1833:
241:, although it is not always present. Reviews report rates of absence in the general population ranging from 10–20%; however, the rate varies in different ethnic groups. Absence of the palmaris longus does not have an effect on grip strength. The lack of palmaris longus muscle does result in decreased pinch strength in fourth and fifth fingers. The absence of palmaris longus muscle is more prevalent in females than males.
315:
379:
489:
29:
344:
There are also variations related to its form. It may be tendinous above and muscular below; or it may be muscular in the center with a tendon above and below; or it may present two muscular bundles with a central tendon; or finally it may consist solely of a tendinous band. The muscle may be double,
398:
The palmaris longus muscle itself is a weak flexor, and provides no substantial flexing force that would inhibit movement in the wrist if its tendon were cut and moved elsewhere. The palmaris longus may contribute and assist in thumb abduction movements; an action necessary to open the hand. If the
386:
The palmaris longus muscle is the most popular for use in tendon grafts for the wrist due to the length and diameter of the palmaris longus tendon, and the fact that it can be used without producing any functional deformities. When a tendon becomes ruptured in the wrist, the palmaris longus tendon
340:
studies have documented the prevalence or absence of the PL tendon in different ethnic groups. Between 5.5 and 24% of
Caucasian populations (European and North American) and 4.6 to 26.6% of Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Turkish, Malaysian) have been reported to lack the PL tendon.
1853:
589:
Pękala, Przemysław A.; Henry, Brandon
Michael; Pękala, Jakub R.; Skinningsrud, Bendik; Walocha, Jerzy A.; Bonczar, Mariusz; Tomaszewski, Krzysztof A. (December 2017). "Congenital absence of the palmaris longus muscle: A meta-analysis comparing cadaveric and functional studies".
444:) also do not actively employ the muscle, and hence they also demonstrate the same variability. The common descent principle suggests that at some stage our ancestors employed the muscle actively. The thumb apparatus (and particularly the
415:. Knowledge of this variation is important to prevent unnecessary carpal tunnel release surgery, in which the median nerve compression may remain unresolved due to the presence of this palmaris longus variant.
391:
and grafted to take the place of the ruptured tendon. The tendons most commonly replaced or supplemented by the palmaris longus tendon when ruptured are the long flexors of the fingers and the
519:
Sebastin SJ, Puhaindran ME, Lim AY, Lim IJ, Bee WH (October 2005). "The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus--a study in a
Chinese population and a review of the literature".
1100:
324:
Palmaris Longus was absent in 98 of 716 dissected limbs (i.e., in 13.7% of 358 paired limbs, 26 times in both limbs, 26 in the right only, and 20 in the left only.
411:
Of the known anatomical variants of the palmaris longus, the reverse belly of the palmaris longus may be localized within the carpal tunnel producing symptoms of
197:
861:
Moore, Colin W.; Fanous, Jacob; Rice, Charles L. (27 December 2017). "Revisiting the functional anatomy of the palmaris longus as a thenar synergist".
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1093:
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muscle in the leg may be taken instead. Using the patient’s own tendon is advantageous, as it does not introduce foreign material into the body.
1073:
767:
Kose O, Adanir O, Cirpar M, Kurklu M, Komurcu M (May 2009). "The prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus: a study in
Turkish population".
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1415:
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173:
128:
124:
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906:"Fiber type composition of contiguous palmaris longus and abductor pollicis brevis muscles: Morphological evidence of a functional synergy"
617:
Sebastin SJ, Lim AY, Bee WH, Wong TC, Methil BV (August 2005). "Does the absence of the palmaris longus affect grip and pinch strength?".
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Yammine, Kaissar (September 2013). "Clinical prevalence of palmaris longus agenesis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis".
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The Roles of
Mutation Accumulation and Selection in Loss of Sporulation in Experimental Populations of Bacillus subtilis
432:
inherited the muscle through common descent, and numerous animals that humans share a common ancestor with (such as the
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or from the radius have been seen. Partial or complete insertion into the fascia of the forearm, into the tendon of the
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460:(positive or negative) concerning the muscle, it has remained largely unaffected by evolutionary processes.
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palmaris longus muscle is not available for harvesting in an individual, the anatomically homologous
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and flexing the wrist. The tendon, if present, will be visible in the midline of the anterior wrist.
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The palmaris longus muscle is a variable muscle. The most common variation is its absence. Several
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The fleshy belly occasionally migrates distally and comes to lie close above the wrist, as here.
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Palmaris longus is a slender, elongated, spindle shaped muscle, lying on the medial side of the
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662:"Prevalence of the palmaris longus muscle and its relationship with grip and pinch strength"
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Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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264:. It is widest in the middle, and narrowest at the proximal and distal attachments.
