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agriculture villages. Therefore, it is suggested that the habitation area of the people that supported
Padanglawas culture was located elsewhere. Probably near the estuarine of Barumun and Panai river and not located near these temples. It is suggested that the center of Pannai Kingdom was located in the more fertile area and much closer to maritime trade route of Malacca Strait, which pointing into the estuarine of Panai and Barumun river.
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religious and linguistic evidence that the people of Panay island are descendants from the people of Pannai in
Sumatra as well as the people of Srivijaya ruled Borneo since there are a lot Sanskrit words in the Visayan language Visayans, even people from Panay island, used to refer to their Pre-Christian gods as "
1683:. The small kingdom repulsed any unlicensed Chinese, Indian or Arab navies that often warred in or pirated the straits of Malacca and for a small nation, they were adept at taking down armadas larger than itself. They were successful in policing and defending the straights of Malacca for the Srivijaya until the
1458:
into
Singhasari mandala orbit. Therefore, all of Dharmasraya's vassal states were also recruited within Javanese Singhasari mandala. These states includes Palembang, Teba, Kandis, Kahwas, Minangkabau, Siak, Rokan, Kampar, Pane, Kampe, Haru, Mandailing, Tamiyang, Perlak, Padang Lawas, Samudra, Lamuri,
1640:
of the
Philippines, trace their ancestry from the state of Pannai which the island of Panay is said to have been named after. The Visayans themselves being descendants of the Sri-Vijayan datus who refused to bow to the Tamil occupation of Maharajah Rajendra Chola or the Hindu rule of the Rajahs that
1737:
So, Colin concluded that the
Tagalogs and Pampangos, and other political or ethnic groups (meaning: Visayans and other relatively civilized groups), by symbols used in expressing language, by color of dress and costume, one can believe that these came from parts of Borneo and Sumatra. There is also
1687:
occurred, where in a surprise attack from behind, originating from the occupied capital, rendered the militant-state of Pannai vulnerable from an unprotected assault from the back flank. The Chola invaders eventually destroyed the state of Pannai and its surviving soldiers, royals and scholars were
1720:. The very probable proof of Sumatran origin of the Malay settlement in Panay is the account of P. Francisco Colin, S.J, a historian who came to Asia during the early years of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. The following is his personal observation recorded during his visit to Sumatra:
1728:
near Pannai), around the shore of which many and several ethnic groups settle from where, in the past, there was a forced exodus of inhabitants to sail to and to settle in various islands. One of these ethnic groups was subjugated there and they were unable to flee for various circumstances.
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Padanglawas area is a dry lowland basin with savanna-like climate. It is unlikely that this area was once support a dense habitation, and probably only used for religious purposes. Although this area is quite accessible by river or land routes, the dry climate of
Padanglawas could not support
1539:
of Java, the
Padanglawas temples are mostly neglected and in the state of ruins. There are some attempts to promote the temples as a tourism attraction, however because of its remote location and poor infrastructure, promotion and tourism activity is limited.
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was found in the main temple of
Pamutung, Padang Lawas. This bronze image demonstrate Sri Lankan style, it was presumably imported from Sri Lanka to Sumatra. This is one of a few artifacts linked to the Pannai Kingdom. This statue is now a collection of
1729:
Someone speaking
Pampango (which I heard before) found out that they were not speaking Pampango among themselves, but they (the Malays of Sumatra) donned the old Pampango ethnic costume. And when he addressed an old man among them, the replied:
1652:) oral legends recount that their 10 Datus or Datuks (in Malay) that transited from Borneo, rebelled against the Rajah named Makatunao. Thus, mirroring the situation in Pannai-proper, which fell under the Hindu Chola dynasty, to whom the
1445:
Empire dated 1365 (or 1287 Saka year). In
Nagarakretagama canto 13, Pane is mentioned as one of Sumatran kingdoms held under Majapahit influence. Javanese overlordship upon Malay states in Sumatra was probably initiated through
1631:
has raised some suggestions that the two might be related. This suggestion however, is hard to prove due to lack of historical evidences. According to Visayan legends and epics, the people of the island of
1232:
sources. The state of Pannai, with river runs through it, was mentioned in the Tanjore inscription dating from the 11th century, as one of the polity sacked by Rajendra Chola I of Chola dynasty during his
1434:). To date, Panai inscription is the only remaining local primary historical source of the kingdom. Unfortunately much of the writings in this inscription is unreadable due to its poor condition.
