1642:
1371:
1633:), the paleoanthropological spotlight shifted westward to East Africa. Although China re-opened its doors to the West in the late 1970s, national policy calling for self-reliance, coupled with a widened language barrier, thwarted all the possibilities of renewed scientific relationships. Indeed, Harvard anthropologist K. C. Chang noted, "international collaboration (in developing nations very often a disguise for Western domination) became a thing of the past" (1977: 139).
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All of these traits convinced Dart that the Taung child was a bipedal human ancestor, a transitional form between ape and human. However, Dart's conclusions were largely ignored for decades, as the prevailing view of the time was that a large brain evolved before bipedality. It took the discovery of
1612:
in 1937. The decade-long research yielded a wealth of faunal and lithic materials, as well as hominin fossils. These included 5 more complete calvaria, 9 large cranial fragments, 6 facial fragments, 14 partial mandibles, 147 isolated teeth, and 11 postcranial elementsâestimated to represent as least
1333:
although without a scientific description of the species-specific characteristics. Since the great apes were considered the closest relatives of human beings, based on morphological similarity, in the 19th century, it was speculated that the closest living relatives to humans were
1536:, fresh with his doctoral degree from Vienna, came to Beijing to work for Andersson. Zdansky conducted short-term excavations at Locality 1 in 1921 and 1923, and recovered only two teeth of significance (one premolar and one molar) that he subsequently described, cautiously, as "?
1436:
Though Darwin's first book on evolution did not address the specific question of human evolutionâ"light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history," was all Darwin wrote on the subjectâthe implications of evolutionary theory were clear to contemporary readers.
1620:
Following the loss of the Peking Man materials in late 1941, scientific endeavors at
Zhoukoudian slowed, primarily because of lack of funding. Frantic search for the missing fossils took place, and continued well into the 1950s. After the establishment of the
2559:
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of the
Geological Survey of China was formally established. Being the first institution of its kind, the Cenozoic Laboratory opened up new avenues for the study of paleogeology and paleontology in China. The Laboratory was the precursor of the
1700:
meaning "Southern Ape"). Although the brain was small (410 cm), its shape was rounded, unlike the brain shape of chimpanzees and gorillas, and more like the shape seen in modern humans. In addition, the specimen exhibited short
1589:. The news was at first met with skepticism, and many scholars had reservations that a single tooth was sufficient to justify the naming of a new type of early hominin. Yet within a little more than two years, in the winter of 1929,
1506:, 19th-century naturalists sought the origin of humans in Asia. So-called "dragon bones" (fossil bones and teeth) from Chinese apothecary shops were known, but it was not until the early 20th century that German paleontologist,
1543:
News of the fossil hominin teeth delighted the scientific community in
Beijing, and plans for developing a larger, more systematic project at Zhoukoudian were soon formulated. At the epicenter of excitement was
1569:
1773:
The second half of the twentieth century saw a significant increase in the number of paleoanthropological finds made in Africa. Many of these finds were associated with the work of the
1460:, it was already a well-known interpretation of his theoryâand the interpretation which made the theory highly controversial. Even many of Darwin's original supporters (such as
870:
plays an ever-increasing role, in particular to examine and compare DNA structure as a vital tool of research of the evolutionary kinship lines of related species and genera.
1583:. He recovered a left lower molar that Black (1927) identified as unmistakably human (it compared favorably to the previous find made by Zdansky), and subsequently coined it
2966:
Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Gibert, Luis; Melillo, Stephanie M.; Ryan, Timothy M.; Alene, Mulugeta; Deino, Alan; Levin, Naomi E.; Scott, Gary; Saylor, Beverly Z. (May 2015).
1613:
40 individuals. Evidence of fire, marked by ash lenses and burned bones and stones, were apparently also present, although recent studies have challenged this view.
1552:. Black shared Anderssonâs interest, as well as his view that central Asia was a promising home for early humankind. In late 1926, Black submitted a proposal to the
3932:
1845:
in
Tanzania, which demonstrated the antiquity of bipedality in the human lineage. In 1985, Richard Leakey and Alan Walker discovered a specimen they called the
2350:
878:
The term paleoanthropology derives from Greek palaiĂłs (ÏαλαÎčÏÏ) "old, ancient", ĂĄnthrĆpos (áŒÎœÎžÏÏÏÎżÏ) "man, human" and the suffix -logĂa (-λογία) "study of".
