1723:, monitoring one's own symptoms, goal setting and action planning. It also includes patient-physician shared decision-making, among others. The benefits of self-management vary depending on self-management techniques used. They only have marginal benefits in management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Some research has shown that self-management of pain can use different approaches. Those approaches can range from different therapies such as yoga, acupuncture, exercise and other relaxation techniques. Patients could also take a more natural approach by taking different minerals, vitamins or herbs. However, research has shown there is a difference between rural patients and non-rural patients having more access to different self-management approaches. Physicians in these areas may be readily prescribing more pain medication in these rural cities due to being less experienced with pain management. Simply put, it is sometimes easier for rural patients to get a prescription that insurance pays for instead of natural approaches that cost more money than they can afford to spend on their pain management. Self-management may be a more expensive alternative.
487:, promote harmony of the mind and body through total body awareness. These practices incorporate breathing techniques, meditation and a wide variety of movements, while training the body to perform functionally by increasing strength, flexibility, and range of motion. Physical activity can also benefit chronic sufferers by reducing inflammation and sensitivity, and boosting overall energy. Physical activity and exercise may improve chronic pain (pain lasting more than 12 weeks), and overall quality of life, while minimizing the need for pain medications. More specifically, walking has been effective in improving pain management in chronic low back pain.
531:
excitability of large cortical areas. tDCS may have a role in pain assessment by contributing to efforts in distinguishing between somatic and affective aspects of pain experience. Zaghi and colleagues (2011) found that the motor cortex, when stimulated with tDCS, increases the threshold for both the perception of non-painful and painful stimuli. Although there is a greater need for research examining the mechanism of electrical stimulation in relation to pain treatment, one theory suggests that the changes in thalamic activity may be due the influence of motor cortex stimulation on the decrease in pain sensations.
749:
experiential behavior change methods. The central process in ACT revolves around psychological flexibility, which in turn includes processes of acceptance, awareness, a present-oriented quality in interacting with experiences, an ability to persist or change behavior, and an ability to be guided by one's values. ACT has an increased evidence base for range of health and behavior problems, including chronic pain. ACT influences patients to adopt a tandem process to acceptance and change, which allows for a greater flexibility in the focus of treatment.
898:. However it can be used by medical professionals as a general principle when managing any type of pain. In the treatment of chronic pain, the three-step WHO Analgesic Ladder provides guidelines for selecting the appropriate medicine. The exact medications recommended will vary by country and the individual treatment center, but the following gives an example of the WHO approach to treating chronic pain with medications. If, at any point, treatment fails to provide adequate pain relief, then the doctor and patient move onto the next step.
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measure of pain. Self-report pain scales involve younger kids matching their pain intensity to photographs of other children's faces, such as the Oucher Scale, pointing to schematics of faces showing different pain levels, or pointing out the location of pain on a body outline. Questionnaires for older children and adolescents include the Varni-Thompson
Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) and the Children's Comprehensive Pain Questionnaire. They are often utilized for individuals with chronic or persistent pain.
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depression, and the use of psychotropic medications. Physicians who prescribe opioids should integrate this treatment with any psychotherapeutic intervention the patient may be receiving. The guidelines also recommend monitoring not only the pain but also the level of functioning and the achievement of therapeutic goals. The prescribing physician should be suspicious of abuse when a patient reports a reduction in pain but has no accompanying improvement in function or progress in achieving identified goals.
502:
autoimmune neurological disorder, which consists of the demyelination of the nerve axons and disruption of nerve conduction velocity and efficiency. In one study, electrodes were placed over the lumbar spine and participants received treatment twice a day and at any time when they experienced a painful episode. This study found that TENS would be beneficial to MS patients who reported localized or limited symptoms to one limb. The research is mixed with whether or not TENS helps manage pain in MS patients.
772:
fibromyalgia. Evidence for the usefulness of CBT in the management of adult chronic pain is generally poorly understood, due partly to the proliferation of techniques of doubtful quality, and the poor quality of reporting in clinical trials. The crucial content of individual interventions has not been isolated and the important contextual elements, such as therapist training and development of treatment manuals, have not been determined. The widely varying nature of the resulting data makes useful
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with each other about how pain responds to treatments. There is a risk in many types of pain management for the patient to take treatment that is less effective than needed or which causes other difficulties and side effects. Some treatments for pain can be harmful if overused. A goal of pain management for the patient and their health care provider is to identify the amount of treatment needed to address the pain without going beyond that limit.
155:
597:, energy created from light, from these photochemical reactions provide the reactants with energy provide the reactants with energy to embed in muscles, thus managing pain. One study conducted by Stausholm et al. showed that at certain wavelengths, LLLT reduced pain in participants with knee osteoarthritis. LLLT stimulates a variety oof cell types, which in turn can help treat tendonitis, arthritis, and pain relating to muscles.
365:
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298:, however, frequently requires the coordinated efforts of the pain management team. Effective pain management does not always mean total eradication of all pain. Rather, it often means achieving adequate quality of life in the presence of pain, through any combination of lessening the pain and/or better understanding it and being able to live happily despite it. Medicine treats
434:, as well as therapeutic exercises and behavioral therapy. These techniques are usually part of an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary program that might also include pharmaceutical medicines. Spa therapy has showed positive effects in reducing pain among patients with chronic low back pain. However, there are limited studies looking at this approach. Studies have shown that
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mindfulness were also observed in a study applying ACT to chronic pain in older adults. In addition, these primary results suggested that an ACT based treatment may significantly improve levels of physical disability, psychosocial disability, and depression post-treatment and at a three-month follow-up for older adults with chronic pain.
795:(BT) is effective for reducing this type of pain, however BT may be useful for improving a person's mood immediately after treatment. This improvement appears to be small, and is short term in duration. CBT may have a small positive short-term effect on pain immediately following treatment. CBT may also have a small effect on reducing
808:
maintained for at least three months following the therapy. Psychological treatments may also improve pain control for children or adolescents who experience pain not related to headaches. It is not known if psychological therapy improves a child or adolescents mood and the potential for disability related to their chronic pain.
1398:, studies have shown that properly managed medical use of opioid analgesic compounds (taken exactly as prescribed) is safe, can manage pain effectively, and rarely causes addiction." In 2013, the FDA stated that "abuse and misuse of these products have created a serious and growing public health problem".
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recommend. Some studies about gender biases have concluded that female pain recipients are often overlooked when it comes to the perception of their pain. Whether they appeared to be in high levels of pain didn't make a difference for their observers. The women participants in the studies were still
1641:, various studies were cited in demonstrating that cannabinoids exhibit comparable effectiveness to opioids in models of acute pain and even greater effectiveness in models of chronic pain. It is mainly the THC strain of medical marijuana that provide analgesic benefits, as opposed to the CBD strain.
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which is convenient for chronic pain management. In addition to the intrathecal patch and injectable fentanyl formulations, the FDA (Food and Drug
Administration) has approved various immediate release fentanyl products for breakthrough cancer pain (Actiq/OTFC/Fentora/Onsolis/Subsys/Lazanda/Abstral).
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Boswell, Mark V.; Trescot, Andrea M.; Datta, Sukdeb; Schultz, David M.; Hansen, Hans C.; Abdi, Salahadin; Sehgal, Nalini; Shah, Rinoo V.; Singh, Vijay; Benyamin, Ramsin M.; Patel, Vikram B.; Buenaventura, Ricardo M.; Colson, James D.; Cordner, Harold J.; Epter, Richard S.; Jasper, Joseph F.; Dunbar,
538:
Fibromyalgia is a disorder in which an individual experiences dysfunctional brain activity, musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas. Research examining tDCS for pain treatment in fibromyalgia has found initial evidence for pain decreases. Specifically, the stimulation of the
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique of brain stimulation that can modulate activity in specific brain cortex regions, and it involves the application of low-intensity (up to 2 mA) constant direct current to the scalp through electrodes in order to modulate
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When treating moderate to severe pain, the type of the pain, acute or chronic, needs to be considered. The type of pain can result in different medications being prescribed. Certain medications may work better for acute pain, others for chronic pain, and some may work equally well on both. Acute
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Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on behavior change rather than symptom change, includes methods designed to alter the context around psychological experiences rather than to alter the makeup of the experiences, and emphasizes the use of
409:
A common challenge in pain management is communication between the health care provider and the person experiencing pain. People experiencing pain may have difficulty recognizing or describing what they feel and how intense it is. Health care providers and patients may have difficulty communicating
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Caregivers may provide nonpharmacological treatment for children and adolescents because it carries minimal risk and is cost effective compared to pharmacological treatment. Nonpharmacologic interventions vary by age and developmental factors. Physical interventions to ease pain in infants include
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community has been shown to suffer significantly when it comes to trusting the medical community to treat them. Oftentimes medication although available to be prescribed is dispensed in less quantities due to their pain being perceived on a smaller scale. The black community could be undermined by
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There are other prevalent reasons that undertreatment of pain occurs. Gender is a factor as well as race. When it comes to prescribers treating patients racial disparities has become a real factor. Research has shown that non-white individuals pain perception has affected their pain treatment. The
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in the reduction of pain in some conditions. However the studies had some limitations like small study sizes, bringing up issues of power to detect group differences, and lacking credible controls for placebo or expectation. The authors concluded that "although the findings provide support for the
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps patients with pain to understand the relationship between their pain, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. A main goal in treatment is cognitive (thinking, reasoning or remembering) restructuring to encourage helpful thought patterns. This will target healthy
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Another problem with pain management is that pain is the body's natural way of communicating a problem. Pain is supposed to resolve as the body heals itself with time and pain management. Sometimes pain management covers a problem, and the patient might be less aware that they need treatment for a
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Pain assessment in children is often challenging due to limitations in developmental level, cognitive ability, or their previous pain experiences. Clinicians must observe physiological and behavioral cues exhibited by the child to make an assessment. Self-report, if possible, is the most accurate
313:
The task of medicine is to relieve suffering under three circumstances. The first is when a painful injury or pathology is resistant to treatment and persists. The second is when pain persists after the injury or pathology has healed. Finally, the third circumstance is when medical science cannot
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organizations establish guidelines to determine the treatment for pain which health care providers ought to offer. For various social reasons, persons in pain may not seek or may not be able to access treatment for their pain. Health care providers may not provide the treatment which authorities
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to be in less pain than they actually were. Men participants on the other hand were offered pain relief while their self reporting indicated that their pain levels didn't necessarily warrant treatment. Biases exist when it comes to gender. Prescribers have been seen over and under prescribing
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Hypnosis has reduced the pain of some harmful medical procedures in children and adolescents. In clinical trials addressing other patient groups, it has significantly reduced pain compared to no treatment or some other non-hypnotic interventions. The effects of self hypnosis on chronic pain are
841:, concluded, "that MBIs decrease the intensity of pain for chronic pain patients." A 2019 review of studies of brief mindfulness-based interventions (BMBI) concluded that BMBI are not recommended as a first-line treatment and could not confirm their efficacy in managing chronic or acute pain.
