607:; it has been shown that Paneth cells clear dying cells via apoptotic cell uptake. The phagocytic function of Paneth cells was discovered using a series of experiments, one of which made use of mice that were radiated with a low dose Cesium-137 (137Cs), mimicking chemotherapy undergone by cancer patients. These findings may be significant for addressing the side effects suffered by cancer patient whose intestinal health is damaged by chemotherapy: approximately 40% of all cancer therapy patients experience gastrointestinal (GI)
136:
323:
25:
117:
826:. As the microbiome becomes more dysbiotic, anti-inflammatory mechanisms weaken, which contributes to a cycle of increasing intestinal inflammation. The inflammation leads to a further loss in Paneth cells density and function, resulting in the impairment of AMP secretion and the destruction of the stem cell niche.
342:
Unlike the other epithelial cell types, Paneth cells migrate downward from the stem cell region and settle just adjacent to it. This close relationship to the stem cell region suggests that Paneth cells are important in defending the gland stem cells from microbial damage, although their function is
339:. There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. There are on average 5–12 Paneth cells in each small intestinal crypt.
757:
patients with a higher percentage of abnormal Paneth cells showed significantly reduced bacterial diversity compared with patients with a lower percentage of abnormal Paneth cells, reflecting a reduced abundance of anti-inflammatory microbes. Collectively, these findings support the theory that
698:
is essential for the function of Paneth cells. A defect in the Zn transporter (ZnT)2 impairs Paneth cell function by causing uncoordinated granule secretion. Mice lacking the (ZnT)2 transporter not only exhibit impaired granule secretion, they also suffer from increased inflammatory response to
326:
The gastrointestinal tract is composed of numerous cell types that are important for immune activation and barrier surface defenses. The gastrointestinal epithelium is composed of enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and stem cells. In contrast, the lamina
758:
Paneth cell dysfunction may lead to a dysbiotic microbiota that, in turn, could predispose an individual to the development of Crohn's disease. However, it is yet to be established whether Paneth cell dysfunction is the cause of dysbiosis, or its concomitant effect.
703:
is stored in the secretory granules and, upon degranulation, is released in the lumen. It has been speculated that the storage of heavy metals contributes to direct antimicrobial toxicity, as Zn is released upon cholinergic PC stimulation.
2361:
Niemarkt HJ, de Meij TG, van de Velde ME, van der Schee MP, van
Goudoever JB, Kramer BW, et al. (February 2015). "Necrotizing enterocolitis: a clinical review on diagnostic biomarkers and the role of the intestinal microbiota".
821:
The process is thought to begin when the premature infant is exposed to foreign antigens via formula feeding. Inflammatory cytokines are subsequently released, creating a more aerobic state leading to a competitive advantage for
351:
Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which are "key mediators of host-microbe interactions, including homeostatic balance with colonizing microbiota and innate immune protection from enteric pathogens."
874:
improved high-fat diet glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and was associated with an alleviation in the severity of liver steatosis in HFD mice, possibly through gut microbiome modulation involving the increase in
718:, and reverse the damage inflicted on the microbiome by excessive alcohol consumption. Dietary zinc deficiency on the other hand exacerbates the deleterious effect of alcohol on the bactericidal activity of Paneth cells.
493:. This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. Due to the higher concentration of negatively charged
1445:
Wilson CL, Ouellette AJ, Satchell DP, Ayabe T, López-Boado YS, Stratman JL, et al. (October 1999). "Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense".
858:
to induce Paneth cell regeneration, liver fibrosis is ameliorated as a result of the dysbiosis resolving. It is hypothesized that selective microbicidal activities, as well as increasing
Muribaculaceae and decreasing
774:
secretion is replaced by α-defensin secretion. The small intestine of the premature baby is at this transition stage when the baby is born, making preterm babies susceptible to intestinal injury and, subsequently, to
834:
Whereas the role of Paneth cells in irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease has received ample attention, relatively little is known about the effect Panth cell impairment has on the pathogenesis of
714:. Zinc can stabilize human α‐defensin 5 (HD5), which is responsible for microbiome homeostasis. In line with this, the administration of HD5 can effectively alter the microbiome (especially by increasing
528:). The antimicrobial activity of HD-6 consists of self-assembling into extracellular nets that entrap bacteria in the intestine and thereby preventing their translocation across the epithelial barrier.
