133:. Slaves of First Nations descent were only permitted to be enslaved while within the colony, although in practice enslaved individuals remained enslaved regardless of where they travelled. In 1747, the colonial administration proposed permitting the trade of First Nations slaves for slaves of African descent. However, these attempts were quashed by the French government, fearing it would jeopardize existing
85:"In the middle of the 17th century the Pawnees were being savagely raided by eastern tribes that had obtained metal weapons from the French, which gave them a terrible advantage over Indians who had only weapons of wood, flint, and bone. The raiders carried off such great numbers of Pawnees into slavery, that in the country on and east of the upper Mississippi the name Pani developed a new meaning:
350:
the 1670s, the French began to receive captives from their
Aboriginal partners as tokens of friendship during commercial and diplomatic exchanges. The Illinois were notorious for the raids which they led against nations to the southeast and from which they brought back captives. By the early eighteenth century, the practice of buying and selling these captives like merchandise was established.
385:
Many in Quebec had to be content with captives stolen or bought from indigenous peoples, some of whom practiced slavery before the
Europeans arrived. About two-thirds of the slaves in Quebec were native people, mostly from the Pawnee nations of modern-day Nebraska, whose French Canadian name – Panis
349:
In Canada, the majority of slaves were not of
African, but rather of Aboriginal origin. Native populations customarily subjugated war captives before the arrival of the French, but this practice acquired new meanings and unprecedented proportions in the context of western expansion. Beginning in
246:
35 individuals were held as slaves in Canada from the establishment of New France to 1699. Most of these individuals were slaves of First
Nations origin. From 1700 to 1760 the museum estimated 2,000 slaves were held in Canada; two-thirds of whom were First Nations people. The museum reported most
144:
considered that the Panis nation "plays ... the same role in
America that the Negroes do in Europe." However, the importation of slaves of First Nations descent began to decline in the decade prior to the
50:), with most slaves of First Nations descent having originated from Pawnee tribes. The term later became synonymous with "Indian slave" in the French colony, with a slave from any tribe being called
373:
247:
slaves were very young, that the average age of First
Nations slaves was just 14 years old. Their mortality was high, as most came from the interior, and lacked immunity to European diseases.
417:
As typically experienced by other slaves in the New World, panis were not considered persons with respect to legal rights, but they could still be evaluated under the law in criminal matters.
399:
254:
in 1833, there were approximately 2,683 slaves of First
Nations descent; making up nearly two-thirds of all slaves in New France during the period of French colonial rule.
457:
The raiders carried off such great numbers of
Pawnees into slavery that in the country on and east of the upper Mississippi the name Pani developed a new meaning:
337:
117:
Raiders primarily targeted women and children, to be sold as slaves. In 1694, Apaches brought a large number of captive children to the trading fair in
363:
645:
164:
during the late-18th and early 19th century resulted in the decline of the institution in the colonies. The last slave of First
Nations descent in
606:
650:
150:
106:
149:
in 1760. A number of New French institutions, including the enslavement of First
Nations, continued to be legal as stipulated in the
507:
444:
461:. The French adopted this meaning, and Indian slaves, no matter from which tribe they had been taken, were presently being termed
89:. The French adopted this meaning, and Indian slaves, no matter from which tribe they had been taken, were presently being termed
660:
121:, but for some reason there were not enough buyers, so the Apaches beheaded all their slaves in full view of the Spaniards.
543:
141:
129:
Slavery of First Nations in the colony of New France was formalized through colonial law in 1709, with the passage of the
436:
640:
332:
251:
243:
625:
327:
273:
31:
404:
134:
302:
157:
began to make up a larger portion of slaves being imported into the region by European slave traders.
17:
154:
169:
35:
368:
93:. It was at this period, after the middle of the 17th century, that the name was introduced into
285:
602:
598:
The Canadian Don Quixote: The Life and Works of Major John Richardson, Canada's First Novelist
503:
477:
440:
297:
430:
596:
146:
74:
655:
281:
269:
265:
257:
168:
was recorded to have been donated to a Montreal hospital in 1821. The institution was
634:
47:
497:
172:; at which time, the majority of the slaves in the region were of African descent.