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Although opioids are strong analgesics, they do not provide complete analgesia regardless of whether the pain is acute or chronic in origin. Opioids are effective analgesics in chronic malignant pain and modestly effective in nonmalignant pain management. However, there are associated adverse
807:
For children and adolescents, a review of RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of psychological therapy for the management of chronic and recurrent pain found that psychological treatments are effective in reducing pain when people under 18 years old have headaches. This beneficial effect may be
771:
Studies have demonstrated the usefulness of cognitive behavioral therapy in the management of chronic low back pain, producing significant decreases in physical and psychosocial disability. CBT is significantly more effective than standard care in treatment of people with body-wide pain, like
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primary motor cortex resulted in significantly greater pain improvement in comparison to the control group (e.g., sham stimulation, stimulation of the DLPFC). However, this effect decreased after treatment ended, but remained significant for three weeks following the extinction of treatment.
501:
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a self-operated portable device intended to help regulate and control chronic pain via electrical impulses. Limited research has explored the effectiveness of TENS in relation to pain management of multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic
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and the
American Academy of Pain Medicine. Included in these guidelines is the importance of assessing the patient for the risk of substance abuse, misuse, or addiction. Factors correlated with an elevated risk of opioid misuse include a history of substance use disorder, younger age, major
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Recent research has applied ACT successfully to chronic pain in older adults due to in part of its direction from individual values and being highly customizable to any stage of life. In line with the therapeutic model of ACT, significant increases in process variables, pain acceptance, and
4095:
Pizutti LT, Carissimi A, Valdivia LJ, Ilgenfritz CA, Freitas JJ, Sopezki D, et al. (June 2019). "Evaluation of
Breathworks' Mindfulness for Stress 8-week course: Effects on depressive symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, affects, self-compassion, and mindfulness facets in Brazilian health
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physicians thinking they are not in as much pain as they are reporting. Another occurrence may be physicians simply making the choice not to treat the patient accordingly in spite of the self-reported pain level. Racial disparity is definitely a real issue in the world of pain management.
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medications can provide short, intermediate or long acting analgesia depending upon the specific properties of the medication and whether it is formulated as an extended release drug. Opioid medications may be administered orally, by injection, via nasal mucosa or oral mucosa, rectally,
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Thompson, Trevor; Terhune, Devin B.; Oram, Charlotte; Sharangparni, Joseph; Rouf, Rommana; Solmi, Marco; Veronese, Nicola; Stubbs, Brendon (April 2019). "The effectiveness of hypnosis for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 controlled experimental trials".
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that may be associated with adult chronic pain. These benefits do not appear to last very long following the therapy. CBT may contribute towards improving the mood of an adult who experiences chronic pain, which could possibility be maintained for longer periods of time.
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drugs are used in chronic pain management and act primarily within the pain pathways of the central nervous system, though peripheral mechanisms have been attributed as well. They are generally used to treat nerve brain that results from injury to the nervous system.
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In relation to MS, a study found that after daily tDCS sessions resulted in an individual's subjective report of pain to decrease when compared to a sham condition. In addition, the study found a similar improvement at 1 to 3 days before and after each tDCS session.
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activities such as regular exercise and pacing. Lifestyle changes are also trained to improve sleep patterns and to develop better coping skills for pain and other stressors using various techniques (e.g., relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, and even biofeedback).
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from the structures implicated as the source of chronic pain. Radiofrequency treatment has been seen to improve pain in patients for facet joint low back pain. However, continuous radiofrequency is more effective in managing pain than pulsed radiofrequency.
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Acupuncture involves the insertion and manipulation of needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain or for therapeutic purposes. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in
January 2009 in the
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Hypnosis with analgesic (painkiller) has been seen to relieve chronic pain for most people and may be a safe and effective alternative to medications. However, high quality clinical data is needed to generalize to the whole chronic pain population.
2755:"Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"
1552:/paracetamol is not always included in this class of medications. However, acetaminophen may be administered as a single medication or in combination with other analgesics (both NSAIDs and opioids). The alternatively prescribed NSAIDs such as
1885:(CBT) aims to reduce the emotional distress and improve the daily functioning of school-aged children and adolescents with pain by changing the relationship between their thoughts and emotions. In addition this therapy teaches them adaptive
446:. Exercise alone or with other rehabilitation disciplines (such as psychologically based approaches) can have a positive effect on reducing pain. In addition to improving pain, exercise also can improve one's well-being and general health.
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Vanti C, Andreatta S, Borghi S, Guccione AA, Pillastrini P, Bertozzi L (March 2019). "The effectiveness of walking versus exercise on pain and function in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials".
593:. Instead of thermal therapy, where reactant energy is originated through heat, Low Level Light Therapy (LLLT) utilizes photochemical reactions requiring light to function. Photochemical reactions need light in order to function.
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Mayer EK, Ihm JM, Sibell DM, Press JM, Kennedy DJ (August 2013). "ACGME sports, ACGME pain, or non-ACGME sports and spine: which is the ideal fellowship training for PM&R physicians interested in musculoskeletal medicine?".
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and no acupuncture. A systematic review in 2019 reported that acupuncture injection therapy was an effective treatment for patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain, and is widely used in
Southeast Asian countries.
5512:"The effectiveness of generic self-management interventions for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain on physical function, self-efficacy, pain intensity and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
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are also not recommended in new patients except for acute pain where other analgesics are not tolerated or are inappropriate, for pharmacological and misuse-related reasons. In some countries potent synthetics such as
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and postoperatively. The major differences are that it is much more common for the drug to be delivered into the spinal fluid (intrathecal) rather than epidurally, and the pump can be fully implanted under the skin.
5234:
Sandberg, Mårten; Hyldmo, Per
Kristian; Kongstad, Poul; Dahl Friesgaard, Kristian; Raatiniemi, Lasse; Larsen, Robert; Magnusson, Vidar; Rognås, Leif; Kurola, Jouni; Rehn, Marius; Vist, Gunn Elisabeth (November 2020).
4935:"Comparison of analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen monotherapy versus acetaminophen combinations with either pethidine or parecoxib in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized prospective study"
2364:
Li Y, Yin Y, Jia G, Chen H, Yu L, Wu D (April 2019). "Effects of kinesiotape on pain and disability in individuals with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
4275:
Long, Jaqui; Briggs, Michelle; Long, Andrew; Astin, Felicity (October 2016). "Starting where I am: a grounded theory exploration of mindfulness as a facilitator of transition in living with a long-term condition".
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Elmer E.; Atluri, Sairam L.; Bowman, Richard C.; Deer, Timothy R.; Swicegood, John R.; Staats, Peter S.; Smith, Howard S.; Burton, Allen W.; Kloth, David S.; Giordano, James; Manchikanti, Laxmaiah (January 2007).
1997:
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Noori-Zadeh A, Bakhtiyari S, Khooz R, Haghani K, Darabi S (February 2019). "Intra-articular ozone therapy efficiently attenuates pain in knee osteoarthritic subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1580:. There are many NSAIDs such as parecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) with proven effectiveness after different surgical procedures. Wide use of non-opioid analgesics can reduce opioid-induced side-effects.
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transdermally, intravenously, epidurally and intrathecally. In chronic pain conditions that are opioid responsive, a combination of a long-acting (OxyContin, MS Contin, Opana ER, Exalgo and
Methadone) or
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Starrels JL, Becker WC, Alford DP, Kapoor A, Williams AR, Turner BJ (June 2010). "Systematic review: treatment agreements and urine drug testing to reduce opioid misuse in patients with chronic pain".
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Specifically in chronic low back pain, education about the way the brain processes pain in conjunction with routine physiotherapy interventions may provide short term relief of disability and pain.
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could be used on individuals with chronic low back pain to reduce pain. The Center for
Disease Control recommends that physical therapy and exercise can be prescribed as a positive alternative to
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Contreras Lopez WO, Navarro PA, Vargas MD, Alape E, Camacho Lopez PA (February 2019). "Pulsed Radiofrequency Versus Continuous Radiofrequency for Facet Joint Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review".
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general applicability of hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain, considerably more research will be needed to fully determine the effects of hypnosis for different chronic-pain conditions."
2065:
Zhorov BS, Ananthanarayanan VS (March 2000). "Homology models of mu-opioid receptor with organic and inorganic cations at conserved aspartates in the second and third transmembrane domains".
3096:
Stausholm, Martin Bjørn; Naterstad, Ingvill Fjell; Joensen, Jon; Lopes-Martins, Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão; Sæbø, Humaira; Lund, Hans; Fersum, Kjartan Vibe; Bjordal, Jan Magnus (October 2019).
6548:
4166:
Lopes SA, Vannucchi BP, Demarzo M, Cunha ÂG, Nunes MD (February 2019). "Effectiveness of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain in Nursing Workers".
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Cusens B, Duggan GB, Thorne K, Burch V (2010). "Evaluation of the breathworks mindfulness-based pain management programme: effects on well-being and multiple measures of mindfulness".
372:
In the nursing profession, one common definition of pain is any problem that is "whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does".
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In recent studies, it has been noted that people who have red-hair through the MC1R receptor gene may react to opioids and perceive pain differently than the rest of the population.
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doctor consultation is appropriate if headaches are severe, persistent, accompanied by fever, vomiting, or speech or balance problems; self-medication should be limited to two weeks
4354:
Brown CA, Jones AK (March 2013). "Psychobiological correlates of improved mental health in patients with musculoskeletal pain after a mindfulness-based pain management program".