1414:
or a lesser king, which was posthumously dedicated in the Bahal temple. In other words, historian conclude that Pannai was probably a small kingdom ruled by a king with honorific title
1524:. These red brick structures — most of them are in ruins — was once the spiritual center of Pannai Kingdom. The most well-preserved temple within this Padanglawas temple compounds is
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may be thus considered as the successor-nation to the Pannai-state, since this previous State itself underwent dissolution after the siege and eventual annexation by the indianized
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and livestock, and might also produce gold. Only the rich and prosperous society were able to build temples like Bahal temple complex. In Armenian-language travel records,
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Historian suggests, that it is likely that the past Padang Lawas area was more fertile than it is now. Therefore the Panai Kingdom was rich in forest products, especially
824:
1478:
Historians and archaeology experts tried to locate the kingdom mentioned in these historical sources. The similar-sounding names directing them into the estuarine of
1746:, which is Hindu-Buddhist in origin. This echoes the culture of Srivijayan Pannai which is a Hindu-Buddhist fusion but albeit leaning more to the Buddhist spectrum.
1375:. The inclusion of Pannai together with other port cities being invaded during Chola campaign against Srivijaya suggested that Pannai was a member of the Srivijayan
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there are Central Panai District, Panai Hulu District and Panai Hilir District. All three are located on the east coast of Sumatra, close to the Malacca Strait.
1264:. Experts suggest that the existence of the temples is linked to the Kingdom of Pannai. The temples constitute tangible traces of Vajranaya Buddhism in Sumatra.
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regencies. Because surviving inscriptions and historical records of this period are scarce, the kingdom is among the least known political entities in
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said to have been secreted-out eastwards. The high-borne scholars, soldiers and nobles of Pannai, "fled to other islands." Some of whom, now known as
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found in India, fell after a surprise attack from the rear. Pannai did not suspect an attack from a Chola occupied Srivijaya, the mandala's capital.
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1352:. This inscription mentioned Pannai with its water ponds was among the conquered cities during Rajendra Chola I campaign against Srivijaya.
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You are descendants of the lost, that in times past left this place to settle in other lands, and nothing was heard about them again.
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set out to other islands, together with their constituent nobles, soldiers and scholars, and never again to return. The
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Other than the temple complex, some archaeological artifact has been discovered in the area. A bronze statue of Buddha
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Batan, Lampung and Barus, all were under Singhasari influence later inherited by its successor state, Majapahit.
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in Philippines. Some historians also affirm the Sumatran origin of the people of Panay, observing that the
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refers to a regional ruler, a lesser king, a vassal, or a subordinate ruler in contrast to the paramount
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The Sanskrit loan-words in Cebuano-Bisayan language and the Indian elements to Cebuano-Bisayan culture
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complex, in Padang Lawas regency, North Sumatra. The 10th line of the inscription contains the word
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Despite the lack of local historical records, on the upstream of these rivers however, 16 Buddhist
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Panay island in the Philippines is said to have been named after the state of Pannai, of which
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bronze statue from Pamutung in Padang Lawas. One of a few artifact linked to Pannai Kingdom
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1214:. Historians suggest that Pannai was probably a principality or a vassal allied under the
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confirmed Pannai as one of the Malay states targeted in Majapahit's foreign diplomacy.
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authority reported the discovery of temple compound in Padanglawas area, upstream of
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Three centuries later, the name of the kingdom reappeared in Javanese source, the
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in the inscription which probably refer to the Buddhist temple nearby, called as
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that existed between the 11th and 14th centuries. The kingdom was located on the
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Francisco Colin, S.J.; Madrid, published in 1663, from his Labor evangélica
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2114:(Segunda ediciĂłn), Manila: 1889, Tipo-LitografĂa de ChofkĂ© y C.a, p. 82.
2076:(Segunda ediciĂłn), Manila: 1889, Tipo-LitografĂa de ChofkĂ© y C.a, p. 71.
1877:"The Temples Of Bahal (Portibi): Traces of Vajranaya Buddhism in Sumatra"
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I, in Padang Lawas, North Sumatra. One of the remnants of Pannai Kingdom.
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The historical records mentioning this kingdom derived from Indian and
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1418:, which was the adherent of Buddhism. In ancient Indonesia, the title
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Pannai was a militant nation allied under the empire-mandala of the
1850:"Indonesia: Candi Portibi – A Relic of Sumatra's Buddhist Heritage"
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temples were discovered. These temples are known today as the
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Despite its rich archaeological value, unlike the popular
1482:
and also nearby Barumun River on the east coast of today
1945:
Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia
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Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia
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Francisco Colin, S.J., Labor evangélica, Madrid:1663.
