1109:
895:). Pamheiba has a fascinating and somewhat mysterious background that intertwines with Naga society and Manipuri royal customs. Raised by a Naga Chief amidst the Naga community, Gharib Niwaz's affinity for Naga customs and attire persisted even after his coronation, where he donned a Naga robe, endearing him to the Nagas who finally found a king of their own. However, historical accounts diverge on his parentage, with British writers suggesting he was the son of a Naga, while local anecdotes hint at royal lineage. Legends speak of a clandestine birth to Queen Nungshel Chaibi, who, fearing the royal custom of only allowing heirs born to the chief queen to survive, sent Gharib Niwaz to be raised by a Naga Chief. Another version suggests he was hidden from a prophecy of patricide, his true identity revealed years later. Eventually, Gharib Niwaz returned to the royal palace, where his true parentage was disclosed, leading to his recognition as the heir to the throne. After converting to Hinduism Pamheiba took the Persianate name
1665:... One remains entirely ignorant about the indigenous culture of Manipur prior to the Vaishnavite movement of the eighteenth century, which was strongly propagated by ruling monarchs like Garib Niwaz (1709–48) and Bhagyachandra (1763–98). ... In this context, it should be acknowledged that the proselytizing of Hinduism as a state religion, particularly in the reign of Garib Niwaz, was blatantly aggressive. It involved such measures as the destruction of the traditional lai (gods), the burning of ancient manuscripts, the banning of the Meithei script and its replacement by the Bengali script, the introduction of the Hindu calendar and system of gotras (enforcement of Hindu dietary laws), and the sanctification of the first recorded instances in Manipuri history of sati. ...
1014:
eventually repelling the
Tripuris and forcing them out of Manipur by June 1723. King Dharma Manikya of Tripura formed an alliance with the Burmese. Two forces, totaling 30,000 men, attacked Manipur from different directions. The Manipuris faced challenges but ultimately triumphed, winning battles against both the Burmese and Tripuris in a series of engagements. King Gharib Niwaz launched a retaliatory invasion against Tripura, led by his son Khamlang Pamsapa and Guru Santa Das Gosai. While peace was initially achieved through diplomacy, Gharib Niwaz later overran Tripura in 1734 CE, assuming the title of 'Takhen Ngampa' or Victor of Tripura. In Pamheiba's Tripura campaign, 1100 prisoners were captured, who were absorbed into the Meitei community.
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533:
1055:, named Mangdra, sent an emissary to King Pamheiba's court, expressing a sincere desire for a matrimonial alliance. Mangdra specifically requested Princess Satyamala's hand in marriage and invited Pamheiba to visit Ava. Pamheiba, considering the sincerity of the request, agreed and crossed the Irawaddy river. Upon reaching Ava, he learned that Mangdra sought Manipur's friendship to strengthen his forces against the
812:
Burmese forces, showcases Garib Niwaz's strategic brilliance and the enduring impact of his military successes. Under his rule, the
Manipuri empire reached unprecedented heights, solidifying its dominance in South-East Asia and leaving an indelible mark on the region's history. According to historian
947:
The conflict between the
Kingdom of Manipur and the Kingdom of Burma, also known as Awa, was sparked by a series of events rooted in familial ties and political grievances. Following the demotion of his sister, who was married to the Burmese King as Awa-Leima, Manipur King Charairongba harbored deep
1026:
declared independence from
Manipur. It took 7 years to crush them along with Chanta, Mwang and tongmon Nammon. In 1717–18, the Manipur king led his forces against the Samjok Shans, known as Panga, who were descendants of the Awa ruler of the Pagan Dynasty. He devastated Chanta, a village supplying
811:
Garib Niwaz's military endeavors went beyond defense, with offensive campaigns against
Tripuris in 1727 and 1733, and multiple invasions into Burma from 1724 to 1741. The conquest of Saigang city on the Irrawaddy in 1738 highlighted his military prowess. His legacy, marked by tales of triumph over
807:
In the early years of his rule (1710–1717 CE), Garib Niwaz focused on consolidating his empire and engaging in military expeditions, including a notable victory in 1714 when his forces, disguised as a marriage party, defeated
Burmese troops at the confluence of Chindwin and Ru Rivers. As conflicts
1013:
of
Tripura dispatched Commander Satrajit Narayan to invade Manipur. Satrajit Narayan's invasion saw initial success, capturing seven posts and defeating the Manipuri army led by Pamon Hanchpa and Naharup Sanglen Rakpa. King Gharib Niwaz responded by sending reinforcements under Akong Haopamcha,
1067:
Gharib Niwaz and his eldest son Sham Shai went to Burma to settle some political affairs there, his second son, Ajit Shai suspecting that his father intended to place Sham Shai to the throne of
Manipur, secretly organized the murder of both of them on their way back to Manipur.