2984:"Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline"
3790:
Accardi MC, Milling LS (August 2009). "The effectiveness of hypnosis for reducing procedure-related pain in children and adolescents: a comprehensive methodological review".
852:(MBPM) is a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) providing specific applications for people living with chronic pain and illness. Adapting the core concepts and practices of
1304:, known in North America as meperidine, is not recommended for pain management due to its low potency, short duration of action, and toxicity associated with repeated use.
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Aiyer R, Gulati A, Gungor S, Bhatia A, Mehta N (August 2018). "Treatment of Chronic Pain With Various Buprenorphine Formulations: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies".
1463:
The list below consists of commonly used opioid analgesics which have long-acting formulations. Common brand names for the extended release formulation are in parentheses.
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Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM (March 2006). "Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience".
6275:
Innovation in pain management : the transcript of a witness seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 12 December 2002
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Innovation in pain management : the transcript of a Witness seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 12 december 2002
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are commonly used to treat acute or chronic pain symptoms in children and adolescents. However a pediatrician should be consulted before administering any medication.
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Thomas R. Frieden, Harold W. Jaffe, Joanne Cono, et al. CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65 Pg. 9-10
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Self-management of chronic pain has been described as the individual's ability to manage various aspects of their chronic pain. Self-management can include building
1752:
1921:
Pain management practitioners come from all fields of medicine. In addition to medical practitioners, a pain management team may often benefit from the input of
1637:, "the available evidence from animal and human studies indicates that cannabinoids can have a substantial analgesic effect". In a 2013 review study published in
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therapy are safe interventions that likely reduce pain for patients with chronic low back pain. However, manipulation produces a larger effect than mobilization.
791:(RCTs) evaluated the clinical effectiveness of psychological therapies for the management of adult chronic pain (excluding headaches). There is no evidence that
375:
Pain management includes patient and communication about the pain problem. To define the pain problem, a health care provider will likely ask questions such as:
3098:"Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials"
205:
provide some pain control in the normal course of their practice, and for the more complex instances of pain, they also call on additional help from a specific
1977:
1693:, an alpha-2 receptor agonist, is another drug that has found use as an analgesic adjuvant. In 2021, researchers described a novel type of pain therapy — a
505:
496:
5713:""Brave Men" and "Emotional Women": A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain"
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1989:
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for decreasing one's pain in multiple injuries, illnesses, or diseases. This can include chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis of the hip and knee, or
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1409:
medication is often prescribed along with a shorter-acting medication (oxycodone, morphine or hydromorphone) for breakthrough pain, or exacerbations.
114:
108:
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2517:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: Short-and long-term outcomes of pain and disability"
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Subdissociative-dose ketamine (SDK) may be used either alone or as part of a multimodal approach to pain relief for traumatic and nontraumatic pain.
5136:
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After asking such questions, the health care provider will have a description of the pain. Pain management will then be used to address that pain.
6998:
2886:"Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups"
525:
6318:
3445:"Treatment for chronic pain for adults in the seventh and eighth decades of life: a preliminary study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)"
5471:"What Works and Does Not Work in a Self-Management Intervention for People With Chronic Pain? Qualitative Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis"
2845:"A randomized, sham-controlled, proof of principle study of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia"
2557:
Geneen LJ, Moore RA, Clarke C, Martin D, Colvin LA, Smith BH, et al. (Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group) (April 2017).
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each provide certification for a subspecialty in pain management following fellowship training. The fellowship training is recognized by the
1946:
1862:
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1985:
427:
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Turner JA, Clancy S (April 1988). "Comparison of operant behavioral and cognitive-behavioral group treatment for chronic low back pain".
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Yousefi-Nooraie R, Schonstein E, Heidari K, Rashidian A, Pennick V, Akbari-Kamrani M, et al. (April 2008). Yousefi-Nooraie R (ed.).
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is prescribed for chronic muscular pain in the arms, legs, neck and lower back with an opiate, or sometimes without it or with an NSAID.
6015:
5764:"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites"
1541:
1173:
857:
2801:
Zaghi S, Thiele B, Pimentel D, Pimentel T, Fregni F (2011). "Assessment and treatment of pain with non-invasive cortical stimulation".
1905:(in the case of chronic pain). Many therapists will hold sessions for caregivers to provide them with effective management strategies.
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is an implantable medical device that creates electric impulses and applies them near the dorsal surface of the spinal cord provides a
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6776:
6301:
2015:
2000:(AOABOS). As the field of pain medicine has grown rapidly, many practitioners have entered the field, some non-ACGME board-certified.
853:
5929:
Wente SJ (March 2013). "Nonpharmacologic pediatric pain management in emergency departments: a systematic review of the literature".
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6140:
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Self-Selection all the Way: Improving Patients' Pain Experience and Outcomes on a Pilot Breathworks Mindfulness for Health Programme
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swaddling, rocking, or sucrose via a pacifier. For children and adolescents physical interventions include hot or cold application,
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6538:
6498:
1973:
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used to deliver very small quantities of medications directly to the spinal fluid. This is similar to epidural infusions used in
228:. Relief of pain in general (analgesia) is often an acute affair, whereas managing chronic pain requires additional dimensions.
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1092:
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6858:
6345:
1614:
864:', and has been seen as sensitive to concerns about removing mindfulness teaching from its original ethical framework within
643:
102:
4311:
Doran NJ (June 2014). "Experiencing Wellness Within Illness: Exploring a Mindfulness-Based Approach to Chronic Back Pain".
3642:"Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents"
1751:"). The Hellenic Society of Algology and the Turkish Algology-Pain Society are the relevant local bodies affiliated to the
6465:
5093:
Zogopoulos P, Vasileiou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis SE (February 2013). "The role of endocannabinoids in pain modulation".
1665:
Other drugs which can potentiate conventional analgesics or have analgesic properties in certain circumstances are called
1395:
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Eaton, Linda H.; Langford, Dale J.; Meins, Alexa R.; Rue, Tessa; Tauben, David J.; Doorenbos, Ardith Z. (February 2018).
7404:
6431:
2710:
Aboud T, Schuster NM (November 2019). "Pain Management in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Available Treatment Options".
1882:
1391:
762:
729:
Intra-articular ozone therapy has been seen to efficiently alleviate chronic pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
343:
7048:
5189:
2317:"Effectiveness of spa therapy for patients with chronic low back pain: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis"
1813:
1568:
have significant cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risks which have limited their utilization. Common NSAIDs include
788:
6130:
5561:"Use of Self-management Interventions for Chronic Pain Management: A Comparison between Rural and Nonrural Residents"
1276:
is used across the Americas and Europe for relief of serious chronic pain. Its main slow-release formula is known as
5379:
4833:
302:
and diseases to support and speed healing. It treats distressing symptoms such as pain and discomfort to reduce any
7028:
6728:
4507:
3278:
2030:
1822:
is present in approximately 15–25% of children and adolescents. It may be caused by an underlying disease, such as
682:
4213:[Mindfulness and Cancer: Application of the MBPM program of Respira Vida Breathworks in cancer patients].
1818:
Acute pain is common in children and adolescents as a result of injury, illness, or necessary medical procedures.
1633:
Evidence of medical marijuana's effect on reducing pain is generally conclusive. Detailed in a 1999 report by the
7457:
885:
626:
to manage pain or other distress. They are generally viewed as insufficient when used alone, but also as helpful
3484:
1937:, among others. Together the multidisciplinary team can help create a package of care suitable to the patient.
7603:
7593:
7249:
7171:
7166:
7086:
6846:
6697:
2631:
838:
648:
435:
5185:"Low-dose Ketamine For Acute Pain Control in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2247:
1972:
doctors are also specialists in pain management. The American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, the
7229:
7203:
2272:
Geertzen JH, Van Wilgen CP, Schrier E, Dijkstra PU (March 2006). "Chronic pain in rehabilitation medicine".
1781:
1406:
586:
564:
35:
30:
This article is about pain management across medicine. For cancer-related pain management specifically, see
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6769:
5904:
3543:
Eccleston C (August 2011). "Can 'ehealth' technology deliver on its promise of pain management for all?".
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2468:"Manipulation and mobilization for treating chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7472:
7358:
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7304:
7256:
7210:
6905:
6743:
6631:
6460:
4211:"Mindfulness y Cáncer: Aplicación del programa MBPM de Respira Vida Breatworks en pacientes oncológicos"
3279:"Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain"
1930:
1774:
1685:, are given in conjunction with opioids for neuropathic pain. Orphenadrine and cyclobenzaprine are also
1634:
1456:
1109:
678:
660:
240:
5972:
Zagustin TK (August 2013). "The role of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain in adolescents".
4601:
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3694:"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents"
1673:, an anticonvulsant, can reduce neuropathic pain itself and can also potentiate opiates. Drugs with
1560:
have limited benefit in chronic pain disorders and with long-term use are associated with significant
1378:
are often used in the management of chronic pain, high doses are associated with an increased risk of
7492:
7452:
7319:
7133:
7128:
7108:
7043:
6895:
6654:
5775:
2607:
1961:
1831:
1654:
1425:
800:
232:
148:
65:
6109:
5865:
Weydert JA (2013). "The interdisciplinary management of pediatric pain: Time for more integration".
1849:
Young children can indicate their level of pain by pointing to the appropriate face on a children's
1114:
heartburn lasting more than a week requires medical attention; aspirin and NSAIDs should be avoided
467:
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7572:
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1890:
1886:
1835:
1602:
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513:
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217:
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and others vary in such ways as duration of action, side effect profile and milligramme potency.
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970:
453:
96:
2466:
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may be used to target either the tissue structures and organ/systems responsible for persistent
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2109:
7532:
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6713:
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6297:
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6238:
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5946:
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3215:
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3137:
3054:
3005:
2964:
2915:
2866:
2843:
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2818:
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2727:
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2536:
2497:
2448:
2382:
2346:
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2199:
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2020:
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1606:
1413:
1268:
1214:
792:
784:
773:
406:
There are many types of pain management. Each have their own benefits, drawbacks, and limits.