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dated from 1025 and 1030. The inscription created by
1332:
The existence of this kingdom was first mentioned in
1992:
Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Nasional
1692:, settled (and the named the island after Panni) in
1585:
and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.
1509:. This vast and empty savanna-like area dotted with
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1623:The similarity of names between Pannai kingdom and
1410:indicates that there is a small kingdom ruled by a
1355:Other than Pannai, the Chola invasion also claimed
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1515:, a local name for temple, obviously derived from
2055:G. Nye Steiger, H. Otley Beyer, Conrado Benitez,
27:Buddhist kingdom in Sumatra (11th-14th centuries)
1722:
2067:
2065:
2059:, Oxford: 1929, Ginn and Company, pp. 120–121.
1190:kingdom located on the east coast of Northern
2162:
2112:Las Islas Visayas en la Época de la Conquista
2074:Las Islas Visayas en la Época de la Conquista
1908:"Melacak Jejak Kerajaan Panai di Tanah Batak"
1712:, Borneo, Celebes, Ancient Java and from the
1304:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
1156:
8:
1386:is the Panai inscription, discovered by the
2014:"Candi Bahal (Sumatra) - Kepustakaan Candi"
1871:
1869:
2348:
2188:
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2129:(Thesis). University of San Carlos, Cebu.
1382:The only local source mentioning the name
1248:Panai among ancient Melayu kingdoms realm.
1163:
1149:
117:
29:
1978:
1976:
1611:Learn how and when to remove this message
1402:by current local community. The title of
1235:campaign against the prosperous Srivijaya
1818:
1816:
1812:
1501:, a geology expert under Commission of
131:
120:
2839:14th-century disestablishments in Asia
1824:"Candi di Padang Lawas Kurang Terawat"
1394:. There is also a mention of the word
1939:Risa Herdahita Putri (16 July 2019).
1906:Risa Herdahita Putri (18 July 2019).
1280:Indian City Names and Persian Suburbs
1260:, with one specifically known as the
91:
81:
77:
7:
2834:11th-century establishments in Asia
2110:Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino,
2072:Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino,
1941:"Misteri Kerajaan Panai di Sumatra"
2809:Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia
1742:" who's root word is the Sanskrit
1679:that defended the conflict-ridden
1348:, in South India, mentioned about
1294:, namely Panai on the east coast.
1286:on the west coast of Sumatra, and
1267:The state of Pannai, according to
25:
1770:
1756:
1564:
1344:, king of Cholamandala kingdom,
1132:
142:
2829:Precolonial states of Indonesia
1441:, written by Mpu Prapanca from
1830:(in Indonesian). 17 April 2009
1556:Possible connection with Panay
845:French and British interregnum
1:
1714:Edicts of the ancient Indian
1591:or discuss the issue on the
1258:Padanglawas temple compounds
733:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
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1350:Chola invasion of Srivijaya
240:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
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2177:Former states in Indonesia
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914:United States of Indonesia
751:Chinese Kongsi federations
1237:. Three centuries later,
1065:Javanese historical texts
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40:11th century–14th century
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2125:Kuizon, Jose G. (1962).
1985:"Percandian Padanglawas"
825:Dutch East India Company
466:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
2097:"Iloilo History Part 1"
2057:A History of the Orient
1969:. University of Madras.
1965:Sastri, K.A.N. (1949).
1656:of the Visayan legend (
1735:
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2022:. Retrieved
2017:
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1996:. Retrieved
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1949:. Retrieved
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1916:. Retrieved
1911:
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1550:Tropenmuseum
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1526:Bahal temple
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1472:Bahal temple
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1080:Christianity
378:
329:Bali Kingdom
222:Buni culture
200:
185:1,000,000 BP
169:
98:14th century
88:11th century
2741: [
2724: [
2721:Negeri Soya
2707: [
2547:Tanjungpura
2527:Negara Daha
2522:Negara Dipa
2460:Riau-Lingga
2359:Dharmasraya
1796:Aru Kingdom
1791:Dharmasraya
1650:Srivijayans
1629:Philippines
1480:Panai River
1456:Dharmasraya
1361:Ilongasogam
1336:written in
1223:Dharmasraya
1200:Panai River
1045:Archaeology
1040:Agriculture
446:Aru Kingdom
171:Paleolithic
133:History of
2803:Categories
2738:Tanah Hitu
2643:West Timor
2489:Kalimantan
2455:Pagaruyung
2330:Yogyakarta
2305:Kalinyamat
2259:Singhasari
2254:Shailendra
2199:Blambangan
2024:2019-12-17
1951:2019-12-17
1918:2019-12-17
1859:2019-12-17
1807:References
1696:island in
1601:March 2024
1448:Singhasari
1316:Indosphere
1302:See also:
1216:Srivijayan
1102:Mass media
979:Reform era
959:Transition
805:Portuguese
191:Flores Man
161:Prehistory
63:Government
2814:Srivijaya
2623:Larantuka
2532:Pontianak
2450:Palembang
2394:Srivijaya
2384:Samaskuta
2325:Surakarta
2264:Srivijaya
2234:Majapahit
2219:Kahuripan
1726:Lake Toba
1677:Srivijaya
1593:talk page
1443:Majapahit
1254:Vajrayana
1225:kingdom.
