819:
513:
169:
2766:
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841:
146:
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475:
around which they originally evolved. The relationship between the
Desmostylia and the other orders within the Tethytheria has been disputed; if the common ancestor of all tethytheres was semiaquatic, the Proboscidea became secondarily terrestrial; alternatively, the Desmostylia and Sirenia could
579:
The mandible and maxilla typically have forward-pointing incisors and canine tusks, followed by a long postcanine diastema, partly because of the reduced number of premolars. The cusps of the premolars and molars are composed of densely packed cylinders of thick enamel, giving the order its name
697:, with their limbs being incapable of supporting their own weight on land. More recent studies vindicate this assessment, as desmostylians had a thoracic morphology more similar to sirenians and modern cetaceans than to that of semiaquatic mammals. Its less dense bone structure suggests that
1328:
Matsui, Kumiko; Sashida, Katsuo; Agematsu, Sachiko; Kohno, Naoki (2017). "Habitat preferences of the enigmatic
Miocene tethythere Desmostylus and Paleoparadoxia (Desmostylia; Mammalia) inferred from the depositional depth of fossil occurrences in the Northwestern Pacific realm".
476:
have evolved independently into aquatic mammals. The assignment of
Desmostylia to Afrotheria has always been problematic from a biogeographic standpoint, given that Africa was the locus of the early evolution of the Afrotheria while the Desmostylia have only been found along the
628:
habitats. Their name refers to their highly distinctive molars, in which each cusp was modified into hollow columns, so a typical molar would have resembled a cluster of pipes, or in the case of worn molars, volcanoes. (This may reflect the close relationship between the
916:
A major find was announced in
October 2015 after scientists examined an extensive group of giant, tusked, quadruped, marine mammal fossils. This northernmost to date species discovery had been unearthed during excavation for the construction of a school in
481:
611:
consists of a series of heavy, paired, plate-like sternebrae. In adults, the joints between the radius and ulna prevent any movements. The metacarpals are longer than metatarsals, and each foot has four digits (digit I is vestigial).
643:
did not chew or eat like any other known animal. It clenched its teeth, rooted up plants with the help of tusks and powerful neck, and then sucked them in using strong throat muscles and the shape of the roof of the mouth.
900:
Because desmostylians were originally known only from skull fragments, teeth, and bits of other bones, general agreement was that they had had flippers and a fin-like tail. The discovery of a complete skeleton from
647:
Desmostylians are believed to be aquatic because of a combination of characteristics. Their legs seemed to be adapted for terrestrial locomotion, while a number of other parameters confirms their aquatic nature:
1217:, Geerat J. Vermeij, The rise of ocean giants: maximum body size in Cenozoic marine mammals as an indicator for productivity in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Published 5 July 2016.DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0186
1375:
Barnes, L.. (2013, September 11) .A new genus and species of late
Miocene Paleoparadoxiid (Mammalia, Desmostylia) from California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science, (521),
946:
showed that early desmostylians had more proboscidean-like teeth and jaws than later ones. Despite this discovery, their relationships to manatees and proboscids remain unresolved. The analysis of Cooper
783:
are more specialised than previous forms, suggesting increased divergence to compete with sirenians, and sirenian diversity appears to increase with desmostylian decline. Both desmostylians and
701:
had a lifestyle of active swimming and possibly feeding at the surface, while other desmostylians were primarily slow swimmers and/or bottom walkers and sea grass feeders.
496:. However, a subsequent study shows that, while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls, desmostylians share the same number of characteristics necessary for either
2851:
1466:
689:" (as proposed by other researchers.) However, a more recent and detailed analysis of desmostylian bone structure has revealed them to be fully aquatic, like
2044:
685:
concluded that desmostylians were more terrestrial than aquatic and clearly fore limb-dominated swimmers, hence they were more similar to "sea bears" than "
2917:
1881:
1797:
549:, a relatively large animal at a body length of 168 centimetres or 5 feet 6 inches, while the largest species reached sizes comparable to
818:
2902:
870:
also proposed that they belonged to the
Sirenia. One of the most comprehensive collections of desmostylian teeth was amassed by paleontologist
1779:
2927:
2907:
1931:
1431:
1155:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco"
2037:
580:("bundle of columns"). The primitive dental formula is 3.1.4.3, with a trilobate fourth deciduous premolar. The cheek teeth are
2912:
2897:
1625:
1228:"New fossils intensify mystery of short-lived, toothy mammal found in ancient North Pacific, Oddball creature, Desmostylia"
1500:
Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08).
