3672:, The Journal of Theological Studies, 44(1), new series, 216–219: "...every identifiable Hebrew inscription dated before 200 BC... First ostraca, graffiti, and marks are grouped by provenance. This section contains more than five hundred items, over half of them ink-written ostraca, individual letters, receipts, memoranda, and writing exercises. The other inscriptions are names scratched on pots, scribbles of various sorts, which include couplets on the walls of tombs near Hebron, and letters serving as fitters' marks on ivories from Samaria.... The seals and seal impressions are set in the numerical sequence of Diringer and Vattioni (100.001–100.438). The pace of discovery since F. Vattioni issued his last valuable list (Ί sigilli ebraici III', AnnaliAnnali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientate di Napoli 38 (1978), 227—54) means the last seal entered by Davies is 100.900. The actual number of Hebrew seals and impressions is less than 900 because of the omission of those identified as non-Hebrew which previous lists counted. A further reduction follows when duplicate seal impressions from different sites are combined, as cross references in the entries suggest... The Corpus ends with 'Royal Stamps' (105.001-025, the Imlk stamps), '"Judah" and "Jerusalem" Stamps and Coins' (106.001-052), 'Other Official Stamps' (107.001), 'Inscribed Weights' (108.001-056) and 'Inscribed Measures' (109.001,002).... most seals have no known provenance (they probably come from burials)... Even if the 900 seals are reduced by as much as one third, 600 seals is still a very high total for the small states of Israel and Judah, and most come from Judah. It is about double the number of seals known inscribed in Aramaic, a language written over a far wider area by officials of great empires as well as by private persons.
1328:
3646:. Israel Exploration Journal, 3(3), 137–152: "The inscription discussed here is, in the words of its discoverer, the first 'authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah', for it was discovered ten years before the Siloam tunnel inscription. Now, after its decipherment, we may add that it is (after the Moabite Stone and the Siloam tunnel inscription) the third longest monumental inscription in Hebrew and the first known text of a Hebrew sepulchral inscription from the pre-Exilic period."
3659:, Vol 1, p. 305: "The most important of these discoveries is certainly that which I had the good fortune to make of two large ancient Hebrew inscriptions in Phoenician letters... I may observe, by the way, that the discovery of these two texts was made long before that of the inscription in the tunnel, and therefore, though people in general do not seem to recognise this fact, it was the first which enabled us to behold an authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah."
3447:
85:
1011:
1309:
3489:
1122:
4374:"The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character Q being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,' Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'." Isaac Taylor, History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1, 2003.
1056:
2588:
2384:
1863:
2059:
1797:
1661:
2794:
2854:
2658:
2316:
2248:
2188:
2127:
1729:
3475:
1173:
1023:
3050:
2982:
2914:
2520:
2452:
1991:
1422:
2726:
1931:
3461:
41:
1507:
1192:
3142:
1440:. The Samaritans have continued to use the script for writing both Hebrew and Aramaic texts until the present day. A comparison of the earliest Samaritan inscriptions and the medieval and modern Samaritan manuscripts clearly indicates that the Samaritan script is a static script which was used mainly as a
3700:
This sequel to my
Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions includes mainly inscriptions (about 750 of them) which have been published in the past ten years. The aim has been to cover all publications to the end of 2000. A relatively small number of the texts included here were published earlier but were missed in
1245:
features of the
Phoenician alphabet being ever less pronounced with the passage of time. The aversion of the lapidary script may indicate that the custom of erecting stelae by the kings and offering votive inscriptions to the deity was not widespread in Israel. Even the engraved inscriptions from the
3771:
Israel
Finkelstein & Benjamin Sass, The West Semitic Alphabetic Inscriptions, Late Bronze II to Iron IIA: Archeological Context, Distribution and Chronology, HeBAI 2 (2013), pp. 149–220, see p. 189: "From the available evidence Hebrew appears to be the first regional variant to arise in the West
1604:
Phoenician or Paleo-Hebrew characters were never standardised and are found in numerous variant shapes. A general tendency of more cursive writing can be observed over the period of c. 800 BCE to 600 BCE. After 500 BCE, it is common to distinguish the script variants by names such as "Samaritan",
1327:
3826:
On
January 10, 2010, the University of Haifa issued a press release stating that the text "uses verbs that were characteristic of Hebrew, such as ‘śh (עשה) ("did") and ‘bd (עבד) ("worked"), which were rarely used in other regional languages. Particular words that appear in the text, such as
3701:
the preparation of AHI. The large number of new texts is not due, for the most part, to fresh discoveries (or, regrettably, to the publication of a number of inscriptions that were found in excavations before 1990), but to the publication of items held in private collections and museums.
925:
191), found in 1870, and then referred to as "two large ancient Hebrew inscriptions in
Phoenician letters". Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions are known today, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word. The earliest known examples of Paleo-Hebrew writing date to the
1497:
in square script on the stone tablets as miracles according to the respective sages arguing for one script or the other. This third opinion was accepted by some early Jewish scholars, and rejected by others, partially because it was permitted to write the Torah in Greek.
3559:אמר מר זוטרא ואיתימא מר עוקבא בתחלה ניתנה תורה לישראל בכתב עברי ולשון הקודש חזרה וניתנה להם בימי עזרא בכתב אשורית ולשון ארמי ביררו להן לישראל כתב אשורית ולשון הקודש והניחו להדיוטות כתב עברית ולשון ארמי. מאן הדיוטות אמר רב חסדא כותאי מאי כתב עברית אמר רב חסדא כתב ליבונאה
3772:
Semitic alphabet – in late Iron IIA1; the scripts of the neighbouring peoples remain undifferentiated. It is only up to a century later, in early Iron IIB, that the distinct characteristics in the alphabets of
Philistia, Phoenicia, Aram, Ammon and Moab develop."
1456:
did not share a uniform stance on the subject of Paleo-Hebrew. Some stated that Paleo-Hebrew was the original script used by the
Israelites at the time of the Exodus, whereas the Aramaic square script was brought from Assyria and introduced for writing
1094:
inscription. By the 8th century, a number of regional characteristics begin to separate the script into a number of national alphabets, including the
Israelite (Israel and Judah), Moabite (Moab and Ammon), Edomite, Phoenician and Old Aramaic scripts.
1608:
There is no difference in "Paleo-Hebrew" vs. "Phoenician" letter shapes. The names are applied depending on the language of the inscription, or if that cannot be determined, of the coastal (Phoenician) vs. highland (Hebrew) association (c.f. the
4046:
The conduct complained about is contrary to Exodus 22, which provides:"If you take your neighbor's garment in pledge, you must return it to him before the sun sets; it is his only clothing, the sole covering for his skin. In what else shall he
1077:
in 2005, about 50 km (31 mi) southwest of
Jerusalem. The 22 letters were carved on one side of the 38 lb (17 kg) stone, which resembles a bowl on the other. The find is attributed to the mid-10th century BCE. The so-called
988:
is an immediate continuation of the Proto-Hebrew script without intermediate non-Israelite evolutionary stages. There is also some continued use of the old Hebrew script in Jewish religious contexts down to the 1st century BCE, notably in the
1362:
After the
Babylonian capture of Judea, when most of the nobles were taken into exile, the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet continued to be used by the people who remained. One example of such writings are the 6th-century BCE jar handles from
1367:, on which the names of winegrowers are inscribed. Beginning from the 5th century BCE onward, the Aramaic language and script became an official means of communication. Paleo-Hebrew was still used by scribes and others.
1089:
The script on the Zayit Stone and Gezer Calendar are an earlier form than the classical Paleo-Hebrew of the 8th century and later; this early script is almost identical to the early Phoenician script on the 9th-century
1564:(IAA) unearthed a 2,600-year-old seal impression, while conducting excavations at the City of David, containing Paleo-Hebrew script, and which is thought to have belonged to a certain "Nathan-Melech," an official in
1480:
states that the script never changed altogether. Rabbi Eleazar from Modiin, the sage who expressed this opinion, based his opinion on a scriptural verse, which makes reference to the shape of the letter
1140:
which has since been interpreted as representing a recognizably Hebrew inscription dated to as early as the 10th century BCE. The argument identifying the text as Hebrew relies on the use of vocabulary.
1485:. He argues further that, given the commandment to copy a Torah scroll directly from another, the script could not conceivably have been modified at any point. A different version of the debate in the
1300:, containing a petition for redress of grievances (an appeal by a field worker to the fortress's governor regarding the confiscation of his cloak, which the writer considers to have been unjust).
1390:, is written in Paleo-Hebrew while the rest of the text is rendered in the adopted Aramaic square script that became today's normative Jewish Hebrew script. The vast majority of the
4430:
5727:
4526:
1207:
The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet was in common use in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah throughout the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. During the 6th century BCE, the time of the
1246:
8th century exhibit elements of the cursive style, such as the shading, which is a natural feature of pen-and-ink writing. Examples of such inscriptions include the
5693:
8369:
3569:
who says: Initially, the Torah was given to the Jewish people in Ivrit script, and the sacred tongue, Hebrew. It was given to them again in the days of Ezra in
922:
5802:
3782:
Naveh, Joseph (1987), "Proto-Canaanite, Archaic Greek, and the Script of the Aramaic Text on the Tell Fakhariyah Statue", in Miller; et al. (eds.),
8401:
4934:
3656:
5648:
1378:, dated to the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE: manuscripts 4Q12, 6Q1: Genesis. 4Q22: Exodus. 1Q3, 2Q5, 4Q11, 4Q45, 4Q46, 6Q2, and the Leviticus scroll (
1461:
in the post-exilic period, while others believed that Paleo-Hebrew merely served as a stopgap in a time when the ostensibly original script (the
9608:
4413:
9471:
5720:
4519:
3808:
3746:
3693:
4191:" minted in the Persian period. Yigal Ronen, "The Weight Standards of the Judean Coinage in the Late Persian and Early Ptolemaic Period",
2943:
2031:
1370:
The Paleo-Hebrew script was retained for some time as an archaizing or conservative mode of writing. It is found in certain texts of the
7477:
5789:
2424:
9583:
4972:
4874:
1528:
Use of Proto-Hebrew in modern Israel is negligible, but it is found occasionally in nostalgic or pseudo-archaic examples, e.g. on the
878:
850:
9239:
9195:
4204:
3670:
Reviewed Work: Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions. Corpus and Concordance by G. I. Davies, M. N. A. Bockmuehl, D. R. de Lacey, A. J. Poulter
3126:, text in Palaeo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals,
3011:
9598:
9225:
8334:
4402:
3952:
3930:
7571:
1144:
From the 8th century onward, Hebrew epigraphy becomes more common, showing the gradual spread of literacy among the people of the
9457:
8174:
5713:
4512:
3633:, "To apply the term Phoenician to the script of the Hebrews is hardly suitable. I have therefore coined the term Palaeo-Hebrew."