2505:"Decreased Paneth cell α-defensins promote fibrosis in a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via disrupting intestinal microbiota"
1117:
Ireland H, Houghton C, Howard L, Winton DJ (August 2005). "Cellular inheritance of a Cre-activated reporter gene to determine Paneth cell longevity in the murine small intestine".
1481:
Ayabe T, Satchell DP, Wilson CL, Parks WC, Selsted ME, Ouellette AJ (August 2000). "Secretion of microbicidal alpha-defensins by intestinal Paneth cells in response to bacteria".
682:
Recently, however, it has been discovered that the regenerative potential of intestinal epithelial cells declines over time as a result of aged Paneth cells secreting the protein
2712:
891:
1251:
35:
896:
441:(TLR) activation which then triggers antimicrobial action. For example, research showed that in the secretory granules, murine and human Paneth cells express high levels of
303:
of the intestinal gland, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier by controlling the enteric bacteria. Therefore, Paneth cells play a role in the
591:
Not all bacteria prompts secretory autophagy: commensal bacteria, for example, does not cause Golgi breakdown and therefore does not trigger the secretory autophagy of
870:, which can disrupt cell granulates, into mice that were fed a high-fat diet in order to identify Paneth-cell-oriented microbial alterations. The application of
766:
Paneth cells develop gradually during gestation and therefore preterm babies might not have them in sufficient numbers. This leaves preterm babies vulnerable to
686:, which is an extracellular inhibitor of Wnt signaling. If Notum secretion is inhibited, the regenerative potential of the intestinal epithelium could increase.
210:
2705:
726:
Abnormal Paneth cells with reduced expression or secretion of defensins HD-5 and HD-6 (in human) and antimicrobial peptides are associated with
575:, causing an impairment in the Paneth cell secretion of antimicrobial proteins, an alternative secretion pathway exists: it has been shown that
343:
not entirely known. Furthermore, among the four aforementioned intestinal cell lineages, Paneth cells live the longest (approximately 57 days).
140:
Paneth cells, located at the base of the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa, and displaying bright red cytoplasmic granules. H&E stain.
2078:"Paneth Cell Dysfunction Mediates Alcohol-related Steatohepatitis Through Promoting Bacterial Translocation in Mice: Role of Zinc Deficiency"
450:
2698:
854:. and at least one murine model suggests that when α-defensin levels in the intestinal lumen are restored by intravenous administration of
879:
It has therefore been suggested that microbiome-targeted therapies may have a role in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
1041:
840:
551:. This battery of secretory molecules gives Paneth cells a potent arsenal against a broad spectrum of agents, including bacteria,
457:
and release of antimicrobial peptides and other secretions. Surprisingly, murine Paneth cells do not express mRNA transcripts for
217:
796:
species precedes the development of the condition. When an inflammation then subsequently occurs, nitrates can be fermented by
547:
enzyme that dissolves the cell walls of many bacteria, and phospholipase A2 is an enzyme specialized in the lysis of bacterial
2982:
1980:"ZnT2-Mediated Zinc Import Into Paneth Cell Granules Is Necessary for Coordinated Secretion and Paneth Cell Function in Mice"
836:
710:
deficiency is also implicated in alcohol‐induced Paneth cell α‐defensin dysfunction, which contributes to alcohol-related
205:
96:
2730:
367:. Paneth cells support the physical barrier of the epithelium by providing essential niche signals to their neighboring
68:
512:. HD-5 has a wide spectrum of killing activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as fungi (
43:
2824:
3148:
2881:
727:
501:, defensins preferentially bind to and disrupt bacterial cells, sparing the cells they are functioning to protect.
75:
1252:"Morphological study of the Paneth cell. Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and duodenum of man"
54:
39:
3276:
3266:
3223:
3187:
3079:
783:
776:
767:
739:
1339:"Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface"
1031:
2562:"Alleviation of Hepatic Steatosis: Dithizone-Related Gut Microbiome Restoration During Paneth Cell Dysfunction"
446:
193:
181:
571:
packaged in secretory granules and released to the extracellular space. Should invasive pathogens disrupt the
82:
3153:
3084:
2722:
1526:"Paneth cell α-defensins HD-5 and HD-6 display differential degradation into active antimicrobial fragments"
628:
779:. It should furthermore be noted that early Paneth cells do not possess fully functional, mature granules.
595:. A dysfunction in secretory autophagy is thought to be a possible contriburing factor to Crohn's disease.