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276:
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206:
194:
4793:
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6220:
6070:
5981:
5938:
5874:
5834:
5793:
5783:
5734:
5724:
5580:
5572:
5531:
5523:
5482:
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5422:
5351:
5341:
5300:
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5050:
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4946:
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4746:
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4701:
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4614:
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4320:
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3713:
3705:
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3517:
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2983:
2954:
2946:
2905:
2897:
2856:
2810:
2766:
2719:
2665:
2578:
2570:
2559:"Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
2528:
2487:
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2438:
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2374:
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2328:
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2074:
952:
702:
627:
623:
190:
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1653:
is sometimes used as an alternative to opioids for the treatment of acute pain in hospital
154:
7562:
7507:
7368:
7353:
7336:
7276:
7215:
7193:
6890:
6836:
6816:
6641:
6626:
4685:
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for managing pain relief with pharmaceutical medicine. It was first described for use in
5779:
3072:
7394:
7348:
7161:
7091:
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6233:
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4714:
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4627:
4602:
4397:
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3977:
3767:
3742:
3718:
3693:
3666:
3641:
3617:
3592:
3132:
3097:
3049:
3024:
2959:
2934:
2910:
2885:
2583:
2558:
2492:
2467:
2443:
2416:
2341:
2316:
2135:
2102:
1949:
1589:
1561:
1445:
1437:
1341:
1309:
1284:
which contain oxycodone are available making it suitable for acute intractable pain or
1252:
1153:
1149:
1130:
615:
606:
449:
431:
359:
327:
323:
5346:
5329:
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1657:. Ketamine probably reduces pain more than opioids and with less nausea and vomiting.
876:. It has been subject to a range of clinical studies demonstrating its effectiveness.
364:
7587:
7477:
7266:
7261:
7123:
7063:
6966:
6616:
6581:
6533:
6493:
6331:
5452:
5220:
5011:
4416:
3461:
3444:
3168:
2739:
2024:
2010:
1720:
1622:
1593:
1549:
1545:
1497:
1473:
1455:
Clinical guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain have been issued by the
1368:
1353:
1297:
1240:
1232:
1101:
996:
777:
619:
610:
590:
582:
335:
268:
6090:
6001:
5958:
5405:
Moreno AM, Alemán F, Catroli GF, Hunt M, Hu M, Dailamy A, et al. (March 2021).
5122:
5027:
4809:
4766:
4587:
4383:
4340:
4195:
4125:
3913:
3885:
3819:
3572:
3416:
3372:
3262:
3184:
2685:
2394:
2301:
1196:, may provide greater relief than their separate use. A combination of opioid with
837:
A 2013 meta-analysis of studies that used techniques centered around the concept of
7542:
7482:
7467:
7293:
7018:
6868:
6853:
6799:
6528:
6513:
6508:
6270:
5823:"The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents"
4508:"Using Opioids to Treat: Chronic Pain - Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
3834:
3709:
3657:
3608:
3040:
2574:
1839:
1819:
1678:
1357:
1322:
1248:
1222:
1144:
1125:
opioids may be necessary if other drugs do not control pain and pain is persistent
1073:
569:
443:
315:
295:
283:
has healed, and is treated by one practitioner, with drugs such as pain relievers (
225:
4919:
4546:
4070:
2669:
143:
6224:
5426:
4705:
4571:
4367:
3692:
Fisher E, Law E, Dudeney J, Palermo TM, Stewart G, Eccleston C (September 2018).
2771:
2754:
2483:
1769:
Undertreatment of pain is the absence of pain management therapy for a person in
1609:
and post-stroke pain. These mechanisms vary and in general are more effective in
7341:
7286:
7183:
7038:
7013:
6831:
6738:
6664:
6649:
6611:
6566:
6523:
6518:
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2035:
1922:
1898:
1894:
1878:
1521:
1485:
1421:
1349:
1345:
1318:
1305:
1289:
1264:
1244:
1197:
1169:
1046:
895:
890:
873:
718:
690:
672:
548:
339:
170:
31:
7429:
6074:
5985:
5878:
4868:
3556:
3521:
3400:
3356:
3246:
1412:
Most opioid treatment used by patients outside of healthcare settings is oral (
1367:
Drugs of other types can be used to help opioids combat certain types of pain.
947:
are used when the others do not work, or when migraines are frequent or severe
7314:
7281:
7053:
7003:
6988:
6983:
6976:
6961:
6951:
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1618:
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288:
236:
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2378:
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7239:
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7081:
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1515:
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1277:
1273:
1260:
1177:
1088:
1059:
664:
652:
553:
319:
303:
284:
280:
198:
17:
6242:
6082:
5993:
5950:
5848:
5839:
5822:
5807:
5748:
5729:
5594:
5545:
5496:
5444:
5365:
5330:"Gabapentin as an adjuvant to opioid analgesia for neuropathic cancer pain"
5314:
5270:
5212:
5166:
5114:
5072:
5019:
4960:
4911:
4876:
4801:
4758:
4723:
4659:
4636:
4579:
4375:
4332:
4297:
4187:
4117:
4053:
4011:
3962:
3921:
3877:
3811:
3776:
3727:
3675:
3626:
3564:
3470:
3408:
3364:
3329:
3294:
3254:
3219:
3176:
3141:
3058:
3009:
2968:
2919:
2870:
2822:
2780:
2731:
2677:
2592:
2540:
2501:
2452:
2433:
2386:
2350:
2293:
2086:
2078:
861:
5665:
3993:
3529:
2814:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1711:
which showed therapeutic potential in three mouse models of chronic pain.
1188:
Paracetamol, an NSAID or paracetamol in a combination product with a weak
1158:
evidence suggests that opioids are not effective in treating fibromyalgia
721:("tingling") sensation that alters the perception of pain by the patient.
7008:
6785:
6380:
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5487:
5470:
4688:, Yu Y, Viswanathan S, Shah ND, Stafford RS, et al. (October 2013).
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2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
1650:
1577:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1333:
1256:
1236:
1228:
1193:
1019:
if inflammation is involved, NSAIDs may work better; short-term use only
944:
936:
920:
865:
817:
686:
656:
314:
identify the cause of pain. Treatment approaches to chronic pain include
166:
131:
77:
5657:
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2933:
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this should be short term use; opioids may be necessary for severe pain
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are used less frequently. Clinical studies have shown that transdermal
1218:
1201:
1097:
631:
568:, was unable to quantify the difference in the effect on pain of real,
484:
476:
264:
5380:"Unique CRISPR gene therapy offers opioid-free chronic pain treatment"
5106:
4289:
3953:
3936:
3122:
2901:
2861:
2844:
5527:
4951:
4934:
2532:
1981:
1866:
1736:
1732:
1701:
1528:*Methadone and buprenorphine are each used both for the treatment of
1401:
1375:
1281:
1213:
pain medication is for rapid onset of pain such as from an inflicted
1189:
974:
966:
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5054:
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1998:
American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists
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more than two weeks of pain requiring opioid treatment is unusual
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3747:
The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
1605:). These drugs also reduce pain from viruses such as shingles,
816:
A 2007 review of 13 studies found evidence for the efficacy of
960:
some NSAIDs are marketed for cramps, but any NSAID would work
825:
roughly comparable to those of progressive muscle relaxation.
231:
A typical multidisciplinary pain management team may include:
5407:"Long-lasting analgesia via targeted in situ repression of Na
1239:
are compared. Semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine such as
6319:
World Health Organization (WHO) Treatment Guidelines on Pain
6277:. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL.
4215:
Revista de Investigación y Educación en Ciencias de la Salud
1794:
treatment to individuals based on them being male or female
1041:
combinations of opioids may be prescribed if pain is severe
6754:
3591:
Williams AC, Fisher E, Hearn L, Eccleston C (August 2020).
5626:
5608:
1225:
medication is for alleviating long-lasting, ongoing pain.
471:
Aerobic exercise can help when it comes to pain management
5469:
Devan H, Hale L, Hempel D, Saipe B, Perry MA (May 2018).
1689:, and are useful in painful musculoskeletal conditions.
6549:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
5510:
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5328:
Caraceni A, Zecca E, Martini C, De Conno F (June 1999).
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Madsen MV, Gøtzsche PC, Hróbjartsson A (January 2009).
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Samulowitz A, Gremyr I, Eriksson E, Hensing G (2018).
275:. Pain sometimes resolves quickly once the underlying
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5867:
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Balzer N, McLeod SL, Walsh C, Grewal K (April 2021).
4834:"Guidelines for prescribing opioids for chronic pain"
1524:
bitartrate (Hysingla ER) and bicarbonate (Zohydro ER)
430:
uses a range of physical techniques such as heat and
2632:"Chronic Pain: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment"
1889:
strategies. Integrated interventions in CBT include
224:
of anyone experiencing pain, whether acute pain or
220:
approach for easing the suffering and improving the
7445:
7383:
7144:
7072:
7027:
6936:
6807:
6792:
6706:
6673:
6640:
6594:
6559:
6474:
6430:
6407:
6368:
6361:
4071:"What is Mindfulness based Pain Management (MBPM)?"
1139:medical attention is recommended if pain persists.
123:
88:
83:
71:
59:
51:
46:
5045:Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base
5042:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
3833:American Psychological Association (2 July 2004).
2134:
2101:
1054:if inflammation involved, NSAIDs may work better.
5821:American Academy of Pediatrics (September 2001).
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
3982:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
3743:"Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain"
2515:Wood, Lianne; Hendrick, Paul A. (February 2019).
2171:Pain management: A practical guide for clinicians
1428:is rarely needed for patients with chronic pain.
904:Common types of pain and typical drug management
6544:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
1544:(NSAID). They work by inhibiting the release of
1329:is a newer agent introduced in the last decade.
651:procedures for pain control, typically used for
5768:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3741:Elkins G, Jensen MP, Patterson DR (July 2007).
2153:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach.
1753:International Association for the Study of Pain
1621:, and an example of an antidepressant would be
1601:can be due to chronic high blood sugar levels (
330:; interventional procedures, physical therapy,
5903:. American Medical Association. Archived from
3935:Reiner K, Tibi L, Lipsitz JD (February 2013).
2137:Pain management: an interdisciplinary approach
1731:The medical treatment of pain as practiced in
1424:and skin patches can be prescribed. An opioid
685:, direct introduction of medication and nerve
557:Acupuncture can sometimes help to relieve pain
6770:
6339:
3835:"Hypnosis for the relief and control of pain"
3510:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
2415:Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (March 2016).