1625:
in 1949, excavations resumed at
Zhoukoudian. But with political instability and social unrest brewing in China, beginning in 1966, and major discoveries at
1448:
focused on the idea of human evolution. Huxley convincingly illustrated many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes in his 1863 book
910:. The terminology of the immediate biological family is currently in flux. The term "hominin" refers to any genus in the human tribe (Hominini), of which
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2054:, discovered in the central African country of Chad in 2002. This find is important because it widens the assumed geographic range of early hominins.
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1597:. Twenty-seven years after Schlosserâs initial description, the antiquity of early humans in East Asia was no longer a speculation, but a reality.
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seeking financial support for systematic excavation at
Zhoukoudian and the establishment of an institute for the study of human biology in China.
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was sent to China as a mining advisor and soon developed an interest in "dragon bones". It was he who, in 1918, discovered the sites around
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1529:, a village about 50 kilometers southwest of Beijing. However, because of the sparse nature of the initial finds, the site was abandoned.
1998:, based on fossils they had discovered in Malapa cave in South Africa. In 2015, a team also led by Lee Berger announced another species,
1423:
had been obvious to people for some time, but the idea of the biological evolution of species in general was not legitimized until after
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1709:
was more like the placement seen in modern humans than the placement seen in chimpanzees and gorillas, suggesting that this species was
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1468:) balked at the idea that human beings could have evolved their apparently boundless mental capacities and moral sensibilities through
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1981:, from the site of Dikika in the Afar region of Ethiopia. This find is particularly important because the fossil included a preserved
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1985:, something rarely found in other paleoanthropological fossils but important for understanding the evolution of speech capacities.
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In the 21st century, numerous fossils have been found that add to current knowledge of existing species. For example, in 2001,
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man" (the eponymous skeleton was found in 1856, but there had been finds elsewhere since 1830), and with evidence of so-called
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Although most hominin fossils from Africa have been found in eastern and southern Africa, there are a few exceptions. One is
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specimens have been found at numerous sites in eastern and southern Africa. In 1994, Tim D. White announced a new species,
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came to
Beijing soon after Blackâs untimely death in 1934, and took charge of the study of the hominin specimens.
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2721:"Early Homo sapiens Remains from the Omo River Region of South-west Ethiopia: Faunal Remains from the Omo Valley"
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The science arguably began in the late 19th century when important discoveries occurred that led to the study of
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Two new species from southern Africa have been discovered and described in recent years. In 2008, a team led by
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Numerous other researchers have made important discoveries in eastern Africa. Possibly the most famous is the
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PALEOANTHROPOLOGY AND PALEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA by Wu Rukang, John W Olsen
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1888:. On the basis of this skeleton and subsequent discoveries, the researchers came up with a new species,
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1914:
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1736:, Broom's specimen had much larger cheek teeth. Because of this difference, Broom named his specimen
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Hominoids are a primate superfamily, the hominid family is currently considered to comprise both the
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discovered a remarkably well-preserved juvenile specimen (face and brain endocast), which he named
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additional australopith fossils in Africa that resembled his specimen, and the rejection of the
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1540:" (Zdansky, 1927). With that done, Zdansky returned to Austria and suspended all fieldwork.
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988:
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1829:. In 1967, Richard Leakey reported the earliest definitive examples of anatomically modern
1350:), and based on the natural range of these creatures, it was surmised that humans shared a
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2016:
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The first of the major project finds are attributed to the young
Swedish paleontologist,
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2012:
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The modern field of paleoanthropology began in the 19th century with the discovery of "
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2935:"Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa"
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1962:
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1936:
1926:
1895:
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1593:, then the field director at Zhoukoudian, unearthed the first complete calvaria of
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17:
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Excavations continued at the site and remained fruitful until the outbreak of the
1659:
The first paleoanthropological find made in Africa was the 1921 discovery of the
1572:(IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Science, which took its modern form after 1949.
3574:
3501:
3473:
3466:
3414:
2861:"Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia"
2183:
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2000:
1846:
1838:
1778:
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1526:
1495:
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1412:
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1340:
903:
851:
618:
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83:
1761:. A more recent consensus has been to return to the original classification of
1742:, using a new genus name. In doing so, he established the practice of grouping
1514:. Although Schlosser (1903) was very cautious, identifying the tooth only as "?
