Engineered wood - Knowledge (XXG)

1001:, studies have linked prolonged inhalation of formaldehyde gases to cancer. Engineered wood composites have been found to emit potentially harmful amounts of formaldehyde gas in two ways: unreacted free formaldehyde and the chemical decomposition of resin adhesives. When excessive amounts of formaldehyde are added to a process, the surplus will not have any additive to bond with and may seep from the wood product over time. Cheap urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives are largely responsible for degraded resin emissions. Moisture degrades the weak UF molecules, resulting in potentially harmful formaldehyde emissions. McLube offers release agents and platen sealers designed for those manufacturers who use reduced-formaldehyde UF and melamine-formaldehyde adhesives. Many OSB and plywood manufacturers use phenol-formaldehyde (PF) because phenol is a much more effective additive. Phenol forms a water-resistant bond with formaldehyde that will not degrade in moist environments. PF resins have not been found to pose significant health risks due to formaldehyde emissions. While PF is an excellent adhesive, the engineered wood industry has started to shift toward polyurethane binders like pMDI to achieve even greater water resistance, strength, and process efficiency. pMDIs are also used extensively in the production of rigid 365:

timber, have existed for over a hundred years. Mass timber enjoyed increasing popularity from 2012 onward, due to growing concern around the sustainability of building materials, and interest in prefabrication, off site construction, and modularization, for which mass timber is well suited. The various types of mass timber share the advantage of faster construction times as the components are manufactured off-site, and pre-finished to exact dimensions for simple on-site fastening. Mass timber has been shown to have structural properties competitive with steel and concrete, opening the possibility to build large, tall buildings out of wood. Extensive testing has demonstrated the natural fire resistance properties of mass timber – primarily due the creation of a char layer around a column or beam which prevents fire from reaching the inner layers of wood. In recognition of the proven structural and fire performance of mass timber, the

251:(OSB) is a wood structural panel manufactured from rectangular-shaped strands of wood that are oriented lengthwise and then arranged in layers, laid up into mats, and bonded together with moisture-resistant, heat-cured adhesives. The individual layers can be cross-oriented to provide strength and stiffness to the panel. Similar to plywood, most OSB panels are delivered with more strength in one direction. The wood strands in the outermost layer on each side of the board are normally aligned into the strongest direction of the board. Arrows on the product will often identify the strongest direction of the board (the height, or longest dimension, in most cases). Produced in huge, continuous mats, OSB is a solid panel product of consistent quality with no laps, gaps, or voids. OSB is delivered in various dimensions, strengths, and levels of water resistance. 240:, a wood structural panel, is sometimes called the original engineered wood product. Plywood is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated veneer and bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. By alternating the grain direction of the veneers from layer to layer, or "cross-orienting", panel strength and stiffness in both directions are maximized. Other structural wood panels include oriented strand boards and structural composite panels. 325:(PSL) consists of long veneer strands laid in parallel formation and bonded together with an adhesive to form the finished structural section. The length-to-thickness ratio of strands in PSL is about 300. A strong, consistent material, it has a high load-carrying ability and is resistant to seasoning stresses so it is well suited for use as beams and columns for post and beam construction, and for beams, headers, and lintels for light framing construction. 135: 200: 4118: 33: 4140: 314:(LVL) is produced by bonding thin wood veneers together in a large billet, similar to plywood. The grain of all veneers in the LVL billet is parallel to the long direction (unlike plywood). The resulting product features enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional stability that offer a broader range in product width, depth, and length than conventional lumber. 4128: 388:(CLT) is a versatile multi-layered panel made of lumber. Each layer of boards is placed perpendicular to adjacent layers for increased rigidity and strength. It is relatively new and gaining popularity within the construction industry as it can be used for long spans and all assemblies, e.g. floors, walls, or roofs. 827:

Engineered wood panels are easy to work with using ordinary tools and basic skills. They can be cut, drilled, routed, jointed, glued, and fastened. Plywood can be bent to form curved surfaces without loss of strength. Large panel sizes speeds up construction by reducing the number of pieces that need

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MT built buildings perform very well in seismic events because they are roughly half the mass and half the stiffness when compared to reinforced concrete buildings. Reduced stiffness allows MT buildings to be ductile and resist lateral distortion without compromising the structural integrity of

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White wood can also be put through a compression process, similar to the process mentioned for densified wood, which increases its mechanical performance compared to natural wood (8.7 times higher in tensile strength and 10 times higher in toughness). The thermal and structural advantages of nanowood

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Densified wood can be made by using a mechanical hot press to compress wood fibers, sometimes in combination with chemical modification of the wood. These processes have been shown to increase the density by a factor of three. This increase in density is expected to enhance the strength and stiffness

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Wood ply construction ("sandwich core"): Uses multiple thin plies of wood adhered together. The wood grain of each ply runs perpendicular to the ply below it. Stability is attained from using thin layers of wood that have little to no reaction to climatic change. The wood is further stabilized due to

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Throughout the years mass timber was used in buildings, codes were added to and adopted by the International Building Code (IBC) to create standards for them for the proper use and handling. For example, in 2015, CLT was incorporated into the IBC. The 2021 IBC is the latest issue of building codes,

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Laminated strand lumber (LSL) and oriented strand lumber (OSL) are manufactured from flaked wood strands that have a high length-to-thickness ratio. Combined with an adhesive, the strands are oriented and formed into a large mat or billet and pressed. LSL and OSL offer good fastener-holding strength

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There is not a strong consensus for measuring the carbon sequestration potential of wood. In life-cycle assessment, sequestered carbon is sometimes called biogenic carbon. ISO 21930, a standard that governs life cycle assessment, requires the biogenic carbon from a wood product can only be included

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e (carbon dioxide equivalent) could be eliminated by 2050 with the full uptake of a hybrid construction system utilizing engineered wood and steel. When considering the added effects that carbon sequestration can have over the lifetime of the material, the emissions reductions of engineered wood is

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An engineered flooring construction that is popular in parts of Europe is the hardwood lamella, softwood core laid perpendicular to the lamella, and a final backing layer of the same noble wood used for the lamella. Other noble hardwoods are sometimes used for the back layer but must be compatible.