1945:Pain physicians are often fellowship-trained
1280:. Short-acting tablets, capsules, syrups and
8:
6132:Pain Medicine and Management: Just the Facts
1978:American Osteopathic Board of Anesthesiology
1564:. The use of selective NSAIDs designated as
41:
5646:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
4398:"WHO - WHO's cancer pain ladder for adults"
3698:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3646:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3597:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3029:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2563:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
506:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
497:Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
391:What, if anything, makes the pain increase?
7059:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
6804:
6777:
6763:
6755:
6365:
6346:
6332:
6324:
5860:
5858:
1990:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
1082:opioids usually needed if pain is severe.
900:
27:Interdisciplinary approach for easing pain
7400:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
6232:
5838:
5797:
5787:
5738:
5728:
5584:
5535:
5486:
5434:
5355:
5345:
5304:
5289:"Current pharmacotherapy of chronic pain"
5260:
5202:
5156:
4950:
4713:
4626:
4236:
4226:
4001:
3952:
3766:
3717:
3665:
3616:
3460:
3131:
3121:
3048:
2999:
2958:
2909:
2860:
2770:
2582:
2491:
2442:
2432:
2340:
2108:. U.K.: Greenwich Medical Media. p.
1200:can be frequently used such as Percocet,
872:and is delivered through the programs of
475:Physical activity interventions, such as
388:What, if anything, makes the pain lessen?
368:Commonly used scale to depict pain levels
115:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
109:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
6171:Principles and practice of pain medicine
5137:American College of Emergency Physicians
4794:10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00004
4141:British Journal of Healthcare Management
3902:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
3489:American Psychological Association (APA)
2753:Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (January 2010).
1540:The other major group of analgesics are
5095:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
4619:10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006
4034:Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
3485:"What Is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?"
3001:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00007
2104:Chronic pain management: the essentials
2067:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2057:
1639:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
1584:Antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs
1300:is effective at reducing chronic pain.
589:is an effective therapy for relieving
526:Transcranial direct-current stimulation
5892:
5890:
5888:
5334:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
5293:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
4504:Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs
4065:
4063:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2803:Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2712:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
40:
34:. For the album by Bubba Sparxxx, see
5464:
5462:
5282:
5280:
4415:Reynolds LA, Tansey EM, eds. (2004).
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3687:
3685:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3310:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
3200:Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
2552:
2550:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
1994:American Board of Medical Specialties
1863:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
508:has been found to be ineffective for
7:
7538:
7299:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
4857:The Medical Clinics of North America
3837:. American Psychological Association
2248:"Pain Relief: What You Need to Know"
1986:American Board of Emergency Medicine
1542:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1536:Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1440:will occur. Other risks can include
428:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
423:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
7548:
6020:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
3443:McCracken LM, Jones R (July 2012).
3389:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
2982:Chou R, Huffman LH (October 2007).
2246:Consumer Reports (April 28, 2016).
1267:. It can also be administered via
1174:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
858:mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
7435:Medical Scientist Training Program
6296:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
6129:Staats P, Wallace M (March 2015).
6108:Diwan S, Staats P (January 2015).
4904:10.1097/01.smj.0000223946.19256.17
2016:List of investigational analgesics
1941:Pain medicine in the United States
1617:. A common anti-epileptic drug is
854:mindfulness-based stress reduction
334:, application of ice or heat; and
267:. The team may also include other
25:
6111:Atlas of Pain Medicine Procedures
5158:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.06.043
4739:Current Pain and Headache Reports
4256:. British Pain Society ASM 2017.
2421:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
2041:Pain management during childbirth
1548:, which cause inflammatory pain.
850:Mindfulness-based pain management
845:Mindfulness-based pain management
780:within the field very difficult.
744:Acceptance and commitment therapy
738:Acceptance and commitment therapy
581:Research has found evidence that
209:devoted to pain, which is called
7567:
7557:
7547:
7537:
7528:
7527:
6539:Congenital insensitivity to pain
6499:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
6150:Fausett HJ, Warfield CA (2002).
5012:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00055.x
3462:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01407.x
3169:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x
1974:American Board of Anesthesiology
7568:
6069:(8): 718–23, discussion 723–5.
4547:Over-the-counter pain relievers
3914:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.013
1436:are used for prolonged periods
1093:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1062:or pain from dental procedures
912:typical initial drug treatment
675:drug delivery system implants.
306:during treatment, healing, and
7425:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
6859:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
6254:. Chicago Scholarship Online.
6169:Bajwa ZH, Warfield CA (2004).
5717:Pain Research & Management
5415:Science Translational Medicine
4098:Journal of Clinical Psychology
3858:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
3792:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
3710:10.1002/14651858.CD003968.pub5
3658:10.1002/14651858.cd011118.pub3
3609:10.1002/14651858.CD007407.pub4
3041:10.1002/14651858.CD005107.pub4
2575:10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub3
2194:Pasero C, McCaffery M (1999).
2133:Main CJ, Spanswick CC (2000).
1615:complex regional pain syndrome
644:Interventional pain management
512:. However, it might help with
189:) in various dimensions, from
103:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
1:
5347:10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00033-0
5306:10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00124-4
2670:10.1080/09638288.2017.1410730
2658:Disability and Rehabilitation
2274:Disability and Rehabilitation
2165:Thienhaus O, Cole BE (2002).
1396:National Institutes of Health
1079:paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioids
725:Intra-articular ozone therapy
216:Pain management often uses a
7405:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
7172:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
6225:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a95d86
5931:Journal of Emergency Nursing
5427:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9056
5287:Portenoy RK (January 2000).
5145:Annals of Emergency Medicine
4706:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a95d86
4664:Food and Drug Administration
4572:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002718
4368:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31824c5d9f
4356:The Clinical Journal of Pain
2772:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc
2636:NIH MedlinePlus the Magazine
2484:10.1016/j.spinee.2018.01.013
2167:"The classification of pain"
1883:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1392:Food and Drug Administration
789:randomized controlled trials
763:Cognitive behavioral therapy
757:Cognitive behavioral therapy
516:as well as other illnesses.
344:cognitive behavioral therapy
5898:"Pediatric Pain Management"
5253:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038134
5190:Academic Emergency Medicine
5151:(3). Elsevier BV: 446–448.
4782:Annals of Internal Medicine
4607:Annals of Internal Medicine
4313:Qualitative Health Research
4278:Journal of Advanced Nursing
4262:10.13140/RG.2.2.14157.23526
4228:10.37536/RIECS.2018.3.2.101
4153:10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.5.235
3114:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031142
2988:Annals of Internal Medicine
2951:10.1097/MD.0000000000016478
2608:"Exercise and Chronic Pain"
2333:10.1097/MD.0000000000017092
1814:Pain management in children
1784:and the recommendations of
1476:(Exalgo, Hydromorph Contin)
925:paracetamol/acetaminophen,
657:epidural steroid injections
622:are both examples of using
7620:
6192:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
6075:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.07.004
5986:10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.05.009
5879:10.1053/j.trap.2014.07.006
4869:10.1016/j.mcna.2006.10.011
3557:10.1016/j.pain.2011.05.004
3522:10.1037/0022-006x.56.2.261
3401:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.023
3357:10.1016/j.wneu.2018.10.191
3247:10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006
2031:Pain Catastrophizing Scale
1917:Professional certification
1811:
1762:
1613:pain disorders as well as
1566:selective COX-2 inhibitors
1394:stated: "According to the
1325:are used for severe pain.
1035:severe pain after surgery
760:
741:
641:
604:
546:
523:
494:
353:
29:
7523:
6294:Pain: A Political History
6152:Manual of pain management
5943:10.1016/j.jen.2012.09.011
5577:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.09.004
5049:. Institute of Medicine.
4751:10.1007/s11916-009-0086-x
4180:10.1016/j.pmn.2018.02.065
3870:10.1007/s10865-005-9031-6
3804:10.1007/s10865-009-9207-6
3759:10.1080/00207140701338621
3322:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.009
3212:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012
2724:10.1007/s11940-019-0601-2
2286:10.1080/09638280500287437
2173:. CRC Press. p. 29.
2141:. Churchill Livingstone.
1909:In red-haired individuals
1494:, transdermal (Duragesic)
1024:minor pain after surgery
1016:NSAIDs, muscle relaxants
987:severe trauma, such as a
903:
886:World Health Organization
638:Interventional procedures
7359:Transplantation medicine
7250:Clinical neurophysiology
7167:Obstetric anesthesiology
7087:Interventional radiology
6847:Digestive system surgery
5516:European Journal of Pain
4892:Southern Medical Journal
4560:Anesthesia and Analgesia
4542:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
4325:10.1177/1049732314529662
2849:Arthritis and Rheumatism
2606:University, Utah State.
2521:European Journal of Pain
2379:10.1177/0269215518817804
1500:*, transdermal (Butrans)
1259:has the benefit of less
1180:will relieve mild pain.
982:opioids not recommended
965:minor trauma, such as a
649:Interventional radiology
394:When did the pain start?
379:How intense is the pain?
296:chronic (long-term) pain
294:Effective management of
287:) and occasionally also
7230:Intensive care medicine
7204:Mass gathering medicine
7049:Maternal–fetal medicine
6660:Posteromarginal nucleus
6595:Measurement and testing
5789:10.1073/pnas.1516047113
5631:Algoloji - Ağrı Derneği
5565:Pain Management Nursing
4168:Pain Management Nursing
2367:Clinical Rehabilitation
1935:occupational therapists
1782:evidence-based medicine
1743:(from the Greek άλγος,
1263:release and thus fewer
1208:Moderate to severe pain
669:spinal cord stimulators
587:low level laser therapy
565:British Medical Journal
382:How does the pain feel?
253:recreational therapists
249:occupational therapists
42:Pain Medicine Physician
36:Pain Management (album)
6822:Cardiothoracic surgery
5840:10.1542/peds.108.3.793
2434:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1
2169:. In Weiner RS (ed.).