1480:
3559:
3480:
1982:
1953:
1630:
1594:
1518:?," he was hopeful that future work would discover a new anthropoid in China.
1335:
887:
844:
598:
2999:
2968:"New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity"
2967:
2892:
2826:
2752:
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3626:
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2934:
2720:
1743:
1420:
1127:
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571:
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2528:
1849:, found near Lake Turkana. This specimen was assigned to another species,
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1813:
in Kenya. KNM-ER 1470 has been interpreted as either a distinct species,
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991:
867:
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3637:
3213:
3067:
1710:
1660:
1511:
1416:
1346:
907:
828:
608:
588:
556:
346:
2793:
Walker, A.; Leakey, R. E.; Harris, J. M.; Brown, F. H. (August 1986).
2744:
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1359:
1355:
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came into existence in the spring of 1927, and two years later, the
3087:
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3593:
3106:
2795:"2.5-Myr Australopithecus boisei from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya"
1952:
1683:
1640:
1599:
1532:
Work did not resume until 1921, when the
Austrian paleontologist,
1479:
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1248:
3371:
3082:
2431:. Communication Studies, University of California, Los Angeles.
1796:
1782:
1292:
593:
50:
3110:
1502:
Prior to the general acceptance of Africa as the root of genus
3083:
Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human
Origins
2478:
2476:
891:
3088:
Department of Human Evolution ~ Max Planck Institute, Leipzig
2011:
New species have also been found in eastern Africa. In 2000,
1757:
During the 1960s, the robust variety was commonly moved into
1454:. By the time Darwin published his own book on the subject,
1408:
were both important to early paleoanthropological research.
1799:, also at Olduvai Gorge, and assigned it to a new species,
1570:
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
2039:. In 2015, Haile-Selassie announced another new species,
2004:, based on fossils representing 15 individuals from the
1789:, Tanzania, led to the identification of a new species,
1732:, South Africa. Although similar in some ways to Dart's
1362:
of these ancestors would ultimately be found in Africa.
2859:
White, Tim D.; Suwa, Gen; Asfaw, Berhane (1994-09-22).
1945:, based on the cranium KNM-WT 40000 from Lake Turkana.
1841:. In the late 1970s, Mary Leakey excavated the famous
1673:; however, today it is considered part of the species
4075:
1805:. In 1972, Bernard Ngeneo, a fieldworker working for
2029:
announced that some specimens previously labeled as
3986:
3960:
3913:
3851:
3770:
3729:
3722:
3668:
3601:
3592:
3515:
3440:
3387:
3370:
3330:
3266:
3237:
3192:
3159:
3144:
819:which seeks to understand the early development of
3616:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
2455:"Fossil Hominids The Evidence for Human Evolution"
1327:as a species name in the 10th edition of his work
2403:"Hominoid taxonomies August 1, 2001 Science Week"
2025:, based on fossils they found in Kenya. In 2004,
902:lineages. The term "African apes" refers only to
1419:. The idea that humans are similar to certain
1865:, based on specimens found near Lake Turkana.
3122:
1902:announced a new species of human they called
1795:. In 1960, the Leakeys discovered the fossil
1667:, Zambia. Initially, this specimen was named
843:, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as
827:, through the reconstruction of evolutionary
785:
8:
1935:based on specimens discovered in Ethiopia's
1510:, first described a single human tooth from
916:(modern humans) is the only living specimen.
835:, working from biological evidence (such as
1721:, for Dart's claims to be taken seriously.
898:" comprise both the human lineages and the
3726:
3598:
3391:
3384:
3198:
3156:
3129:
3115:
3107:
2429:"Paleoanthropology Hominid Family History"
1728:discovered and described a new species at
1521:Eleven years later, the Swedish geologist
792:
778:
29:
2950:
2542:Rukang, Wu; Olsen, John W. (2009-09-15).
2521:"Human Evolution: Background Information"
2353:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1921:In 1999, two new species were announced.
1809:, discovered the fossil KNM-ER 1470 near
847:, artifacts, and settlement localities).
4021:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2405:. University of California Los Angeles.
1939:. Meave Leakey announced a new species,
1484:Five of the seven known fossil teeth of
4082:
3049:Winfried Henke, Ian Tattersall (eds.),
2525:Evolution Education website, evoled.org
2488:. Biodiversity Heritage Library. 1894.