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Finger core construction: Finger core engineered wood floors are made of small pieces of milled timber that run perpendicular to the top layer (lamella) of wood. They can be 2-ply or 3-ply, depending on their intended use. If it is three-ply, the third ply is often plywood that runs parallel to the

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Fibreboard: The core is made up of medium or high-density fibreboard. Floors with a fibreboard core are hygroscopic and must never be exposed to large amounts of water or very high humidity - the expansion caused by absorbing water combined with the density of the fibreboard, will cause it to lose

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Mass timber, also known as engineered timber, is a class of large structural wood components for building construction. Mass timber components are made of lumber or veneers bonded with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. Certain types of mass timber, such as nail-laminated timber and glue-laminated

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New techniques have been introduced in the field of engineered wood in recent years. Natural wood is being transformed in laboratories through various chemical and physical treatments to achieve tailored mechanical, optical, thermal, and conduction properties, by influencing the wood's structure.

399:(glulam) is composed of several layers of dimensional timber glued together with moisture-resistant adhesives, creating a large, strong, structural member that can be used as vertical columns or horizontal beams. Glulam can also be produced in curved shapes, offering extensive design flexibility. 293:

or guinea corn husk. Particleboard is cheaper, denser, and more uniform than conventional wood and plywood and is substituted for them when the cost is more important than strength and appearance. A major disadvantage of particleboard is that it is very prone to expansion and discoloration due to

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MT is fire resistant to an extent. Although it is considered a combustible material, MT burns slowly and in a predictable manner. When burned, a charred layer forms on the outside that protects the inner layers of the material. However, if the charred layer comes off, the inner

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The densified wood possessed mechanical strength properties on par with steel used in building construction, opening the door for applications of densified wood in situations where regular strength wood would fail. Environmentally, wood requires significantly less carbon dioxide to produce than

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that are found naturally in the wood. Following dissolution, the cellulose strands that remain are mechanically hot compressed. Compared to the three-fold increase in strength observed from hot pressing alone, chemically processed wood has been shown to yield an 11-fold improvement. This extra

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Structural composite lumber (SCL) is a class of materials made with layers of veneers, strands, or flakes bonded with adhesives. Unlike wood structural panels, structural composite lumber products generally have all grain fibers oriented in the same direction. The SCL family of engineered wood

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to precise design specifications, which are tested to meet national or international standards and provide uniformity and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered wood products are used in a variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to industrial

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Using similar chemical modification techniques to chemically densified wood, wood can be made extremely moldable using a combination of delignification and water shock treatment. This is an emerging technology and is not yet used in industrial processes. However, initial tests show promising

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Wood structural panels are a collection of flat panel products, used extensively in building construction for sheathing, decking, cabinetry and millwork, and furniture. Examples include plywood and oriented strand board (OSB). Non-structural wood-based panels are flat-panel products, used in

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products are commonly used in the same structural applications as conventional sawn lumber and timber, including rafters, headers, beams, joists, rim boards, studs, and columns. SCL products have higher dimensional stability and increased strength compared to conventional lumber products.

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Nail laminated timber (NLT) is a mass timber product that consists of parallel boards fastened with nails. It can be used to create floors, roofs, walls, and elevator shafts within a building. It is one of the oldest types of mass timber, being used in warehouse construction during the

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Mi, Ruiyu; Li, Tian; Dalgo, Daniel; Chen, Chaoji; Kuang, Yudi; He, Shuaiming; Zhao, Xinpeng; Xie, Weiqi; Gan, Wentao; Zhu, Junyong; Srebric, Jelena; Yang, Ronggui; Hu, Liangbing (January 2020). "A Clear, Strong, and Thermally Insulated Transparent Wood for Energy Efficient Windows".

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Sotayo, Adeayo; Bradley, Daniel; Bather, Michael; Sareh, Pooya; Oudjene, Marc; El-Houjeyri, Imane; Harte, Annette M.; Mehra, Sameer; O'Ceallaigh, Conan; Haller, Peer; Namari, Siavash; Makradi, Ahmed; Belouettar, Salim; Bouhala, Lyazid; Deneufbourg, François (February 1, 2020).

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1215:, is going to be a 19,100-square-metre (206,000 sq ft) garage that features CLT. It will be 4 stories tall and hold 360 parking spaces. The parking garage however is under construction as of December 2022, and the year of completion is not yet known. 479:

Engineered wood flooring is a type of flooring product, similar to hardwood flooring, made of layers of wood or wood-based composite laminated together. The floor boards are usually milled with a tongue-and-groove profile on the edges for consistent joinery between boards.

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Some engineered wood products, such as DLT, NLT, and some brands of CLT, can be assembled without the use of adhesives using mechanical fasteners or joinery. These can range from profiled interlocking jointed boards, proprietary metal fixings, nails or timber dowels.

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performance. I-joists are designed to carry heavy loads over long distances while using less lumber than a dimensional solid wood joist of a size necessary to do the same task. As of 2005, approximately half of all wood light framed floors were framed using I-joists.

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Using MT has an estimated savings of around 20% in embodied carbon when compared to steel or concrete. This is because MT is a lot lighter when compared to these two materials, so it is less intensive for the machinery to transport both to site and once

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components. LSL is manufactured from relatively short strands—typically about 1 foot (0.30 m) long—compared to the 2-to-8-foot-long (0.61–2.44 m) strands used in PSL. The length-to-thickness ratio of strands is about 150 for LSL and 75 for OSL.

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Abed, Joseph & Rayburg, Scott & Rodwell, John & Neave, Melissa. (2022). A Review of the Performance and Benefits of Mass Timber as an Alternative to Concrete and Steel for Improving the Sustainability of Structures. Sustainability. 14. 5570.

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are "Ɪ"-shaped structural members designed for use in floor and roof construction. An I-joist consists of top and bottom flanges of various widths united with webs of various depths. The flanges resist common bending stresses, and the web provides

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and has added three new codes regarding construction with timber material. The new three construction types go as follows, IV-A, IV-B, and IV-C, and they allow mass timber to be used in buildings up to 18, 12, and nine stories respectively.

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Engineered wood products are versatile and available in a wide variety of thicknesses, sizes, grades, and exposure durability classifications, making the products ideal for use in unlimited construction, industrial, and home project

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or HDF) are made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, combining them with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is used in non-structural applications.

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There are a wide variety of engineered wood products for both structural and non-structural applications. This list is not comprehensive, and is intended to help categorize and distinguish between different types of engineered wood.

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Like solid wood, when exposed to high moisture conditions or termites, biodeteriorations and/or fungi decay will occur which reduces the structural integrity and durability of the wood product; essentially the wood will start to

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Engineered wood products are designed and manufactured to maximize the natural strength and stiffness characteristics of wood. The products are very stable and some offer greater structural strength than typical wood building

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As the hardwood dowel absorbs moisture from the softwood to reach an equilibrium moisture content, it expands into the surrounding wood, creating a connection and 'locking' them together through friction. The dowels can be

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lamella. Stability is gained through the grains running perpendicular to each other, and the expansion and contraction of wood are reduced and relegated to the middle ply, stopping the floor from gapping or cupping.