2079:10.1006/abbi.1999.1529
1931:clinical psychologists
1854:
1765:Undertreatment of pain
1700:method for repressing
1518:* (Metadol, Methadose)
1172:(acetaminophen), or a
1030:opioids rarely needed
868:. It was developed by
833:Mindfulness meditation
733:Psychological approach
715:spinal cord stimulator
661:facet joint injections
558:
472:
463:Exercise interventions
369:
241:clinical psychologists
197:and challenging. Most
159:
151:
7473:Personalized medicine
7332:Reproductive medicine
7257:Occupational medicine
7211:Evolutionary medicine
6744:Drug-seeking behavior
6632:Visual analogue scale
3994:10.1089/acm.2018.0351
2815:10.3233/RNN-2011-0615
2196:Pain: clinical manual
1848:
1655:emergency departments
1635:Institute of Medicine
1457:American Pain Society
1184:Mild to moderate pain
1110:proton-pump inhibitor
679:Pulsed radiofrequency
556:
470:
367:
322:(pain killer drugs),
233:medical practitioners
157:
146:
7493:Traditional medicine
7453:Alternative medicine
7320:Addiction psychiatry
7134:Transfusion medicine
7129:Medical microbiology
7044:Gynecologic oncology
6896:Reproductive surgery
6655:Anterolateral system
5730:10.1155/2018/6358624
5693:, Human Rights Watch
5299:(1 Suppl): S16–S20.
2198:. St. Louis: Mosby.
1962:emergency physicians
1891:relaxation technique
1836:functional disorders
1832:rheumatoid arthritis
1482:(M-Eslon, MS Contin)
1247:(Numorphan, Opana),
1136:paracetamol, NSAIDs
1122:paracetamol, NSAIDs
1065:paracetamol, NSAIDs
1051:paracetamol, NSAIDs
1027:paracetamol, NSAIDs
979:paracetamol, NSAIDs
941:paracetamol, NSAIDs
257:physician assistants
203:health professionals
173:involving relief of
158:Image of visual pain
147:Active and inactive
7515:History of medicine
7498:Veterinary medicine
7305:Preventive medicine
7157:Adolescent medicine
6999:Infectious diseases
6188:Waldman SD (2006).
5780:2016PNAS..113.4296H
2023:, an example of an
1980:(recognized by the
1838:such as migraines,
1727:Society and culture
1603:diabetic neuropathy
1442:chemical dependency
1332:For moderate pain,
1219:post-operative pain
999:, or severe sprain
888:(WHO) recommends a
514:diabetic neuropathy
43:
7463:Molecular oncology
7420:Doctor of Medicine
7410:Master of Medicine
7327:Radiation oncology
7199:Emergency medicine
7152:Addiction medicine
7119:Clinical chemistry
7114:Clinical pathology
6906:Transplant surgery
6864:Orthopedic surgery
6842:Colorectal surgery
6734:Philosophy of pain
6409:Respiratory system
6250:Graham SS (2015).
5685:Human Rights Watch
5488:10.1093/ptj/pzy029
5204:10.1111/acem.14159
4979:www.brainfacts.org
4939:Medicinski Glasnik
4523:: Consumer Reports
4110:10.1002/jclp.22749
3345:World Neurosurgery
1855:
1824:sickle cell anemia
1773:when treatment is
1677:activity, such as
1667:analgesic adjuvant
1532:and as analgesics
1362:dextropropoxyphene
1119:chronic back pain
630:to other forms of
559:
473:
385:Where is the pain?
370:
338:measures, such as
318:measures, such as
273:massage therapists
160:
152:
149:μ-opioid receptors
97:Doctor of Medicine
90:Education required
7581:
7580:
7415:Master of Surgery
7379:
7378:
7364:Tropical medicine
7310:Prison healthcare
7225:Hospital medicine
7189:Disaster medicine
7179:Aviation medicine
6994:Hospital medicine
6901:Surgical oncology
6886:Pediatric surgery
6880:
6827:Endocrine surgery
6752:
6751:
6607:Cold pressor test
6590:
6589:
6292:Wailoo K (2014).
6284:978-0-85484-097-7
6199:978-0-7216-0334-6
6180:978-0-07-144349-4
6161:978-0-7817-2313-8
6121:978-0-07-173876-7
5774:(16): 4296–4301.
5421:(584): eaay9056.
5107:10.1111/fcp.12008
5064:978-0-309-07155-0
4898:(11): 1245–1255.
4521:Yonkers, New York
4428:978-0-85484-097-7
4290:10.1111/jan.12998
4284:(10): 2445–2456.
4077:. 22 January 2019
3954:10.1111/pme.12006
2902:10.1136/bmj.a3115
2862:10.1002/art.22195
2855:(12): 3988–3998.
2612:extension.usu.edu
2472:The Spine Journal
2180:978-0-8493-0926-7
2148:978-0-443-05683-3
2119:978-1-900151-85-6
2100:Hardy PA (1997).
2021:Opioid comparison
1950:anesthesiologists
1867:opioid analgesics
1786:medical specialty
1698:epigenome editing
1607:phantom limb pain
1364:(less commonly).
1286:breakthrough pain
1269:transdermal patch
1162:
1161:
1013:or pulled muscle
793:behaviour therapy
785:systematic review
774:systematic review
665:neurolytic blocks
653:chronic back pain
418:Physical approach
356:Threshold of pain
332:physical exercise
218:multidisciplinary
207:medical specialty
141:
140:
16:(Redirected from
7611:
7571:
7570:
7561:
7551:
7550:
7541:
7540:
7531:
7530:
7235:Medical genetics
7220:General practice
7097:Nuclear medicine
6972:Gastroenterology
6928:Vascular surgery
6878:
6805:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6756:
6707:Related concepts
6698:Pain eradication
6456:
6443:
6394:
6366:
6362:By region/system
6348:
6341:
6334:
6325:
6307:
6288:
6265:
6246:
6236:
6203:
6184:
6165:
6146:
6125:
6095:
6094:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5910:on June 11, 2014
5909:
5902:
5894:
5883:
5882:
5873:(2013): 188–94.
5862:
5853:
5852:
5842:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5791:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5732:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5681:
5670:
5669:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5528:10.1002/ejp.1253
5522:(9): 1577–1596.
5507:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5475:Physical Therapy
5466:
5457:
5456:
5438:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5308:
5284:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5206:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5160:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5031:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4952:10.17392/1245-21
4930:
4924:
4923:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4832:King SA (2010).
4829:
4823:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4555:
4549:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4512:
4500:
4433:
4432:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4230:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4096:professionals".
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3704:(10): CD003968.
3689:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3588:
3577:
3576:
3551:(8): 1701–1702.
3540:
3534:
3533:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3440:
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3383:
3377:
3376:
3340:
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3333:
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3299:
3298:
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3267:
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3224:
3223:
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3189:
3188:
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3146:
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3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3052:
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3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2707:
2690:
2689:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2533:10.1002/ejp.1314
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2436:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:Consumer Reports
2243:
2210:
2209:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2140:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2062:
1927:physiotherapists
1801:African-American
1687:muscle relaxants
1661:Other analgesics
1530:opioid addiction
1420:or liquid), but
1407:extended release
1176:(NSAID) such as
953:menstrual cramps
901:
703:intrathecal pump
624:auditory stimuli
414:deeper problem.
271:specialists and
245:physiotherapists
165:is an aspect of
73:Activity sectors
44:
21:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7604:Palliative care
7594:Pain management
7584:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7519:
7508:Chief physician
7441:
7386:
7375:
7369:Travel medicine
7354:Sports medicine
7337:Sexual medicine
7277:Palliative care
7272:Pain management
7216:Family medicine
7194:Diving medicine
7140:
7068:
7030:
7023:
6939:
6932:
6891:Plastic surgery
6837:General surgery
6817:Cardiac surgery
6798:
6796:
6788:
6783:
6753:
6748:
6702:
6669:
6642:Pathophysiology
6636:
6627:Tail flick test
6586:
6555:
6470:
6454:
6441:
6432:Musculoskeletal
6426:
6403:
6392:
6357:
6352:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6291:
6285:
6268:
6262:
6249:
6219:(10): 870–878.
6206:
6200:
6190:Pain Management
6187:
6181:
6168:
6162:
6149:
6143:
6135:. McGraw Hill.
6128:
6122:
6114:. McGraw Hill.
6107:
6103:
6101:Further reading
6098:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6025:
6023:
6014:
6013:
6009:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5886:
5864:
5863:
5856:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5696:
5694:
5687:(2 June 2011),
5683:
5682:
5673:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5609:"Αρχική Σελίδα"
5607:
5606:
5602:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5468:
5467:
5460:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5386:. 11 March 2021
5378:
5377:
5373:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5247:(11): e038134.
5233:
5232:
5228:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5065:
5040:
5039:
5035:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4983:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4838:Psychiatr Times
4831:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4788:(11): 712–720.
4779:
4778:
4774:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4700:(10): 870–878.
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4510:
4502:
4501:
4436:
4429:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4075:Breathworks CIC
4069:
4068:
4061:
4046:10.1002/cpp.653
4031:
4030:
4019:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3652:(4): CD011118.
3639:
3638:
3634:
3603:(5): CD007407.
3590:
3589:
3580:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3442:
3441:
3424:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3108:(10): e031142.
3095:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3035:(2): CD005107.
3022:
3021:
3017:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2709:
2708:
2693:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2569:(2): CD011279.
2556:
2555:
2548:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2213:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:Pain psychology
2006:
1970:Palliative care
1947:board-certified
1943:
1919:
1861:Acetaminophen,
1828:cystic fibrosis
1816:
1810:
1767:
1761:
1729:
1717:
1715:Self-management
1709:gene expression
1705:
1683:cyclobenzaprine
1675:anticholinergic
1663:
1647:
1631:
1586:
1562:adverse effects
1538:
1388:
1380:opioid overdose
1348:are used, with
1210:
1186:
1167:
1105:
882:
870:Vidyamala Burch
862:loving-kindness
847:
835:
814:
801:catastrophizing
765:
759:
746:
740:
735:
727:
683:neuromodulation
646:
640:
613:
605:Main articles:
603:
579:
551:
545:
528:
522:
510:lower back pain
499:
493:
465:
425:
420:
404:
402:Adverse effects
362:
352:
328:anticonvulsants
324:antidepressants
316:pharmacological
222:quality of life
163:Pain management
128:
126:
91:
74:
62:
61:Occupation type
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7617:
7615:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7586:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7565:
7555:
7545:
7535:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7447:
7446:Related topics
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7395:Medical school
7391:
7389:
7381:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7349:Sleep medicine
7346:
7345:
7344:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7296:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7213:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7162:Anesthesiology
7159:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7092:Neuroradiology
7089:
7078:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7029:Obstetrics and
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6911:Trauma surgery
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6874:Otolaryngology
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6802:
6800:subspecialties
6790:
6789:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6759:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6719:Pain tolerance
6716:
6714:Pain threshold
6710:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6622:Hot plate test
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6489:Pain asymbolia
6486:
6480:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6450:
6445:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6313:External links
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:978-1421413655
6302:
6289:
6283:
6266:
6260:
6247:
6204:
6198:
6185:
6179:
6166:
6160:
6147:
6141:
6126:
6120:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6052:
6032:
6007:
5980:(8): 697–704.
