2239:
87:
247:, also known as Kamchadal, is also distantly related. Chukchi, Koryak and Alutor are spoken in easternmost Siberia by communities numbering in the thousands (Chukchi) or hundreds (Koryak and Alutor). Kerek is extinct, and Itelmen is now spoken by fewer than 5 people, mostly elderly, on the west coast of the
342:
The purpose of the existence of Paleo-Siberian itself lies in its practicability and remains a grouping of convenience for a variety of unclassifiable language isolates located in
Northeast Eurasia. Some proposals for the relationship of languages located within the Paleo-Siberian group have been
411:
suggests that Proto-Korean had a Nivkh substrate influence. Further parallel developments in their sound inventory (Old to Middle Korean and Proto-Nivkh to Nivkh) as well as commonalities in the syntax between
Koreanic and Nivkh specifically have been observed.
3139:
403:
reflect the original language of the Korean peninsula and a component in the formation of both Korean and
Japanese. It is suggested that this language was related to Nivkh in some form.
2012:
Francis-Ratte, A. (2016). Proto-Korean–Japanese: A new reconstruction of the common origin of the
Japanese and Korean languages. PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
2141:
378:
between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional comparative-historical linguistics". In the past, attempts to connect it to
2472:
3189:
1906:
3129:
197:, that have largely displaced them. Even more recently, Turkic (at least in Siberia) and especially Tungusic have been displaced in their turn by
2134:
2031:
1821:
1697:
397:
3339:
375:
186:
3334:
2127:
2093:
1940:
1892:
3212:
1904:
Starostin, Sergei A., and
Merritt Ruhlen. (1994). Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons. In M. Ruhlen,
2465:
3054:
3042:
371:
1757:
Bernard Comrie (2008) "Why the Dene-Yeniseic
Hypothesis is Exciting". Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska: Dene-Yeniseic Symposium.
443:
Below are selected basic vocabulary items in proto-languages reconstructed for Paleo-Siberian languages and language families.
330:
1772:
334:
language family. Fortescue does not consider
Yeniseian and Yukaghir to be genetically related to Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric.
3119:
370:
Ket, or more precisely the now largely extinct
Yeniseian family, has been linked to the Na-Dené languages of North America.
313:
3269:
3259:
3254:
2947:
2731:
2726:
2158:
1744:
223:
117:
61:
3099:
367:
migrated from present-day
Siberia and other regions of Asia when the two continents were joined during the last ice age.
3274:
3244:
189:
to each other; their only common link is that they are held to have antedated the more dominant languages, particularly
3124:
427:
family, thus not Paleo-Siberian. Yukaghir has often been suggested as a more distant relative of Uralic as part of the
3222:
2563:
2458:
2223:
352:
2891:
2349:
2216:
407:
suggests the possibility that similar consonant stop systems in
Koreanic and Nivkh may be due to ancient contact.
3289:
3284:
3279:
3147:
3069:
3064:
2720:
2706:
2481:
488:
428:
383:
2830:
2059:
Vovin, Alexander. 1994. "Long-distance Relationships, Reconstruction Methodology, and the Origins of Japanese".
3114:
3059:
2660:
2549:
2337:
1993:
Dellert, J., Daneyko, T., Münch, A. et al. NorthEuraLex: a wide-coverage lexical database of Northern Eurasia.
1665:
1655:
432:
2928:
2823:
2773:
2752:
2743:
2625:
2542:
2502:
1809:
94:
Orthographic projection of Siberia with the distribution of the Paleo-Siberian languages during the 1600s AD
423:
predate the spread of Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages, but are part of the well established larger
3084:
3079:
2844:
2816:
2807:
2766:
2399:
2386:
379:
2837:
3236:
3109:
3089:
2632:
2570:
2417:
2238:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3047:
2901:
2714:
2598:
2202:
1660:
3264:
3037:
3022:
2957:
2759:
2681:
2591:
2584:
2535:
2493:
2392:
2247:
2167:
420:
272:
248:
139:
71:
2998:
2952:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2407:
2322:
1885:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.