368:
3108:
544:
407:
403:
135:
273:
3237:
3022:
624:
250:
64:
1805:
Shankman LS, Fleury ST, Evans WB, Penberthy KK, Arandjelovic S, Blumberg RS, et al. (June 2021).
198:
3271:
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2920:
2516:
2138:
1818:
1761:
1537:
1350:
458:
442:
304:
882:
Further research is needed to elucidate the connection between Paneth cells and the gut-liver-axis.
749:
It is believed that the dysfunction of Paneth cells compromises antimicrobial peptides leading to a
2969:
1750:"Paneth cells secrete lysozyme via secretory autophagy during bacterial infection of the intestine"
266:
2322:"Examining the role of Paneth cells in the small intestine by lineage ablation in transgenic mice"
2125:
Wehkamp J, Salzman NH, Porter E, Nuding S, Weichenthal M, Petras RE, et al. (December 2005).
3159:
2754:
2678:
2641:
2387:
1960:
1506:
1319:
1142:
1007:
798:
792:
611:
during their treatment, with the number jumping to 80% in patients receiving abdominal or pelvic
438:
411:
258:
944:
754:
731:
917:
2670:
2633:
2593:
2542:
2485:
2436:
2379:
2343:
2302:
2253:
2204:
2187:
Salzman NH, Bevins CL (November 2013). "Dysbiosis--a consequence of Paneth cell dysfunction".
2166:
2107:
2058:
2009:
1952:
1893:
1844:
1787:
1730:
1672:
1614:
1565:
1498:
1463:
1427:
1378:
1311:
1271:
1232:
1180:
1134:
1099:
1037:
999:
419:
415:
364:
336:
322:
262:
2456:"Bile acid toxicity in Paneth cells contributes to gut dysbiosis induced by high-fat feeding"
1911:
Pentinmikko N, Iqbal S, Mana M, Andersson S, Cognetta AB, Suciu RM, et al. (July 2019).
1583:
Schroeder BO, Ehmann D, Precht JC, Castillo PA, Küchler R, Berger J, et al. (May 2015).
3245:
3207:
3121:
3116:
3063:
2916:
2776:
2690:
2662:
2625:
2583:
2573:
2532:
2524:
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2467:
2426:
2418:
2371:
2333:
2292:
2284:
2243:
2235:
2196:
2156:
2146:
2097:
2089:
2048:
2040:
1999:
1991:
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1932:
1924:
1883:
1875:
1834:
1826:
1777:
1769:
1720:
1710:
1662:
1654:
1604:
1596:
1555:
1545:
1524:
Ehmann D, Wendler J, Koeninger L, Larsen IS, Klag T, Berger J, et al. (February 2019).
1490:
1455:
1417:
1409:
1396:
Rumio C, Besusso D, Palazzo M, Selleri S, Sfondrini L, Dubini F, et al. (August 2004).
1368:
1358:
1303:
1263:
1222:
1214:
1172:
1126:
1089:
1081:
989:
981:
734:-risk alleles are associated with Paneth cell dysfunction are involved in processes such as
536:
360:
2503:
Nakamura S, Nakamura K, Yokoi Y, Shimizu Y, Ohira S, Hagiwara M, et al. (March 2023).
430:
normally preceding the arrival of food which potentially may contain a new bacterial load.
2940:
1176:
802:
sp. but not by obligate anaerobes, which cannot use nitrates as a growth substrate. Thus,
711:
588:
584:
572:
568:
332:
300:
154:
89:
2520:
2142:
1822:
1765:
1541:
1354:
583:. In secretory autophagy, cargo is transported in an LC3+ vesicle and discharged at the
3089:
2935:
2746:
2588:
2561:
2537:
2504:
2480:
2455:
2431:
2406:
2297:
2272:
2248:
2223:
2161:
2126:
2102:
2077:
2053:
2028:
2004:
1979:
1947:
1912:
1888:
1863:
1839:
1806:
1782:
1749:
1725:
1698:
1667:
1642:
1609:
1584:
1560:
1525:
1422:
1397:
1373:
1338:
1267:
1227:
1202:
1163:
Clevers HC, Bevins CL (2013). "Paneth cells: maestros of the small intestinal crypts".
1094:
1069:
994:
969:
847:
823:
803:
787:
656:
652:
490:
470:
1913:"Notum produced by Paneth cells attenuates regeneration of aged intestinal epithelium"
1413:
3260:
2783:
2766:
1964:
1011:
743:
498:
486:
454:
311:
2682:
2391:
1510:
1323:
1146:
327:
propria is composed of immune cells such as dendric cells, T cells, and macrophages.