670:
in their tooth enamel suggest an aquatic diet and environment (carbon and oxygen) and fresh or brackish water (strontium).
1705:
Hayashi, S.; Houssaye, A.; Nakajima, Y.; Kentaro, C.; Ando, T.; Sawamura, H.; Inuzuka, N.; Kaneko, N.; Osaki, T. (2013).
1281:"Farewell to life on land - thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals"
1415:
2695:
2030:
168:
1385:
1579:
1481:
2765:
2460:
878:
structure and repeated occurrence in marine beds that the animals had been aquatic, and were probably sirenian.
2724:
932:
Despite their similarities to manatees and elephants, desmostylians were entirely unlike any living creatures.
721:
shows that the former preferred areas shallower than 30 m, while the latter occurred in deep, offshore waters.
1570:
897:. Abel died shortly after World War II, and his classification won few supporters and has been ignored since.
512:
791:
specialists, as opposed to marine herbivorous mammals from other regions, with diets primarily composed of
2922:
2892:
2781:
1855:
1766:
Inuzuka, N. (2000). "Primitive late
Oligocene desmostylians from Japan and Phylogeny of the Desmostylia".
565:
2864:
1793:
1391:
2416:
2381:
569:
543:
Desmostylians were large, fully aquatic quadrupeds with massive limbs and short tails. The smallest is
488:
and desmostylians, two major groups of putative non-African afrotheres, close to each other within the
2577:
1014:
323:
2838:
1894:
1812:
1718:
1626:"Aquatic Adaptation and Swimming Mode Inferred from Skeletal Proportions in the Miocene Desmostylian
1513:
1435:
1419:
1338:
1166:
952:
550:
137:
1707:"Bone Inner Structure Suggests Increasing Aquatic Adaptations in Desmostylia (Mammalia, Afrotheria)"
2351:
1621:
1214:
773:
Desmostylians, being fully marine herbivores, are thought to have been outcompeted ecologically by
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2635:
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2007:
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1553:
Domning, Daryl P.; Barnes, Lawrence G. (2007). "A new name for the 'Stanford skeleton' of
902:
871:
754:
660:
416:
1860:
Extrait des
Comptes Rendus du 6e Congres International de Zoologie. Session de Berne 1904
1816:
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2522:
1749:
1706:
1536:
1501:
1305:
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1189:
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956:
933:
866:, but doubts arose a decade later when more complete fossils were discovered in Japan.
717:
573:
561:
536:
501:
493:
489:
420:
363:
309:
155:
893:, and in 1933, he even created the order "Desmostyloidea", which he placed within the
2886:
2540:
2402:
2372:
1840:
1502:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls"
1467:"A New Genus of Late Miocene Paleoparadoxiid (Mammalia, Desmostylia) from California"
875:
784:
750:
634:
485:
401:
254:
81:
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1924:
The Rise of
Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades
1666:
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1179:
951:(2014) indicates the similarities with manatees and elephants may be a result of
909:', and justified the creation of a new order for the desmostylians, described by
905:
in 1941, however, showed that they possessed four legs, with bones as stout as a
17:
2813:
2684:
2563:
2556:
2483:
2434:
2358:
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2549:
2467:
2443:
2314:
2270:
2250:
2230:
2200:
2121:
2089:
1858:(1905). "Ten years progress in the mammalian Palaeontology of North America".