416:
296:
190:
150:
76:
3202:
3179:
3174:
3152:
3094:
2872:
2795:
2688:
2307:
2089:
2027:
1936:
1888:
1817:
1693:
348:
325:
210:
3164:
3157:
3104:
3032:
3027:
2984:
2977:
2907:
2851:
2789:
2695:
2667:
2653:
2639:
2556:
2528:
2516:
2509:
2210:
2180:
2175:
1722:
424:
408:
317:
289:
244:
228:
214:
198:
194:
174:
2991:
2942:
2896:
2779:
2674:
2646:
2605:
2522:
2365:
2331:
2192:
444:
312:, spoken further inland and further east, are now extinct. Yukaghir is held by some to be
309:
236:
232:
178:
128:
86:
46:
1713:
Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited".
3169:
2937:
2441:
2381:
2293:
2186:
2082:
2077:
507:
460:
255:
240:
66:
3328:
2343:
2300:
2286:
2268:
1935:. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
1685:
452:
404:
364:
277:
1838:
1767:
3074:
2882:
2616:
2262:
496:
480:
475:
456:
448:
393:
344:
328:
suggests that Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Nivkh (Amuric) are related, forming a larger
281:
1726:
2450:
3249:
2968:
2918:
2784:
387:
285:
260:
2001:
435:. However, these hypotheses are controversial and not universally accepted.
305:
2119:
1871:"A Chronological Sketch of the Amuro-Koreanic Parallelism [slides]"
2110:
1931:
Fortescue, Michael D., Steven A. Jacobson, and Lawrence D. Kaplan. 1994.
264:
259:(Gilyak, Amuric) consists of two or three languages spoken in the lower
2485:
2423:
182:
106:
39:
2577:
1649:
360:
356:
301:
1870:
1795:
324:
On the basis of morphological, typological, and lexical evidence,
2412:
1919:
300:
is spoken in two mutually unintelligible varieties in the lower
2454:
2123:
2113:// Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. — М.: СЭ, 1990.
1740:
276:
languages were a small family formerly spoken on the middle
1907:
On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy
217:
are usually considered to be Paleo-Siberian languages:
1968:. Trends in Linguistics 23. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1814:
Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives
1016:*qəlavol ?; *qəlik 'male'; C *ʀoraNvərr(at)əlʀən
363:. This would correlate with the widespread idea that
280:
and its tributaries, but are now represented only by
1652:, a Russian name for indigenous languages of Siberia
3235:
3188:
3138:
3011:
2966:
2926:
2917:
2881:
2806:
2742:
2705:
2615:
2492:
2374:
2358:
2321:
2278:
2255:
2246:
2201:
2166:
2157:
55:
45:
33:
23:
2081:
1910:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 70–92.
1796:"Nivkh Loanwords in Japanese and Korean (English)"
1933:Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates
227:family, sometimes known as Luoravetlan, includes
1989:
1987:
374:has been called "the first demonstration of a
2466:
2135:
1554:
8:
3310:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1477:*mítí < honorific prefix mi- + ti 'road'
1839:"Reconstructio externa linguae Ghiliacorum"
1692:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 148.
3015:
2923:
2473:
2459:
2451:
2252:
2163:
2142:
2128:
2120:
2002:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09480-6
1966:Comparative Chukotko–Kamchatkan Dictionary
465:
267:island. It has a recent modern literature.
2088:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
431:, as well as Eskimo-Aleut as part of the
347:, who suggests them to be related to the
1677:
20:
1955:. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
54:
7:
1690:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics
308:valleys. Other languages, including
1953:A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir
365:North America's aboriginal peoples
263:basin and on the northern half of
14:
2084:The Languages of the Soviet Union
343:made by some scholars, including
185:. They are not known to have any
2237:
2024:The Languages of Japan and Korea
85:
1995:Lang Resources & Evaluation
1741:"The Dene–Yeniseian Connection"
463:are also given for comparison.
2048:A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu
1887:London and New York: Cassell.