2342:
1579:, then serving as the field advisor at
1548:, a Canadian-born anatomist working at
890:lineages and human lineages within the
866:. As technologies and methods advance,
41:
2633:
1750:and robust australopiths in the genus
3806:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2597:
2595:
2492:from the original on November 8, 2012
2435:from the original on October 17, 2018
2409:from the original on October 23, 2018
2220:Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald
1299:
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923:
921:
7:
4046:
1705:, and the anterior placement of the
1451:Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature
1395:Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature
2602:Cartmill, M.; Smith, F. H. (2009).
2323:âTelevision documentary film series
3101:National Museum of Natural History
2383:from the original on March 8, 2016
1918:, based on fossils from Ethiopia.
1819:, or alternatively as evidence of
850:The field draws from and combines
25:
2655:"A New Fossil Skull From Olduvai"
2461:from the original on June 3, 2019
1781:'s discovery of the Zinj fossin (
1682:In 1924 in a limestone quarry at
4097:
4085:
4057:
4045:
4034:
4033:
3046:, Malden, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
3044:A Companion to Paleoanthropology
2653:Leakey, L. S. B. (August 1959).
1957:Fossil hominid skull display at
49:
3022:from the original on 2021-02-14
2915:from the original on 2020-11-15
2841:from the original on 2021-06-10
2775:from the original on 2021-05-25
2701:from the original on 2020-09-14
2562:from the original on 2023-10-27
2511:Kerry Bright, sponsored by the
2327:List of human evolution fossils
3064:Paleoanthropology in the 1990s
2719:Leakey, R. E. F. (June 1969).
739:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
3051:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
2638:Boyd, R.; Silk, J.B. (2014).
2058:Renowned paleoanthropologists
2033:made up a different species,
1724:In the 1930s, paleontologist
3093:Human Timeline (Interactive)
3078:Aspects of Paleoanthropology
3053:, Dordrecht, Springer, 2007.
2485:Caroli LinnĂŠi Systema naturĂŠ
2320:The Incredible Human Journey
1777:in eastern Africa. In 1959,
1565:Cenozoic Research Laboratory
1550:Peking Union Medical College
4064:Evolutionary biology Portal
2513:National Science Foundation
2332:Timeline of human evolution
2042:Australopithecus deyiremeda
1746:australopiths in the genus
1516:Anthropoide g. et sp. indet
4146:
2642:. WW Norton & Company.
2604:The Human Lineage (Vol. 2)
2250:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
1975:Australopithecus afarensis
1891:Australopithecus afarensis
1862:Australopithecus anamensis
1837:in Ethiopia, known as the
1734:Australopithecus africanus
1693:Australopithecus africanus
1648:Australopithecus africanus
1623:Peopleâs Republic of China
821:anatomically modern humans
759:List of indigenous peoples
4029:
4009:Evolutionary anthropology
3394:
3201:
2051:Sahelanthropus tchadensis
1992:announced a new species,
1859:announced a new species,
1855:. In 1994, a team led by
1237:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
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1207:
1195:
1191:
1189:
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1183:
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1111:
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1103:
1093:
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1085:
1083:
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1019:
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959:
504:Cross-cultural comparison
2606:. John Wiley & Sons.
1872:, discovered in 1973 by
1852:Paranthropus aethiopicus
1610:Second Sino-Japanese War
1430:On the Origin of Species
831:lines within the family
676:Historical particularism
4130:Biological anthropology
3915:Origin of modern humans
2952:10.7554/eLife.09560.001
2125:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
2027:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
2006:Rising Star Cave system
1995:Australopithecus sediba
1959:The Museum of Osteology
1586:Sinanthropus pekinensis
1384:. The discovery of the
860:biological anthropology
509:Participant observation
27:Study of ancient humans
2379:. Dictionary com LLC.
2019:described the species
1966:
1942:Kenyanthropus platyops
1932:Australopithecus garhi
1651:
1605:
1554:Rockefeller Foundation
1523:Johan Gunnar Andersson
1499:
1377:
651:Cross-cultural studies
3923:Recent African origin
3161:Last common ancestors
2517:University of Montana
1977:child fossil, called
1956:
1765:as a separate genus.
1739:Paranthropus robustus
1644:
1603:
1483:
1462:Alfred Russel Wallace
1373:
1344:) and gorilla (genus
864:cultural anthropology
823:, a process known as
4092:Evolutionary biology
3938:Behavioral modernity
3928:Multiregional origin
3708:archaic Homo sapiens
3703:Homo heidelbergensis
3648:Red Deer Cave people
2933:Berger, Lee (2015).