2888:
2855:
2845:
2771:
2645:
813:
771:
683:
660:
548:
494:
270:
242:
453:
typical for bacterial DNA. Internalizing these PAMPs and activating TLR9 leads to
2629:
2422:
2375:
2191:. Microbiota and the immune system, an amazing mutualism forged by co-evolution.
1748:
Bel S, Pendse M, Wang Y, Li Y, Ruhn KA, Hassell B, et al. (September 2017).
1658:
1459:
186:
3144:
3043:
2788:
2454:
Zhou H, Zhou SY, Gillilland M, Li JY, Lee A, Gao J, et al. (October 2020).
2029:"Paneth cells as the cornerstones of intestinal and organismal health: a primer"
1995:
1643:"Implications of Paneth cell dysfunction on gastrointestinal health and disease"
1218:
970:"Paneth cells as the cornerstones of intestinal and organismal health: a primer"
855:
612:
482:
427:
246:
2560:
Zhang S, Tun HM, Zhang D, Chau HT, Huang FY, Kwok H, et al. (2022-02-25).
2528:
2471:
2222:
Liu TC, Gurram B, Baldridge MT, Head R, Lam V, Luo C, et al. (June 2016).
2200:
2131:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1530:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1343:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
635:
necessary for epithelium cell renewal. They express the canonical Wnt ligands:
3169:
3094:
2893:
2814:
2578:
2239:
1928:
1830:
808:
806:
are able to use this selective pressure to out-compete the obligate anaerobic
750:
676:
632:
604:
387:
376:
372:
356:
238:
157:
2407:"Paneth Cell Alterations in the Development and Phenotype of Crohn's Disease"
2338:
2321:
1879:
1715:
1203:"Secretory Sorcery: Paneth Cell Control of Intestinal Repair and Homeostasis"
3164:
3027:
2876:
2151:
2044:
1773:
1550:
1363:
1085:
985:
871:
867:
851:
735:
699:
lipopolysaccharide and are less capable of bactericidal activity. Normally,
608:
580:
567:
During conventional protein secretion, proteins are transported through the
383:
277:
2674:
2637:
2597:
2546:
2489:
2440:
2383:
2306:
2257:
2208:
2170:
2111:
2062:
2013:
1956:
1897:
1848:
1791:
1734:
1699:"The Paneth Cell: The Curator and Defender of the Immature Small Intestine"
1676:
1618:
1569:
1502:
1467:
1431:
1382:
1337:
Vaishnava S, Behrendt CL, Ismail AS, Eckmann L, Hooper LV (December 2008).
1315:
1236:
1184:
1138:
1103:
1003:
2653:
Ganz T (August 2000). "Paneth cells--guardians of the gut cell hatchery".
2347:
2288:
1294:
Ganz T (August 2000). "Paneth cells--guardians of the gut cell hatchery".
2973:
2952:
2819:
1937:
1275:
648:
592:
576:
532:
478:
474:
399:
296:
292:
284:
1600:
223:
2864:
1130:
672:
668:
423:
299:) that are known to be important in immunity and host-defense into the
288:
53:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
2093:
1978:
Podany AB, Wright J, Lamendella R, Soybel DI, Kelleher SL (May 2016).
1070:"Paneth cells: their role in innate immunity and inflammatory disease"
2999:
2957:
2869:
2840:
2759:
2076:
Zhong W, Wei X, Hao L, Lin TD, Yue R, Sun X, et al. (May 2020).
2320:
Garabedian EM, Roberts LJ, McNevin MS, Gordon JI (September 1997).
2224:"Paneth cell defects in Crohn's disease patients promote dysbiosis"
2994:
2796:
2666:
1494:
1307:
846:
Murine models indicate that obesity may decrease the secretion of
644:
640:
636:
556:
552:
540:
509:
505:
434:
254:
169:
659:
signaling. Paneth cells are also a major source of Notch ligands
291:, Paneth cells secrete several anti-microbial compounds (notably
3202:
707:
700:
695:
664:
2694:
1864:"Radiation enteropathy--pathogenesis, treatment and prevention"
770:. About mid-way though the development of the small intestine,
603:
Paneth cells maintain the health of the intestine by acting as
2273:"Innate Immunity in the Small Intestine of the Preterm Infant"
2127:"Reduced Paneth cell alpha-defensins in ileal Crohn's disease"
18:
1585:"Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptide"
1033:
Nutrition in
Pediatrics: Basic Science, Clinical Applications
469:
The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are
631:, which regulate proliferation of intestinal stem cells and
786:
remains unclear, but it has been theorized that a bloom of
818:, resulting in their overgrowth and consequent dysbiosis.