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as a negative input (i.e. carbon sequestration) when the wood product originated in a sustainably managed forest. This generally means that wood needs to be FSC or SFI-certified to qualify as carbon sequestering.

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Song, Jianwei; Chen, Chaoji; Zhu, Shuze; Zhu, Mingwei; Dai, Jiaqi; Ray, Upamanyu; Li, Yiju; Kuang, Yudi; Li, Yongfeng (February 2018). "Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material".

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make it an attractive material for energy-efficient building construction. However, the changes made in the wood's structural properties, like the increase in structural porosity and the partially isolated

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Because engineered wood is human-made, it can be designed to meet application-specific performance requirements. Required shapes and dimension do not drive source tree requirements (length or width of the

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properties and functions of the natural wood and is an effective approach to regulating its thermal properties, as it removes the thermally conductive lignin component, while generating a large number of

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The lamella is the face layer of the wood that is visible when installed. Typically, it is a sawn piece of timber. The timber can be cut in three different styles: flat-sawn, quarter-sawn, and rift-sawn.

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Engineered wood products are a more efficient use of wood as they can be made from wood that has defects, underutilized species or smaller pieces of wood which also enables the use of smaller trees

1162:, Wisconsin, and is the tallest high-rise building using different mass timber components in combination with some steel and concrete. This plyscraper is 87 meters tall and has 25 stories. 638:

nanofibrils, damage the material's mechanical robustness. To deal with this issue, several strategies have been proposed, with one being to further densify the structure, and another to use

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MT products sequester carbon and store it within themselves over their lifespan. Using this instead of concrete and steel in buildings will reduce the embodied emissions in buildings.

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Xiao, Shaoliang; Chen, Chaoji; Xia, Qinqin; Liu, Yu; Yao, Yuan; Chen, Qiongyu; Hartsfield, Matt; Brozena, Alexandra; Tu, Kunkun; Eichhorn, Stephen J.; Yao, Yonggang (October 22, 2021).

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EN 16485 - Round and sawn timber - Environmental Product Declarations - Product category rules for wood and wood-based products for use in construction (complementary-PCR to EN 15804)

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non-structural construction applications and furniture. Non-structural panels are usually covered with paint, wood veneer, or resin paper in their final form. Examples include

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or another suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Research published in 2017 showed that durable particle board can be produced from agricultural waste products, such as

3030:, George I.; Athanassiadou, Eleftheria Th.; Barbu, Marius C.; Wijnendaele, Kris (March 15, 2018). "Adhesive systems used in the European particleboard, MDF and OSB industries". 2131:

Ramage, Michael H.; Burridge, Henry; Busse-Wicher, Marta; Fereday, George; Reynolds, Thomas; Shah, Darshil U.; Wu, Guanglu; Yu, Li; Fleming, Patrick; Densley-Tingley, Danielle;

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are new materials, currently only made at the laboratory scale, that combines transparency and stiffness via a chemical process that replaces light-absorbing compounds, such as

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Mass timber (MT) is lightweight allowing the material to be easily handled, manufactured, and transported. This contributes to it being cost effective and easy to use on site.

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of the wood by a proportional amount. Studies published in 2018 combined chemical processes with traditional mechanical hot press methods. These chemical processes break down

3146:"Review of state of the art of dowel laminated timber members and densified wood materials as sustainable engineered wood products for construction and building applications" 1929:"Review of state of the art of dowel laminated timber members and densified wood materials as sustainable engineered wood products for construction and building applications" 2538:

Churkina, Galina; Organschi, Alan; Reyer, Christopher P. O.; Ruff, Andrew; Vinke, Kira; Liu, Zhu; Reck, Barbara K.; Graedel, T. E.; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (April 2020).

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Removing lignin from wood has several other applications, apart from providing structural advantages. Delignification alters the mechanical, thermal, optical, fluidic and

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MT products can provide high levels of airtightness and low coefficients of thermal conductivity meaning that the air inside cannot escape, and heat is not lost easily.

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over a 24-hour period, meaning that this wood does not "absorb" heat and therefore only emits the heat embedded in it. Moreover, white wood not only possesses a lower

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Wooden trusses are competitive in many roof and floor applications, and their high strength-to-weight ratios permit long spans offering flexibility in floor layouts.

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Chen, Chaoji; Kuang, Yudi; Zhu, Shuze; Burgert, Ingo; Keplinger, Tobias; Gong, Amy; Li, Teng; Berglund, Lars; Eichhorn, Stephen J.; Hu, Liangbing (September 2020).

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MT buildings are susceptible to wind driven oscillation because of the relative flexibility of the MT material which may cause discomfort to people in the building.

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EN 1193 - Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of shear strength and mechanical properties perpendicular to the grain

2654: 965:(PU) resins: expensive, generally waterproof, and does not contain formaldehyde, notoriously more difficult to release from platens and engineered wood presses. 753:

MT offers greater strength and stiffness (based on its strength to weight ratio), increased dimensional stability, and uniformity in structures than solid wood.

1192:, Canada, in 2014 is a 160-meter-long bridge that features both glulam beams and CLT panels. The bridge was designed to cross over the Uupaachikus Pass. 1147:

are skyscrapers that are either partially made of wood or entirely made of wood. Around the world, there have been many different plyscrapers built including

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ISO 21930 - Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works - Core rules for environmental product declarations of construction products and services

694:) into the atmosphere. Engineered wood has the potential to reduce carbon emissions if it replaces steel and/or concrete in the construction of buildings. 111:

scraps and other wood waste can be used for engineered wood composed of wood particles or fibers, but whole logs are usually used for veneers, such as

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EN 15804 - Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products

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typically has a surface density of 4.9–5.9 kg/m (1–1.2 lb/sq ft). Many other engineered woods have densities much higher than OSB.

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When compared to steel/concrete, MT built buildings use up to 15% less energy because of the reduced energy needed to create these wood products.

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for refrigeration. pMDIs outperform other resin adhesives, but they are notoriously difficult to release and cause buildup on tooling surfaces.

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New construction is in high demand due to growing worldwide population. However, the main materials used in new construction are currently

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its form. Fibreboard is less expensive than timber and can emit higher levels of harmful gases due to its relatively high adhesive content.

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and mechanical-connector performance and are commonly used in a variety of applications, such as beams, headers, studs, rim boards, and

3113: 2340:"Delignified Wood from Understanding the Hierarchically Aligned Cellulosic Structures to Creating Novel Functional Materials: A Review" 2922: 2310: 1675: 4179: 1836: 1526: 1117: 1073:

EN 408 - Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties

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moisture, particularly when it is not covered with paint or another sealer. Particle board is used in non-structural applications.