1648:
1580:"Two new Oligocene desmostylians and a discussion of Tethytherian systematics"
983:
938:
600:
581:
530:
462:
267:
123:
101:
66:
1983:
1824:
1740:
1598:
1432:
Photos: New species of extinct marine mammal identified from
Unalaska fossils
2409:
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1941:
1867:
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200:
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91:
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71:
61:
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Their dental and skeletal forms suggest that desmostylians were aquatic
2734:
2713:
2515:
2141:
762:
667:
656:
608:
568:
elongated (downward-pointing processes behind the jaw-joints), and the
518:
450:
432:
413:
349:
111:
86:
43:
1958:"Evolution of Marine Mammals: Back to the Sea After 300 Million Years"
1296:
2730:
2077:
2065:
2022:
1974:
1957:
943:
742:
730:
446:). Desmostylians are the only known extinct order of marine mammals.
210:
190:
2775:
1578:
Domning, Daryl P.; Ray, Clayton Edward; McKenna, Malcolm C. (1986).
2153:
839:
828:
817:
802:
738:
511:
465:
2843:
788:
2779:
2026:
2010:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. January 2009
1918:
Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Domning, Daryl P.; Tassy, Pascal (2005).
1153:
Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016).
1879:
gen. nov., sp. nov., from the Miocene deposits of Kamchatka".
1267:
825:
on display at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
504:, making their former assessment as afrotheres a possibility.
1899:
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences
1141:
1210:
1208:
1571:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[748:annfts]2.0.co;2
1438:, Mike Dunham, October 7, 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
1422:, Mike Dunham, October 7, 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
1684:(1923). "Characteristics of sundry fossil vertebrates".
560:, with the nasal opening located slightly dorsally. The
1114:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1089:
1087:
1416:
Giant extinct mammal identified from Unalaska fossils
925:. A rendition of a group was drawn by Alaskan artist
681:
Based on a comparison of trunk and limb proportions,
480:. That assignment has been seriously undermined by a
2592:
2493:
2449:
2369:
2325:
2281:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2236:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2137:
2127:
2117:
965:
proposed a new classification of Paleoparadoxiidae:
556:
A desmostylian skull has an elongated and broadened
2788:
2712:
2683:
2645:
2618:
2591:
2539:
2505:
2492:
2481:
2433:
2368:
2324:
2280:
2151:
2102:
1922:. In Rose, Kenneth D.; Archibald, J. David (eds.).
1897:(1959). "A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia".
1798:"Notice of a new fossil sirenian, from California"
673:Their spongy bone structure is similar to that of
1403:
1331:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
633:, to which this group has been assigned, and the
273:
1234:. Southern Methodist University. October 6, 2015
858:was originally classified from a few teeth and
2038:
1768:Bulletin of the Ashoro Museum of Paleontology
1263:
1261:
1010:Subfamily Paleoparadoxiinae (Reinhart, 1959)
777:sirenians. In particular, later species like
8:
1137:
1135:
1875:Pronina, I. G. (1957). "A new desmostylid,
993:Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986 (including
461:), have traditionally been assigned to the
423:native to the North Pacific from the early
2776:
2600:
2502:
2489:
2159:
2110:
2099:
2045:
2031:
2023:
144:
122:
31:
1973:
1748:
1730:
1656:
1587:Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
1535:
1525:
1363:
1304:
1252:
1188:
1178:
1093:
979:Subfamily Behemotopsinae (Inuzuka, 1987)
682:
663:are raised like in other aquatic mammals.
652:Fossils have been found in marine strata.
976:Family Paleoparadoxiidae Reinhart, 1959
910:
369:
341:
238:
1083:
355:
315:
1447:
962:
881:In 1926, the Austrian palaeontologist
867:
596:, which has many supernumerary cusps.
383:
259:
863:
564:are prominent (behind the eyes), the
471:, a group named after the paleoocean
287:
7:
1126:
1115:Gheerbrant, Domning & Tassy 2005
874:, who concluded on the basis of the
955:and that they may instead be basal
936:'s 1971 discovery of the new genus
301:
2918:Taxa named by Roy Herbert Reinhart
1559:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
2764:
2758:
997:Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986)
987:Domning, Ray, and McKenna, 1986
576:(cavities above the ear holes).