1027:
food to Samjok, and pursued and killed its fleeing inhabitants. Afterward, he attacked Samjok, cutting off its supply lines. Starved and desperate, the Samjok people surrendered to the
Manipur king, who agreed to feed them but took their chief and son as captives.
952:
emissaries, arrived in
Manipur seeking a Meitei princess's hand in marriage. Despite King Garibaniwaz's courteous reception, the presence of the Samsok people further fueled his anger, setting the stage for further hostilities between the two kingdoms.
1059:. In response, Pamheiba crossed Irawaddy river and assaulted the Mons where he captured two prominent chiefs of Mons, destroyed the revolting Mons of Koi, he also presented several chopped heads of Mon rebels to his son-in-law king Mangdra.
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1038:
requested Manipur to help them. The envoys from Pong returned to their country after about 19 days. Pamheiba started for Burma to invade Sagaing. After the Battle of Sagaing, Pamheiba made the elder brother of the king of Pong king.
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with the expanding Burmese empire intensified, Garib Niwaz achieved significant military triumphs, such as defeating Burmese forces at Shan villages and successfully defending against Burmese and Tripuri attacks in 1723.
980:
district and carried off loot, cattle and a thousand people. In 1737, Pamheiba again invaded Burma, killed two-thirds of a royal levy, including commander, who came to oppose the invading Manipuris, and swept down to
1209:
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resentment. Before his demise, he tasked his son Pamheiba (Garibaniwaz) with avenging this slight against their family. The tensions escalated when a delegation from Burma, accompanied by
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After the advent of Hinduism some 300 years ago during the reign of King Pamheiba (latter known as King Garib Niwaz after adopting Hinduism in 1717 AD)...
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816:, during the reign of Garib Niwaz, the Manipuri empire achieved the peak of its power and consolidation in the contemporary South-East Asian region.
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Council; the old door-leaves of the pagoda's eastern gateway show a gash made by the sword of Maharaj Pamheiba when he was forcing an entrance.
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in 1710. Later during his reign, Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion, and converted nearly all the Meitei people to Hinduism.
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Garibniwaz Meithei name : Pamheiba Hindu name : Gopal Singh Reign name : Mayamba ('the elder brother')
1650:
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as the state religion of his kingdom (1717) and changed the name of the kingdom from "Kangleipaak" to the Sanskrit
587:
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to the Persianate "Gharib Niwaz". During most of his reign he was engaged in warfare against the weakened Burmese
1838:
1678:
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in Shwebo district, burning everything they met. Again in 1738, Manipuris went and camped in Thalunbyu west of
853:
564:
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215:
968:. The Burmese sent an expedition in revenge, but it was ambushed in the swamps near Heirok, southwest of
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1713:
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there can be little doubt that the word Gharib Niwaz used by Pamheiba belongs to the Persian vocabulary.
1330:
884:
419:
266:
173:
101:
1499:
1868:
1863:
1271:
The Resilience of Indigenous Religion: A Struggle for Survival of Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak in Manipur
997:, slaughtering the Burmese troops like cattle in a pen and killing the commandant, a minister of the
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609:
1089:
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Meitei king Pamheiba (also known as Garib Niwaz) maintained the most cordial hill plain relations.
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Instead of a princess, the King of Burma was met by cavalry, led by Pamheiba that massacred the
1783:
1773:
1717:
1684:
1654:
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Garibaniwaz (Pamheiba): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709–1748)
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326:
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Garbaniwaz (Pamheiba): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709–1748)
1326:
Countering Displacements: The Creativity and Resilience of Indigenous and Refugee-ed Peoples
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864:
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Coleman, Daniel; Glanville, Erin Goheen; Hasan, Wafaa; Kramer-Hamstra, Agnes (2012).