261:. They are located below the intestinal stem cells in the
2027:
Wallaeys C, Garcia-Gonzalez N, Libert C (February 2023).
968:
Wallaeys C, Garcia-Gonzalez N, Libert C (December 2022).
375:
is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal
1398:"Degranulation of paneth cells via toll-like receptor 9"
50:
1984:
Cellular and
Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1862:
Hauer-Jensen M, Denham JW, Andreyev HJ (August 2014).
1207:
Cellular and
Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
485:
and positively charged domains that can interact with
310:
Paneth cells are named after 19th-century pathologist
2616:
Ganz T (October 1999). "Defensins and host defense".
892:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
531:
Human Paneth cells also produce other AMPs including
16:
Anti-microbial epithelial cell of the small intestine
1807:"Efferocytosis by Paneth cells within the intestine"
504:
Human Paneth cells produce two α-defensins known as
3236:
3216:
3195:
3186:
3137:
3130:
3107:
3072:
3056:
3036:
3010:
2968:
2928:
2915:
2908:
2854:
2833:
2807:
2745:
2738:
2729:
897:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
204:
192:
180:
168:
163:
150:
145:
128:
1868:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2182:
2180:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1063:
1061:
1059:
863:, contribute to amelioration in fibrogenesis.
451:pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
379:, in which Paneth cells play a critical role.
49:Please review the contents of the article and
2706:
2405:Stappenbeck TS, McGovern DP (February 2017).
8:
1289:
1287:
1285:
939:
937:
651:receptors on intestinal stem cells to drive
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1196:
1194:
1025:
1023:
1021:
3192:
3134:
2925:
2912:
2742:
2735:
2713:
2699:
2691:
2271:McElroy SJ, Weitkamp JH (September 2011).
134:
2587:
2577:
2536:
2479:
2430:
2337:
2296:
2247:
2160:
2150:
2101:
2052:
2003:
1946:
1936:
1887:
1838:
1781:
1724:
1714:
1666:
1608:
1559:
1549:
1421:
1372:
1362:
1226:
1093:
993:
782:The mechanism that links Paneth cells to
1030:Duggan C, Watkins JB, Walker WA (2008).
321:
1201:Cray P, Sheahan BJ, Dekaney CM (2021).
1068:Elphick DA, Mahida YR (December 2005).
908:
753:composition shift, and even dysbiosis.
541:regenerating islet-derived protein IIIA
398:Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete
730:. In addition to that, several of the
410:types), or such bacterial products as
371:. Protection and stimulation of these
331:Paneth cells are found throughout the
221:
125:
1177:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183744
866:One study described the injection of
7:
1158:
1156:
335:and the appendix at the base of the
2326:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1647:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
1641:Lee VH, Gulati AS (November 2022).
449:and unmethylated oligonucleotides,
359:that serve to constantly replenish
1268:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1977.tb00185.x
579:can be rerouted through secretory
386:secretion, that is, secretion via
14:
1402:The American Journal of Pathology
841:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
830:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
237:are cells in the small intestine
1697:Lueschow SR, McElroy SJ (2020).
623:Paneth cells participate in the
433:Paneth cells sense bacteria via
253:. Some can also be found in the
218:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
115:
23:
402:when exposed to bacteria (both
363:that die and are lost from the
945:"Paneth's cell | anatomy"
850:from Paneth cells, leading to
837:non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis
426:. They are also stimulated by
355:Small intestinal crypts house
51:add the appropriate references
1:
2929:Bile and pancreatic secretion
1414:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63304-4
694:It has been established that
675:on intestinal stem cells and
667:, binding to Notch receptors
506:human α-defensin HD-5 (DEFA5)
497:in bacterial than vertebrate
2630:10.1126/science.286.5439.420
2423:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.003
2376:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000184
1659:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000887
1460:10.1126/science.286.5437.113
1036:. B.C. Decker. p. 244.