3022:
666:
7897:
9593:
9578:
7158:
4442:
1136:
have long been limited to the 8th century BCE. In 2008, however, a potsherd (ostracon) bearing an inscription was excavated at
259:
241:
9603:
9464:
8030:
7669:
5604:
5599:
4967:
3517:
2160:
1357:
8139:
8040:
7664:
6722:
4927:
3986:. An article describing the ossuaries Zvi Greenhut excavated from a burial cave in the south of Jerusalem can be found in
1271:
1208:
990:
512:
1082:
is of a similar age, but difficult to interpret, and may be classified as either Proto-Canaanite or as Paleo-Hebrew. The
980:
evolved directly out of this by about the 3rd century BCE, although some letter shapes did not become standard until the
9450:
9429:
6717:
6492:
6018:
6013:
6008:
5784:
5679:
5609:
4208:
2628:
1561:
1200:
350:
6103:
4328:
is a word for "fish", but the glyph is presumably from the depiction of a snake, which would point to an original name
9330:
9309:
7989:
7984:
7679:
7581:
5794:
5124:
3512:
2698:
1963:
1145:
1103:
862:
3852:
3833:
1395:
914:
is hardly suitable". The Paleo-Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets are two slight regional variants of the same script.
1323: on the other, meaning 'freedom to Jerusalem' and the name 'Shimon' (חרות לירושלם and שמען in square script).
9397:
7994:
7561:
4341:
3156:
3090:
2766:
2288:
3981:
7647:
7369:
6922:
6509:
6168:
3980:
An illustration of a tomb inscription said to be scratched onto an ossuary to identify the decedent is available
3577:
2099:
1402:, bears Paleo-Hebrew legends. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet fell completely out of use among Jews only after 135 CE.
1312:
918:
736:
869:. It is considered to be the script used to record the original texts of the Bible due to its similarity to the
9588:
9147:
9133:
8438:
7021:
6824:
5643:
5321:
5090:
4920:
3522:
2886:
1590:
1126:
1045:
8752:
6937:
4174:
3736:
1234:, who remained in the Land of Israel, continued to use their variant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, called the
3630:
9436:
8464:
7077:
6957:
6440:
6344:
5821:
5779:
5736:
5686:
5665:
5628:
5516:
5316:
5098:
4981:
4869:
4188:
3904:
3502:
2356:
1903:
1769:
1586:
1580:
1035:
274:
6526:
3871:
3122:
The Unicode block Phoenician (U+10900–U+1091F) is intended for the representation of, apart from the
1270:
dating to the 6th-century BCE, the hundreds of 8th to 6th-century Hebrew seals from various sites, and the
8154:
7591:
7093:
7083:
7016:
5959:
5326:
4977:
4478:
4474:
4069:
1399:
255:
251:
237:
4308:
9538:
9443:
9232:
9181:
8641:
8563:
8327:
8266:
7820:
7699:
7401:
7133:
6809:
5993:
5954:
5939:
5551:
5311:
4389:
4160:
4006:
3527:
3507:
2954:
2560:
2492:
1469:(c. 500 BCE) introduced, or reintroduced the Assyrian script to be used as the primary alphabet for the
1364:
1049:
1026:
Paleo-Hebrew signet ring discovered in Jerusalem's City of David. City of David Archive, Eliyahu Yannai.
938:
898:
script". However, it has also been suggested that the name is a corrupted form of "Neapolitan", i.e. of
809:
119:
4463:
4056:
9302:
9053:
8730:
8226:
8129:
7881:
7845:
7250:
7173:
6754:
6583:
6566:
6243:
5882:
5431:
5160:
3553:
3088:
3020:
2952:
2884:
2824:
2764:
2696:
2626:
2558:
2490:
2422:
2354:
2286:
2218:
2158:
2097:
2029:
1961:
1901:
1835:
1833:
1767:
1699:
1255:
1238:. After the fall of the Persian Empire, Jews used both scripts before settling on the Assyrian form.
1220:
1177:
877:
states that the Samaritans still used this script. The Talmud described it as the "Livonaʾa script" (
604:
285:
114:
78:
6673:
6663:
6238:
8025:
7747:
7270:
6653:
6643:
6292:
6233:
6228:
6223:
5976:
5558:
5464:
5268:
4881:
4728:
4536:
4468:
4409:
3123:
2783:
2747:
1599:
1041:
1031:
954:
946:
934:
907:
617:
530:
419:
369:
124:
84:
6302:
6203:
3446:
1010:
9288:
9265:
8899:
8788:
8778:
8670:
8613:
8599:
8556:
8261:
8144:
7979:
7871:
7830:
7784:
7779:
7674:
7656:
7324:
7255:
7220:
7168:
7001:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6727:
6658:
6380:
5758:
5632:
5573:
5568:
5446:
5383:
3146:
1647:
1529:
1521:
1437:
1416:
1391:
1247:
1196:
1091:
672:
648:
558:
313:
8521:
2587:
2413:
2383:
1862:
1308:
9411:
9404:
9376:
9140:
9126:
9038:
8927:
8837:
8816:
8795:
8723:
8655:
8514:
8472:
8424:
8159:
8149:
7794:
7789:
7694:
7689:
7596:
7551:
7451:
7374:
7354:
7344:
7334:
7329:
7265:
7260:
7188:
7123:
7108:
7058:
7053:
6996:
6932:
6890:
6732:
6618:
6541:
6057:
6052:
5929:
5624:
5521:
5454:
5419:
5415:
5368:
4398:
4127:
4103:
3948:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3804:
3742:
3689:
3127:
2826:
2220:
1541:
1079:
973:
730:
598:
344:
3798:
2058:
1796:
1660:
9545:
9483:
9383:
9337:
9323:
9281:
9156:
9102:
9083:
9017:
9009:
8995:
8988:
8913:
8709:
8684:
8620:
8592:
8578:
8507:
8493:
8410:
8383:
8320:
8231:
8134:
7956:
7799:
7426:
7406:
7396:
7391:
7275:
7031:
6964:
6952:
6917:
6912:
6895:
6834:
6799:
6759:
6561:
6556:
6504:
6455:
6339:
6273:
6213:
6163:
6108:
6025:
6003:
5988:
5934:
5924:
5858:
5672:
5077:
5040:
5007:
4896:
4139:
4099:
4034:
3831:("widow") are specific to Hebrew and are written differently in other Canaanite languages.
3683:
3131:
2793:
1486:
1375:
1297:
1258:, a fragmentary Hebrew inscription on an ivory which was taken as war spoils (probably from
1235:
1216:
1212:
1153:
1149:
1099:
994:
985:
969:
927:
903:
870:
866:
749:
660:
634:
622:
592:
564:
550:
439:
431:
167:
149:
8204:
2853:
2657:
2315:
2247:
2187:
2126:
1728:
1284:, letters sent by an officer to the governor of Lachish just before the destruction of the
9369:
9061:
9002:
8948:
8941:
8920:
8906:
8890:
8868:
8823:
8716:
8691:
8663:
8648:
8571:
8549:
8542:
8500:
8460:
8431:
8119:
8089:
7912:
7835:
7601:
7531:
7441:
7436:
7421:
7384:
7364:
7300:
7290:
7280:
7245:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7113:
7098:
7068:
7063:
6947:
6942:
6789:
6779:
6769:
6633:
6598:
6593:
6573:
6467:
6425:
6365:
6248:
6218:
6128:
6088:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
5964:
5944:
5892:
5875:
5863:
5619:
5583:
5546:
5538:
5511:
5489:
5425:
5403:
5180:
5082:
5072:
5045:
5019:
5014:
5002:
4962:
4957:
4943:
4901:
4891:
3488:
1652:
1470:
1466:
1281:
1224:
1137:
1133:
1121:
977:
950:
942:
854:
830:
724:
718:
712:
684:
586:
570:
541:
524:
322:
96:
7566:
6749:
3618:
1473:. The arguments given for both opinions are rooted in Jewish scripture and/or tradition.