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EN 14081-1 - Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross-section - Part 1: General requirements

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advocates recommend using engineered wood, which can be produced from relatively small trees, rather than large pieces of solid

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layers. Sometimes layers are not impregnated before lamination. It is also possible to impregnate wood chips to produce molded

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even more substantial, as laminated wood that is not incinerated at the end of its lifecycle absorbs around 582 kg of CO

1180:, London. It has 6 stories reaching 17.8 meters tall. It uses CLT panels, glulam curtain walling and LVL columns and beams. 759:

MT buildings on average save 20-25% in time when compared to conventional steel/concrete buildings and 4.2% on capital cost.

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EN 12369-1 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 1: OSB, particleboards, and fibreboards

411:, is a wood-on-wood timber. The biggest benefit of this method is that no glue or metal is needed, thus eliminating 4169: 2783:"Assessing the Climate Change Impacts of Biogenic Carbon in Buildings: A Critical Review of Two Main Dynamic Approaches" 797:

DLT: Offers high dimensional stability, is easy and safe to manufacture, and no metal fasteners or adhesive is required.

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advantages in improved mechanical properties, with the molded wood exhibiting strength comparable to some metal alloys.

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is made of cement and wood fiber, while cement board is a low-density cement panel, often with added resin, faced with

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Engineered wood products may be preferred over solid wood in some applications due to certain comparative advantages:

366: 188: 3685: 2643: 1693: 824:) has greater strength and stiffness than comparable dimensional lumber and, pound for pound, is stronger than steel. 800:

SCL: Is able to withstand greater loads compared to solid timber and is not prone to shrinking, splitting or warping.

434:, but instead of wood adhesives to fix lumbers in place, holes are drilled vertically or in a 45° angle, and 15-20mm 138: 1173:. It has 9 stories reaching 30 meters tall. It uses CLT panels as load-bearing walls and floor 'slabs'. 1061:

EN 387 - Glued laminated timber — large finger joints - performance requirements and minimum production requirements

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EN 1194 - Timber structures — Glued laminated timber - Strength classes and determination of characteristic values

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EN 1995-1-1 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures — Part 1-1: General — Common rules and rules for buildings

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which help reduce temperature change. Delignified wood reflects most incident light and appears white in color.

4164: 4132: 4021: 3960: 3461: 3096:"Interlocking Cross Laminated Timber Could Use Up Square Miles Of Beetle-Killed Lumber, and Look Gorgeous, Too" 1905: 1263: 88:

products. The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel in many building projects. The term

642:. Other suggestions include hybridizing natural wood with other organic particles and polymers to enhance its 3391: 791:: Offers high strength and stiffness, is structurally efficient, and can be manufactured into complex shapes. 4041: 3621: 3359: 1504: 1354: 1224: 1200: 443: 311: 4121: 3611: 3606: 3404: 821: 427: 396: 385: 322: 80: 2673:"Global potential for material substitution in building construction: The case of cross laminated timber" 955:

resins (MF): white, heat, and water-resistant, and often used in exposed surfaces in more costly designs.

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equal pressure being exerted lengthwise and widthwise from the plies running perpendicular to each other.

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Ashby, M. F.; Medalist, R. F. Mehl (September 1, 1983). "The mechanical properties of cellular solids".

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EN 12369-3 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 3: Solid wood panels

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NLT: Does not require any specialized equipment to manufacture, is cost effective, and easy to handle.

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Breton, Charles; Blanchet, Pierre; Amor, Ben; Beauregard, Robert; Chang, Wen-Shao (June 14, 2018).

2395:"Lightweight, strong, moldable wood via cell wall engineering as a sustainable structural material" 1229: 1212: 974: 627: 1976: 3821: 3185: 2872: 2700: 2624: 2575: 2492: 2448: 2375: 2292: 2238: 2113: 2053: 1928: 1810: 1447: 1006: 841: 837: 643: 562: 178: 76: 2002: 893:

used in some products may cause harmful emissions. A concern with some resins is the release of

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is typically made out of human-made wood due to its low manufacturing costs and its low weight.

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May 22, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive. Naturallywood.com. Retrieved on February 10, 2012.

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May 22, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive. Naturallywood.com. Retrieved on February 15, 2012.

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CLT: Offers high dimensional stability, high strength and stiffness and is easy to manufacture.

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Range of derivative wood products engineered for uniform and predictable structural performance

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EN 12369-2 - Wood-based panels — Characteristic values for structural design — Part 2: Plywood

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EN 386 - Glued laminated timber — performance requirements and minimum production requirements

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Ayanleye, Samuel; Udele, Kenneth; Nasir, Vahid; Zhang, Xuefeng; Militz, Holger (April 2022).

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EN 622-5 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 5: Requirements for dry process boards (MDF)

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than natural wood, and it has better thermal performance than most commercially available

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Engineered wood products are used in a variety of ways, often in applications similar to

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EN 300 - Oriented Strand Boards (OSB) — Definitions, classification, and specifications

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The following technical performance standards are related to engineered wood products:

952: 687: 582: 558: 540: 278: 226: 120: 2394: 1625: 1571:"Particleboard Based on Rice Husk: Effect of Binder Content and Processing Conditions" 1569:

Ciannamea, E. M.; Marin, D. C.; Ruseckaite, R. A.; Stefani, P. M. (October 14, 2017).

373:, adopted new provisions in the 2021 code cycle that permit mass timber to be used in 4158: 4046: 3965: 3955: 3861: 3816: 3809: 3476: 3306:"Waugh Thistleton Architects designs "visibly sustainable" London mass-timber office" 3189: 3015: 2998: 2963: 2876: 2704: 2628: 2579: 2519: 2496: 2452: 2379: 2296: 2242: 2057: 535: 370: 64: 2539: 2202: 3950: 3899: 3836: 3773: 3586: 3551: 3541: 3516: 3491: 2739: 2117: 1542:

Cheever, Ellen; Association), NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath (November 10, 2014).

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Zabalza Bribián, Ignacio; Valero Capilla, Antonio; Aranda Usón, Alfonso (2011). .

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emissions, for instance, has the same global warming potential as 25 kg of CO

858:

Potential widespread deforestation without a sustainable forestry management plan.