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524:
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356:
236:
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Pamheiba had eight wives, and a large number of sons and daughters. His eldest son,
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His reign lasted 39 years. During that time, the realm of Manipur extended from the
346:
316:
1427:
Manipur's imperial moment: When King Gharib Nawaz spread Hinduism, conquered Burma
1777:
1782:. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132.
1762:
1539:
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1035:
1239:
Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India
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1023:
949:
682:
366:
88:
1820:
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457:
286:
246:
111:
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Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages of India: Science History and Culture
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The Meitei king Pamheiba had a special department for the hill people. ...
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in the west. At some points during his reign, his realm extended into the
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276:
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226:
48:
44:
17:
1810:
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998:
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969:
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158:
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Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization
1077:
977:
965:
912:
469:
972:, and losing heavily retreated in haste. In 1735, Pamheiba invaded
973:
957:
925:
1710:
An Imperial Crisis in British India: The Manipur Uprising of 1891
1161:
Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography
990:
1756:(2nd ed.), Calcutta: A. Mukherjee – via archive.org
1500:
Garib Niwaz: Wars and Religious Policy in 18th Century Manipur
961:
1112:
Meitei Royal Family Tree of King Pamheiba (alias Garib Niwaz)
788:, ruling from c. 1709 until his death in 1751. He introduced
1767:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd – via archive.org.
1453:
The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (from 1666 CE to 1850 CE)
1764:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
931:
Sphere of influence of Maharaja Garib Niwaz of Manipur.
858:
796:(1724). He changed his royal name from his birth name
989:, burnt every house and monastery up to the walls of
891:("king") on 28 August 1709 (the 23rd of Thawan, 1631
878:
1774:"Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation"
838:
187:
179:
169:
157:
143:
131:
121:
117:
107:
97:
87:
79:
72:
34:
1092:who succeeded in converting the King from the old
1076:During the early 18th century, Hindu priests from
1745:. Vol. 2. Guwahati: Publication Board Assam.
1164:. Mittal Publications. pp. 13, 28, 69, 250.
1753:The Eastern Frontier of British India, 1784–1826
1626:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1030:On account of rise of Burmese Kingdom, the Shan
1680:Cultural Forms and Practices in Northeast India
1558:History of Manipur by Gangmumei Kabui Volume 1
1124:, who came to power after Pamheiba's grandson
1455:. Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 59.
883:) was born on 23 December 1690 in Manipur to
742:
497:
8:
1741:Barpujari, HK (1992). Barpujari, H K (ed.).
1408:Thangal General, Charai Thangal And Pamheiba
993:, stormed the stockade built to protect the
52:
1683:. Springer Nature. pp. 112, 164, 230.
1022:With the help of Burmese, the chieftain of
1796:
1646:New Theatre Quarterly 29: Volume 8, Part 1
749:
735:
515:
504:
490:
196:
31:
1603:
1236:Subba, Tanka Bahadur; Som, Sujit (2005).
1107:
1643:Barker, Clive; Trussler, Simon (1992).
1141:
523:
442:
214:
199:
1535:
1533:
1120:, was assassinated by his younger son
140:
943:Manipuri–Burmese wars of 1717 to 1749
7:
1394:. Eastlight Book House. p. 35.
1706:"Family Tree: Descendants of Niwaz"
1214:. Mittal Publications. p. 44.
868:
1743:The Comprehensive History of Assam
1299:. Mittal Publications. p. 8.
1034:was in danger. In march 1739, the
25:
1451:Sana, Raj Kumar Somorjit (2010).
1128:. The reign was then followed by
27:King of Manipur from 1709 to 1751
1360:. Springer Nature. p. 355.
1296:Elections and political dynamics
1293:Singh, A. Prafullokumar (2009).
531:
1779:Sociology of Religion in India
1354:Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (2020).
1190:. Department of Anthropology,
848:
1:
1630:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
1080:arrived in Manipur to spread
1776:. In Rowena Robinson (ed.).
1772:Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) .
1417:Manipur Online – 13 May 2003
839:
1187:Anthropological Linguistics
879:
859:
83:1709–13 December 1751
1890:
1677:Baral, Kailash C. (2023).