5964:
5937:(2): 140–150.
5921:
5884:
5854:
5833:(3): 793–797.
5813:
5754:
5703:
5671:
5636:
5618:
5600:
5551:
5502:
5481:(5): 381–397.
5458:
5408:
5397:
5371:
5340:(6): 441–445.
5320:
5276:
5226:
5197:(4): 444–454.
5175:
5128:
5085:
5063:
5033:
4990:
4966:
4925:
4882:
4847:
4824:
4815:
4772:
4729:
4676:
4651:
4642:
4593:
4566:(2): 529–538.
4550:
4533:
4434:
4427:
4407:
4389:
4362:(3): 233–244.
4346:
4319:(6): 749–760.
4303:
4267:
4244:
4217:(in Spanish).
4201:
4158:
4147:(5): 235–241.
4131:
4104:(6): 970–984.
4087:
4059:
4017:
3988:(3): 265–278.
3968:
3947:(2): 230–242.
3927:
3891:
3848:
3825:
3798:(4): 328–339.
3782:
3753:(3): 275–287.
3733:
3681:
3632:
3578:
3535:
3516:(2): 261–266.
3500:
3476:
3455:(7): 860–867.
3422:
3378:
3335:
3316:(3): 335–342.
3300:
3283:Pain Physician
3268:
3241:(1–2): 43–52.
3225:
3206:(3): 297–306.
3190:
3147:
3088:
3064:
3015:
2994:(7): 492–504.
2974:
2945:(29): e16478.
2925:
2876:
2828:
2809:(6): 439–451.
2786:
2765:(2): 173–176.
2745:
2691:
2664:(6): 622–632.
2647:
2623:
2598:
2546:
2527:(2): 234–249.
2507:
2478:(5): 866–879.
2458:
2400:
2373:(4): 596–606.
2356:
2327:(37): e17092.
2307:
2280:(6): 363–367.
2264:
2211:
2204:
2186:
2179:
2157:
2147:
2125:
2118:
2092:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1996:(ABMS) or the
1942:
1939:
1918:
1915:
1812:Main article:
1809:
1806:
1763:Main article:
1760:
1759:Undertreatment
1757:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1713:
1703:
1662:
1659:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1627:
1590:antidepressant
1585:
1582:
1546:prostaglandins
1537:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1438:drug tolerance
1387:
1384:
1342:dihydrocodeine
1310:dextromoramide
1253:hydromorphinol
1209:
1206:
1185:
1182:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:anticonvulsant
1150:antidepressant
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:osteoarthritis
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
984:
983:
980:
977:
962:
961:
958:
955:
949:
948:
942:
939:
933:
932:
929:
923:
917:
916:
913:
910:
906:
905:
881:
878:
846:
843:
834:
831:
813:
810:
799:and potential
761:Main article:
758:
755:
742:Main article:
739:
736:
734:
731:
726:
723:
642:Main article:
639:
636:
616:Audioanalgesia
607:Audioanalgesia
602:
599:
578:
575:
547:Main article:
544:
541:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
495:Main article:
492:
489:
464:
461:
432:electrotherapy
424:
421:
419:
416:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
360:Pain tolerance
351:
348:
193:and simple to
139:
138:
129:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
112:
106:
100:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7616:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
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7566:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7546:
7544:
7536:
7534:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7478:Public health
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:Allied health
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7382:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7267:Oral medicine
7265:
7263:
7262:Ophthalmology
7260:
7258:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Cytopathology
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7064:Urogynecology
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6967:Endocrinology
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6760:
6757:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6617:Grimace scale
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6583:
6582:Low back pain
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Referred pain
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Pain disorder
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6466:Delayed-onset
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:Head and neck
6367:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6269:Reynolds LA,
6267:
6263:
6261:9780226264059
6257:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6153:
6148:
6144:
6142:9780071817455
6138:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6053:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5968:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5922:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5704:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5401:
5398:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5055:10.17226/6376
5052:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
5000:Pain Practice
4994:
4991:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4863:(1): 97–111.
4862:
4858:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4684:Daubresse M,
4680:
4677:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4506:(July 2012),
4505:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3941:Pain Medicine
3938:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:(1): 95–124.
3863:
3859:
3852:
3849:
3836:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3449:Pain Medicine
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:Pain Practice
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:0-8151-5609-X
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:equianalgesic
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Equianalgesic
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:psychiatrists
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1780:Consensus in
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1721:self-efficacy
1714:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:medications.
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1623:amitriptyline
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:antiepileptic
1591:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:Acetaminophen
1547:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:Buprenorphine
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:Hydromorphone
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:suppositories
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:In 2009, the
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:Amitriptyline
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:ethylmorphine
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:buprenorphine
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:hydromorphone
1238:
1235:to which all
1234:
1233:gold standard
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1204:, or Norco.
1203:
1199:
1198:acetaminophen
1195:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:bone fracture
994:
990:
986:
985:
981:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
928:
924:
922:
919:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:
902:
899:
897:
893:
892:
887:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
842:
840:
832:
830:
826:
822:
819:
811:
809:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:meta-analysis
775:
769:
764:
756:
754:
750:
745:
737:
732:
730:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:music therapy
617:
612:
611:Music therapy
608:
601:Sound therapy
600:
598:
596:
592:
591:low back pain
588:
584:
583:light therapy
577:Light therapy
576:
574:
571:
567:
566:
555:
550:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
469:
462:
460:
457:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
401:
399:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
366:
361:
357:
350:Defining pain
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:psychological
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:mental health
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
211:pain medicine
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
150:
145:
137:
133:
130:
122:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
93:
87:
82:
79:
76:
70:
67:
64:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
7483:Rural health
7468:Nanomedicine
7271:
7019:Rheumatology
6950: /
6869:Hand surgery
6854:Neurosurgery
6674:
6529:Phantom pain
6514:Hyperalgesia
6509:Chronic pain
6393:(swallowing)
6391:Odynophagia
6293:
6274:
6251:
6216:
6213:Medical Care
6212:
6189:
6170:
6151:
6131:
6110:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6044:. Retrieved
6035:
6024:. Retrieved
6022:. 2021-04-19
6019:
6010:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5912:. Retrieved
5905:the original
5870:
5866:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5695:, retrieved
5689:
5652:(1): 27–49.
5649:
5645:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5568:
5564:
5554:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5478:
5474:
5418:
5414:
5411:1.7 in mice"
5400:
5388:. Retrieved
5383:
5374:
5337:
5333:
5323:
5296:
5292:
5244:
5240:
5229:
5194:
5188:
5178:
5170:
5148:
5144:
5131:
5101:(1): 64–80.
5098:
5094:
5088:
5076:. Retrieved
5044:
5036:
5006:(1): 27–33.
5003:
4999:
4993:
4982:. Retrieved
4978:
4975:"BrainFacts"
4969:
4945:(1): 27–32.
4942:
4938:
4928:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4818:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4745:(1): 17–21.
4742:
4738:
4732:
4697:
4694:Medical Care
4693:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:
4654:
4645:
4613:(2): 85–92.
4610:
4606:
4596:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4540:
4536:
4525:, retrieved
4515:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4253:
4247:
4221:(2): 33–45.
4218:
4214:
4204:
4174:(1): 32–38.
4171:
4167:
4161:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4079:. Retrieved
4074:
4040:(1): 63–78.
4037:
4033:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3839:. Retrieved
3828:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3701:
3697:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3600:
3596:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:
3479:
3452:
3448:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3289:(1): 7–111.
3286:
3282:
3271:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3163:(1): 34–38.
3160:
3156:
3150:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3080:. Retrieved
3076:
3067:
3032:
3028:
3018:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2852:
2848:
2806:
2802:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2715:
2711:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:
2601:
2566:
2562:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2424:
2420:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:
2195:
2189:
2170:
2160:
2152:
2136:
2128:
2103:
2095:
2073:(1): 31–49.
2070:
2066:
2060:
1958:physiatrists
1954:neurologists
1944:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1871:
1860:
1856:
1840:fibromyalgia
1834:. Cancer or
1820:Chronic pain
1817:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1768:
1740:
1730:
1718:
1695:CRISPR-dCas9
1679:orphenadrine
1664:
1648:
1638:
1632:
1629:Cannabinoids
1587:
1539:
1527:
1512:(Nucynta ER)
1462:
1454:
1430:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1373:
1366:
1358:propoxyphene
1331:
1323:ketobemidone
1265:side effects
1249:nicomorphine
1243:(Dilaudid),
1227:
1223:Chronic pain
1217:or to treat
1211:
1187:
1168:
1145:fibromyalgia
1087:pain due to
1074:kidney stone
889:
883:
848:
836:
827:
823:
815:
806:
782:
770:
766:
751:
747:
728:
712:
700:
677:
647:
614:
580:
563:
560:
537:
533:
529:
504:
500:
474:
458:
454:mobilization
450:Manipulative
448:
444:fibromyalgia
426:
412:
408:
405:
397:
374:
371:
312:
293:
230:
226:chronic pain
215:
210:
187:pain control
186:
182:
178:
162:
161:
18:Pain control
7553:Wikiproject
7342:Venereology
7287:Neonatology
7184:Dermatology
7039:Gynaecology
7031:gynaecology
7014:Pulmonology
6832:Eye surgery
6794:Specialties
6739:Cancer pain
6665:Substance P
6650:Nociception
6612:Dolorimeter
6567:Pelvic pain
6524:Hyperpathia
6519:Hypoalgesia
6440:Arthralgia
6422:Pleurodynia
6417:Sore throat
5723:: 6358624.