713:

potential of engineered wood into account, it was found that roughly 50 Mt CO

32: 697:

In 2014, steel and cement production accounted for about 1320 megatonnnes (Mt) CO

4096: 4081: 4066: 3730: 3616: 3471: 1082:

EN 622-3 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 3: Requirements for medium boards

451: 408: 84: 68: 3162: 3145: 2859: 2842: 2279: 2262: 2161: 2136: 1944: 686:. The manufacturing of these materials creates comparatively high emissions of 67:

which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or

3919: 3886: 3768: 3745: 3638: 3561: 3521: 3456: 2809: 2563: 2226: 1802: 1439: 1177: 1148: 1144: 1085:

EN 622-4 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 4: Requirements for soft boards

878:

SCL: Limited panel sizing and thickness; more suitable for low rise buildings.

743: 639: 603: 290: 222: 204: 92:

describes a group of building materials that can replace concrete assemblies.

3181: 3051: 2868: 2818: 2571: 2488: 2436: 2371: 2339: 2288: 2234: 2180: 2101: 2049: 1962: 1606: 1278:

emissions, so 1 kg of methane emissions can be reported as 25 kg CO

1079:

EN 622-2 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 2: Requirements for hardboards

3929: 3924: 3804: 3799: 3753: 3735: 3643: 3566: 3511: 3501: 3496: 2611: 2594: 2418: 1587: 1570: 1166: 1159: 1152: 635: 591: 420: 374: 266: 150: 37: 2644:"Greenhouse Gases, CO 2, CO 2 e, and Carbon: What Do All These Terms Mean?" 2620: 2480: 2444: 2363: 2171: 2109: 1782: 1729: 1626:"Structural Composite Lumber (SCL) - APA – The Engineered Wood Association" 1419: 1176:

The Black & White Building is an office building topped out in 2023 in

914:

of 560–640 kg/m (35–40 lb/cu ft). For example, 9.5 mm (

2203:"Structure–property–function relationships of natural and engineered wood" 1906:"Lumber Legacy : A Silent Tale of Dowel Laminated Timber – IAAC BLOG" 1046:

EN 313-1 - Plywood — Classification and terminology Part 1: Classification

777:

layers will be exposed which can compromise the integrity of the material.

630:

structure of the wood is responsible for the changes in wood performance.

17: 4102: 4036: 3945: 3914: 3894: 3876: 3856: 3846: 3826: 3778: 3725: 3708: 3648: 3626: 3576: 3280: 1545:

Kitchen & Bath Products and Materials: Cabinetry, Equipment, Surfaces

890: 886:

They require more primary energy for their manufacture than solid lumber.

683: 607: 587: 439: 431: 254:

OSB and plywood are often used interchangeably in building construction.

100: 96: 72: 2093: 4011: 3985: 3909: 3720: 3713: 3675: 3633: 3172: 2799: 2782: 2041: 1953: 1755:"Tall Wood Buildings and the 2021 IBC: Up to 18 Stories of Mass Timber" 1718:

Kaufmann, Hermann; Krötsch, Stefan; Winter, Stefan (October 24, 2022).

1597: 1485: 1271: 1203:. This bridge features glulam as it was used create the trusses. 1049:

EN 313-2 - Plywood — Classification and terminology Part 2: Terminology

911: 882:

When compared to solid wood the following disadvantages are prevalent:

566: 347: 282: 237: 128: 112: 108: 1753:

Breneman, Scott; Timmers, Matt; Richardson, Dennis (August 22, 2019).

1076:

EN 622-1 - Fibreboards — Specifications — Part 1: General requirements

3970: 3871: 3831: 3536: 3531: 3446: 3435: 1196: 1189: 998: 949:(PF): yellow/brown, and commonly used for exterior exposure products. 788: 667: 531: 154: 104: 3204:"Status of Building Code Allowances for Tall Mass Timber in the IBC" 1109:

EN 14080 - Timber structures — Glued laminated timber — Requirements

1476:, APA – The Engineered Wood Association. Accessed October 22, 2007. 511:

This is thought by many to be the most stable of engineered floors.

4051: 3783: 3763: 3581: 3481: 3466: 3334: 2999:"Adhesives from renewable resources for binding wood-based panels" 2956:"Wood Composite - The Alternative, Sustainable Solution to Timber" 2892: 1421:

Fundamentals of building construction : materials and methods

679: 435: 198: 174: 162: 133: 31: 2135:; Dupree, Paul; Linden, P.F.; Scherman, Oren (February 1, 2017). 3486: 3427: 3396: 1064:

EN 390 - Glued laminated timber — sizes - permissible deviations

455: 170: 166: 3400: 2985:"Weights of building materials -- pounds per square foot (PSF)" 2843:"Durability and protection of mass timber structures: A review" 3841: 158: 2261:

Mao, Yimin; Hu, Liangbing; Ren, Zhiyong Jason (May 4, 2022).

2515:"The hottest new thing in sustainable building is, uh, wood" 2137:"The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction" 872:

NLT: Labor intensive to make with potential for human error.

2671:

D'Amico, Bernardino; Pomponi, Francesco; Hart, Jim (2021).

1694:"October 15, 1934: Glued Laminated Timber Comes to America" 1116:

The following product category rules can be used to create

1055:

EN 314-2 - Plywood — Bonding quality — Part 2: Requirements

1052:

EN 314-1 - Plywood — Bonding quality — Part 1: Test methods

369:, a model code that forms the basis of many North American 281:

is manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even

95:

Typically, engineered wood products are made from the same

2920:

APA Engineered Wood and the Environment: Facts and Figures

1070:

EN 392 - Glued laminated timber — Shear test of glue lines

1067:

EN 391 - Glued laminated timber — shear test of glue lines

610:

wavelengths. These two characteristics generate a passive

145:

Alternatively, it is also possible to manufacture similar

1787:. International Code Council. Country Club Hills. 2020. 936:

The types of adhesives used in engineered wood include:

1424:. Joseph Iano (Seventh ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey. 1037:

EN 309 - Particleboards — Definition and classification

943:

resins (UF): most common, cheapest, and not waterproof.

407:

Dowel laminated timber (DLT), sometimes referred to as

181:, in which case they contain no actual wood but rather 709:

emissions that year. In a study that did not take the

3360:"Glenwood CLT Parking Garage Study — SRG Partnership" 2338:

Kumar, Anuj; Jyske, Tuula; Petrič, Marko (May 2021).