1773:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
1:
1745:Alaska Native Language Center
1688:; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007).
16:Group of languages in Siberia
1979:Comparative Nivkh Dictionary
1920:Uralic Etymological Database
1727:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001
292:by no more than 200 people.
3356:
3130:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1977:Fortescue, Michael. 2016.
1964:Fortescue, Michael. 2005.
1883:Fortescue, Michael. 1998.
1010:(*inguɣ; *taʁu 'shamanic')
331:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
3340:History of Northeast Asia
3298:
3018:
2435:
2235:
2022:Tranter, Nicolas (2012).
489:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
429:Uralic-Yukaghir languages
398:placename glosses in the
231:and its close relatives,
84:
47:Linguistic classification
28:
3335:Paleo-Siberian languages
2151:Paleo-Siberian languages
2046:Vovin, Alexander. 1993.
1981:. Munich: Lincom Europa.
1951:Nikolaeva, Irina. 2006.
1666:Dene-Yeniseian languages
1656:Uralo-Siberian languages
1326:*jən ?; *milɣə(mil)
1117:*an-/*wan-; *anjə ?
433:Uralo-Siberian languages
171:Paleo-Siberian languages
3307:have no living members.
3190:East and Southeast Asia
2026:. New York: Routledge.
1837:Janhunen, Juha (2016).
1594:*ʔaw ~ ʔu; *kʌ- ~ *ʔʌk-
1556:
1462:*rəʀet; *təlanvə 'way'
1215:*lešte; *lȣ̈pɜ (*lepɜ)
911:C *kinuNi; C *tərɣətər
1810:Beckwith, Christopher
1183:*uqviɣ; *napa(ʀ)aqtuʀ
439:Vocabulary comparison
2111:Палеоазиатские языки
1661:Eurasiatic languages
1204:*kò̱- < *ko̱no̱r
1158:*dar, *hirk; *amrak
187:genetic relationship
2948:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2732:Northwest Caucasian
2727:Northeast Caucasian
2159:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1635:= Proto-Chukotian;
1396:*nutæ ? 'land'
851:*urE; *kEma; *tikir
421:Samoyedic languages
249:Kamchatka Peninsula
224:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
181:spoken in parts of
118:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
62:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
51:Not a single family
3213:Austronesian–Ongan
3012:Proposed groupings
2224:Southern Kamchadal
2000:, 273–301 (2020).
1143:*jog- ~ *jok 'nit'
668:*qiN(qiN); C *jeqa
595:*waŋ-/*woŋ-; *jöː-
3322:
3321:
3231:
3230:
3223:Sino-Austronesian
3007:
3006:
2482:Language families
2448:
2447:
2442:extinct languages
2350:Southern Yukaghir
2317:
2316:
2233:
2232:
2217:Eastern Kamchadal
2211:(Western) Itelmen
2033:978-0-415-46287-7
1869:Miyano, Satoshi.
1843:Studia Orientalia
1823:978-90-04-13949-7
1794:Miyano, Satoshi.
1768:"원시한반도어 (原始韓半島語)"
1699:978-0-7486-2378-5
1640:
1625:
1624:
1227:*blaŋ(q), *d’omr
737:*jilə(jil) ?
699:*toð-; *sal’qəriː
376:genealogical link
326:Michael Fortescue
211:language families
179:language families
175:language isolates
167:
166:
3347:
3290:Proto-Euphratean
3016:
2924:
2892:Great Andamanese
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2253:
2241:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2116:
2099:
2087:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:. Leiden: Brill.
2044:
2038:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1982:
1975:
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1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1902:
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1784:
1782:
1780:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1721:(8): 1359–1376.
1710:
1704:
1703:
1682:
1627:
1559:
1390:*nuna, *nunałit-
943:*lep(k)-; *čeːmə
801:*aðɣa(ʀ), *aðɣaɣ
544:*tumu-; *kàsìrà
466:
409:Martine Robbeets
390:have been made.