2548:. Left Coast Press.
2357:on December 12, 2013
2119:Johann Carl Fuhlrott
2036:Ardipithecus kadabba
2031:Ardipithecus ramidus
1915:Ardipithecus ramidus
1676:Homo heidelbergensis
1604:The Zhoukoudian site
1577:Anders Birger Bohlin
1321:introduced the name
744:Anthropology by year
681:Boasian anthropology
656:Cultural materialism
641:Actorânetwork theory
239:Paleoanthropological
3575:H. neanderthalensis
3495:H. e. tautavelensis
2992:10.1038/nature14448
2984:2015Natur.521..483H
2877:1994Natur.371..306W
2811:1986Natur.322..517W
2737:1969Natur.222.1132L
2731:(5199): 1132â1133.
2671:1959Natur.184..491L
2589:Weiner et al., 1998
2377:"paleoanthropology"
2351:"paleoanthropology"
2232:Jeffrey H. Schwartz
2196:André Leroi-Gourhan
1971:Zeresenay Alemseged
1792:Paranthropus boisei
1665:Kabwe (Broken Hill)
1561:Zhoukoudian Project
882:Hominoid taxonomies
696:Performance studies
589:Kinship and descent
529:Cultural relativism
179:Paleoethnobotanical
154:Ethnoarchaeological
18:Paleoanthropologist
3762:Self-domestication
3553:H. heidelbergensis
3502:H. e. yuanmouensis
3467:H. e. lantianensis
3194:Australopithecines
2640:How Humans Evolved
2286:Milford H. Wolpoff
2202:Peter Wilhelm Lund
2154:Donald C. Johanson
2022:Orrorin tugenensis
1967:
1843:Laetoli footprints
1652:
1629:and East Turkana (
1606:
1500:
1405:The Descent of Man
1378:
894:superfamily. The "
839:skeletal remains,
809:paleo-anthropology
716:Post-structuralism
475:Research framework
4120:Paleoanthropology
4073:
4072:
4014:Paleoanthropology
3956:
3955:
3933:Archaic admixture
3811:Stoned ape theory
3747:Endurance running
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3511:
3510:
3474:H. e. nankinensis
3430:H. tsaichangensis
3366:
3365:
2978:(7553): 483â488.
2871:(6495): 306â312.
2805:(6079): 517â522.
2745:10.1038/2221132a0
2665:(4685): 491â493.
2274:Franz Weidenreich
2256:Phillip V. Tobias
2008:in South Africa.
1833:from the site of
1821:sexual dimorphism
1719:Piltdown Man hoax
1670:Homo rhodesiensis
1615:Franz Weidenreich
1470:natural selection
1305:
1304:
805:Paleoanthropology
802:
801:
701:Political economy
524:Thick description
321:Political economy
184:Zooarchaeological
144:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
4137:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4037:
4036:
3973:Human prehistory
3948:Recent evolution
3943:Early migrations
3885:Thermoregulation
3786:Expensive tissue
3757:Sexual selection
3727:
3599:
3481:H. e. pekinensis
3392:
3385:
3300:A. bahrelghazali
3269:Australopithecus
3199:
3169:Chimpanzeeâhuman
3157:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3068:James Q. Jacobs.