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303:
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and inserts onto the central part of the flexor retinaculum and lower part of the
978:"Reversed Palmaris Longus Muscle Causing Effort-Related Median Nerve Compression"
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It ends in a slender, flattened tendon, which passes over the upper part of the
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group) then started developing in the hominin branch, and consequently the
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275:. It also takes origin from the adjacent intermuscular septa and from the
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436:) still actively employ the muscle. Close primate relatives (such as the
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The palmaris longus muscle can be observed by touching the pads of the
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290:. Frequently, it sends a tendinous slip to the short muscles of the
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Moore, Colin W.; Fanous, Jacob; Rice, Charles L. (1 January 2021).
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The evolutionary interpretation of the muscle's absence is that
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732:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 693.
728:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2005).
592:
Journal of
Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
976:
DEPUYDT, K. H.; SCHUURMAN, A. H.; KON, M. (2016-08-29).
1024:"Proof of evolution that you can find on your own body"
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Cetin, A.; Genc, M.; Sevil, S.; Coban, Y. K. (2013).
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Carpal tunnel syndrome and palmaris longus variants
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810:Thejodhar P, Potu BK, Vasavi RG (January 2008).
382:Cross-section through the middle of the forearm
345:or missing entirely. Slips of origin from the
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769:Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
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302:The palmaris longus is innervated by the
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955:"Palmaris Longus Tendon Graft Harvest"
953:Wheeless, Clifford R (December 2009).
493:This article incorporates text in the
208:
18:
1041:, Indian J Plast Surg Vol 41.1 (2008)
7:
957:. Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
319:Palmaris Longus: misplaced or absent
33:Palmaris longus tendon as seen in
14:
816:Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery
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1060:Genetics. 2007 Oct;177(2):937-48
812:"Unusual palmaris longus muscle"
487:
269:medial epicondyle of the humerus
1489:extensor carpi radialis longus
1416:flexor digitorum superficialis
361:, and into the muscles of the
129:extensor carpi radialis longus
125:Extensor carpi radialis brevis
74:flexor retinaculum of the hand
1:
994:10.1016/S0266-7681(98)80241-6
53:Medial epicondyle of humerus
1699:flexor digiti minimi brevis
730:Gray's anatomy for students
501:of the 20th edition of
1875:
1441:flexor digitorum profundus
631:10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.03.011
604:10.1016/j.bjps.2017.08.002
533:10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.05.003
467:
456:. As there is no apparent
267:It arises mainly from the
205:Anatomical terms of muscle
1859:Muscles of the upper limb
1129:
781:10.1007/s00402-008-0631-9
678:10.1007/s11552-013-9509-6
203:
26:
1666:abductor pollicis brevis
1550:extensor pollicis longus
1545:extensor pollicis brevis
1540:abductor pollicis longus
754:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy
387:may be removed from the
150:musculus palmaris longus
16:Muscle of the upper limb
982:Journal of Hand Surgery
829:10.4103/0970-0358.41125
619:Journal of Hand Surgery
521:Journal of Hand Surgery
1704:abductor digiti minimi
1694:opponens digiti minimi
1661:flexor pollicis brevis
1510:extensor carpi ulnaris
1505:extensor digiti minimi
1446:flexor pollicis longus
477:Palmaris brevis muscle
470:anatomical terminology
413:carpal tunnel syndrome
393:flexor pollicis longus
383:
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133:extensor carpi ulnaris
22:Palmaris longus muscle
1579:bicipital aponeurosis
1406:flexor carpi radialis
666:Hand (New York, N.Y.)
458:evolutionary pressure
381:
369:Clinical significance
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262:flexor carpi radialis
235:flexor carpi radialis
1773:extensor retinaculum
1411:flexor carpi ulnaris
374:Use in tendon grafts
365:have been observed.
351:flexor carpi ulnaris
273:common flexor tendon
239:flexor carpi ulnaris
233:located between the
162:Μακρύς παλαμικός μυς
57:common flexor tendon
1601:antebrachial fascia
1535:anatomical snuffbox
1346:triangular interval
1303:intermuscular septa
1195:infraspinous fascia
1190:supraspinous fascia
718:(1918), see infobox
277:antebrachial fascia
229:visible as a small
1803:palmar aponeurosis
1798:flexor retinaculum
1778:extensor expansion
1622:osborne's ligament
1500:extensor digitorum
1436:pronator quadratus
1336:quadrangular space
1270:articularis cubiti
910:Journal of Anatomy
468:This article uses
389:flexor retinaculum
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288:palmar aponeurosis
284:flexor retinaculum
70:Palmar aponeurosis
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598:(12): 1715–1724.
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1026:. 17 March 2016.
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863:Clinical Anatomy
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564:Clinical Anatomy
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1159:subscapularis
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:infraspinatus
1147:
1145:
1144:supraspinatus
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1097:
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1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1048:
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1033:
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1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
956:
949:
946:
941:
937:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
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907:
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888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
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857:
854:
849:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:(5): 609–11.