318:Uralic languages
290:Krasnoyarsk Krai
284:, spoken in the
195:Turkic languages
148:
137:
126:
115:
104:
89:
21:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3294:
3285:Paleo-Laplandic
3280:Pre-Finno-Ugric
3227:
3184:
3148:Greater Siangic
3134:
3120:Uralic–Yukaghir
3070:Ibero-Caucasian
3065:Elamo-Dravidian
3003:
2962:
2913:
2877:
2802:
2738:
2721:North Caucasian
2701:
2611:
2550:Paleo-Sardinian
2488:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2431:
2370:
2354:
2338:Tundra Yukaghir
2313:
2274:
2242:
2229:
2197:
2153:
2148:
2114:
2106:
2096:
2078:Comrie, Bernard
2076:
2073:
2071:Further reading
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2067:
2058:
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2041:
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2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
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1807:
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1752:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1646:
1621:*si/*so̱-; *na
1488:*sewe- (*seγe-)
1393:*luk-; *öninč’ə
1355:*qaluʀ; *uyaʀaɣ
1291:*(m)iməl ?
1057:*ìlh(kòt)tá/*na
1013:*köntə; *soromə
905:*kəməɣ; *uvinəɣ
902:*pećä; *siwɜ-ĺɜ
621:*ʔɔqtʌ ~ *ʔɔgde
570:*kar(ák); tǝrǝk
561:*manilə/*monilə
517:*cɨʔɢ-; *kəŕga-
472:Proto-Yeniseian
445:Proto-Yeniseian
441:
384:North Caucasian
340:
207:
205:Classifications
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
146:
142:
135:
131:
124:
120:
113:
109:
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35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3299:
3296:
3295:
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3287:
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3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
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3233:
3232:
3229:
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3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
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3192:
3186:
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3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Uralo-Siberian
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Serbi–Mongolic
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Dravido-Korean
3057:
3055:Dené–Yeniseian
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3043:Dené–Caucasian
3040:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2981:
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2904:
2899:
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2860:
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2804:
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2801:
2800:
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2763:
2756:
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2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2661:Hurro-Urartian
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2543:Paleo-Corsican
2539:
2532:
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2513:
2506:
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2117:
2105:
2104:External links
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2063:11(1): 95–114.
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1686:Campbell, Lyle
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1600:*əlpət, *əłvət
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1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:*suma; *pOqina
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:*atəʀ; *acciʀ-
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:*ńuŋkən/*ńuŋen
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
711:*nii; *ima(=)k
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
689:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
511:
510:
508:Proto-Japanese
505:
502:
499:
494:
491:
486:
485:Proto-Yukaghir
483:
478:
473:
470:
461:Proto-Japanese
451:, Proto-Ainu,
440:
437:
396:proposed that
372:Dené–Yeniseian
339:
336:
322:
321:
293:
268:
252:
206:
203:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
145:
143:
134:
132:
123:
121:
112:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
90:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
69:
64:
57:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
37:
31:
30:
26:
25:
24:Paleo-Siberian
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3352:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Eskimo–Uralic
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:Paleosiberian
2925:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:Austroasiatic
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:Austroasiatic
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:Indo-European
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:Indo-European
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:Indo-European
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2112:
2109:Вернер Г. К.