167:
1404:Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986
449:The Desmostylia, together with
274:Domning, Ray & McKenna 1986
1637:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1:
2903:Prehistoric placental mammals
2008:"Introduction to Desmostylia"
1877:Kronokotherium brevimaxillare
1732:10.1371/journal.pone.0059146
1527:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232
1465:Barnes, Lawrence G. (2013).
1351:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.005
1180:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556
757:. They range from the Early
733:are known from the northern
2928:Prehistoric tetrapod orders
1805:American Journal of Science
749:, and the Pacific coast of
2944:
2908:Rupelian first appearances
1394:. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
1059:(Domning and Barnes, 2007)
787:dugongids were apparently
2755:
2603:
2162:
2113:
2098:
2060:
1649:10.1007/s10914-005-5719-1
1557:(Mammlia, Desmostylia)".
588:in primitive genera, but
250:
245:
164:Scientific classification
162:
152:
143:
130:
121:
34:
1825:10.2475/ajs.s3-35.205.94
1599:10.5479/si.00810266.59.1
1480:: 51β114. Archived from
1474:Contributions in Science
1063:Neoparadoxia cecilialina
1021:Archaeoparadoxia weltoni
823:Neoparadoxia cecilialina
592:in later genera such as
27:Extinct order of mammals
1450:, pp. 103, 108β109
1057:Neoparadoxia repenningi
885:suggested origins with
753:to the southern tip of
516:Skeletal diagrams: (A)
482:2014 cladistic analysis
408:, "bundle", and ΟΟῦλοΟ
2913:Taxa described in 1959
1956:Uhen, Mark D. (2007).
1686:Pan-American Geologist
1037:Paleoparadoxia tabatai
848:
837:
826:
815:
659:are retracted and the
566:paroccipital processes
540:
442:30.8 to 7.25
2898:Tortonian extinctions
2865:Paleobiology Database
1895:Reinhart, Roy Herbert
1882:C. R. Acad. Sci. URSS
1392:Paleobiology Database
1279:Ando, Konami (2016).
1039:(Tokunaga, 1939), (=
843:
832:
821:
806:
515:
1622:Gingerich, Philip D.
1436:Alaska Dispatch News
1420:Alaska Dispatch News
1232:www.sciencedaily.com
1041:Paleoparadoxia media
891:duck-billed platypus
856:Desmostylus hesperus
246:Families and genera
138:Royal Ontario Museum
1817:1888AmJS...35...94M
1723:2013PLoSO...859146H
1518:2014PLoSO...9j9232C
1343:2017PPP...471..254M
1268:Hayashi et al. 2013
1215:Nicholas D. Pyenson
1171:2016PLoSO..1157556G
1001:Behemotops katsuiei
570:epitympanic sinuses
412:, "pillar") are an
329:Chiba, Kentaro 2016
2105:Paenungulatomorpha
2054:Paenungulatomorpha
1487:on 7 November 2015
1285:Journal of Anatomy
1142:Cooper et al. 2014
995:Behemotops emlongi
991:Behemotops proteus
849:
838:
827:
816:
607:is absent and the
541:
2880:
2879:
2782:Taxon identifiers
2773:
2772:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2679:
2678:
2587:
2586:
2507:Paleoparadoxiidae
2477:
2476:
2417:Postschizotherium
2382:Hengduanshanhyrax
1962:Anatomical Record
1780:"N. Inuzuka 2000"
1387:H. F. Osborn 1905
1297:10.1111/joa.12518
862:as a sirenian by
666:Levels of stable
551:Steller's sea cow
546:Ashoroa laticosta
444:million years ago
394:
393:
386:
372:
358:
344:
337:Paleoparadoxiidae
330:
318:
304:
290:
276:
262:
241:
18:Paleoparadoxiidae
16:(Redirected from
2935:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2834:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2777:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2620:Arsinoitheriidae
2601:
2594:
2578:Ounalashkastylus
2503:
2495:
2490:
2451:
2371:
2327:
2283:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2111:
2100:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1995:
1977:
1975:10.1002/ar.20545
1952:
1950:
1948:
1914:
1890:
1871:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1802:
1787:
1775:
1762:
1752:
1734:
1701:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1660:
1643:(1/2): 183β194.