356:
7716:
4329:
3800:
Historical and Biblical Israel: The History, Tradition, and Archives of Israel and Judah
3049:
2981:
2913:
2687:
2617:
2549:
2519:
2481:
2451:
2088:
1990:
1892:
1758:
1690:
1352:) written in the modern Hebrew alphabet (top), and in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (bottom)
1055:
957:
were largely indistinguishable dialects before that time. The Paleo-Hebrew script is an
9506:
9390:
9274:
9254:
9163:
9031:
8962:
8861:
8809:
8802:
8634:
8627:
8606:
8585:
8486:
8479:
8241:
8169:
8164:
8015:
7999:
7974:
7917:
7907:
7902:
7742:
7616:
7576:
7546:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7456:
7431:
7379:
7319:
7285:
7235:
7183:
7148:
7103:
7073:
7026:
6986:
6885:
6839:
6794:
6712:
6648:
6603:
6588:
6551:
6531:
6499:
6487:
6435:
6430:
6420:
6410:
6405:
6322:
6307:
6297:
6263:
6253:
6198:
6183:
6148:
5998:
5902:
5850:
5740:
5436:
5155:
5145:
5060:
5055:
5050:
4494:
3494:
3466:
3135:
1549:
1516:
1083:
1059:
654:
642:
576:
492:
466:
459:
335:
172:
4288:
The glyph was taken to represent a wheel, but it possibly derives from the hieroglyph
2725:
1930:
9572:
9513:
9362:
9295:
9218:
9188:
9046:
9024:
8955:
8851:
8830:
8677:
8535:
8453:
8446:
8417:
8376:
8291:
8281:
8276:
8251:
8246:
8179:
8063:
7757:
7416:
7359:
7011:
6784:
6668:
6623:
6578:
6546:
6395:
6332:
6312:
6285:
6258:
6188:
6173:
6158:
6113:
5870:
5393:
5288:
5024:
4772:
3900:
3480:
3039:
3003:
1345:
1199:(7th–6th century BCE), written in the Paleo-Hebrew script, was discovered during the
1111:
1018:, 10th century BCE: (right-to-left) the letters waw, he, het, zayin, tet (𐤅𐤄𐤇𐤆𐤈)
787:
678:
221:
8969:
8934:
8875:
8362:
8124:
8020:
7933:
7825:
7726:
7536:
7349:
7314:
7295:
7230:
7225:
7118:
7006:
6880:
6804:
6744:
6613:
6608:
6519:
6514:
6450:
6390:
6370:
6327:
6317:
6268:
6153:
6133:
6123:
5971:
5949:
5907:
5563:
5479:
5411:
5253:
5213:
5193:
5140:
4695:
4607:
4563:
3815:
scribes wrote in Paleo-Hebrew, a local variant of the Phoenician alphabetic script
3585:
2577:
2541:
2048:
2012:
1786:
1750:
1701:
1482:
1421:
1285:
1267:
1157:
968:
By the 5th century BCE, among Judeans the alphabet had been mostly replaced by the
690:
484:
478:
425:
408:
17:
7178:
498:
4360:
3557:
3079:
2755:
2345:
2277:
2020:
9552:
9316:
9247:
8528:
8219:
8079:
7840:
7684:
7541:
7446:
7215:
7143:
7128:
7036:
6829:
6739:
6638:
6628:
6482:
6445:
6400:
6385:
6360:
6280:
6208:
6193:
5897:
5638:
5484:
5208:
5150:
5065:
4596:
4276:
3570:
3452:
3161:
1980:
1952:
1610:
1565:
1462:
1458:
1379:
1172:
1115:
1107:
1066:
1022:
1015:
981:
472:
1118:, dating from a period when Dan had already fallen into the orbit of Damascus.
1110:
inscription, commissioned around 840 BCE by King Mesha of Moab. Similarly, the
8209:
8184:
7752:
7195:
6685:
6680:
6536:
6477:
6118:
5528:
4504:
4483:
4394:
4021:
3597:
3593:
3442:
1433:
1231:
1211:, the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet was gradually replaced by the use of the Imperial
777:
760:
506:
4431:"Oldest Hebrew Inscription Discovered in Israelite Fort on Philistine Border"
3968:
1241:
The Paleo-Hebrew script evolved by developing numerous cursive features, the
1052:) during the 13th to 12th centuries BCE, and earlier Proto-Sinaitic scripts.
9520:
9499:
9492:
8286:
8271:
8108:
7855:
7804:
7771:
7606:
7497:
7046:
6774:
6690:
6415:
5503:
5474:
4307:
The root l-m-d mainly means "to teach", from an original meaning "to goad".
3987:
3562:
1537:
1441:
1426:
1251:
1161:
1070:
962:
445:
187:
8214:
5705:
227:
4011:
of the inscription may be viewed, but it is too large to be placed inline.
3856:
3837:
3592:
script and the Aramaic tongue for the commoners. Who are these commoners?
1506:
8256:
8236:
8199:
8194:
8074:
8035:
7876:
7635:
7520:
7411:
7153:
7041:
6991:
6862:
6375:
6178:
6138:
5919:
5912:
5763:
5578:
5170:
4986:
4115:
3566:
1293:
1242:
902:. Use of the term "Paleo-Hebrew alphabet" is due to a 1954 suggestion by
799:
793:
766:
301:
247:
40:
8343:
7850:
7721:
7611:
7586:
7472:
7309:
7163:
7138:
6907:
6814:
6462:
6076:
5887:
3917:
3669:
3643:
1628:
1453:
1332:
1259:
1191:
1086:
is of uncertain date, but may also still date to the 10th century BCE.
1040:
The Paleo-Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets developed in the wake of the
937:, it is a slight regional variant and an immediate continuation of the
911:
895:
889:
203:
917:
The first Paleo-Hebrew inscription identified in modern times was the
9344:
7088:
6900:
6819:
6764:
6472:
6143:
5469:
5378:
5373:
5358:
5353:
5303:
5258:
5243:
4706:
4673:
4499:
4002:
3631:
The Hebrew scripts, Volume 2, Salomo A. Birnbaum, Palaeographia, 1954
2647:
2609:
2441:
2405:
1494:
1477:
1383:
1276:
1263:
1219:
were again given shapes characteristic for writing Hebrew during the
899:
874:
858:
451:
397:
391:
5673:
Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
3141:
1164:
of the Second Temple period, are also dated to the 8th century BCE.
7711:
7706:
7556:
7339:
7240:
6927:
5838:
5614:
5459:
5363:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5273:
5218:
5203:
5198:
5188:
4912:
4739:
4618:
4585:
4574:
4552:
4495:
Paleo-Hebrew Abjad font (the current version of the font is 1.1.0)
4489:
4290:
3140:
2843:
2815:
2116:
2080:
1920:
1884:
1852:
1818:
1718:
1682:
1505:
1420:
1371:
1326:
1307:
1190:
1171:
1120:
1074:
1054:
1021:
1009:
958:
704:
698:
52:
1065:
The earliest known inscription in the Paleo-Hebrew script is the
965:
letters, exactly as the other Canaanite scripts from the period.
8189:
8084:
5388:
5333:
5283:
5278:
5263:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
4761:
4750:
4717:
4662:
4651:
4640:
4629:
2971:
2935:
2903:
2875:
2715:
2679:
2635:
2373:
2337:
2305:
2269:
2237:
2209:
2177:
2148:
1490:
1387:
8316:
8106:
8061:
7954:
7633:
7518:
6860:
6074:
5836:
5819:
5709:
4916:
4508:
5293:
5248:
4783:
4684:
4239:
The letters he and ḥēt continue three Proto-Sinaitic letters,
3738:
In the beginning : a short history of the Hebrew language
3107:
3071:
2509:
2473:
4001:
Another tomb inscription is believed to be from the tomb of
3379:
4020:
An illustration of the Lachish script is available at this
1386:
documents, the tetragrammaton name of the Israelite deity,
3967:
An illustration of the Siloam script is available at this
4781:
4770:
4759:
4748:
4737:
4726:
4715:
4704:
4693:
4682:
4671:
4660:
4649:
4638:
4627:
4616:
4605:
4594:
4583:
4572:
4561:
4550:
3855:. Khirbet Qeiyafa Archaeological Project. Archived from
3403:
3836:. University of Haifa. January 10, 2010. Archived from
3373:
1280:. The most developed cursive script is found on the 18
1073:, in the Beth Guvrin Valley in the lowlands of ancient
3391:
1432:
The paleo-Hebrew alphabet continued to be used by the
4410:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered"
3834:"Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered"
3349:
3343:
3331:
3308:
3290:
3242:
3236:
1536: "Judea") and in the logo of the Israeli town
4294:
hieroglyph 𓄤 and would originally have been called
3760:
By 1000 B.C.E., however, we see Phoenician writings
3385:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3337:
3314:
3302:
3296:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3230:
3224:
246:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
9530:
9481:
9421:
9354:
9264:
9210:
9173:
9113:
9094:
9075:
8980:
8886:
8847:
8774:
8701:
8400:
8393:
8354:
8008:
7967:
7926:
7890:
7864:
7813:
7770:
7735:
7655:
7646:
7465:
6873:
6705:
6353:
6096:
6087:
5772:
5751:
5657:
5592:
5537:
5502:
5445:
5402:
5302:
5179:
5133:
5117:
5110:
5033:
4995:
4950:
3741:. New York, NY : New York Univ. Press. p. 23.
3685:
Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance
3325:
3248:
219:
209:
202:
186:
181:
158:
140:
107:
102:
92:
74:
59:
47:
32:
3947:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3644:The Epitaph of a Royal Steward from Siloam Village
3657:Archaeological Researches In Palestine 1873–1874
3058:
2990:
2922:
2862:
2802:
2734:
2666:
2596:
2528:
2460:
2392:
2324:
2256:
2196:
2135:
2067:
1999:
1939:
1871:
1805:
1737:
1669:
1315:with the Paleo-Hebrew writings. The letters are
260:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
5694:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
976:. The "Square" variant now known simply as the
8328:
5721:
4928:
4520:
3992:(July 1, 1991), with links to other articles.
1489:refers to the circular shapes of the letters
1114:, dated approximately 810 BCE, is written in
8:
4358:
4346:Strong's Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
4313:Strong's Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
3430:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3077:
3009:
2941:
2753:
2685:
2615:
2547:
2479:
2411:
2343:
2275:
2086:
2018:
1890:
1824:
1756:
1688:
1336:
1223:, developing into the "square shape" of the
1044:, out of their immediate predecessor script
4490:Unicode Modern/Paleo-Hebrew conversion tool
1600:Phoenician alphabet § Table of letters
1292:620 BCE) but similar script is found on an
8698:
8397:
8335:
8321:
8313:
8103:
8058:
7964:
7951:
7652:
7643:
7630:
7515:
6870:
6857:
6093:
6084:
6071:
5833:
5829:
5816:
5748:
5728:
5714:
5706:
5114:
4935:
4921:
4913:
4527:
4513:
4505:
4081:
4079:
4077:
3688:. Cambridge University Press. p. xi.