2108:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2095:0-521-29877-6
2091:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:1-55500-051-7
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:0-304-70330-3
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1639:= Proto-Inuit
1638:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:*kəð; *tur(i)
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:*uvaŋa; (*vi)
1564:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:*salɜ (*sala)
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:*tùtì 'land'
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1249:*ćȣrɜ (Mansi)
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:*ńuː; *kirijə
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
940:*aðuɣ, *kanuɣ
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:*kele (*kēle)
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
659:*nere (*nēre)
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
616:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
577:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
471:
468:
467:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
405:Juha Janhunen
402:
401:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
359:and northern
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:Relationships
337:
335:
333:
332:
327:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Yenisei River
275:
274:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
219:
218:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
193:and latterly
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
152:
144:
141:
133:
130:
122:
119:
111:
110:
108:
100:
99:
96:
93:
92:
88:
83:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
50:
48:
44:
41:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3311:
3304:
3303:Families in
3260:Pre-Goidelic
3255:Pre-Germanic
3085:Indo-Semitic
3080:Indo-Pacific
3075:Indo-Hittite
2990:
2983:
2976:
2906:
2883:Indian Ocean
2850:
2845:Austronesian
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:Sino-Tibetan
2815:
2794:
2772:
2767:Sino-Tibetan
2765:
2758:
2751:
2719:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2571:North Picene
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2437:
2422:
2398:
2391:
2342:
2330:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2267:
2222:
2215:
2185:
2150:
2115:(in Russian)
2083:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2008:
1997:
1994:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1932:
1927:
1915:
1905:
1900:
1884:
1879:
1864:
1851:. Retrieved
1846:
1842:
1832:
1813:
1804:
1789:
1779:18 September
1777:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1753:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1680:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1459:*čuɣö; *jaw-
1198:*nii; *tiku=
1004:*keʔt; *pixe
874:*sis-; *mel-
656:*ʔolk-; *xaŋ
497:Proto-Korean
493:Proto-Nivkh
481:Proto-Eskimo
476:Proto-Uralic
457:Proto-Korean
449:Proto-Uralic
442:
414:
399:
394:Kim Bang-han
392:
380:Sino-Tibetan
369:
355:families of
353:Eskimo–Aleut
345:Edward Vajda
341:
329:
323:
295:
288:district of
271:
254:
222:
208:
173:are several
170:
168:
56:Subdivisions
36:distribution
29:(geographic)
18:
3110:Ural-Altaic
3090:Indo-Uralic
2902:Sentinelese
2633:Afroasiatic
2599:Eteocypriot
2061:Diachronica
1358:*söj-/*sej-
1152:*peme/*pime
1074:*čip ~ *čib
949:cʰoχ; ŋær̥
946:*mullə(mul)
871:*əvyaŋ(ŋ)iʀ
839:*noj-; *ar-
830:*kiʔs; *bul
772:*rəkərNə(n)
743:*hyet/*hita
636:*mla; *nor
400:Samguk sagi
209:Four small
3329:Categories
3250:Pre-Celtic
3218:East Asian
3208:Austro-Tai
3198:Andamanese
3048:Eurasiatic
2969:North Asia
2919:North Asia
2831:Hmong–Mien
2785:Burushaski
2744:South Asia
2715:Kartvelian
2682:Philistine
2592:Eteocretan
2536:Tartessian
2203:Kamchatkan
1528:*am-/*wam-
1432:*davc(iŋ)
1425:*taʀ(ə)yuʀ
1195:*nàmò̱k(ó)
891:*ti/*titi
731:I *uqaq(-)
607:*sik; *nuu
601:*n’(ə)ŋaɣ
523:*nay(ə)quʀ
501:Proto-Ainu
388:Burushaski
286:Turukhansk
177:and small
34:Geographic
3275:Pre-Vedic
3265:Pre-Greek
3237:Substrata
3140:Arunachal
3038:Nostratic
3023:Alarodian
2958:Yeniseian
2808:East Asia
2760:Dravidian
2617:West Asia
2585:Tyrsenian
2440:indicate
2248:Yeniseian
2168:Chukotkan
1816:, BRILL,
1361:*ɣəv(ɣəv)
1329:*tuɣ(u)r
1320:*ək(ə)nəʀ
1285:*imaqtəq-
1155:*mə(l)məl
1086:*qətʀə(n)
975:I *caunəq
877:*loloʀ(ə)
787:*kútú-Ci
766:*qanəʀ(-)
564:C *kəðwir
306:Indigirka
273:Yeniseian
140:Yeniseian
72:Yeniseian
3270:Vasconic
3245:Atlantic
2999:Eskaleut
2953:Yukaghir
2868:Koreanic
2863:Tungusic
2858:Mongolic
2796:Harappan
2707:Caucasus
2689:Sumerian
2564:Ligurian
2408:Eskaleut
2400:Sakhalin
2387:Hokkaido
2323:Yukaghir
2308:Pumpokol
2279:Southern
2256:Northern
2080:(1981).