3042:David R. Begun,
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2885:10.1038/371306a0
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2819:10.1038/322517a0
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2679:10.1038/184491a0
2650:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2527:. Archived from
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2307:Dawn of Humanity
2226:John T. Robinson
2101:Carleton S. Coon
2095:J. Desmond Clark
1816:Homo rudolfensis
1759:Australopithecus
1748:Australopithecus
1698:Australopithecus
1440:Debates between
1263:Australopithecus
919:
918:
794:
787:
780:
322:
204:Anthrozoological
53:
30:
21:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4084:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4025:
3982:
3968:Human evolution
3952:
3909:
3853:
3847:
3826:Cooperative eye
3771:Specific models
3766:
3718:
3697:Homo antecessor
3652:
3588:
3582:H. rhodesiensis
3546:H. floresiensis
3507:
3488:H. e. soloensis
3460:H. e. georgicus
3436:
3400:H. gautengensis
3375:
3373:
3362:
3326:
3262:
3233:
3188:
3179:Orangutanâhuman
3148:
3140:
3138:Human evolution
3135:
3073:Fossil Hominids
3060:
3039:
3037:Further reading
3034:
3025:
3023:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2314:Human evolution
2309:(2015 PBS film)
2302:
2297:
2166:Jeffrey Laitman
2060:
2017:Martin Pickford
1951:
1900:Vratislav MazĂĄk
1884:at the site of
1874:Donald Johanson
1771:
1657:
1639:
1487:Homo luzonensis
1478:
1382:human evolution
1368:
1352:common ancestor
1330:Systema Naturae
1315:
1310:
884:
876:
811:is a branch of
798:
769:
768:
734:
726:
725:
706:Practice theory
646:Alliance theory
636:
628:
627:
623:Postcolonialism
552:
544:
543:
477:
467:
466:
432:Anthropological
427:
417:
416:
320:
270:
269:
249:
248:
199:
189:
188:
119:
109:
108:
79:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4094:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3978:Human timeline
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Drunken monkey
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3730:General models
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3517:Archaic humans
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3422:H. rudolfensis
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3343:P. aethiopicus
3338:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3243:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3221:Sahelanthropus
3217:
3210:
3207:Nakalipithecus
3202:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3103:(August 2016).
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3059:
3058:External links
3056:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:
2958:
2925:
2851:
2785:
2711:
2645:
2609:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2554:
2534:
2531:on 2003-12-26.
2503:
2472:
2446:
2420:
2394:
2368:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2244:Ian Tattersall
2241:
2238:Chris Stringer
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2208:Kenneth Oakley
2205:
2199:
2193:
2190:Richard Leakey
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2077:Davidson Black
2074:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2013:Brigitte Senut
1973:discovered an
1950:
1947:
1880:in Ethiopia's
1807:Richard Leakey
1770:
1767:
1707:foramen magnum
1656:
1653:
1638:
1635:
1546:Davidson Black
1477:
1474:
1457:Descent of Man
1425:Charles Darwin
1400:Charles Darwin
1375:Charles Darwin
1367:
1364:
1358:apes and that
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1288:
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1278:
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945:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
928:
926:
924:
922:
883:
880:
875:
872:
841:bone fragments
800:
799:
797:
796:
789:
782:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
721:Systems theory
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
661:Culture theory
658:
653:
648:
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637:
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633:
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629:
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287:
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277:
271:
268:
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251:
250:
247:
246:
244:Primatological
241:
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206:
200:
195:
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186:
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176:
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131:
126:
120:
117:Archaeological
115:
114:
111:
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107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
84:Archaeological
80:
77:
76:
73:
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69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4142:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:Life history
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:Homo ergaster
3681:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:H. s. sapiens
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Modern humans
3591:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:H. luzonensis
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:H. antecessor
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3453:H. e. erectus
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
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3419:
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3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
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3390:
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3379:
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3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:A. deyiremeda
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
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3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3228:Kenyanthropus
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Gorillaâhuman
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3127:
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3112:
3109:
3102:
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3017:
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3009:
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2561:
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2555:9781598744583
2551:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2496:September 27,
2491:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2460:
2457:. Jim Foley.