5627:"Ana Sayfa"
5613:HPS-Pain.gr
5571:(1): 8–13.
5357:2434/913025
4238:10017/35501
3908:: 298–310.
3395:: 240–247.
3351:: 390–396.
2427:(1): 1–49.
2036:Pain ladder
1923:pharmacists
1899:biofeedback
1895:mindfulness
1879:acupuncture
1808:In children
1611:neuropathic
1522:Hydrocodone
1506:(Ultram ER)
1486:Oxymorphone
1470:(OxyContin)
1350:nicocodeine
1346:hydrocodone
1319:piritramide
1306:Pentazocine
1290:Diamorphine
1245:oxymorphone
1170:Paracetamol
1047:muscle ache
896:cancer pain
891:pain ladder
880:Medications
874:Breathworks
856:(MBSR) and
839:mindfulness
783:In 2020, a
719:paresthesia
695:nociceptors
691:nociception
673:intrathecal
549:Acupuncture
543:Acupuncture
436:kinesiotape
340:biofeedback
289:anxiolytics
237:pharmacists
179:pain relief
171:health care
84:Description
32:Cancer pain
7599:Acute pain
7588:Categories
7315:Psychiatry
7301:(PM&R)
7294:Phlebology
7282:Pediatrics
7109:Anatomical
7074:Diagnostic
7054:Obstetrics
7004:Nephrology
6989:Hematology
6984:Geriatrics
6977:Hepatology
6962:Cardiology
6952:Immunology
6688:Anesthesia
6675:Management
6602:Pain scale
6572:Proctalgia
6476:Neurologic
6376:Eye strain
6063:PM & R
6046:2015-09-19
6026:2024-09-21
5974:PM & R
5827:Pediatrics
4984:2019-04-03
4527:28 October
4081:2020-05-22
3494:2020-07-14
3123:1956/23441
3082:2024-02-02
2718:(12): 62.
2641:2019-03-12
2617:2024-03-02
2053:References
1903:acceptance
1851:pain scale
1739:is called
1671:Gabapentin
1619:gabapentin
1599:Neuropathy
1554:ketoprofen
1510:Tapentadol
1488:(Opana ER)
1327:Tapentadol
1314:dipipanone
1106:antagonist
909:Pain type
797:disability
655:, include
354:See also:
320:analgesics
285:analgesics
201:and other
199:physicians
127:employment
111:(M.B.B.S.)
47:Occupation
7503:Physician
7387:education
7245:Neurology
7240:Narcology
7104:Pathology
7082:Radiology
6957:Angiology
6921:Andrology
6724:Suffering
6693:Cordotomy
6683:Analgesia
6504:Allodynia
6484:Neuralgia
6448:Bone pain
6399:Toothache
6271:Tansey EM
5914:March 27,
5453:232170826
5384:New Atlas
5221:225063965
2896:: a3115.
2759:Neurology
2740:208302550
1791:perceived
1775:indicated
1691:Clonidine
1649:Low-dose
1574:ibuprofen
1558:piroxicam
1516:Methadone
1468:Oxycodone
1450:addiction
1446:diversion
1426:injection
1302:Pethidine
1294:methadone
1278:OxyContin
1274:Oxycodone
1261:histamine
1251:(Vilan),
1237:narcotics
1178:ibuprofen
1165:Mild pain
1089:heartburn
1060:toothache
971:abrasions
915:comments
304:suffering
281:pathology
183:analgesia
132:Hospitals
125:Fields of
66:Specialty
55:Physician
7533:Category
7009:Oncology
6940:medicine
6938:Internal
6786:Medicine
6729:SOCRATES
6455:(muscle)
6453:Myalgia
6381:Headache
6273:(2004).
6243:24025657
6091:39220409
6083:23953018
6002:20013375
5994:23953015
5959:10884181
5951:23199786
5849:11533354
5808:27044069
5749:29682130
5658:23330469
5595:29153296
5546:29845678
5497:29669089
5445:33692134
5390:18 April
5366:10388250
5315:10687334
5271:33234621
5241:BMJ Open
5213:33098707
5167:28844277
5139:(2017).
5123:38293097
5115:23278562
5073:25101425
5028:21422222
5020:17309706
4961:33155461
4912:17195420
4877:17164106
4844:(5): 20.
4810:10551876
4802:20513829
4767:17411800
4759:20425210
4724:24025657
4686:Chang HY
4669:28 March
4637:20083827
4588:33903526
4580:29239947
4384:33688569
4376:22874090
4341:45682942
4333:24728110
4298:27174075
4196:29170927
4188:29779791
4126:59306658
4118:30689206
4054:19911432
4012:30523705
3963:23240921
3922:30790634
3886:19895534
3878:16404678
3841:29 April
3820:22933756
3812:19255840
3777:17558718
3728:30270423
3676:30939227
3627:32794606
3573:10332663
3565:21612868
3471:22680627
3417:58951422
3409:30670248
3373:53208319
3365:30404055
3330:15246341
3295:17256025
3263:24552444
3255:16480828
3220:15246338
3185:22767485
3177:17309707
3142:31662383
3102:BMJ Open
3077:Testbook
3059:18425909
3010:17909210
2969:31335709
2939:Medicine
2920:19174438
2871:17133529
2823:22124038
2781:20042705
2732:31773455
2686:29187140
2678:29207885
2593:28436583
2541:30178503
2502:29371112
2453:26987082
2395:54472064
2387:30526011
2351:31517832
2321:Medicine
2302:39024642
2294:16492632
2087:10683246
2004:See also
1988:and the
1755:(IASP).
1741:algology
1651:ketamine
1645:Ketamine
1578:naproxen
1504:Tramadol
1492:Fentanyl
1480:Morphine
1334:tramadol
1257:Fentanyl
1229:Morphine
1194:tramadol
1192:such as
1038:opioids
1002:opioids
945:triptans
937:migraine
921:headache
866:Buddhism
818:hypnosis
812:Hypnosis
687:ablation
628:adjuncts
585:such as
300:injuries
265:dentists
167:medicine
78:Medicine
7573:Outline
7543:Commons
7488:Therapy
7385:Medical
6948:Allergy
6916:Urology
6809:Surgery
6442:(joint)
6234:3845222
5799:4843483
5776:Bibcode
5740:5845507
5697:28 July
5666:2243924
5586:5807105
5537:6175326
5436:8830379
5262:7689093
4715:3845222
4628:3000551
4516:Opioids
4003:6437625
3768:2752362
3719:6257251
3667:6445568
3618:7437545
3530:2967314
3133:6830679
3050:9044120
2960:6709064
2911:2769056
2584:5461882
2493:6020029
2444:6390846
2342:6750337
1875:massage
1570:aspirin
1434:opioids
1418:capsule
1386:Opioids
1376:opiates
1338:codeine
1282:ampules
1231:is the
1202:Vicodin
1098:antacid
957:NSAIDs
693:or the
632:therapy
595:Photons
485:Pilates
477:tai chi
440:opioids
195:chronic
136:clinics
117:(MBChB)
7563:Portal
7430:MD–PhD
6300:
6281:
6258:
6241:
6231:
6196:
6177:
6158:
6139:
6118:
6089:
6081:
6000:
5992:
5957:
5949:
5847:
5806:
5796:
5747:
5737:
5664:
5656:
5593:
5583:
5544:
5534:
5495:
5451:
5443:
5433:
5364:
5313:
5269:
5259:
5219:
5211:
5165:
5121:
5113:
5071:
5061:
5026:
5018:
4959:
4920:408226
4918:
4910:
4875:
4808:
4800:
4765:
4757:
4722:
4712:
4635:
4625:
4586:
4578:
4425:
4382:
4374:
4339:
4331:
4296:
4194:
4186:
4124:
4116:
4052:
4010:
4000:
3961:
3920:
3884:
3876:
3818:
3810:
3775:
3765:
3726:
3716:
3674:
3664:
3625:
3615:
3571:
3563:
3528:
3469:
3415:
3407:
3371:
3363:
3328:
3293:
3261:
3253:
3218:
3183:
3175:
3140:
3130:
3057:
3047:
3008:
2967:
2957:
2918:
2908:
2869:
2821:
2779:
2738:
2730:
2684:
2676:
2591:
2581:
2539:
2500:
2490:
2451:
2441:
2393:
2385:
2349:
2339:
2300:
2292:
2257:26 May
2202:
2177:
2145:
2116:
2085:
1982:AOABOS
1976:, the
1901:, and
1887:coping
1865:, and
1737:Turkey
1733:Greece
1576:, and
1414:tablet
1402:Opioid
1374:While
1344:, and
1292:, and
1215:trauma
1190:opioid
1011:strain
975:sprain
967:bruise
927:NSAIDs
707:labour
326:, and
277:trauma
263:, and
261:nurses
105:(D.O.)
99:(M.D.)
7145:Other
6560:Other
6461:Acute
6087:S2CID
5998:S2CID
5955:S2CID
5908:(PDF)
5901:(PDF)
5654:JSTOR
5449:S2CID
5217:S2CID
5119:S2CID
5078:3 May
5024:S2CID
4916:S2CID
4806:S2CID
4763:S2CID
4584:S2CID
4511:(PDF)
4380:S2CID
4337:S2CID
4192:S2CID
4122:S2CID
3882:S2CID
3816:S2CID
3569:S2CID
3413:S2CID
3369:S2CID
3259:S2CID
3181:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2682:S2CID
2391:S2CID
2298:S2CID
2027:chart
1964:, or
1877:, or
1745:algos
1588:Some
1133:pain
1076:pain
989:wound
308:dying
191:acute
52:Names
6577:Back
6386:Neck
6355:Pain
6298:ISBN
6279:ISBN
6256:ISBN
6239:PMID
6194:ISBN
6175:ISBN
6156:ISBN
6137:ISBN
6116:ISBN
6079:PMID
5990:PMID
5947:PMID
5916:2014
5845:PMID
5804:PMID
5745:PMID
5721:2018
5699:2016
5662:PMID
5591:PMID
5542:PMID
5493:PMID
5441:PMID
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