1812:(2004),
1644:See also
1525:*tuqu(-)
1376:*(d)ísò
1300:*hdak=ka
1254:*polčičə
1192:*d’iɣar
1170:*sìrámí
1135:*(d)íwó
1126:*mǝlkòkí
1051:C *nənnə
1019:*n’iɣvŋ
880:*məc(ɣ)
813:*són/tar
778:*ip/*kút
705:*ŋaɣzər
702:C *wannə
567:*ŋamrki
538:*pa; *sa
532:*d’oŋkr
529:C *læwət
417:Ob-Ugric
297:Yukaghir
265:Sakhalin
215:isolates
191:Tungusic
151:Yukaghir
77:Yukaghir
3305:italics
3203:Austric
3180:Kho-Bwa
3175:Hrusish
3153:Siangic
3095:Karasuk
2995: ?
2908:Kenaboi
2873:Japonic
2838:Kra–Dai
2799: ?
2790:Kusunda
2696:Elamite
2668:Kassite
2654:Kaskian
2557:Camunic
2529:Iberian
2486:Eurasia
2438:Italics
2424:Sirenik
2181:Chukchi
2176:Alyutor
1747:. 2010.
1577:*na/uri
1531:C *viʀ-
1402:*nu(r)i
1341:*pò-Ci
1244:flower
1224:*wətwət
1189:*ut(tə)
1114:*iqałuɣ
1080:*qikmiʀ
1054:*qa(-)
1031:*pítò̱
1001:person
981:*qətʀəm
926:shishi
862:breast
857:*pànkì
836:*itəɣaʀ
822:*tà-Ci
816:*tE(=)k
807:*kæɣ(ə)
749:parumbe
722:tongue
578:*ká-Ci
349:Na-Dené
316:to the
314:related
245:Itelmen
229:Chukchi
199:Russian
183:Siberia
107:Siberia
40:Siberia
3165:Mijiic
3158:Digaro
3105:Pontic
3033:Borean
3028:Altaic
2992:Rouran
2985:Turkic
2978:Uralic
2967:Other
2852:Turkic
2780:Nihali
2675:Gutian
2647:Hattic
2640:Turkic
2606:Minoan
2578:Sicani
2523:Basque
2517:Turkic
2510:Uralic
2494:Europe
2418:Naukan
2375:Others
2332:Chuvan
2193:Koryak
2092:
2030:
1939:
1891:
1853:15 May
1849:: 3–27
1820:
1715:Lingua
1696:
1650:Ostyak
1546:*sín-
1522:*kola-
1511:*kup-
1499:*n’i-
1465:*d’iv
1441:shippo
1438:*sippO
1435:*sokom
1381:earth
1367:*tərək
1346:stone
1276:water
1271:*páná
1268:epuige
1262:*kòcʌ́
1212:*jə̄pe
1149:*kumaɣ
1140:louse
1129:*tiqEp
1089:*ɢanŋ
1083:*laːmə
1028:(ainu)
1022:*sarʌm
996:*pone
987:*sùpyé
931:blood
845:*ŋazl
842:*kətka
833:*jalka
810:*damk
781:*prAA=
757:mouth
752:*sìtà
740:*hilɣ
734:*wonor
714:nimaki
708:*ni(s)
696:*kəɣun
688:tooth
683:*páná
662:*qəqaʀ
648:*mìmì
642:*kisAr
630:*unemə
627:*ciɣun
624:*peljä
613:*mà-n
589:*śilmä
558:*nuyaʀ
535:*matuy
425:Uralic
361:Canada
357:Alaska
310:Chuvan
302:Kolyma
237:Alutor
233:Koryak
149:
147:
138:
136:
127:
125:
116:
114:
105:
103:
2943:Nivkh
2897:Ongan
2393:Kuril
2366:Nivkh
2359:Nivkh
2294:Assan
2187:Kerek
1922:(UED)
1859:p. 8.