1651:Cambridge University Press
1624:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
1591:A short history of Manipur
1579:A short history of Manipur
1208:Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988).
940:
829:
773:
135:13 December 1751 (aged 60)
1849:Gaudiya religious leaders
1817:
1807:
1799:
1750:Banerjee, A. C. (1946) ,
1505:27 September 2007 at the
1413:27 September 2007 at the
781:
148:
139:
41:
1716:. pp. v, viii, ix.
565:Manipur (princely state)
472:(Capital of the kingdom)
1704:Keen, Caroline (2015).
1384:Roy, Jyotirmoy (1973).
1244:Oxford University Press
960:army, and brought many
784:) was the ruler of the
703:Christianity in Manipur
460:(Symbol of the kingdom)
53:
1761:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
1392:University of Michigan
1268:Kamei, Samson (2022).
1113:
933:
921:Chittagong Hill Tracts
570:List of Manipuri kings
1803:Pitambar Charairongba
1714:Bloomsbury Publishing
1593:By R K Jhalajit Singh
1581:By R K Jhalajit Singh
1331:University of Alberta
1194:. 2005. p. 207.
1111:
929:
885:Pitambar Charairongba
443:Manipur monarchy data
267:Pitambar Charairongba
174:Pitambar Charairongba
102:Pitambar Charairongba
1859:Converts to Hinduism
1527:Harvey 1925: 208–209
1276:Taylor & Francis
1009:In April 1723, King
1854:Devotees of Krishna
1628:(Second ed.).
1616:Sheram, AK (2012).
1545:5 June 2011 at the
1158:Sen, Sipra (1992).
1118:Samjai Khurai-Lakpa
1084:. They were led by
1082:Gaudiya Vaishnavism
1049:Ningthourol lambuba
721:Politics of Manipur
519:Part of a series on
1874:Ningthouja dynasty
1540:History of Manipur
1477:History of Manipur
1439:History of Manipur
1387:History of Manipur
1192:Indiana University
1130:Ching-Thang Khomba
1114:
1088:and his associate
1086:Shantidas Adhikari
995:Kaunghmudaw Pagoda
934:
903:Military conquests
575:Ningthouja dynasty
560:History of Manipur
464:Cheitharol Kumbaba
452:Ningthouja dynasty
420:Churachandra Singh
390:Chandrakirti Singh
307:Ching-Thang Khomba
209:History of Manipur
201:Kingdom of Manipur
164:Ningthouja dynasty
1827:
1826:
1818:Succeeded by
1723:978-1-78673-987-2
1690:978-981-19-9292-6
1660:978-0-521-42940-5
1462:978-81-8465-210-9
1437:Gangmumei Kabui.
1367:978-981-15-1486-9
1340:978-0-88864-607-1
1306:978-81-8324-279-0
1285:978-1-000-82888-7
1257:978-81-250-2812-3
1221:978-81-7099-853-2
1171:978-81-7099-310-0
877:
857:
837:
759:
758:
514:
513:
478:(Royal residence)
466:(Royal chronicle)
438:
437:
430:Bodhchandra Singh
410:Kulachandra Singh
400:Surachandra Singh
327:Maduchandra Singh
195:
194:
153:
152:
149:Meidingu Pamheiba
16:(Redirected from
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1839:Kings of Manipur
1815:1720–1751
1800:Preceded by
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1182:
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1072:Religious policy
962:prisoners of war
887:and was crowned
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836:romanized:
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832:
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384:
223:
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216:Kings of Manipur
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127:23 December 1690
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1618:"Manipuri, The"
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1547:Wayback Machine
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1507:Wayback Machine
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1415:Wayback Machine
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1333:. p. 130.
1322:
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1258:
1250:. p. 233.
1235:
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1207:
1206:
1202:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1157:
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1094:Meitei religion
1074:
1065:
1045:
1032:Kingdom of Pong
1020:
1007:
945:
939:
911:in the east to
909:Irrawaddy River
905:
830:
822:
802:Toungoo Dynasty
786:Manipur Kingdom
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665:Burmese Meiteis
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382:
126:
74:King of Manipur
65:Manipur kingdom
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5:
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1844:Hindu monarchs
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1653:. p. 12.