3151:
941:, which was used throughout Canaan in the
268:
83:
39:
4235:
4233:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
861:, also known as the biblical kingdoms of
3615:The Samaritans, the earliest Jewish sect
3604:script? Rav Chisda says: Lebanon script.
1615:
1465:) was lost. According to both opinions,
1132:The oldest inscriptions identifiable as
27:Writing found in Canaanite inscriptions
4095:
4093:
4091:
3712:
3682:Graham I. Davies; J. K. Aitken (2004).
3539:
1591:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4226:. London: Reaction Books. p. 126.
4195:61, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), 122–126.
3723:
3162:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
378:
29:
9472:American Printing House for the Blind
9248:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
8900:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
3584:script and the sacred tongue for the
1425:A page from the Samaritan version of
1176:Illustration of script on one of the
7:
4259:"courtyard", but the name continues
3558:
906:, who argued that "o apply the term
882:
250:. For the distinction between ,
4359:
4005:, an official of King Hezekiah. An
3078:
3010:
2942:
2754:
2686:
2616:
2548:
2480:
2412:
2344:
2276:
2087:
2019:
1891:
1825:
1757:
1689:
1337:
834:
4393:(CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed.
1250:, numerous tomb inscriptions from
851:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
25:
3580:. The Jewish people selected the
1520:, written in Paleo-Hebrew on the
1436:and over time developed into the
849:, is the writing system found in
4500:Open-source Unicode Hebrew Fonts
4416:from the original on 7 June 2011
4175:"Mishne Torah Hilchos Stam 1:19"
4057:Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
3945:A History of the Hebrew Language
3487:
3473:
3459:
3445:
3048:
2980:
2912:
2852:
2792:
2724:
2656:
2586:
2518:
2450:
2382:
2314:
2246:
2186:
2125:
2057:
1989:
1929:
1861:
1795:
1727:
1659:
1288:in 586 BCE. A slightly earlier (
1313:Coin from the Bar Kokhba revolt
1160:, although transmitted via the
292:
242:International Phonetic Alphabet
5801:Languages by writing system /
3565:says, and some say that it is
3518:History of the Hebrew alphabet
3401:
3399:
3397:
1394:, as well as the coins of the
1358:History of the Hebrew alphabet
1:
9609:Right-to-left writing systems
9240:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
9196:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4484:Aramaic/Paleo-Hebrew alphabet
4187:This is in imitation of the "
3943:Angel Sáenz-Badillos (1993).
1272:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll
1181:
1168:Use in the Israelite kingdoms
1014:Photograph of section of the
991:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll
853:, including pre-Biblical and
769:
752:
739:
607:
400:
359:
65:
9451:National Braille Association
9430:Braille Institute of America
9148:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
4782:
4771:
4760:
4749:
4738:
4727:
4716:
4705:
4694:
4683:
4672:
4661:
4650:
4639:
4628:
4617:
4606:
4595:
4584:
4573:
4562:
4551:
4357:the letter name may be from
4209:Israel Antiquities Authority
3853:"Qeiyafa Ostracon Chronicle"
1562:Israel Antiquities Authority
1552:be blessed with children").
1201:Temple Mount Sifting Project
890:
235: This article contains
9331:Refreshable braille display
9310:Optical braille recognition
8907:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8439:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
7582:New Epoch Notation Painting
4435:Biblical Archaeology Review
4222:Fischer, Steven R. (2001).
4035:Worker's appeal to governor
3513:Biblical Hebrew orthography
1098:Linguistic features of the
376:
9625:
9398:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
4978:Transliteration to English
4441:(2): 51–56. Archived from
4397:. Keter Publishing House.
3803:. OUP Oxford. p. 64.
3797:Reinhard G. Kratz (2015).
3784:Ancient Israelite Religion
3422:As of Unicode version 16.0
3411:
3154:
3059:
2991:
2923:
2863:
2803:
2735:
2667:
2597:
2529:
2461:
2393:
2325:
2257:
2197:
2136:
2068:
2000:
1940:
1872:
1806:
1738:
1670:
1597:
1546:𐤁𐤓𐤅𐤊 𐤌𐤁𐤍𐤉𐤌 𐤀𐤔𐤓
1414:
1355:
1029:
972:as used officially by the
953:, and all of their sister
894:), translated by some as "
9584:Canaanite writing systems
9134:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
8312:
8115:
8102:
8070:
8057:
7963:
7950:
7648:Chinese family of scripts
7642:
7629:
7527:
7514:
6869:
6856:
6718:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
6083:
6070:
5845:
5832:
5828:
5815:
5803:by first written accounts
5747:
4865:
4543:
3872:"The keys to the kingdom"
3735:Hoffman, Joel M. (2004).
3404:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3106:
3100:
3060:
3038:
3032:
2992:
2970:
2964:
2924:
2902:
2896:
2864:
2842:
2836:
2804:
2782:
2776:
2736:
2714:
2708:
2668:
2646:
2640:
2598:
2576:
2570:
2530:
2508:
2502:
2462:
2440:
2434:
2394:
2372:
2366:
2326:
2304:
2298:
2258:
2236:
2230:
2198:
2176:
2170:
2137:
2115:
2109:
2069:
2047:
2041:
2001:
1979:
1973:
1941:
1919:
1913:
1873:
1851:
1845:
1807:
1785:
1779:
1739:
1717:
1711:
1671:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1545:
1533:
1511:
1320:
1316:
1304:Decline and late survival
919:Royal Steward inscription
879:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
233:
198:, Phoenician
38:
9599:Obsolete writing systems
9121:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8384:Unicode braille patterns
8370:International uniformity
6825:Thomas Natural Shorthand
5666:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
4475:History of the Aleph-Bet
4429:Shanks, Hershel (2010).
4408:Feldman, Rachel (2010).
4273:the name means "window".
4193:Near Eastern Archaeology
3655:Clermont-Ganneau, 1899,
3523:Proto-Canaanite alphabet
1636:Corresponding letter in
1319: on one side and
1127:Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon
1069:discovered on a wall at
69: 1000 BCE – 135 CE
9458:Blindness organizations
9437:Braille Without Borders
9226:Canadian currency marks
8848:Egyptian lineage family
8031:Southwest Paleohispanic
4537:Northwest Semitic abjad
4263:"thread". The shape of
4251:"thread". The shape of
3905:Oxford University Press
3503:Ancient Hebrew writings
1476:A third opinion in the
1317:𐤇𐤓𐤅𐤕 𐤋𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤌
1036:Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
275:History of the alphabet
238:phonetic transcriptions
9594:Language and mysticism
9579:Ancient Jewish history
8775:Russian lineage family
8175:Great Lakes Algonquian
7084:Greco-Iberian alphabet
7017:Gabelsberger shorthand
5960:Inscriptional Parthian
4479:Jewish Virtual Library
4070:File:Psalms Scroll.jpg
3613:James A. Montgomery,
3149:
1579:This article contains
1525:
1429:
1396:First Jewish–Roman War
1353:
1324:
1204:
1188:
1129:
1062:
1027:
1019:
939:Proto-Canaanite script
667:Great Lakes Algonquian
9604:Proto-Sinaitic script
9539:Accessible publishing
9465:Schools for the blind
9444:Japan Braille Library
9233:Computer Braille Code
8887:Indian lineage family
8267:Old Persian cuneiform
7134:Carolingian minuscule
5940:Ancient North Arabian
4390:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3989:Jerusalem Perspective
3528:Proto-Sinaitic script
3508:Ancient North Arabian
3144:
1509:
1424:
1356:Further information:
1330:
1311:
1194:
1175:
1124:
1106:) are visible in the
1102:(rather than generic
1058:
1025:
1013:
910:to the script of the
351:Ancient South Arabian
228:U+10900–U+1091F
120:Proto-Sinaitic script
9303:Mountbatten Brailler
8658:(largely reassigned)
8441:(largely reassigned)
7990:Southeastern Iberian
7985:Northeastern Iberian
5883:Egyptian hieroglyphs
5687:Strong's Concordance
4973:Ancient inscriptions
4387:"Alphabet, Hebrew".
4224:A History of Writing
3907:: Oxford 1933, s.v.
3668:Millard, A. (1993),
1493:in Paleo-Hebrew and
1256:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
1221:Second Temple period
1187:—the "Silver Scroll"
1178:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
286:Egyptian hieroglyphs
115:Egyptian hieroglyphs
79:Right-to-left script
9255:Nemeth braille code
9041:(reassigned vowels)
8566:(extended to 8-dot)
8140:Canadian Aboriginal
8026:Khitan small script
7748:Khitan large script
6938:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
5680:Brown–Driver–Briggs
4469:Jewish Encyclopedia
4277:He (letter)#Origins
4205:What's in a Name...
3642:Avigad, N. (1953).