2364:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
1996:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.006
1219:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006
1165:Annual Review of Physiology
36:reliable medical references
3293:
3149:Interstitial cell of Cajal
2529:10.1038/s41598-023-30997-y
2472:10.1172/jci.insight.138881
2201:10.1016/j.smim.2013.09.006
728:inflammatory bowel disease
276:that occupy most of their
3224:Enterohepatic circulation
3080:Segmentation contractions
2579:10.3389/fmicb.2022.813783
2566:Frontiers in Microbiology
2240:10.1172/jci.insight.86907
1929:10.1038/s41586-019-1383-0
1831:10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.055
784:necrotizing enterocolitis
777:necrotizing enterocolitis
768:necrotizing enterocolitis
762:Necrotizing enterocolitis
740:unfolded protein response
216:
133:
42:or relies too heavily on
2339:10.1074/jbc.272.38.23729
1880:10.1038/nrgastro.2014.46
1716:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00587
790:and, more specifically,
742:, and the regulation of
716:Akkermansia muciniphila)
629:Notch signalling pathway
555:and even some enveloped
465:Antimicrobial secretions
3154:Basal electrical rhythm
3085:Migrating motor complex
2723:gastrointestinal system
2152:10.1073/pnas.0505256102
2045:10.15252/emmm.202216427
2033:EMBO Molecular Medicine
1774:10.1126/science.aal4677
1703:Frontiers in Immunology
1551:10.1073/pnas.1817376116
1364:10.1073/pnas.0808723105
1086:10.1136/gut.2005.068601
986:10.15252/emmm.202216427
974:EMBO Molecular Medicine
265:(also called crypts of
3109:Enteric nervous system
2189:Seminars in Immunology
1119:Developmental Dynamics
918:"Go to Cells-Talk.com"
619:Epithelium maintenance
522:Salmonella typhimurium
514:Listeria monocytogenes
328:
3023:Enterochromaffin cell
3018:Enteroendocrine cells
2289:10.1542/neo.12-9-e517
922:Copewithcytokines.org
722:Clinical significance
625:Wnt signaling pathway
587:, thus bypassing the
473:, which are known as
428:cholinergic signaling
382:Paneth cells display
369:intestinal stem cells
325:
251:enteroendocrine cells
3011:Endocrine cell types
1817:(11): 2469–2476.e5.
1250:Matsubara F (1977).
305:innate immune system
3037:Exocrine cell types
2970:Glucose homeostasis
2521:2023NatSR..13.3953N
2332:(38): 23729–23740.
2143:2005PNAS..10218129W
2137:(50): 18129–18134.
1823:2021CBio...31E2469S
1766:2017Sci...357.1047B
1760:(6355): 1047–1052.
1601:10.1038/mi.2014.100
1542:2019PNAS..116.3746E
1355:2008PNAS..10520858V
1349:(52): 20858–20863.
599:Phagocytic function
563:Secretory autophagy
274:refractile granules
175:cellula panethensis
3160:Gastrocolic reflex
2721:Physiology of the
2509:Scientific Reports
1589:Mucosal Immunology
1131:10.1002/dvdy.20446
799:Enterobacteriaceae
793:Enterobacteriaceae
439:toll-like receptor
412:lipopolysaccharide
394:Sensing microbiota
329:
199:H3.04.03.0.00017
3254:
3253:
3232:
3231:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3117:Submucous plexus
3103:
3102:
3052:
3051:
2904:
2903:
2655:Nature Immunology
2624:(5439): 420–421.
2094:10.1002/hep.30945
1923:(7765): 398–402.
1483:Nature Immunology
1454:(5437): 113–117.
1296:Nature Immunology
1080:(12): 1802–1809.
589:ER-Golgi complex.
543:. Lysozyme is an
420:muramyl dipeptide
416:lipoteichoic acid
337:intestinal glands
263:intestinal glands
232:
231:
227:
124:
123:
100:
3284:
3277:Gastroenterology
3267:Epithelial cells
3246:Peritoneal fluid
3208:Pancreatic juice
3193:
3135:
3122:Myenteric plexus
3064:Intestinal juice
2926:
2913:
2825:Gastric emptying
2777:Intrinsic factor
2743:
2736:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2649:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2411:Gastroenterology
2402:
2396:
2395:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2283:(9): e517–e526.
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2088:(5): 1575–1591.
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1940:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1638:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1536:(9): 3746–3751.
1521:
1515:
1514:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1213:(4): 1239–1250.
1198:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1125:(4): 1332–1336.