2456:
2450:
2447:
2434:
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2266:
2263:
2262:Erik Trinkaus
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:David Pilbeam
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:AleĆĄ HrdliÄka
2140:
2138:
2137:John D. Hawks
2135:
2132:
2131:Sonia Harmand
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:Eugene Dubois
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:Michel Brunet
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:Robert Ardrey
2063:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1963:Oklahoma City
1960:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:Berhane Asfaw
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:Homo ergaster
1907:
1906:
1905:Homo ergaster
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1882:Afar Triangle
1879:
1878:Maurice Taieb
1875:
1871:
1870:Lucy skeleton
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:Olduvai Gorge
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:Leakey family
1769:1950s â 1990s
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
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1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1655:1920s â 1940s
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:Olduvai Gorge
1624:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
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1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Max Schlosser
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:Charles Lyell
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:Thomas Huxley
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:Thomas Huxley
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:Carl Linnaeus
1312:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1283:Kenyanthropus
1275:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1179:
1177:
1163:
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1120:
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1101:
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1081:
1079:
1073:
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1064:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1034:
1006:
1004:
993:
990:
978:
976:
948:
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917:
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905:
901:
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893:
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871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
795:
790:
788:
783:
781:
776:
775:
773:
772:
765:
764:Organizations
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:Structuralism
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Functionalism
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
624:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
578:
577:sociocultural
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
548:
547:
540:
539:Emic and etic
537:
535:
534:Ethnocentrism
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
482:Anthropometry
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Ethnopoetical
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Transpersonal
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Psychological
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Institutional
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Environmental
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
253:
252:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
198:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:Environmental
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
75:
74:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4125:Anthropology
4104:Paleontology
4062:
4050:
4038:
4013:
3905:Gender roles
3900:Intelligence
3713:Homo sapiens
3711:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3691:Homo erectus
3689:
3683:
3679:Homo habilis
3677:
3638:Manot people
3627:H. s. idaltu
3625:
3621:Jebel Irhoud
3613:
3604:Homo sapiens
3602:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3524:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3443:Homo erectus
3441:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3388:Proto-humans
3377:
3374:proto-humans
3355:
3348:
3341:
3333:Paranthropus
3331:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3293:A. anamensis
3291:
3286:A. africanus
3284:
3279:A. afarensis
3277:
3267:
3255:
3248:
3240:Ardipithecus
3238:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3184:Gibbonâhuman
3066:â Essays by
3050:
3043:
3024:. Retrieved
2975:
2971:
2961:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2917:. Retrieved
2868:
2864:
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2802:
2798:
2788:
2777:. Retrieved
2728:
2724:
2714:
2703:. Retrieved
2662:
2658:
2648:
2639:
2603:
2585:
2576:
2566:December 26,
2564:. Retrieved
2544:
2537:
2529:the original
2524:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2484:
2463:. Retrieved
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2345:
2318:
2306:
2292:Bernard Wood
2280:Tim D. White
2178:Meave Leakey
2172:Louis Leakey
2160:Kamoya Kimeu
2107:Raymond Dart
2083:Robert Broom
2049:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1949:21st century
1940:
1937:Awash valley
1930:
1927:Tim D. White
1920:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1896:Colin Groves