2941:. Naturallywood.com. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1169:

building is a residential building built in 2009 in

4004: 3938: 3885: 3792: 3744: 3701: 3595: 3434: 3230:"'Plyscrapers': The rise of the wooden skyscraper" 2895:. Wood University. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 2888: 2886: 2003:"Mechanical properties of laminated modified wood" 1663:. Austin Energy Green Building. HARSHITA p. 31-32. 722:/m, while reinforced concrete emits 458 kg CO 553:Resin impregnated densified wood is also known as 3335:"Bridges - APA – The Engineered Wood Association" 1977:"Nail Laminated Timber Construction | NLT Lumber" 1648: 1646: 705:respectively, which made up about 9% of global CO 543:formed between the aligned cellulose nanofibers. 458:) prior to fitting, to maximize their expansion. 2987:. Boise Cascade: Engineered wood products. 2009. 3392:Canadian Wood Council Engineered Wood Products 2929:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1837:FPInnovations Cross-Laminated Timber: A Primer 1682:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1507:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1505:Oriented Strand Board Product Guide, Form W410 1495:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1357:. Apawood.org. Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1355:A Guide To Engineered Wood Products, Form C800 3412: 1158:The Ascent MKE building was built in 2022 in 1040:EN 338 - Structural timber - Strength classes 131:family, a common but non-structural species. 8: 1195:The Placer River Pedestrian Bridge built in 1058:EN 315 - Plywood — Tolerances for dimensions 869:CLT and Glulam: More costly than solid wood. 602:) has high reflection haze, as well as high 36:Large self-supporting wooden roof built for 1784:IBC 2021 : International Building Code 1620: 1618: 1616: 3419: 3405: 3397: 2263:"Engineered wood for a sustainable future" 1815:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1452:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1350: 1348: 430:, DLT uses a cross laminated pattern with 3281:"Stadthaus | Waugh Thistleton Architects" 3171: 3161: 2997:Papadopoulou, Electra (January 1, 2009). 2858: 2808: 2798: 2610: 2428:1983/42254c72-9df6-4b0f-b7ce-2f1da2ea48ff 2426: 2278: 2170: 2160: 1952: 1846:. (PDF) . Retrieved on February 10, 2012. 1721:Manual of Multistorey Timber Construction 1596: 1586: 959:Polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate 897:in the finished product, often seen with 614:effect, with an average cooling power of 2141:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1654:"Guide to the single-family home rating" 875:DLT: Limited panel sizing and thickness. 3255:"World's tallest timber building opens" 3066:"Formaldehyde in pressed wood products" 3032:Wood Material Science & Engineering 2949: 2947: 1486:APA A glossary of Engineered Wood Terms 1294: 1251: 423:used in most other engineered timbers. 75:, or other methods of fixation to form 3329: 3327: 2763: 2752: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1808: 1467:"Milestones in the History of Plywood" 1445: 844:, which requires cutting a large tree. 123:. Some engineered wood products, like 3150:Developments in the Built Environment 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2527:from the original on August 14, 2022. 2508: 2506: 2333: 2331: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 1933:Developments in the Built Environment 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1832: 1830: 1673:APA – The Engineered Wood Association 7: 4127: 1322: 1320: 149:from bamboo; and similar engineered 4139: 3387:APA The Engineered Wood Association 2954:Johnson, Chad (February 22, 2017). 2660:from the original on June 28, 2022. 2595:"Net-zero emissions energy systems" 2540:"Buildings as a global carbon sink" 2513:Roberts, David (January 15, 2020). 1519:Materials for Interior Environments 1211:The Glenwood CLT Parking Garage in 924: in) plywood sheathing or OSB 265:(MDF) and high-density fibreboard ( 1392:. November 8, 2018. Archived from 1270:using a common unit. 1 kg of 1135:Examples of mass timber structures 1118:environmental product declarations 446:) are placed between the lumbers. 25: 3208:WoodWorks | Wood Products Council 1692:Lehman, Eben (October 15, 2018). 910:Plywood and OSB typically have a 71:or boards of wood, together with 63:, includes a range of derivative 4138: 4126: 4117: 4116: 3114:"Wohnen und Leben mit der Natur" 2642:Brander, Matthew (August 2012). 1329:The Case for Tall Wood Buildings 3666:Oriented structural straw board 2939:Naturally: wood Engineered wood 2847:Journal of Building Engineering 1188:The Mistissini Bridge built in 865:Disadvantages by product type: 551:Synthetic resin densified wood 377:construction up to 18 stories. 2905:Naturally:wood engineered wood 2740:10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.002 1575:Journal of Renewable Materials 1383:"Mass Timber in North America" 1367:Naturally:wood Engineered wood 1331:. Michael Green Architecture. 1120:for engineered wood products: 993:is an essential ingredient of 726:/m and steel 12.087 kg CO 670:, with a transparent polymer. 203:Engineered wood products in a 157:-containing materials such as 127:(OSB), can use trees from the 1: 3044:10.1080/17480272.2017.1396622 2697:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123487 2677:Journal of Cleaner Production 2469:Advanced Functional Materials 2009:. Forest Products Laboratory. 1262:e) is a way of measuring the 1258:Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 141:, one kind of engineered wood 2344:Advanced Sustainable Systems 2311:"What is Radiation Cooling?" 2022:Metallurgical Transactions A 1022:Building codes and standards 828:to be handled and installed. 781:Advantages by product type: 516:Other types of modified wood 664:Transparent wood composites 659:Transparent wood composites 565:to impregnate and laminate 442:or densified wood (such as 367:International Building Code 298:Structural composite lumber 4196: 4057:Non-timber forest products 3681:Structural insulated panel 3163:10.1016/j.dibe.2019.100004 2860:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103731 2280:10.1016/j.matt.2022.04.013 2162:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107 1945:10.1016/j.dibe.2019.100004 1678:February 21, 2011, at the 947:Phenol formaldehyde resins 626:. The modification of the 4112: 2925:January 27, 2011, at the 2593:Davis, Steven J. (2018). 