1060:Education
969:New Order
737:1670–1950
727:1515–1904
313:600s–900s
303:600s–1025
293:600s–1347
283:500s–600s
273:400s-500s
263:400s–500s
216:75,000 BP
202:Neolithic
135:Indonesia
111:Indonesia
53:Religion
2788:Salawati
2661:Amanuban
2656:Amanatun
2557:Sulawesi
2507:Bulungan
2389:Sanfotsi
2224:Kalingga
2214:Janggala
1998:17 March
1750:See also
1716:emperor
1702:Visayans
1690:Suludnon
1658:Maragtas
1638:Visayans
1636:and the
1545:Amitabha
1517:Sanskrit
1497:In 1846
1428:Maharaja
1357:Malaiyur
1326:Amitabha
1239:Prapanca
1230:Javanese
1188:Buddhist
1107:Military
1085:Hinduism
1075:Buddhism
1070:Religion
1050:Currency
1033:By topic
253:350–1605
181:Java Man
152:Timeline
124:a series
122:Part of
66:Monarchy
2783:Kaimana
2760:Jailolo
2750:Ternate
2704:Huamual
2699:Honimoa
2666:Amarasi
2590:Banggai
2542:Sarawak
2470:Serdang
2445:Malacca
2440:Langkat
2403:Islamic
2364:Kantoli
2344:Sumatra
2310:Mataram
2295:Cirebon
2283:Islamic
2249:Sanjaya
2239:Mataram
2135:3061923
1886:22 July
1834:22 July
1744:Devatas
1740:Diwatas
1698:Visayas
1646:Visayan
1587:Please
1537:temples
1377:mandala
1373:Kadaram
1324:Buddha
1276:camphor
1219:mandala
1192:Sumatra
1095:Judaism
1055:Economy
1020:Bandung
1005:Jakarta
997:Regions
835:British
815:Spanish
269:Kantoli
226:400 BCE
71:History
45:Capital
2755:Tidore
2716:Loloda
2686:Maluku
2676:Wehali
2671:Sonbai
2628:Mengwi
2537:Sambas
2502:Brunei
2497:Banjar
2420:Asahan
2379:Pannai
2369:Malayu
2315:Pajang
2290:Banten
2244:Rajasa
2229:Kediri
2209:Ishana
2133:
1828:Kompas
1718:Ashoka
1521:vihara
1371:, and
1314:, and
1292:P’anis
1288:P’anes
1186:was a
1176:Pannai
126:on the
74:
48:Pannai
2775:Papua
2765:Bacan
2745:]
2728:]
2711:]
2651:Amabi
2575:Buton
2512:Kutai
2435:Johor
2430:Jambi
2374:Mauli
2300:Demak
2269:Sunda
2204:Galuh
1988:(PDF)
1694:Panay
1662:Datus
1654:Datus
1634:Panay
1625:Panay
1512:Biaro
1400:biaro
1392:Panai
1384:Panai
1338:Tamil
1284:Barus
1180:Panai
1117:Women
1112:Sport
1090:Islam
1015:Bogor
2618:Bima
2613:Bali
2595:Suai
2585:Wajo
2580:Luwu
2570:Bone
2565:Gowa
2475:Siak
2425:Deli
2410:Aceh
2184:Java
2131:OCLC
2000:2013
1888:2015
1836:2015
1710:Toba
1420:haji
1416:Haji
1412:haji
1408:kuti
1404:haji
1396:kuti
1206:and
1198:and
1184:Pane
1010:Bali
2694:Iha
2415:Aru
1450:'s
1424:aji
1422:or
1290:or
1182:or
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2743:id
2726:id
2709:id
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1975:^
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