774:
770:
763:
760:
755:
749:
746:
741:
735:
731:
724:
721:
717:
716:
710:
708:
706:
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697:
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683:
679:
675:
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648:
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636:
632:
628:
624:
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585:
582:
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573:
569:
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546:
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512:
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500:
496:
495:public domain
482:
478:
475:
474:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:thenar muscle
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
419:Other animals
418:
416:
414:
406:
404:
402:
396:
394:
390:
380:
373:
368:
366:
364:
363:little finger
360:
356:
355:pisiform bone
352:
348:
342:
339:
335:
327:
320:
316:
309:
307:
305:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
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265:
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255:
253:
251:
247:
246:fourth finger
242:
240:
236:
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228:
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206:
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196:
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137:
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99:
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78:
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68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1788:
1763:
1731:
1720:intermediate
1682:medial volar
1583:
1520:
1470:superficial:
1469:
1426:
1400:
1387:superficial:
1386:
1367:compartments
1330:
1302:
1214:compartments
1139:rotator cuff
1057:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1018:
985:
981:
971:
961:February 25,
959:. Retrieved
948:
916:(1): 53–62.
913:
909:
899:
866:
862:
856:
819:
815:
805:
772:
768:
762:
753:
748:
729:
723:
713:
669:
665:
655:
625:(4): 406–8.
622:
618:
612:
595:
591:
584:
567:
563:
557:
527:(5): 525–7.
524:
520:
514:
506:
492:
486:
449:
427:
410:
397:
385:
343:
337:
333:
331:
325:
318:
304:median nerve
301:
298:Nerve supply
281:
266:
259:
243:
222:
220:
174:A04.6.02.029
161:
149:
98:Median nerve
86:Ulnar artery
1166:teres major
1154:teres minor
822:(1): 95–6.
357:, into the
139:Identifiers
1848:Categories
1764:posterior:
1732:interossei
1689:hypothenar
1479:mobile wad
1242:brachialis
1037:Thejodhar
483:References
438:chimpanzee
120:Antagonist
1789:anterior:
1727:lumbrical
1530:supinator
1460:posterior
1252:posterior
1074:PTCentral
454:vestigial
434:orangutan
424:Evolution
401:plantaris
310:Variation
256:Structure
65:Insertion
1589:extensor
1377:anterior
1265:anconeus
1224:anterior
1122:Shoulder
1052:Maughan
1010:26397516
940:32790091
891:21747288
883:29178622
848:19753215
797:26235241
789:18418616
696:24426922
647:35394120
639:15935531
549:12394636
541:16006020
499:page 446
464:See also
395:tendon.
359:scaphoid
338:in vitro
271:via the
237:and the
1838:Anatomy
1362:Forearm
1308:lateral
1134:deltoid
1112:of the
1110:Muscles
1002:9571503
931:7754940
839:2739544
756:. 1962.
687:3652998
452:became
442:gorilla
334:in vivo
105:Actions
42:Details
1824:Portal
1754:fascia
1742:palmar
1737:dorsal
1651:thenar
1594:flexor
1571:fascia
1493:brevis
1331:spaces
1313:medial
1280:fascia
1237:biceps
1176:fascia
1008:
1000:
938:
928:
889:
881:
846:
836:
795:
787:
736:
694:
684:
645:
637:
547:
539:
507:(1918)
430:humans
231:tendon
227:muscle
113:flexor
81:Artery
48:Origin
1610:other
1521:deep:
1427:deep:
1324:other
1054:et al
1039:et al
1006:S2CID
887:S2CID
793:S2CID
643:S2CID
545:S2CID
497:from
292:thumb
250:thumb
225:is a
209:[
198:38462
157:Greek
145:Latin
110:Wrist
93:Nerve
1636:Hand
1491:and
998:PMID
963:2012
936:PMID
879:PMID
844:PMID
785:PMID
734:ISBN
692:PMID
635:PMID
537:PMID
440:and
353:and
336:and
248:and
221:The
186:2482
169:TA98
72:and
1209:Arm
1114:arm
990:doi
926:PMC
918:doi
914:238
871:doi
834:PMC
824:doi
777:doi
773:129
682:PMC
674:doi
627:doi
600:doi
572:doi
529:doi
193:FMA
181:TA2
1850::
1056::
1004:.
996:.
986:23
984:.
980:.
934:.
924:.
912:.
908:.
885:.
877:.
867:31
865:.
842:.
832:.
820:41
818:.
814:.
791:.
783:.
771:.
704:^
690:.
680:.
668:.
664:.
641:.
633:.
623:30
621:.
596:70
594:.
568:26
566:.
543:.
535:.
525:30
523:.
306:.
294:.
279:.
131:,
127:,
1826::
1369:)
1365:(
1216:)
1212:(
1178::
1102:e
1095:t
1088:v
1012:.
992::
965:.
942:.
920::
893:.
873::
850:.
826::
799:.
779::
742:.
698:.
676::
670:8
649:.
629::
606:.
602::
578:.
574::
551:.
531::
472:.
328:.
213:]
59:)
55:(
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