2564:10.1038/s41893-019-0462-4 2227:10.1038/s41578-020-0195-z 2001:Erickson, E.C.O. (1965). 1659:October 11, 2007, at the 1548:. John Wiley & Sons. 969:A more inclusive term is 263:Medium-density fibreboard 117:medium-density fibreboard 4180:Wood-related terminology 4022:Destructive distillation 2720:Building and Environment 2207:Nature Reviews Materials 1842:October 7, 2011, at the 1521:. John Wile & Sons. 1517:Binggeli, Corky (2013). 1264:global warming potential 820:Glued laminated timber ( 475:Engineered wood flooring 4042:Green building and wood 2612:10.1126/science.aas9793 2419:10.1126/science.abg9556 1588:10.7569/JRM.2017.634125 1327:Green, Michael (2011). 1225:Green building and wood 1201:Chugach National Forest 493:Types of core/substrate 312:Laminated veneer lumber 3686:Wood–plastic composite 3612:Glued laminated timber 3607:Cross-laminated timber 3364:www.srgpartnership.com 2481:10.1002/adfm.201907511 2364:10.1002/adsu.202000251 1730:10.11129/9783955535827 1698:Forest History Society 1491:July 17, 2011, at the 1472:July 17, 2011, at the 1418:Allen, Edward (2019). 674:Environmental benefits 403:Dowel-laminated timber 397:Glued laminated timber 392:Glued laminated timber 386:Cross-laminated timber 381:Cross-laminated timber 323:Parallel-strand lumber 208: 142: 139:Wood–plastic composite 81:cross-laminated timber 41: 3759:Corrugated fiberboard 3661:Oriented strand board 2966:on September 19, 2020 2544:Nature Sustainability 1819:) CS1 maint: others ( 1390:American Wood Council 1313:on September 6, 2017. 971:structural composites 953:Melamine-formaldehyde 469:Industrial Revolution 462:Nail-laminated timber 249:Oriented strand board 244:Oriented strand board 202: 137: 125:oriented strand board 35: 4144:WikiProject Forestry 3124:on December 17, 2013 1013:Mechanical fasteners 711:carbon sequestration 624:insulating materials 620:thermal conductivity 539:strength comes from 153:products from other 103:used to manufacture 4170:Composite materials 3905:Ramial chipped wood 2732:2011BuEnv..46.1133Z 2689:2021JCPro.27923487D 2556:2020NatSu...3..269C 2411:2021Sci...374..465X 2356:2021AdSSy...500251K 2219:2020NatRM...5..642C 2153:2017RSERv..68..333R 2094:10.1038/nature25476 2086:2018Natur.554..224S 2034:1983MTA....14.1755A 2007:ScholarsArchive@OSU 1895:10.3390/su14095570. 1652:Mary McLeod et al. 1230:Natural Fibre Board 1213:Springfield, Oregon 995:cellular metabolism 975:fiber cement siding 701:and 1740 Mt CO 454:(such as through a 189:Flat-pack furniture 40:in Hanover, Germany 4175:Building materials 3822:Cellulosic ethanol 3312:. January 18, 2023 2810:20.500.11794/30525 2800:10.3390/su10062020 2042:10.1007/BF02645546 1207:Parking structures 1003:polyurethane foams 842:dimensional lumber 838:Sustainable design 644:thermal insulation 563:impregnation resin 444:thermal-compressed 419:) associated with 209: 179:sugar cane residue 143: 77:composite material 61:manufactured board 42: 4152: 4151: 4087:Wood preservation 4032:Engineered bamboo 3852:Pyroligneous acid 3259:US Forest Service 3076:on March 13, 2018 3070:www.nicnas.gov.au 2405:(6566): 465–471. 2080:(7691): 224–228. 1794:978-1-60983-955-0 1739:978-3-95553-582-7 1555:978-1-118-77528-8 1431:978-1-119-45024-5 1338:978-1-366-37741-8 1151:building and the 941:Urea-formaldehyde 899:urea-formaldehyde 612:radiative cooling 216:Wood-based panels 195:Types of products 147:engineered bamboo 16:(Redirected from 4187: 4142: 4141: 4130: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4077:Timber recycling 4072:Reclaimed lumber 4062:Natural building 4027:Dry distillation 3981:Split-rail fence 3421: 3414: 3407: 3398: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3228:Gorvett, Zaria. 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3175: 3165: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120:. 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Archived from 1303:"Brettsperrholz" 1299: 1283: 1268:greenhouse gases 1256: 1240:Timber recycling 1235:Reclaimed lumber 923: 922: 918: 901:bonded products. 617: 577:Delignified wood 329:Laminated strand 307:Laminated veneer 183:vegetable fibers 21: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4165:Engineered wood 4155: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4108: 4092:Wood processing 4000: 3934: 3881: 3788: 3740: 3697: 3627:parallel strand 3598: 3591: 3439: 3430: 3425: 3383: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3339:www.apawood.org 3333: 3332: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3261:. 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For example, 934: 920: 916: 915: 908: 851: 740: 729: 725: 721: 716: 708: 704: 700: 693: 676: 661: 652: 615: 598:(also known as 579: 527: 518: 495: 486: 477: 464: 405: 394: 383: 362: 345: 331: 320: 318:Parallel-strand 309: 300: 287:synthetic resin 276: 260: 246: 235: 218: 197: 57:human-made wood 45:Engineered wood 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4193: 4191: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4124: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4017:Certified wood 4014: 4008: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3991:Timber framing 3988: 3983: 3978: 3976:Sawdust brandy 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3867:Sandalwood oil 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3781: 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1826: 1793: 1774: 1745: 1738: 1710: 1684: 1665: 1642: 1612: 1581:(5): 357–362. 1561: 1554: 1534: 1527: 1509: 1497: 1478: 1459: 1430: 1410: 1374: 1359: 1344: 1337: 1316: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1259: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1185: 1182: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1011: 986: 983: 967: 966: 956: 950: 944: 933: 930: 907: 904: 903: 902: 887: 880: 879: 876: 873: 870: 863: 862: 859: 856: 850: 847: 846: 845: 835: 832: 829: 825: 818: 814: 810: 802: 801: 798: 795: 792: 786: 779: 778: 774: 770: 767: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 739: 736: 727: 723: 719: 714: 706: 702: 698: 691: 688:carbon dioxide 675: 672: 660: 657: 651: 648: 578: 575: 573:components. 