1634:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1584:
1574:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1015:Archaeoparadoxia
923:Aleutian Islands
895:Multituberculata
747:Aleutian Islands
737:, from southern
709:A 2017 study on
562:zygomatic arches
445:
382:
368:
354:
340:
328:
324:Ounalashkastylus
314:
300:
286:
272:
258:
237:
232:
172:
171:
148:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2757:
2741:
2708:
2675:
2656:Crivadiatherium
2647:Palaeoamasiidae
2641:
2614:
2583:
2535:
2486:
2473:
2429:
2364:
2329:Titanohyracidae
2320:
2276:
2156:
2147:
2107:
2094:
2056:
2051:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1934:
1917:
1893:
1874:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1800:
1792:
1778:
1765:
1704:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1632:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1582:
1577:
1552:
1512:(10): e109232.
1499:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1458:Further reading
1455:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1165:(7): e0157556.
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1117:, pp. 95β6
1113:
1100:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1033:Reinhart, 1959
973:Reinhart, 1953
903:Sakhalin Island
872:John C. Merriam
807:Restoration of
801:
771:
755:Baja California
727:
707:
618:
574:temporal fossae
510:
490:laurasiatherian
440:
421:aquatic mammals
381:
367:
353:
339:
327:
313:
299:
285:
271:
257:
236:
230:
166:
153:Restoration of
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2825:
2810:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2629:Arsinoitherium
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2571:Kronokotherium
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2523:Paleoparadoxia
2519:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2002:
2001:External links
1999:
1997:
1996:
1953:
1932:
1920:"Paenungulata"
1915:
1891:
1872:
1852:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1763:
1702:
1678:
1618:
1575:
1565:(3): 748β751.
1555:Paleoparadoxia
1550:
1497:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1424:
1408:
1396:
1378:
1368:
1364:Gingerich 2005
1356:
1320:
1291:(6): 768β777.
1271:
1257:
1253:Gingerich 2005
1245:
1219:
1204:
1145:
1131:
1119:
1098:
1096:, Introduction
1094:Gingerich 2005
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:Inuzuka, 2005)
1030:Paleoparadoxia
1026:
1025:
1024:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:Inuzuka, 2000b
998:
957:perissodactyls
934:Douglas Emlong
834:Paleoparadoxia
813:Paleoparadoxia
800:
799:Classification
797:
770:
767:
726:
723:
718:Paleoparadoxia
706:
703:
683:Gingerich 2005
679:
678:
671:
664:
653:
617:
614:
572:open into the
537:Paleoparadoxia
509:
506:
502:Perissodactyla
494:Perissodactyla
486:anthracobunids
457:(and possibly
431:) to the late
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
373:
364:Paleoparadoxia
359:
333:
332:
331:
319:
310:Kronokotherium
305:
291:
277:
248:
247:
243:
242:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
160:
159:
156:Paleoparadoxia
150:
149:
141:
140:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
49:30.8β7.2
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2940:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Mammal orders
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:Desmostylians
2891:
2890:
2888:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2541:Desmostylidae
2538:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2403:Parapliohyrax
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:Pliohyracidae
2367:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:Rupestrohyrax
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1968:(6): 514β22.
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:9780801880223
1929:
1926:. JHU Press.
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:Osborn, H. F.
1853:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:(4): e59146.