1889:
1867:
1860:
1857:Meave Leakey
1850:
1831:Homo sapiens
1830:
1826:Homo habilis
1824:
1814:
1811:Lake Turkana
1802:Homo habilis
1800:
1790:
1772:
1763:Paranthropus
1762:
1758:
1753:Paranthropus
1751:
1747:
1737:
1733:
1726:Robert Broom
1723:
1715:
1703:canine teeth
1697:
1691:
1688:Raymond Dart
1686:, Professor
1681:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1646:
1619:
1607:
1591:Pei Wenzhong
1584:
1574:
1558:
1542:
1537:
1534:Otto Zdansky
1531:
1520:
1515:
1503:
1501:
1485:
1455:
1449:
1446:Richard Owen
1439:
1435:
1428:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1388:in Germany,
1379:
1366:19th century
1345:
1339:
1328:
1324:Homo sapiens
1322:
1316:
1313:18th century
1291:
1281:
1273:Paranthropus
1271:
1261:
1253:Ardipithecus
1251:
913:Homo sapiens
911:
885:
877:
856:paleontology
849:
825:hominization
817:anthropology
813:paleontology
808:
804:
803:
749:Bibliography
691:Interpretive
666:Diffusionism
635:Key theories
621: /
551:Key concepts
462:Sociological
442:Ethnological
238:
229:Neurological
214:Evolutionary
159:Experiential
43:Anthropology
3836:Grandmother
3791:Shore-based
3752:Aquatic ape
3643:Tam Pa Ling
3538:H. ergaster
3357:P. robustus
3097:Smithsonian
2580:Black, 1931
2276:(1873â1948)
2270:(1938â2017)
2268:Alan Walker
2258:(1925â2012)
2252:(1881â1955)
2228:(1923â2001)
2222:(1902â1982)
2210:(1911â1981)
2204:(1801â1880)
2198:(1911â1986)
2192:(1944â2022)
2186:(1913â1996)
2184:Mary Leakey
2174:(1903â1972)
2162:(1938â2022)
2150:(1937â1985)
2148:Glynn Isaac
2144:(1869â1943)
2121:(1803â1877)
2115:(1858â1940)
2109:(1893â1988)
2103:(1904â1981)
2097:(1916â2002)
2085:(1866â1951)
2079:(1884â1934)
2067:(1908â1980)
2001:Homo naledi
1894:. In 1975,
1847:Black Skull
1839:Omo remains
1779:Mary Leakey
1581:Zhoukoudian
1527:Zhoukoudian
1496:Philippines
1492:Callao Cave
1413:Neanderthal
1386:Neanderthal
1336:chimpanzees
904:chimpanzees
900:African ape
852:primatology
845:stone tools
619:Colonialism
562:Development
519:Reflexivity
487:Ethnography
437:Descriptive
295:Development
234:Nutritional
209:Biocultural
134:Battlefield
4114:Categories
3875:Skin color
3860:Bipedalism
3821:Killer ape
3633:Cro-Magnon
3532:Denisovans
3408:H. habilis
3372:Humans and
3257:A. ramidus
3250:A. kadabba
3026:2020-12-21
2919:2020-12-21
2845:2020-12-21
2779:2020-12-21
2705:2020-12-21
2465:October 2,
2439:October 2,
2413:October 2,
2387:October 1,
2361:October 1,
2338:References
2071:Lee Berger
1990:Lee Berger
1983:hyoid bone
1835:Omo Kibish
1631:Koobi Fora
1595:Peking Man
1427:published
1421:great apes
1046:Subfamily
599:Prehistory
452:Historical
425:Linguistic
337:Historical
305:Ecological
197:Biological
99:Linguistic
89:Biological
3994:Theorists
3961:Timelines
3841:Patriarch
3817:Behavior
3742:Gathering
3670:Ancestors
3415:H. naledi
3350:P. boisei
3321:A. sediba
3000:0028-0836
2893:0028-0836
2827:0028-0836
2753:1476-4687
2687:1476-4687
1730:Kromdraai
1663:skull at
1645:Skull of
1490:found in
1433:in 1859.
1128:Gorillini
1048:Homininae
934:Hominoids
896:Homininae
888:great ape
874:Etymology
837:petrified
833:Hominidae
572:Evolution
567:Ethnicity
499:Ethnology
377:Political
285:Cognitive
224:Molecular
4040:Category
3895:Language
3865:Skeleton
3560:H. longi
3314:A. garhi
3151:Hominins
3146:Taxonomy
3020:Archived
3008:26017448
2913:Archived
2839:Archived
2773:Archived
2699:Archived
2560:Archived
2490:Archived
2459:Archived
2433:Archived
2407:Archived
2381:Archived
2300:See also
1538:Homo sp.
1417:cave men
1317:In 1758
1144:Hominini
992:Hominids
931:Suborder
908:gorillas
892:hominoid
868:genetics
754:Journals
671:Feminism
457:Semiotic
397:Symbolic
392:Religion
327:Feminist
315:Economic
265:Cultural
219:Forensic
174:Maritime
169:Forensic
164:Feminist
139:Biblical
129:Aviation
94:Cultural
35:a series
33:Part of
4078:Portals
4052:Commons
4004:Fossils
3870:Muscles
3781:Cooking
3737:Hunting
3214:Orrorin
3016:4455029
2980:Bibcode
2909:4347140
2901:8090200
2873:Bibcode
2835:4270200
2807:Bibcode
2769:4186101
2761:5788977
2733:Bibcode
2695:4217460
2667:Bibcode
2515:at the
2294:(1945â)
2288:(1942â)
2282:(1950â)
2264:(1948â)
2246:(1945â)
2240:(1947â)
2234:(1948â)
2216:(1940â)
2180:(1942â)
2168:(1951â)
2156:(1943â)
2133:(1974â)
2127:(1961â)
2091:(1940â)
2073:(1965â)
1744:gracile
1711:bipedal
1661:Kabwe 1
1512:Beijing
1360:fossils
1356:African
1347:Gorilla
1338:(genus
1308:History
829:kinship
609:Society
557:Culture
372:Musical
367:Museums
362:Medical
347:Kinship
300:Digital
275:Applied
67:History
62:Outline
3987:Others
3890:Speech
3852:Topics
3797:Drugs
3723:Models
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862:, and
584:Gender
514:Holism
412:Visual
387:Public
290:Cyborg
260:Social
124:Aerial
104:Social
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3012:S2CID
2939:eLife
2905:S2CID
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1979:Selam
1965:, USA
1886:Hadar
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733:Lists
614:Value
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407:Urban
357:Media
352:Legal
78:Types
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3700:) â
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1559:The
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1476:Asia
1464:and
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594:Meme
332:Food
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