3124:Phoenician alphabet
1400:Bar Kokhba's revolt
1042:Bronze Age collapse
1032:Phoenician alphabet
984:. By contrast, the
955:Canaanite languages
935:Phoenician alphabet
827:Paleo-Hebrew script
513:Canadian Aboriginal
125:Phoenician alphabet
18:Paleo-Hebrew script
9289:Braille translator
9266:Braille technology
9242:(science; GS8/GS6)
9211:Symbols in braille
9141:Taiwanese Mandarin
8656:Taiwanese Mandarin
8262:Nwagu Aneke script
7814:Other logosyllabic
7736:Chinese-influenced
7675:Oracle bone script
7657:Chinese characters
7592:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
6982:Eclectic shorthand
6970:Duployan shorthand
6923:Caucasian Albanian
6723:Canadian syllabics
5759:History of writing
5529:Law of attenuation
5034:Reading traditions
3859:on October 2, 2011
3840:on October 5, 2011
3150:
3147:Siloam inscription
1957:jubilation/window
1581:special characters
1526:
1438:Samaritan alphabet
1430:
1417:Samaritan alphabet
1411:Samaritan alphabet
1354:
1325:
1248:Siloam inscription
1205:
1189:
1130:
1092:Ahiram sarcophagus
1063:
1028:
1020:
737:Caucasian Albanian
9566:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9484:tactile alphabets
9412:William Bell Wait
9405:Sabriye Tenberken
9206:
9205:
9071:
9070:
9056:(Japanese vowels)
8854:-mediated scripts
8781:-mediated scripts
8308:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8160:Ditema tsa Dinoko
8098:
8097:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8048:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7766:
7765:
7625:
7624:
7510:
7509:
7506:
7505:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6701:
6700:
6066:
6065:
6053:Teeline Shorthand
5811:
5810:
5703:
5702:
5559:Verbal morphology
5498:
5497:
5011:
4910:
4909:
4860:
4859:
4271:"jubilation" but
4247:"jubilation" and
4161:Rabbeinu Chananel
3810:978-0-19-104448-9
3748:978-0-8147-3654-8
3695:978-0-521-82999-1
3436:
3435:
3115:
3114:
2614:pillar, support (
2154:courtyard/thread
1587:rendering support
1392:Hasmonean coinage
1215:. The letters of
1146:Kingdom of Israel
1104:Northwest Semitic
1080:Ophel inscription
974:Achaemenid Empire
888:
823:
822:
363: 5th c. BCE
267:
266:
16:(Redirected from
9616:
9555:
9548:
9546:Braille literacy
9541:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9474:
9467:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9365:
9347:
9340:
9338:Slate and stylus
9333:
9326:
9324:Perkins Brailler
9319:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9282:Braille embosser
9277:
9257:
9250:
9243:
9235:
9228:
9221:
9199:
9191:
9184:
9166:
9159:
9150:
9143:
9136:
9129:
9122:
9106:
9103:American Braille
9087:
9084:Algerian Braille
9064:
9057:
9049:
9042:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8973:
8965:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8930:
8923:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8879:
8871:
8864:
8840:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8812:
8805:
8798:
8791:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8712:
8699:
8694:
8687:
8680:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8602:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8559:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8398:
8386:
8379:
8372:
8365:
8348:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8314:
8104:
8059:
7965:
7957:Semi-syllabaries
7952:
7653:
7644:
7631:
7516:
6871:
6858:
6760:Japanese Braille
6345:Zanabazar square
6214:Nepalese scripts
6104:Bengali–Assamese
6094:
6085:
6072:
5989:Pitman shorthand
5834:
5830:
5817:
5749:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5707:
5649:Unicode and HTML
5115:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5068:
5008:northern dialect
5005:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4787:
4776:
4765:
4754:
4743:
4732:
4721:
4710:
4699:
4688:
4677:
4666:
4655:
4644:
4633:
4622:
4611:
4600:
4589:
4578:
4567:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4375:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4355:
4349:
4339:
4333:
4324:the letter name
4322:
4316:
4305:
4299:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4163:on Sanhedrin 22a
4158:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4100:Jerusalem Talmud
4097:
4086:
4083:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4012:
3999:
3993:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3940:
3934:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3732:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3679:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3429:
3421:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3152:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2947:
2946:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2642:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2485:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2349:
2348:
2342:palm of a hand (
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1687:head of cattle (
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1616:
1605:"Aramaic", etc.
1572:Table of letters
1547:
1535:
1513:
1502:Contemporary use
1487:Jerusalem Talmud
1376:Dead Sea Scrolls
1340:
1339:
1322:
1318:
1298:Mesad Hashavyahu
1274:discovered near
1236:Samaritan script
1217:Imperial Aramaic
1213:Aramaic alphabet
1209:Babylonian exile
1186:
1183:
1150:Kingdom of Judah
1100:Moabite language
995:Dead Sea Scrolls
986:Samaritan script
970:Aramaic alphabet
928:10th century BCE
904:Solomon Birnbaum
893:
887:romanized:
886:
884:
871:Samaritan script
863:Israel (Samaria)
857:, from southern
836:
835:הכתב העברי הקדום
774:
771:
757:
754:
744:
741:
612:
609:
546:
545:
405:
402:
381:
364:
361:
340:
339:
318:
317:
306:
305:
294:
290:
289:
269:
263:
257:
253:
197:
194:
168:Aramaic alphabet
150:Samaritan script
88:
87:
70:
67:
43:
30:
21:
9624:
9623:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9589:Hebrew alphabet
9569:
9568:
9567:
9558:
9551:
9544:
9537:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9477:
9470:
9463:
9456:
9449:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9375:
9370:Charles Barbier
9368:
9361:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9294:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9260:
9253:
9246:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9202:
9194:
9187:
9180:
9169:
9162:
9155:
9146:
9139:
9132:
9125:
9120:
9109:
9101:
9095:Frequency-based
9090:
9082:
9067:
9060:
9052:
9045:
9037:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9001:
8994:
8987:
8976:
8968:
8961:
8954:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8926:
8919:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8891:Bharati Braille
8888:
8882:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8849:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8822:
8815:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8787:
8776:
8770:
8763:
8758:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8729:
8722:
8715:
8708:
8697:
8690:
8683:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8506:
8499:
8492:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8465:Unified English
8459:
8452:
8445:
8437:
8430:
8423:
8416:
8409:
8394:Braille scripts
8389:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8350:
8346:
8341:
8296:
8111:
8094:
8090:Stokoe notation
8066:
8045:
8004:
7959:
7938:
7922:
7886:
7865:Logoconsonantal
7860:
7809:
7762:
7731:
7638:
7621:
7602:Siglas poveiras
7523:
7502:
7461:
7365:Younger Futhark
7069:Gregg shorthand
6865:
6844:
6697:
6349:
6079:
6062:
5841:
5824:
5807:
5780:Writing systems
5768:
5743:
5741:writing systems
5734:
5704:
5699:
5658:Reference works
5653:
5588:
5584:Vav-consecutive
5533:
5512:Biblical Hebrew
5494:
5441:
5426:Mater lectionis
5398:
5298:
5175:
5129:
5106:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5064:
5029:
4991:
4946:
4944:Hebrew language
4941:
4911:
4906:
4861:
4539:
4533:
4464:Hebrew Alphabet
4460:
4448:
4446:
4428:
4419:
4417:
4407:
4384:
4382:Further reading
4379:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4356:
4352:
4340:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4306:
4302:
4287:
4283:
4272:
4238:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4098:
4089:
4084:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3979:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3921:4:5–6, p. 784 (
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3696:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3629:
3625:
3612:
3608:
3552:
3541:
3536:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3426:
3418:
3160:
3120:
3057:
3056:
3055:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2066:
2065:
2064:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1585:Without proper
1574:
1558:
1504:
1471:Hebrew language
1467:Ezra the Scribe
1463:Assyrian Script
1450:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1360:
1306:
1282:Lachish ostraca
1225:Hebrew alphabet
1184:
1170:
1154:oldest portions
1138:Khirbet Qeiyafa
1134:Biblical Hebrew
1125:Drawing of the
1046:Proto-Canaanite
1038:
1030:Main articles:
1008:
1003:
978:Hebrew alphabet
943:Late Bronze Age
855:Biblical Hebrew
819:
818:
817:
772:
755:
742:
610:
539:
538:
415:
414:
403:
362:
333:
332:
311:
310:
299:
298:
283:
282:
277:
234:
224:
212:
195:
192:
177:
161:
154:
143:
136:
110:
103:Related scripts
97:Biblical Hebrew
82:
68:
62:
55:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9622:
9620:
9612:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9571:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9534:
9532:
9531:Related topics
9528:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9507:New York Point
9503:
9496:
9488:
9486:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9468:
9461:
9454:
9447:
9440:
9433:
9425:
9423:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9391:Harris Mowbray
9387:
9380:
9373:
9366:
9358:
9356:
9352:
9351:
9349:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9306:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9275:Braille e-book
9270:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9236:
9229:
9222:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9200:
9192:
9185:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9098:
9096:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9065:
9058:
9050:
9043:
9035:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8984:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8975:
8974:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8945:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8895:
8893:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8872:
8865:
8857:
8855:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8841:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8784:
8782:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8727:
8720:
8713:
8705:
8703:
8696:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8469:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8406:
8404:
8402:French-ordered
8395:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8332:
8325:
8317:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8242:Linear Elamite
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8100:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:Sign languages
8062:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8043:
8041:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8016:Espanca script
8012:
8010:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7975:Linear Elamite
7971:
7969:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7856:Yi (Classical)
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7682:
7680:Bronze scripts
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7519:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7493:Flag semaphore
7490:
7488:New York Point
7485:
7483:Telegraph code
7480:
7478:Maritime flags
7475:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7432:Visible Speech
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7402:Sorang Sompeng
7399:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7286:Galik alphabet
7283:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7184:Tironian notes
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7029:
7027:Garay alphabet
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6967:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6867:
6866:
6861:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6810:Sorang Sompeng
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6733:Déné syllabics
6730:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6091:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:Proto-Sinaitic
5991:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5745:
5744:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5633:modern Israeli
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5522:Philippi's law
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5437:Plene scriptum
5434:
5429:
5422:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4778:
4767:
4756:
4745:
4734:
4723:
4712:
4701:
4690:
4679:
4668:
4657:
4646:
4635:
4624:
4613:
4602:
4591:
4580:
4569:
4558:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4472:
4459:
4458:External links
4456:
4455:
4454:
4426:
4405:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4350:
4334:
4317:
4300:
4281:
4229:
4213:
4211:(1 April 2019)
4197:
4180:
4165:
4153:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4087:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4039:
4026:
4013:
3994:
3973:
3960:
3953:
3935:
3889:
3819:
3809:
3789:
3774:
3764:
3747:
3727:
3716:
3713:Feldman (2010)
3705:
3694:
3674:
3661:
3648:
3635:
3623:
3606:
3578:Aramaic tongue
3538:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:Writing portal
3484:
3470:
3467:Judaism portal
3456:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3085:
3074:
3069:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3017:
3006:
3001:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2949:
2938:
2933:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2857:
2849:
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2840:
2834:
2831:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2761:
2750:
2745:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2693:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2612:
2607:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2555:
2544:
2539:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2487:
2476:
2471:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2419:
2408:
2403:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2351:
2340:
2335:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2283:
2272:
2267:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2094:
2083:
2078:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2026:
2015:
2010:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1898:
1887:
1882:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1753:
1748:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1696:
1685:
1680:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1598:Main article:
1589:, you may see
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1554:
1542:Deuteronomy 33
1514:), for
1503:
1500:
1454:Talmudic sages
1449:
1446:
1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1305:
1302:
1185: 700 BCE
1169:
1166:
1084:Gezer calendar
1060:Gezer calendar
1050:Proto-Sinaitic
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
821:
820:
816:
815:
814:
813:
807:
806:
805:
804:
803:
785:
784:
783:
782:
781:
764:
758:
747:
746:
745:
728:
722:
716:
710:
709:
708:
702:
696:
695:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
640:
639:
638:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
615:
614:
613:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
562:
556:
555:
554:
536:
535:
534:
531:Square Aramaic
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
504:
503:
502:
490:
489:
488:
482:
476:
449:
437:
436:
435:
416:
413:
412:
406:
395:
389:
388:
387:
386:
385:
384:
383:
367:
366:
365:
348:
336:Proto-Sinaitic
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
279:
278:
273:
272:
265:
264:
258:⟩, see
231:
230:
225:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
200:
199:
190:
184:
183:
179:
178:
176:
175:
173:Greek alphabet
170:
164:
162:
160:Sister systems
159:
156:
155:
153:
152:
146:
144:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
113:
111:
109:Parent systems
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
72:
71:
63:
60:
57:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
36:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9621:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9554:
9550:
9547:
9543:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9514:Night writing
9511:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9497:
9494:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9480:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9462:
9459:
9455:
9452:
9448:
9445:
9441:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9422:Organisations
9420:
9413:
9409:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9384:Valentin Haüy
9381:
9378:
9374:
9371:
9367:
9364:
9363:Louis Braille
9360:
9359:
9357:
9353:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9296:Braille watch
9293:
9290:
9286:
9283:
9279:
9276:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9256:
9252:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9219:Braille music
9216:
9215:
9213:
9209:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9186:
9183:
9182:Luxembourgish
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9104:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9093:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8981:Other scripts
8979:
8971:
8967:
8964:
8960:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8946:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8873:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8846:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8825:
8821:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8804:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8773:
8762:
8757:
8754:
8753:Northern Sámi
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8714:
8711:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8702:Nordic family
8700:
8693:
8689:
8686:
8682:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8668:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8642:South African
8639:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8618:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8587:
8583:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8564:Luxembourgish
8561:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8488:
8484:
8481:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8451:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8377:ASCII braille
8374:
8371:
8367:
8364:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8345:
8338:
8333:
8331:
8326:
8324:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8069:
8065:
8060:
8056:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7953:
7949:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7908:Attic (Greek)
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7846:Proto-Elamite
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7816:
7812:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7517:
7513:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:Elder Futhark
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7251:Old Hungarian
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6785:Masaram Gondi
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6755:Gunjala Gondi
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6567:Old Sundanese
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6510:Old Maldivian
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:Bilang-bilang
6491:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Sylheti Nagri
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:Brahmi script
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6009:South Arabian
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:Inscriptional
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5564:Semitic roots
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:Modern Hebrew
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5432:Abbreviations
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:Kubutz/shuruk
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4614:
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4461:
4457:
4445:on 2012-02-29
4444:
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4403:965-07-0665-8
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4292:
4285:
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4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:"courtyard",
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4234:
4230:
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4217:
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4206:
4201:
4198:
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4190:
4189:Yehud coinage
4184:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4151:Exodus 27, 10
4148:
4145:
4141:
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4133:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4105:
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4092:
4088:
4085:Sanhedrin 22a
4082:
4080:
4078:
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3956:
3954:0-521-55634-1
3950:
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3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:0-19-815402-X
3928:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3911:1:8, p. 202 (
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:Herbert Danby
3898:
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3724:Shanks (2010)
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3599:
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3588:and left the
3587:
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3481:Israel portal
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2016:
2014:
2011:
1995:
1992:
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1563:
1560:In 2019, the
1555:
1553:
1551:
1548: "Let
1543:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
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1464:
1460:
1459:Torah scrolls
1455:
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1346:modern Hebrew
1343:
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1301:
1299:
1296:excavated at
1295:
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1128:
1123:
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1113:
1112:Tel Dan Stele
1109:
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1005:
1000:
998:
996:
993:found in the
992:
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880:
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848:
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840:
839:Palaeo-Hebrew
832:
828:
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810:Paleohispanic
808:
801:
798:
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795:
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789:
788:Libyco-Berber
786:
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748:
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619:
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605:Old Hungarian
603:
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509:10th century
508:
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297:
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288:
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281:
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261:
249:
245:
243:
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232:
229:
226:
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222:Unicode range
218:
214:
211:Unicode alias
208:
205:
201:
191:
189:
185:
180:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
163:
157:
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148:
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142:Child systems
139:
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117:
116:
112:
106:
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95:
91:
86:
80:
77:
73:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
31:
19:
9054:Thai and Lao
8731:Scandinavian
8363:1829 braille
8355:Braille cell
8155:Cypro-Minoan
8021:Pahawh Hmong
7934:Sitelen Pona
7898:Hindu-Arabic
7231:Mundari Bani
6805:Pahawh Hmong
6614:Tamil-Brahmi
6520:Eveyla Akuru
6515:Dhives Akuru
5982:Paleo-Hebrew
5981:
5849:
5785:undeciphered
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5480:Inverted nun
5465:Cantillation
5424:
5394:Sin/Shin dot
5166:Paleo-Hebrew
5165:
4982:from English
4887:Paleo-Hebrew
4886:
4875:Inscriptions
4780:
4769:
4758:
4747:
4736:
4725:
4714:
4703:
4692:
4681:
4670:
4659:
4648:
4637:
4626:
4615:
4604:
4593:
4582:
4571:
4560:
4549:
4467:
4447:. Retrieved
4443:the original
4438:
4434:
4418:. Retrieved
4388:
4370:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4303:
4295:
4289:
4284:
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4264:
4260:
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4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4223:
4216:
4200:
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4183:
4173:Maimonides.
4168:
4156:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4064:
4052:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4008:illustration
4007:
3997:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3963:
3944:
3938:
3916:
3908:
3896:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3878:. 6 May 2011
3875:
3861:. Retrieved
3857:the original
3842:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3828:
3822:
3814:
3799:
3792:
3783:
3777:
3767:
3759:
3752:. Retrieved
3737:
3730:
3719:
3708:
3699:
3684:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3589:
3586:Torah scroll
3581:
3571:
3427:
3419:
3412:
3155:
3121:
3076:mark, sign (
1613:abecedary).
1607:
1603:
1578:
1559:
1527:
1522:1 New Shekel
1515:
1475:
1451:
1431:
1369:
1361:
1349:
1341:
1289:
1286:First Temple
1275:
1268:Arad ostraca
1240:
1229:
1206:
1158:Hebrew Bible
1143:
1131:
1097:
1088:
1064:
1039:
967:
932:
916:
883:לִיבּוֹנָאָה
846:
843:Proto-Hebrew
842:
838:
826:
824:
800:Neo-Tifinagh
796:4th century
790:10th c. BCE
669:19th century
601:6th century
573:4th century
540:
495:7th century
479:Dhives Akuru
469:4th century
458:
428:10th c. BCE
426:Paleo-Hebrew
422:12th c. BCE
372:12th c. BCE
341:19th c. BCE
334:
312:
307:32nd c. BCE
300:
284:
254:and ⟨
236:
129:Paleo-Hebrew
33:Paleo-Hebrew
9553:RoboBraille
9377:Róża Czacka
9317:Perforation
9114:Independent
9012:(Bhutanese)
8747:Greenlandic
8418:Azerbaijani
8220:Jindai moji
8109:Syllabaries
8080:SignWriting
7980:Celtiberian
7882:Hieroglyphs
7685:Seal script
7670:Traditional
7542:Blissymbols
7447:Warang Citi
7422:Tolong Siki
7375:Marcomannic
7355:Dalecarlian
7345:Anglo-Saxon
7325:Pau Cin Hau
7216:Medefaidrin
7169:Merovingian
7129:Blackletter
7037:Asomtavruli
6830:Warang Citi
6639:Ulu scripts
6584:New Tai Lue
6527:Mon–Burmese
6381:Bhattiprolu
6209:Nandinagari
6036:ʾEsṭrangēlā
5795:constructed
5485:Shekel sign
5447:Punctuation
5412:with Niqqud
5322:Palestinian
5111:Orthography
5091:Palestinian
4486:at Omniglot
4298:טוב "good".
3897:The Mishnah
3882:20 December
3876:Haaretz.com
3863:November 5,
3850:See also:
3844:November 5,
3453:Asia portal
2274:arm, hand (
1611:Zayit Stone
1566:King Josiah
1556:Archaeology
1524:coin (1986)
1382:). In some
1380:11QpaleoLev
1197:Immer Bulla
1116:Old Aramaic
1108:Mesha Stele
1067:Zayit Stone
1016:Zayit Stone
982:1st century
963:consonantal
727:3rd century
721:3rd century
707:4th century
701:2nd century
657:7th c. BCE
651:8th c. BCE
645:8th c. BCE
637:2nd century
595:2nd c. BCE
589:2nd c. BCE
567:2nd c. BCE
553:4th century
547:3rd c. BCE
527:3rd c. BCE
481:6th century
475:4th century
454:3rd c. BCE
442:8th c. BCE
404: 1601
353:9th c. BCE
347:15th c. BCE
319:7th c. BCE
61:Time period
48:Script type
9573:Categories
9105:(obsolete)
9086:(obsolete)
8878:(Pakistan)
8789:Belarusian
8671:Vietnamese
8614:Portuguese
8600:Philippine
8557:Lithuanian
8210:Hentaigana
8205:Man'yōgana
7665:Simplified
7552:Ersu Shaba
7466:Non-linear
7271:Old Uyghur
7261:Old Permic
7256:Old Italic
7189:Visigothic
7124:Beneventan
7059:Glagolitic
7022:Gadabuursi
6686:Kolezhuthu
6681:Vatteluttu
6619:Tanchangya
6542:Saurashtra
6119:Devanagari
5977:Phoenician
5930:Manichaean
5635:literature
5455:Diacritics
5317:Babylonian
5099:Babylonian
4882:Phoenician
4449:2020-06-20
4395:Cecil Roth
4365:"to hunt".