1114:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1027:
1016:
1015:
997:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
941:
932:
931:
929:
928:
913:
647:, which bind to
569:ER-Golgi complex
537:phospholipase A2
518:Escherichia coli
445:. TLR9 react to
361:epithelial cells
283:When exposed to
269:) and the large
224:edit on Wikidata
138:
126:
119:
118:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
27:
26:
19:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3228:
3212:
3174:
3126:
3099:
3068:
3048:
3032:
3006:
2964:
2941:Cholecystokinin
2900:
2850:
2829:
2803:
2792:
2725:
2719:
2689:
2652:
2615:
2611:
2609:Further reading
2606:
2605:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1811:Current Biology
1804:
1803:
1799:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1640:
1639:
1626:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1256:Acta Pathol Jpn
1249:
1248:
1244:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1019:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
943:
942:
935:
926:
924:
915:
914:
910:
905:
888:
832:
764:
755:Crohn's disease
732:Crohn's disease
724:
712:steatohepatitis
692:
621:
601:
585:plasma membrane
573:Golgi apparatus
565:
526:andida albicans
477:in mice. These
471:alpha-defensins
467:
396:
349:
333:small intestine
320:
228:
155:Small intestine
141:
120:
116:
111:
105:
102:
59:
48:
44:primary sources
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3238:Abdominopelvic
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2936:Enterogastrone
2932:
2930:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2784:Foveolar cells
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2767:Parietal cells
2764:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2650:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2552:
2495:
2446:
2417:(2): 322–326.
2397:
2370:(2): 436–444.
2353:
2312:
2263:
2214:
2195:(5): 334–341.
2176:
2117:
2068:
2019:
1990:(3): 369–383.
1970:
1903:
1874:(8): 470–479.
1854:
1797:
1740:
1682:
1653:(6): 535–540.
1624:
1595:(3): 661–671.
1575:
1516:
1489:(2): 113–118.
1473:
1437:
1408:(2): 373–381.
1388:
1329:
1281:
1242:
1190:
1152:
1109:
1055:
1042:
1017:
960:
949:Britannica.com
933:
916:Ibelgaufts H.
907:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
894:
887:
884:
831:
828:
824:Proteobacteria
804:Proteobacteria
788:Proteobacteria
763:
760:
723:
720:
691:
688:
620:
617:
600:
597:
564:
561:
499:cell membranes
491:cell membranes
466:
463:
395:
392:
348:
345:
319:
316:
230:
229:
220:
214:
213:
208:
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
161:
160:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
122:
121:
114:
112:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3289:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
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3114:
3112:
3110:
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3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
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3009:
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2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2959:
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2947:
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2943:
2942:
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2937:
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2933:
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2927:
2924:
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2918:
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2907:
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2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
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2879:
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2875:
2871:
2868:
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2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
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2813:
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2806:
2798:
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2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
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2753:
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2741:
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2732:
2728:
2724:
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2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:10.1038/77884
2664:
2661:(2): 99–100.
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2608:
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2327:
2323:
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2308:
2304:
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2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:(8): e86907.
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
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2172:
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2163:
2158:
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2109:
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2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:(2): e16427.
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:1721.1/126506
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:10.1038/77783
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1438:
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1429:
1424:
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1411:
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1352:
1348:
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1340:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:10.1038/77884
1305:
1302:(2): 99–100.
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:(5): 677–95.
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
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1043:9781550093612
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1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
980:(2): e16427.
979:
975:
971:
964:
961:
950:
946:
940:
938:
934:
923:
919:
912:
909:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
878:
873:
869:
864:
862:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
829:
827:
825:
819:
817:
816:
815:Bacteroidetes
811:
810:
805:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
785:
780:
778:
773:
769:
761:
759:
756:
752:
747:
745:
744:mitochondrial
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
697:
689:
687:
685:
680:
679:progenitors.
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
616:
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598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:phospholipids
546:
545:antimicrobial
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
495:phospholipids
492:
488:
487:phospholipids
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
455:degranulation
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Gram-negative
405:
404:Gram positive
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
346:
344:
340:
338:
334:
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312:Joseph Paneth
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65:"Paneth cell"
62:
61:Find sources:
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41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3044:Goblet cells
2889:Somatostatin
2856:Gastric acid
2846:Gastric acid
2772:Gastric acid
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1047:. Retrieved
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952:. Retrieved
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925:. Retrieved
921:
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881:
877:Bacteroides.