1672:Notes
1629:Notes
1586:*bàn
1583:kuani
1574:*n’i
1555:*
1537:*cuk-
1502:*mǝk-
1493:*leɣ-
1485:*siɢ-
1471:*truu
1454:*teje
1451:*qoʔt
1448:road
1416:salt
1399:*miv
1387:*maγe
1384:*baʔŋ
1373:shuma
1364:*baʀ
1352:*kiwe
1349:*čɨʔs
1323:*loč-
1317:*tule
1314:*boʔk
1311:fire
1303:wakka
1294:*caʀ
1288:*law-
1282:*wete
1265:*Epuy
1259:ɤŋvk
1233:*hrA=
1221:*pöɣ-
1218:*pəłu
1209:leaf
1186:*saː-
1180:*puwɜ
1175:tree
1146:*täje
1120:*ənnə
1111:*kala
1106:fish
1101:*ìnù
1095:*gita
1092:*kahi
1077:*pene
1042:*nime
1036:name
1007:*inše
990:*ponE
984:ŋɨɲf
972:*luwe
969:*ʔaʔd
966:bone
952:*pVhi
937:*wire
917:*kòkí
914:*dur
908:*čuː-
899:*ʔise
896:meat
868:*poŋe
865:*təga
827:foot
798:*käte
795:*pʌg-
792:hand
775:*amɣ
763:*śuwe
760:*χowe
693:*piŋe
671:*wiɣ
665:*jöː-
653:nose
645:kisar
633:*vilu
598:*ləlæ
586:*de-s
573:*numa
555:*apte
552:*cəŋe
549:hair
520:*ojwa
514:head
469:gloss
256:Nivkh
241:Kerek
129:Nivkh
67:Nivkh
3312:bold
3170:Miju
2938:Ainu
2413:Yuit
2382:Ainu
2344:Omok
2301:Kott
2287:Arin
2269:Yugh
2090:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1889:ISBN
1855:2020
1818:ISBN
1781:2019
1694:ISBN
1618:eani
1609:*ci
1603:*tit
1597:*tȣ̈
1591:you
1580:*ku=
1571:*kəm
1568:*mət
1562:*mȣ̈
1557:ʔadᶻ
1540:*day
1534:*mu
1519:*qɔ-
1516:die
1496:*nu-
1482:eat
1468:*kil
1419:*čəʔ
1405:*tOy
1335:*apE
1332:*pɨr
1306:*mí
1297:*mǝí
1279:*xur
1239:*pá
1230:*nip
1132:chep
1123:*co
1098:seta
1071:dog
1066:*ná
1060:*dEE
1039:*ʔiɢ
1025:*kur
993:pone
978:*am-
961:*tí
955:*kEm
934:*sur
920:*kam
886:*tOO
883:*cǝc
848:*pál
769:*aŋa
746:*agu
725:*ʔej
717:*pà
677:*Etu
674:*kóh
639:*kúj
618:ear
610:shik
604:*nún
592:*əðə
583:eye
526:*joː
504:Ainu
459:and
453:Ainu
419:and
415:The
386:and
351:and
304:and
270:The
261:Amur
239:and
221:The
213:and
169:The
2885:rim
2484:of
2263:Ket
1847:117
1723:doi
1719:121
1615:*E=
1612:*ne
1543:rai
1508:ibe
1505:*EE
1408:toi
1338:abe
1236:ham
1164:*ki
1161:*ni
1063:rei
958:kem
923:kam
854:ure
819:tek
784:par
680:etu
282:Ket
3331::
1998:54
1986:^
1845:.
1841:.
1770:.
1743:.
1717:.
1631::
1551:I
1474:ru
1201:ni
1167:ki
541:pa
455:,
447:,
382:,
243:.
235:,
201:.
3314:.
2931:"
2927:"
2474:e
2467:t
2460:v
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
2098:.
2036:.
1895:.
1873:.
1857:.
1826:.
1798:.
1783:.
1729:.
1725::
1702:.
1637:I
1633:C
320:.
251:.
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