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:2027.42/44971
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:, p. 515
1128:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:(Clark, 1991)
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
989:
988:
986:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
975:
974:
972:
968:
967:
966:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
940:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
914:
912:
911:Reinhart 1959
908:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
847:
842:
835:
831:
824:
820:
814:
810:
805:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:North Pacific
782:
781:
776:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:North America
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:Desmostylian
724:
722:
720:
719:
714:
713:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
672:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
645:
642:
638:
636:
635:Tubulidentata
632:
627:
624:dependent on
623:
615:
613:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
547:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
514:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
385:
380:
379:
374:
371:
370:Reinhart 1959
366:
365:
360:
357:
352:
351:
346:
345:
343:
342:Reinhart 1959
338:
334:
326:
325:
320:
317:
312:
311:
306:
303:
298:
297:
292:
289:
284:
283:
278:
275:
270:
269:
264:
263:
261:
256:
255:Desmostylidae
252:
251:
249:
244:
240:
239:Reinhart 1959
235:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
161:
158:
157:
151:
147:
142:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2789:
2670:Palaeoamasia
2668:
2661:
2654:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2596:Embrithopoda
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2530:Neoparadoxia
2528:
2521:
2514:
2496:
2466:
2459:
2454:Gigantohyrax
2452:
2442:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2389:Kvabebihyrax
2387:
2380:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2241:Saghatherium
2239:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2171:Dimaitherium
2169:
2140:
2132:Hadrogeneios
2130:
2120:
2088:Superorder:
2082:Infraclass:
2012:. Retrieved
1965:
1961:
1945:. Retrieved
1923:
1905:(1): 1β146.
1902:
1898:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1859:
1844:. Retrieved
1811:(8): 94β96.
1808:
1804:
1794:Marsh, O. C.
1783:
1771:
1767:
1714:
1710:
1689:
1685:
1670:. Retrieved
1640:
1636:
1627:
1610:. Retrieved
1593:(59): 1β56.
1590:
1586:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1509:
1505:
1489:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1477:
1473:
1443:
1427:
1411:
1406:, p. 34
1399:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1359:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1255:, Discussion
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1122:
1062:
1056:
1053:Barnes 2013
1050:Neoparadoxia
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1013:
1000:
994:
990:
982:
970:
961:
948:
937:
931:
915:
907:hippopotamus
899:
883:Othenio Abel
880:
855:
853:type species
850:
845:
833:
822:
812:
808:
780:Neoparadoxia
778:
772:
761:to the late
728:
725:Distribution
716:
710:
708:
698:
680:
646:
640:
639:
631:Paenungulata
619:
598:
593:
578:
555:
544:
542:
535:
529:
523:
517:
498:Paenungulata
484:that places
459:Embrithopoda
448:
409:
405:
397:
395:
378:Neoparadoxia
376:
362:
356:Inuzuka 2000
348:
322:
316:Pronina 1957
308:
294:
280:
266:
233:
217:Infraclass:
154:
131:
29:
2820:Desmostylia
2814:Wikispecies
2790:Desmostylia
2696:Proboscidea
2685:Proboscidea
2636:Namatherium
2609:Stylolophus
2564:Desmostylus
2557:Cornwallius
2497:Desmostylia
2484:Tethytheria
2461:Heterohyrax
2444:Dendrohyrax
2435:Procaviidae
2359:Titanohyrax
2345:Antilohyrax
2294:Brachyhyrax
2285:Geniohyidae
2261:Selenohyrax
2221:Regubahyrax
2191:Megalohyrax
2084:Placentalia
1846:15 December
1784:Fossilworks
1628:Desmostylus
1612:15 December
1448:Barnes 2013
1337:: 254β265.
1238:October 11,
1065:Barnes 2013
971:Desmostylia
963:Barnes 2013
953:convergence
889:, like the
868:Osborn 1905
846:Desmostylus
809:Desmostylus
735:Pacific Rim
712:Desmostylus
699:Desmostylus
641:Desmostylus
594:Desmostylus
525:Desmostylus
508:Description
478:Pacific Rim
469:Tethytheria
463:afrotherian
455:Proboscidea
398:Desmostylia
384:Barnes 2013
296:Cornwallius
282:Desmostylus
260:Osborn 1905
234:Desmostylia
221:Placentalia
133:Desmostylus
35:Desmostylia
2887:Categories
2663:Hypsamasia
2550:Behemotops
2396:Meroehyrax
2315:Pachyhyrax
2271:Thyrohyrax
2251:Seggeurius
2231:Rukwalorax
2201:Microhyrax
2154:Hyracoidea
2122:Abdounodus
2090:Afrotheria
1862:: 86β113.
1692:: 101β20.
1682:Hay, O. P.