4267:continues
4255:continues
3600:. What is
3598:Samaritans
3596:said: The
3594:Rav Chisda
3534:References
3157:Phoenician
2214:wheel (?)
1568:'s court.
1434:Samaritans
1374:among the
1331:The word "
1277:Tel Qumran
1232:Samaritans
947:Phoenician
908:Phoenician
847:Old Hebrew
812:7th c. BCE
778:Old Permic
773: 940
761:Glagolitic
756: 430
743: 420
715:5th c. BCE
618:Old Uyghur
611: 650
599:Old Turkic
561:2nd c. BCE
507:Devanagari
448:3rd c. BCE
434:6th c. BCE
420:Phoenician
370:Phoenician
325:3rd c. BCE
215:Phoenician
9521:Vibratese
9500:Moon type
9493:Decapoint
9174:Eight-dot
9127:Cantonese
9076:Reordered
9039:Inuktitut
8928:Malayalam
8838:Ukrainian
8817:Mongolian
8796:Bulgarian
8759:Norwegian
8724:Icelandic
8515:Hungarian
8473:Esperanto
8425:Cantonese
8009:Redundant
7821:Anatolian
7772:Cuneiform
7700:bird-worm
7636:Logograms
7607:Testerian
7521:Ideograms
7498:Moon type
7385:Staveless
7276:Mongolian
7221:Molodtsov
7179:Sütterlin
7047:Mkhedruli
6913:Bassa Vah
6863:Alphabets
6835:Mwangwego
6800:Mwangwego
6775:Kharosthi
6728:Blackfoot
6691:Malayanma
6562:Sundanese
6557:Sukhothai
6505:Malayalam
6456:Khom Thai
6416:Goykanadi
6340:Tocharian
6293:ʼPhags-pa
6164:Khudabadi
6109:Bhaiksuki
6004:Samaritan
5935:Nabataean
5790:inventors
5504:Phonology
5475:Gershayim
5327:Samaritan
5102:(extinct)
5094:(extinct)
5086:(extinct)
5078:Samaritan
5051:Romaniote
5041:Ashkenazi
4951:Overviews
3563:Mar Zutra
3556:21b:22: "
3554:Sanhedrin
3405:𐤟
3393:𐤛
3387:𐤚
3381:𐤙
3375:𐤘
3369:𐤗
3363:𐤖
3357:𐤕
3351:𐤔
3345:𐤓
3339:𐤒
3333:𐤑
3327:𐤐
3316:𐤏
3310:𐤎
3304:𐤍
3298:𐤌
3292:𐤋
3286:𐤊
3280:𐤉
3274:𐤈
3268:𐤇
3262:𐤆
3256:𐤅
3250:𐤄
3244:𐤃
3238:𐤂
3232:𐤁
3226:𐤀
1648:Samaritan
1538:Nahariyah
1442:book hand
1427:Leviticus
1252:Jerusalem
1162:recension
1071:Tel Zayit
933:Like the
673:Blackfoot
623:Mongolian
565:Nabataean
559:Palmyrene
499:ʼPhags-pa
446:Kharosthi
432:Samaritan
188:ISO 15924
182:ISO 15924
75:Direction
9157:Japanese
9018:Georgian
9010:Dzongkha
8996:Armenian
8914:Gujarati
8779:Cyrillic
8710:Estonian
8685:Yugoslav
8621:Romanian
8593:Nigerian
8508:Hawaiian
8494:Ghanaian
8411:Albanian
8272:Sumerian
8237:Linear B
8200:Katakana
8195:Hiragana
8145:Cherokee
8075:ASLwrite
8036:Bopomofo
7891:Numerals
7877:Hieratic
7836:Isthmian
7805:Sumerian
7785:Assyrian
7780:Akkadian
7437:Vithkuqi
7412:Tifinagh
7380:Medieval
7335:Pisidian
7330:Phrygian
7301:Vagindra
7246:Ol Chiki
7154:Interlac
7109:Kayah Li
7099:Jenticha
7054:Veso Bey
7042:Nuskhuri
7032:Georgian
7002:Formosan
6997:Etruscan
6992:Enochian
6948:Cyrillic
6933:Coelbren
6891:Armenian
6790:Meroitic
6780:Mandombe
6770:Jenticha
6634:Tigalari
6599:Tai Viet
6594:Tai Tham
6574:Tagbanwa
6426:Javanese
6376:Baybayin
6366:Balinese
6354:Southern
6249:Pracalit
6244:Pachumol
6219:Bhujimol
6179:Mahajani
6139:Gurmukhi
6129:Gujarati
6097:Northern
6077:Abugidas
6058:Ugaritic
6046:Maḏnḥāyā
5920:Tifinagh
5913:Solitreo
5851:Numerals
5764:Grapheme
5752:Overview
5644:Surnames
5620:Keyboard
5593:Academic
5579:Segolate
5574:Suffixes
5569:Prefixes
5547:Biblical
5490:Numerals
5404:Spelling
5312:Tiberian
5181:Alphabet
5171:Solitreo
5161:Crowning
5125:Biblical
5083:Tiberian
5073:Yemenite
5046:Sephardi
5020:Medieval
5015:Mishnaic
5003:Biblical
4987:Gematria
4963:Alphabet
4958:Language
4414:Archived
4332:"snake".
4128:Megillah
4116:Zevachim
4104:Megillah
3909:Megillah
3617:(1907),
3576:and the
3567:Mar Ukva
3439:See also
3407:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:U+1091x
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:U+1090x
3128:Ammonite
3111:
3103:
3043:
3035:
2975:
2967:
2907:
2899:
2847:
2839:
2787:
2779:
2719:
2711:
2651:
2643:
2581:
2573:
2513:
2505:
2445:
2437:
2377:
2369:
2309:
2301:
2241:
2233:
2181:
2173:
2120:
2112:
2085:weapon (
2052:
2044:
1984:
1976:
1924:
1916:
1856:
1848:
1790:
1782:
1722:
1714:
1625:Meaning
1321:𐤔𐤌𐤏𐤍
1294:ostracon
1243:lapidary
1148:and the
891:Lībōnāʾā
837:), also
794:Tifinagh
767:Cyrillic
750:Georgian
731:Armenian
649:Etruscan
345:Ugaritic
323:Meroitic
302:Hieratic
252:/ /
248:Help:IPA
93:Language
9062:Tibetan
9003:Burmese
8989:Amharic
8972:(India)
8949:Sinhala
8942:Punjabi
8921:Kannada
8869:Persian
8824:Russian
8764:Swedish
8742:Finnish
8717:Faroese
8692:Zambian
8664:Turkish
8649:Spanish
8572:Maltese
8550:Latvian
8543:Italian
8522:Iñupiaq
8501:Guarani
8461:English
8432:Catalan
8349:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8344:Braille
8227:Kikakui
8165:Eskayan
8150:Cypriot
8000:Dunging
7872:Demotic
7851:Tenevil
7795:Hittite
7790:Elamite
7743:Jurchen
7722:Sawndip
7717:Chữ Nôm
7617:Zapotec
7612:Yerkish
7587:Nsibidi
7572:Miꞌkmaw
7562:Isotype
7532:Adinkra
7473:Braille
7457:Zaghawa
7427:Vellara
7407:Sunuwar
7397:Sidetic
7392:Shavian
7320:Osmanya
7310:Ol Onal
7164:Kurrent
7149:Insular
7139:Fraktur
7114:Klingon
7104:Kaddare
7078:Archaic
6987:Elbasan
6975:Chinook
6965:Deseret
6953:Bosnian
6908:Avoiuli
6896:Avestan
6886:Ariyaka
6815:Tengwar
6713:Bharati
6674:Serawai
6664:Pasemah
6649:Lampung
6604:Lai Tay
6589:Tai Noi
6552:Sinhala
6532:Pallava
6500:Makasar
6488:Lontara
6463:Kulitan
6436:Kannada
6431:Kadamba
6421:Hanunoo
6411:Grantha
6406:Fakkham
6323:Tibetan
6308:Soyombo
6303:Siddhaṃ
6298:Sharada
6274:Litumol
6264:Tirhuta
6254:Ranjana
6239:Kvemmol
6199:Multani
6184:Marchen
6149:Kalinga
6089:Brahmic
6026:Sogdian
5965:Psalter
5945:Pahlavi
5925:Mandaic
5903:Cursive
5888:Elymaic
5859:Aramaic
5629:ancient
5605:Academy
5600:Revival
5539:Grammar
5416:missing
5156:Cursive
5146:Braille
5134:Scripts
5061:Mizrahi
5056:Italian
4968:History
4897:Aramaic
4870:History
4477:at the
4466:at the
4420:15 June
4348:, 1979.
4315:, 1979.
4140:Shabbat
4047:sleep?"
3918:Yadayim
3913:note 20
3829:almanah
3582:Ashurit
3572:Ashurit
3132:Moabite
3118:Unicode
3063:
3008:tooth (
2995:
2927:
2867:
2807:
2752:mouth (
2739:
2671:
2601:
2533:
2478:water (
2465:
2397:
2329:
2261:
2201:
2167:𓉗/𓈈?