876:
865:
861:Harryflintia
860:
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772:cathelicidin
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510:HD-6 (DEFA6)
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271:eosinophilic
243:goblet cells
241:, alongside
235:Paneth cells
234:
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174:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:verification
33:
3272:Human cells
3145:Peristalsis
3131:Either/both
3090:Borborygmus
2755:Chief cells
2515:(1): 3953.
2460:JCI Insight
2228:JCI Insight
1171:: 289–311.
633:enterocytes
613:irradiation
605:macrophages
483:hydrophobic
437:-dependent
247:enterocytes
164:Identifiers
129:Paneth cell
34:needs more
3261:Categories
3170:Enterocyte
3095:Defecation
2815:Swallowing
2760:Pepsinogen
2572:: 813783.
2277:NeoReviews
2082:Hepatology
1049:2016-09-17
954:2016-09-17
927:2016-09-17
903:References
856:R-Spondin1
848:α-defensin
809:Firmicutes
751:microbiota
746:function.
677:enterocyte
388:exocytosis
377:epithelium
373:stem cells
357:stem cells
267:Lieberkühn
239:epithelium
158:epithelium
106:April 2020
76:newspapers
3217:Processes
3188:Accessory
3165:Digestion
3138:Processes
3073:Processes
3028:APUD cell
2974:incretins
2921:paracrine
2917:Endocrine
2882:ECL cells
2877:Histamine
2858:secretion
2808:Processes
1965:195873343
1012:255220922
872:dithizone
868:dithizone
852:dysbiosis
736:autophagy
653:β-catenin
609:mucositis
581:autophagy
475:cryptdins
400:defensins
384:merocrine
318:Structure
293:defensins
278:cytoplasm
2953:Secretin
2820:Vomiting
2747:Exocrine
2731:GI tract
2683:36784170
2675:11248797
2638:10577203
2598:35283810
2547:36894646
2490:33055426
2441:27729212
2392:26788165
2384:25268636
2307:22639551
2258:27699268
2209:24239045
2171:16330776
2112:31520476
2063:36573340
2014:28174721
1957:31292548
1898:24686268
1849:33852873
1792:28751470
1735:32308658
1677:36165037
1619:25354318
1570:30808760
1511:23204633
1503:11248802
1468:10506557
1432:15277213
1383:19075245
1324:36784170
1316:11248797
1237:34153524
1185:23398152
1147:33953837
1139:15937933
1104:16284290
1004:36573340
886:See also
649:Frizzled
593:lysozyme
577:lysozyme
533:lysozyme
479:peptides
347:Function
297:lysozyme
289:antigens
285:bacteria
259:appendix
151:Location
3000:L cells
2988:K cells
2958:S cells
2946:I cells
2894:D cells
2870:G cells
2865:Gastrin
2646:5526644
2618:Science
2589:8914291
2538:9998432
2517:Bibcode
2481:7605541
2432:5209278
2348:9295317
2298:3359837
2249:5033844
2162:1306791
2139:Bibcode
2103:7069794
2054:9906427
2005:5042355
1948:8151802
1889:4346191
1840:8281366
1819:Bibcode
1783:5702267
1762:Bibcode
1754:Science
1726:7145889
1709:: 587.
1668:9561020
1610:4424388
1561:6397583
1538:Bibcode
1448:Science
1423:1618569
1374:2603261
1351:Bibcode
1228:8446800
1095:1774800
995:9906427
557:viruses
524:, and C
447:CpG-ODN
424:lipid A
187:D019879
146:Details
90:scholar
55:removed
3196:Fluids
3057:Fluids
2841:Saliva
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2995:GLP-1
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2797:Mucus
2739:Upper
2679:S2CID
2642:S2CID
2388:S2CID
1961:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1320:S2CID
1143:S2CID
1008:S2CID
684:Notum
645:Wnt11
641:Wnt9b
637:Wnt3a
553:fungi
481:have
435:MyD88
365:villi
301:lumen
255:cecum
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211:62897
170:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
3203:Bile
2671:PMID
2634:PMID
2594:PMID
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2254:PMID
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1312:PMID
1272:PMID
1233:PMID
1181:PMID
1135:PMID
1100:PMID
1038:ISBN
1000:PMID
812:and
708:Zinc
701:zinc
696:zinc
690:Zinc
671:and
665:DLL4
663:and
661:DLL1
627:and
508:and
459:TLR4
443:TLR9
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257:and
182:MeSH
69:news
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2789:HCO
2663:doi
2626:doi
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