1635:
1622:Islam, Sirajul
1608:
1604:Barpujari 1992
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1551:
1549:– IIT Guwahati
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1278:. p. 34.
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1090:Guru Gopal Das
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1011:Dharma Manikya
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941:Main article:
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40:
33:
30:
19:
1808:
1778:
1763:
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1742:
1735:Bibliography
1709:
1699:
1679:
1672:
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1509:KanglaOnline
1495:
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1115:
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1048:
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1021:
1008:
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946:
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906:
897:Gharib Nawaz
896:
888:
823:
810:
806:
797:
793:
765:
762:Gharib Niwaz
761:
760:
625:Architecture
347:Marjit Singh
317:Rohinchandra
42:
37:Gharib Niwaz
29:
1869:1751 deaths
1864:1690 births
1479:. pp. 30–32
1098:Vaishnavism
1053:king of Ava
1018:Shan States
860:Gopal Singh
782:Gopal Singh
693:Vaishnavism
98:Predecessor
1833:Categories
1136:References
1024:Hsawnghsup
849:गोपाल सिंह
824:Pamheiba (
820:Early life
774:/pāmheiba/
683:Sanamahism
605:Literature
600:Classicism
367:Nara Singh
89:Coronation
55:Kangleipak
43:Meidingu,
1821:Gaurisiam
1126:Gaurisiam
874:romanized
869:غریب نواز
854:romanized
840:Paamheiba
814:Gangmumei
550:Mythology
458:Pakhangba
434:1941–1949
424:1891–1941
414:1890–1891
404:1886–1890
394:1850–1886
371:1844–1850
361:1825–1834
351:1812–1819
341:1806–1812
331:1801–1806
321:1798–1801
311:1769–1798
301:1754–1756
291:1752–1754
287:Gaurisiam
281:1720–1751
271:1697–1709
261:1597–1652
251:1508–1512
247:Koirengba
241:1467–1508
231:1074–1112
112:Gaurisiam
108:Successor
63:for '
35:Pamheiba
1809:King of
1543:Archived
1503:Archived
1441:. p. 238
1411:Archived
893:Saka Era
889:Meidingu
845:Sanskrit
798:Pamheipa
790:Hinduism
778:Sanskrit
766:Pamheiba
715:Politics
688:Hinduism
677:Religion
635:Calendar
595:Language
555:Folklore
277:Pamheiba
257:Khagemba
227:Loiyumba
207:Part of
191:Hinduism
188:Religion
125:Pamheiba
49:Maharaja
45:Ningthou
18:Pamheiba
1811:Manipur
1122:Chitsai
1005:Tripura
999:Hluttaw
987:Sagaing
983:Tabayin
970:Thoubal
958:Burmese
917:Tripura
876::
865:Persian
856::
794:Manipur
630:Cuisine
588:Culture
543:History
297:Chitsai
1786:
1720:
1687:
1657:
1459:
1364:
1337:
1303:
1282:
1254:
1218:
1168:
1104:Family
1078:Sylhet
1051:, the
978:Shwebo
966:Imphal
950:Samsok
913:Cachar
831:ꯄꯥꯝꯍꯩꯕ
826:Meitei
770:Meitei
764:(born
653:People
640:Cinema
620:Script
470:Imphal
180:Mother
170:Father
67:')
61:Meitei
47:&
1620:. In
1606::386)
1063:Death
1036:Shans
974:Myedu
937:Burma
698:Islam
615:Dance
383:–1850
159:House
144:Names
80:Reign
1784:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1057:Mons
915:and
610:Arts
381:1850
132:Died
122:Born
93:1720
1096:to
1043:Mon
991:Ava
976:in
964:to
899:.
51:of
1835::
1712:.
1708:.
1663:.
1649:.
1532:^
1390:.
1370:.
1329:.
1309:.
1274:.
1260:.
1246:.
1242:.
1144:^
1132:.
923:.
871:,
867::
863:,
851:,
847::
843:,
834:,
828::
804:.
780::
776:,
772::
1792:.
1726:.
1693:.
1632:.
1602:(
1465:.
1343:.
1291:—
1288:.
1266:—
1234:—
1224:.
1174:.
750:e
743:t
736:v
505:e
498:t
491:v
59:(
20:)
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