2140:
2072:
2004:
1944:
1876:
1823:camel (
1810:
1755:house (
1742:
1674:
1633:Origin
1629:Phoneme
1619:Letter
1530:₪1 coin
1260:Samaria
1156:of the
1006:Origins
1001:History
912:Hebrews
896:Lebanon
685:Saanich
661:Deseret
635:Mandaic
593:Sogdian
551:Avestan
542:Pahlavi
493:Tibetan
467:Pallava
460:Brahmic
440:Aramaic
314:Demotic
240:in the
204:Unicode
9482:Other
9355:People
9345:Braigo
9164:Korean
9032:Hebrew
8963:Telugu
8862:Arabic
8852:Arabic
8810:Kyrgyz
8803:Kazakh
8737:Danish
8635:Slovak
8628:Samoan
8607:Polish
8586:Navajo
8487:German
8480:French
8347:
8292:Yugtun
8282:Woleai
8232:Kpelle
8215:Sōgana
8135:Byblos
7913:Muisca
7831:Cretan
7800:Luwian
7758:Tangut
7577:Mixtec
7547:Dongba
7452:Yezidi
7442:Wancho
7417:Todhri
7370:Gothic
7350:Cipher
7291:Manchu
7281:Evenki
7266:Orkhon
7211:Manchu
7206:Lydian
7201:Lycian
7144:Gaelic
7094:Hanifi
7089:Hangul
7064:Gothic
7012:Fraser
7007:Fox II
6943:Coptic
6918:Carian
6901:Pazend
6874:Linear
6820:Thaana
6765:Sarati
6706:Others
6669:Rejang
6654:Lembak
6644:Incung
6624:Telugu
6579:Tai Le
6473:Langdi
6396:Chakma
6286:Karani
6259:Tamyig
6234:Kummol
6229:Himmol
6224:Golmol
6204:Nagari
6189:Meitei
6174:Lepcha
6159:Khojki
6144:Kaithi
6031:Syriac
6019:Musnad
5898:Ashuri
5893:Hebrew
5876:Elifba
5871:Arabic
5864:Hatran
5839:Abjads
5625:Hebrew
5552:Modern
5470:Geresh
5379:Mappiq
5374:Dagesh
5359:Kamatz
5304:Niqqud
5259:Samech
5151:Ashuri
5066:Syrian
5025:Modern
4902:Syriac
4892:Hebrew
4401:
4269:hillul
4245:hillul
4220:after
4003:Shebna
3951:
3929:
3923:note 6
3899:, ed.
3807:
3754:23 May
3745:
3692:
3619:p. 283
3574:script
3169:
3164:(PDF)
3134:, and
2940:head (
2546:fish (
2410:goad (
2017:hook (
1889:door (
1653:Square
1641:Image
1534:𐤉𐤄𐤃
1512:𐤉𐤄𐤃
1495:Samekh
1478:Talmud
1448:Talmud
1406:Legacy
1384:Qumran
1365:Gibeon
1333:Hebrew
1266:, the
1264:Nimrud
1254:, the
1152:; the
1048:(Late
961:of 22
951:Hebrew
900:Nablus
875:Talmud
873:; the
859:Canaan
831:Hebrew
725:Gothic
719:Coptic
713:Lycian
679:Fraser
587:Syriac
571:Arabic
525:Hebrew
452:Brahmi
398:Thaana
392:Hangul
256:
81:
9198:(GS8)
9189:Kanji
9047:Khmer
9025:Greek
8956:Tamil
8889:i.e.
8850:i.e.
8831:Tatar
8777:i.e.
8678:Welsh
8579:Māori
8536:Irish
8454:Dutch
8447:Czech
8257:Nüshu
8125:Bamum
8120:Afaka
7927:Other
7918:Roman
7903:Abjad
7826:Bagam
7727:Bowen
7712:Kanji
7707:Hanja
7695:small
7690:large
7597:Olmec
7567:Kaidā
7557:Emoji
7537:Aztec
7340:Runic
7315:Osage
7296:Oirat
7241:Ogham
7174:Sigla
7119:Latin
7074:Greek
6958:Early
6928:Cirth
6881:Adlam
6750:Geʽez
6745:Fox I
6609:Tamil
6468:Lanna
6451:Khmer
6441:Karen
6391:Buhid
6371:Batak
6328:Uchen
6318:Takri
6269:Limbu
6169:Laṇḍā
6154:Khema
6134:Gupta
6124:Dogri
6041:Serṭā
6014:Zabur
5999:Punic
5972:Pegon
5908:Rashi
5822:Types
5773:Lists
5737:Types
5639:Names
5615:Ulpan
5610:Study
5460:Meteg
5384:Maqaf
5364:Holam
5354:Pataḥ
5349:Segol
5344:Tzere
5339:Hiriq
5274:Tsadi
5244:Lamed
5219:Zayin
5204:Dalet
5199:Gimel
5141:Rashi
4342:H5564
4309:H3925
4291:nefer
4275:see:
4257:ḥasir
4241:ḥasir
4068:e.g.
3602:Ivrit
3590:Ivrit
3413:Notes
3136:Punic
3093:]
3089:[
3025:]
3021:[
2957:]
2953:[
2889:]
2885:[
2829:]
2825:[
2769:]
2765:[
2701:]
2697:[
2684:eye (
2680:ʿayin
2631:]
2627:[
2610:sāmek
2563:]
2559:[
2495:]
2491:[
2427:]
2423:[
2406:lāmed
2359:]
2355:[
2291:]
2287:[
2223:]
2219:[
2163:]
2159:[
2102:]
2098:[
2081:zayin
2034:]
2030:[
1966:]
1962:[
1906:]
1902:[
1885:dālet
1838:]
1834:[
1819:gīmel
1772:]
1768:[
1704:]
1700:[
1683:ʾālep
1644:Text
1622:Name
1550:Asher
1517:Yehud
1510:YHD (
1372:Torah
1350:Ivrit
1342:ʿbryt
1338:עברית
1290:circa
1262:) to
1075:Judea
959:abjad
867:Judah
705:Ogham
699:Runic
691:Osage
655:Latin
643:Greek
485:Khmer
409:Adlam
379:below
357:Geʽez
291:32nd
244:(IPA)
196:(115)
53:Abjad
8970:Urdu
8935:Odia
8876:Urdu
8252:Loma
8247:Lisu
8190:Kana
8180:Iban
8170:Geba
8130:Bété
8085:si5s
7995:Khom
7968:Full
7841:Maya
7236:N'Ko
6795:Miao
6740:Dham
6659:Ogan
6629:Thai
6547:Shan
6483:Leke
6446:Kawi
6401:Cham
6386:Buda
6361:Ahom
6281:Odia
6194:Modi
5950:Book
5420:full
5389:Rafe
5334:Shva
5289:Shin
5284:Resh
5264:Ayin
5189:Alef
5118:Eras
4996:Eras
4856:400
4535:The
4422:2011
4399:ISBN
4261:ḫayt
4249:ḫayt
4142:104a
4106:1:8.
4033:See
4022:link
3983:here
3969:link
3949:ISBN
3927:ISBN
3884:2014
3865:2011
3846:2011
3805:ISBN
3756:2017
3743:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3145:The
2844:צ, ץ
2816:ṣādē
2784:פ, ף
2578:נ, ן
2510:מ, ם
2374:כ, ך
2151:(?)
1970:𓀠?
1544::24
1491:Ayin
1452:The
1398:and
1388:YHWH
1230:The
1195:The
1034:and
865:and
825:The
802:1970
780:1372
733:405
693:2006
687:1978
681:1915
675:1888
663:1854
625:1204
579:1949
577:N'Ko
533:2007
515:1840
501:1269
473:Cham
411:1989
394:1443
377:see
295:BCE
193:Phnx
8529:IPA
8277:Vai
8185:Idu
7753:Sui
7226:Mru
7196:Luo
7159:IPA
6840:Rma
6537:Pyu
6478:Lao
6333:Umê
5739:of
5294:Tav
5279:Kuf
5269:Pei
5254:Nun
5249:Mem
5239:Kaf
5234:Yud
5229:Tet
5224:Ḥet
5214:Vav
5209:Hei
5194:Bet
4853:300
4850:200
4847:100
4344:in
4330:נחש
4326:nūn
4311:in
4296:tab
4253:ḥēt
4118:62a
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3915:);
3097:𓏴
3072:tāw
3029:𓌓
3012:שין
3004:šīn
2961:𓁶
2944:ראש
2936:rēš
2876:qōp
2773:𓂋
2705:𓁹
2688:עין
2618:סמך
2567:𓆓
2550:נון
2542:nūn
2499:𓈖
2482:מים
2474:mēm
2431:𓌅
2414:למד
2363:𓂧
2338:kāp
2295:𓂝
2270:yōd
2210:ṭēt
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2106:𓏭
2089:זין
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1910:𓇯
1893:דלת
1842:𓌙
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1776:𓉐
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1708:𓃾
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2904:ק
2897:ࠒ
2887:q
2837:ࠑ
2777:ࠐ
2767:p
2716:ע
2709:ࠏ
2699:ʕ
2648:ס
2641:ࠎ
2629:s
2571:ࠍ
2561:n
2503:ࠌ
2493:m
2442:ל
2435:ࠋ
2425:l
2367:ࠊ
2357:k
2306:י
2299:ࠉ
2289:j
2238:ט
2231:ࠈ
2178:ח
2171:ࠇ
2161:ħ
2117:ז
2110:ࠆ
2100:z
2049:ו
2042:ࠅ
2032:w
1981:ה
1974:ࠄ
1964:h
1921:ד
1914:ࠃ
1904:d
1853:ג
1846:ࠂ
1836:ɡ
1787:ב
1780:ࠁ
1770:b
1719:א
1712:ࠀ
1702:ʔ
1593:.
1583:.
1540:(
1532:(
921:(
829:(
457:(
382:)
375:(
262:.
20:)
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