire
121:Historic use in England
966:. AERC. Archived from
606:The Roof of Lancashire
517:in untrained animals.
486:
429:
358:
234:
218:, meaning packsaddle.
214:
106:
39:
1239:Human uses of animals
1116:Search and rescue dog
482:
470:National Park Service
416:
343:Japanese pack horse (
342:
229:
163:Most packhorses were
94:
33:
1106:Military working dog
536:Backpacking (hiking)
314:Santa Fe, New Mexico
232:California Gold Rush
365:riding in a saddle
335:Other historic uses
204:near Huddersfield.
891:The New York Times
732:"Packhorse Routes"
604:Herbert C Collins,
487:
430:
359:
235:
107:
40:
1267:
1266:
946:978-0-911647-84-6
787:Honda the Samurai
770:978-0-19-954793-7
419:suspension bridge
417:Pack horses on a
310:Old Spanish Trail
256:By the 1790s the
198:packhorse bridges
156:, shows signs of
16:(Redirected from
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978:
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918:. Archived from
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738:on June 15, 2006
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697:www.spptt.org.uk
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500:Training and use
438:wilderness areas
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217:
200:for example, at
81:developing world
38:with a packhorse
21:
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1254:Military animal
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1023:Working animals
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922:on 4 April 2011
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305:Native American
262:anthracite coal
224:
188:of the routes.
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1280:Types of horse
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131:turnpike roads
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99:Alice Manfield
96:Mountain guide
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421:crossing the
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206:The Packhorse
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185:aide-memoires
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19:
1173:Riding horse
1162:
986:
985:Back, Joe.
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
963:
953:
936:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
915:
906:
895:. Retrieved
893:. 1995-01-25
890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
854:
847:
835:. Retrieved
820:
813:
801:. Retrieved
786:
779:
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740:. Retrieved
736:the original
726:
700:. Retrieved
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403:sankin kotai
388:
374:
360:
344:
328:
322:
299:", and gold
297:mountain men
293:fur trappers
286:
274:Lehigh Canal
270:Lehigh River
255:
236:
210:public house
208:is a common
205:
193:
190:
183:
176:River Calder
169:
162:
143:
124:
108:
54:refers to a
51:
47:
43:
41:
1259:Pack animal
1178:Stock horse
1158:Guide horse
1153:Draft horse
1131:Therapy dog
1121:Service dog
1096:Hunting dog
1091:Herding dog
1076:Draught dog
1039:Bali cattle
871:18 February
837:18 February
803:18 February
551:Pack saddle
546:Pack animal
423:Rogue River
409:Modern uses
384:konida-gura
323:On current
301:prospectors
282:breaker boy
276:, then the
150:Old English
115:Middle Ages
1274:Categories
1163:Pack horse
1111:Police dog
974:2008-08-07
897:2021-01-21
742:January 9,
583:J.J.Bagley
572:References
492:In modern
442:outfitters
397:konida-uma
353:konida-uma
329:pack trail
318:California
316:, west to
103:Mt Buffalo
48:pack horse
18:Pack train
1249:Livestock
1101:Mercy dog
1086:Guide dog
1081:Guard dog
1054:Dromedary
926:4 October
648:Sue Hogg
561:Outfitter
507:breeching
289:surveyors
172:Clitheroe
165:Galloways
105:, c. 1912
76:Neolithic
44:packhorse
1200:Reindeer
1168:Pit pony
1126:Sled dog
712:cite web
702:12 April
525:See also
468:and the
454:stockmen
251:Cut bank
243:gradient
239:Americas
139:Pennines
127:medieval
72:panniers
36:stockman
515:bolting
494:warfare
458:cowboys
450:campers
446:hunters
377:ni-gura
371:samurai
247:gullies
202:Marsden
180:Whalley
87:History
52:sumpter
1138:Donkey
944:
862:
828:
794:
767:
511:halter
427:Oregon
391:ni-uma
367:(kura)
347:ni-uma
158:Viking
135:canals
64:donkey
1185:Llama
1148:Horse
1143:Gayal
1044:Camel
556:Guide
363:Japan
312:from
264:from
66:, or
56:horse
50:, or
1190:Mule
942:ISBN
928:2007
873:2015
860:ISBN
839:2015
826:ISBN
805:2015
792:ISBN
765:ISBN
744:2007
718:link
704:2018
456:and
133:and
68:pony
60:mule
1210:Yak
1061:Dog
425:in
394:or
350:or
295:, "
215:bat
1276::
1195:Ox
962:.
914:.
889:.
714:}}
710:{{
695:.
452:,
448:,
444:,
380:or
331:.
320:.
62:,
58:,
46:,
42:A
34:A
1015:e
1008:t
1001:v
977:.
930:.
900:.
875:.
841:.
807:.
773:.
746:.
720:)
706:.
20:)
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