559:phenolic resin 541:hydrogen bonds 526: 525:Densified wood 523: 517: 514: 513: 512: 508: 504: 500: 494: 491: 485: 482: 476: 473: 463: 460: 421:wood adhesives 404: 401: 393: 390: 382: 379: 371:building codes 361: 358: 344: 341: 330: 327: 319: 316: 308: 305: 299: 296: 279:Particle board 275: 274:Particle board 272: 259: 256: 245: 242: 234: 231: 227:particle board 217: 214: 196: 193: 121:particle board 53:composite wood 47:, also called 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4192: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047:List of woods 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:Billet (wood) 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817:Hemicellulose 3815: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542:Railroad ties 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 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685: 681: 673: 671: 669: 665: 658: 656: 650:Moldable wood 649: 647: 646:performance. 645: 641: 640:cross-linking 637: 631: 629: 625: 621: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 576: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 542: 537: 536:hemicellulose 533: 524: 522: 515: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496: 492: 490: 483: 481: 474: 472: 470: 461: 459: 457: 453: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 402: 400: 398: 391: 389: 387: 380: 378: 376: 372: 368: 359: 357: 354: 349: 342: 340: 337: 328: 326: 324: 317: 315: 313: 306: 304: 297: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 273: 271: 268: 264: 257: 255: 252: 250: 243: 241: 239: 232: 230: 228: 224: 215: 213: 206: 201: 194: 192: 190: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 140: 136: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 91: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65:wood products 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 4131: 4101: 3996:Wooden masts 3966:Dugout canoe 3951:Bavin (wood) 3900:Black liquor 3837:Liquid smoke 3596: 3587:Utility pole 3572:Timber truss 3492:Log building 3369:December 13, 3367:. Retrieved 3363: 3354: 3344:December 13, 3342:. Retrieved 3338: 3314:. Retrieved 3309: 3300: 3290:December 13, 3288:. Retrieved 3284: 3275: 3265:December 13, 3263:. Retrieved 3258: 3249: 3239:December 13, 3237:. Retrieved 3233: 3223: 3213:December 13, 3211:. Retrieved 3207: 3198: 3153: 3149: 3138: 3128:December 17, 3126:. Retrieved 3122:the original 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3074:the original 3069: 3060: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3006:. Retrieved 3003:ResearchGate 3002: 2992: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2964:the original 2960:Build Abroad 2959: 2934: 2915: 2900: 2850: 2846: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2755:cite journal 2745:November 18, 2743:. Retrieved 2723: 2719: 2713: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2651:Econometrica 2650: 2637: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2518: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2402: 2398: 2388: 2347: 2343: 2318:. Retrieved 2314: 2305: 2270: 2266: 2210: 2206: 2144: 2140: 2126: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2006: 1996: 1986:November 13, 1984:. Retrieved 1980: 1971: 1936: 1932: 1921: 1911:September 4, 1909:. Retrieved 1900: 1783: 1777: 1767:November 19, 1765:. Retrieved 1761: 1748: 1720: 1713: 1703:November 12, 1701:. Retrieved 1697: 1687: 1668: 1635:November 13, 1633:. Retrieved 1629: 1578: 1574: 1564: 1544: 1537: 1518: 1512: 1500: 1481: 1462: 1420: 1413: 1401:. 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DETAIL. 1440:1081381140 1290:References 1178:Shoreditch 1155:building. 1149:Ascent MKE 1007:insulators 961:(pMDI) or 906:Properties 817:materials. 766:delivered. 746:products: 744:solid wood 738:Advantages 628:mesoporous 604:emissivity 596:White wood 592:cell walls 557:. Usually 258:Fibreboard 223:fiberboard 205:Home Depot 151:cellulosic 119:(MDF), or 85:engineered 18:Pakka wood 3961:Clapboard 3930:Woodchips 3925:Wood wool 3805:Cellulose 3800:Birch-tar 3754:Cardboard 3736:Wood fuel 3644:hardboard 3547:Reclaimed 3512:Panelling 3502:Log house 3497:Log cabin 3190:212960329 3182:2666-1659 3080:March 12, 3052:1748-0272 2877:244563808 2869:2352-7102 2819:2071-1050 2705:224927490 2629:206666797 2580:213032074 2572:2398-9629 2497:209730638 2489:1616-301X 2453:239455815 2437:0036-8075 2380:233861060 2372:2366-7486 2297:248350196 2289:2590-2385 2243:218484374 2235:2058-8437 2181:1364-0321 2102:1476-4687 2058:135765088 2050:0360-2133 1963:2666-1659 1811:cite book 1762:Woodworks 1607:2164-6325 1448:cite book 1167:Stadthaus 1160:Milwaukee 1153:Stadthaus 932:Adhesives 926:sheathing 891:adhesives 636:cellulose 588:nanopores 432:softwoods 415:(such as 375:high-rise 291:rice husk 267:hardboard 101:softwoods 97:hardwoods 73:adhesives 38:Expo 2000 4122:Category 4103:Yakisugi 4037:Forestry 4005:See also 3946:Axe ties 3915:Tall oil 3895:Barkdust 3877:Wood gas 3857:Pine tar 3847:Methanol 3779:Pulpwood 3726:Firewood 3709:Charcoal 3702:Fuelwood 3649:Masonite 3577:Treenail 3477:Flooring 3285:Archello 3028:Mantanis 3008:March 7, 2923:Archived 2908:Archived 2655:Archived 2621:29954954 2605:(6396). 2525:Archived 2445:34672741 2110:29420466 1840:Archived 1676:Archived 1657:Archived 1489:Archived 1470:Archived 1370:Archived 1219:See also 684:concrete 608:infrared 600:nanowood 440:hardwood 348:I-joists 343:I-joists 336:millwork 285:, and a 173:stalks, 4133:Commons 4012:Biomass 3986:Tanbark 3910:Sawdust 3721:Firelog 3714:biochar 3676:Plywood 3634:I-joist 3552:Shingle 3507:Molding 3316:May 29, 2766:value ( 2728:Bibcode 2685:Bibcode 2599:Science 2552:Bibcode 2407:Bibcode 2399:Science 2352:Bibcode 2215:Bibcode 2149:Bibcode 2118:4469909 2082:Bibcode 2030:Bibcode 1272:methane 1184:Bridges 999:mammals 919:⁄ 912:density 606:in the 590:in the 567:plywood 555:compreg 547:steel. 484:Lamella 283:sawdust 238:Plywood 233:Plywood 169:straw, 165:straw, 161:straw, 113:plywood 109:Sawmill 69:veneers 3971:Potash 3872:Tannin 3832:Lignin 3746:Fibers 3691:lumber 3617:veneer 3557:Siding 3537:Rafter 3532:Purlin 3447:Batten 3440:timber 3436:Lumber 3310:Dezeen 3188: 3180: 3050: 2875: 2867: 2817: 2762:Check 2703: 2627: 2619: 2578: 2570: 2495: 2487: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2378: 2370: 2295: 2287: 2267:Matter 2241: 2233: 2179: 2116: 2108: 2100: 2074:Nature 2056: 2048: 1961: 1801: 1791: 1736: 1605: 1552: 1525: 1438: 1428: 1335: 1197:Alaska 1190:Quebec 989:While 822:glulam 789:Glulam 668:lignin 532:lignin 436:dowels 155:lignin 129:poplar 105:lumber 4052:Mulch 3862:Pitch 3784:Rayon 3764:Paper 3582:Truss 3522:Plate 3517:Plank 3482:Joist 3467:Cruck 3186:S2CID 2873:S2CID 2701:S2CID 2658:(PDF) 2647:(PDF) 2625:S2CID 2576:S2CID 2493:S2CID 2449:S2CID 2376:S2CID 2293:S2CID 2239:S2CID 2114:S2CID 2054:S2CID 1758:(PDF) 1397:(PDF) 1386:(PDF) 1246:Notes 809:tree) 680:steel 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