1491:14 January
1366:, Abstract
1078:References
984:Behemotops
939:Behemotops
887:monotremes
864:Marsh 1888
769:Extinction
687:sea sloths
622:herbivores
601:postcrania
582:brachydont
531:Behemetops
288:Marsh 1888
268:Behemotops
2729:includes
2702:elephants
2700:includes
2410:Pliohyrax
2338:Afrohyrax
2308:Geniohyus
2301:Bunohyrax
2211:Namahyrax
2181:Helioseus
2064:Kingdom:
1984:137264359
1889:: 310β12.
1841:129254943
1774:: 91β123.
1741:837402105
1127:Uhen 2007
927:Ray Troll
921:, in the
860:vertebrae
844:Skull of
759:Oligocene
695:cetaceans
691:sirenians
675:cetaceans
616:Behaviour
590:hypsodont
437:Tortonian
425:Oligocene
187:Kingdom:
181:Eukaryota
40:Oligocene
2828:BioLib:
2805:Q1139385
2799:Wikidata
2735:manatees
2468:Procavia
2424:Prohyrax
2078:Mammalia
2072:Chordata
2070:Phylum:
2066:Animalia
1992:17516441
1942:55801049
1868:18502464
1833:79838746
1796:(1888).
1759:23565143
1711:PLOS ONE
1698:38855496
1672:17 March
1624:(2005).
1607:12974759
1546:25295875
1506:PLOS ONE
1315:27396988
1199:27384169
1159:PLOS ONE
919:Unalaska
836:skeleton
793:seagrass
775:dugongid
741:through
668:isotopes
626:littoral
605:clavicle
586:bunodont
429:Rupelian
335:Family β
302:Hay 1923
253:Family β
211:Mammalia
201:Chordata
197:Phylum:
191:Animalia
177:Domain:
2844:4472170
2731:dugongs
2725:Sirenia
2714:Sirenia
2516:Ashoroa
2142:Ocepeia
2076:Class:
2014:16 June
1947:15 June
1911:3474601
1813:Bibcode
1750:3615000
1719:Bibcode
1667:7812089
1537:4189980
1514:Bibcode
1390:in the
1339:Bibcode
1306:5108153
1190:4934866
1167:Bibcode
763:Miocene
731:fossils
705:Habitat
609:sternum
599:In the
558:rostrum
519:Ashoroa
451:Sirenia
433:Miocene
414:extinct
350:Ashoroa
227:Order:
207:Class:
44:Miocene
1990:
1982:
1940:
1930:
1909:
1866:
1839:
1831:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1696:
1665:
1605:
1544:
1534:
1376:51β114
1313:
1303:
1197:
1187:
969:Order
949:et al.
944:Oregon
745:, the
743:Russia
661:orbits
603:, the
534:, (D)
528:, (C)
522:, (B)
492:order
473:Tethys
410:stylos
404:δΡΟΞΌΞ¬
400:(from
2870:36955
2857:11066
2852:IRMNG
2831:38278
1837:S2CID
1801:(PDF)
1663:S2CID
1633:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1470:(PDF)
942:from
876:molar
739:Japan
657:nares
466:clade
417:order
406:desma
402:Greek
2733:and
2723:see
2694:see
2016:2013
1988:PMID
1980:OCLC
1949:2013
1938:OCLC
1928:ISBN
1907:OCLC
1864:OCLC
1848:2013
1829:OCLC
1755:PMID
1737:OCLC
1694:OCLC
1674:2013
1614:2013
1603:OCLC
1542:PMID
1493:2014
1311:PMID
1240:2015
1195:PMID
851:The
811:and
789:kelp
715:and
693:and
655:The
584:and
453:and
396:The
57:Preκ
2839:EoL
1970:doi
1966:290
1887:117
1821:doi
1745:PMC
1727:doi
1653:hdl
1645:doi
1595:doi
1567:doi
1532:PMC
1522:doi
1478:521
1347:doi
1335:471
1301:PMC
1293:doi
1289:229
1185:PMC
1175:doi
637:.)
500:or
439:) (
419:of
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2593:β
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2450:β
2370:β
2326:β
2282:β
2267:β
2257:β
2247:β
2237:β
2227:β
2217:β
2207:β
2197:β
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112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
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67:O
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