165:
161:
261:
118:
94:
78:
70:
39:
400:"A Story of Marguerite: A Tale about Panis, Case Comment, and Social History"
131:
Ordinance Rendered on the Subject of the Negroes and the Savages called Panis
277:
110:
66:
102:
69:. The term is widely described as a corruption of the name of the
502:. Internet Archive. Norman : University of Oklahoma Press.
260:(fl. 1760s), described as a Panis, was enslaved by fur trader
364:"200 years a slave: the dark history of captivity in Canada"
476:
Woodson, Carter Godwin; Logan, Rayford Whittingham (1920).
105:
who brought large numbers of Pawnee slaves to trade to the
386:– became a synonym for an indigenous slave of any origin.
160:
Several court decisions, and legislative acts passed in
482:. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History.
322:
320:
318:
73:, a sub-tribe of the Pawnee people encountered in the
585:. Translated by George Tombs. Véhicule Press. p. 64.
61:As early as 1670, a reference was recorded to a
581:Trudel, Marcel; d'Allaire, Micheline (2013) .
184:Origin of First Nation slaves in French Canada
8:
544:"Enslavement of Indigenous People in Canada"
42:. First Nation slaves were generally called
284:, the wife of Dr. Robert Richardson of the
572:Les presses universitaires Laval, p. 77.
179:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
314:
626:Slavery - Virtual Museum of New France
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
18:Panis (slaves of First Nation descent)
7:
491:
489:
151:Articles of Capitulation of Montreal
362:Robert Everett-Green (2014-02-28).
30:was a term used for slaves of the
25:
250:From the mid-17th century to the
570:L 'esclavage au Canada français.
193:Others from west of Mississippi
646:First Nations history in Quebec
601:. David Beasley. pp. 1–2.
542:Lawrence, Bonita (8 May 2020).
376:from the original on 2019-06-15
340:from the original on 2019-03-24
135:Franco-First Nations alliances
1:
398:Signa A. Daum Shanks (2013).
142:Louis Antoine de Bougainville
479:The Journal of Negro History
437:University of Oklahoma Press
153:. By the late-18th century,
651:Slavery of Native Americans
677:
595:Beasley, David R. (2004).
408:. Vol. 22, no. 1
333:Canadian Museum of History
244:Canadian Museum of History
583:Canada's Forgotten Slaves
548:The Canadian Encyclopedia
235:
182:
155:slaves of African descent
496:Hyde, George E. (1974).
77:, then a remote part of
568:Trudel, Marcel (1960).
429:George E. Hyde (1988).
264:and was the mother to
147:Conquest of New France
115:
661:History of New France
405:Native Studies Review
328:"Population: Slavery"
303:Slavery in New France
199:From the Great Lakes
83:
252:abolition of slavery
101:by bands of mounted
550:. Historica Canada
499:The Pawnee Indians
432:The Pawnee Indians
369:The Globe and Mail
641:Slavery in Canada
608:978-0-915317-18-9
298:Slavery in Canada
242:According to the
240:
239:
170:abolished in 1834
16:(Redirected from
668:
613:
612:
592:
586:
579:
573:
566:
560:
559:
557:
555:
539:
514:
513:
493:
484:
483:
473:
467:
466:
454:
453:
426:
420:
419:
414:
413:
395:
389:
388:
382:
381:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
324:
180:
75:Illinois Country
21:
676:
675:
671:
670:
669:
667:
666:
665:
631:
630:
622:
617:
616:
609:
594:
593:
589:
580:
576:
567:
563:
553:
551:
541:
540:
517:
510:
495:
494:
487:
475:
474:
470:
451:
449:
447:
428:
427:
423:
411:
409:
397:
396:
392:
379:
377:
361:
360:
356:
343:
341:
326:
325:
316:
311:
294:
286:Queen's Rangers
274:Robert Hamilton
205:Unknown origin
196:From the North
178:
176:Number enslaved
127:
59:
46:(anglicized to
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
674:
672:
664:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
633:
632:
629:
628:
621:
620:External links
618:
615:
614:
607:
587:
574:
561:
515:
508:
485:
468:
445:
439:. p. 24.
421:
390:
354:
313:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
300:
293:
290:
272:, the wife of
266:John Askin Jr.
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
203:
202:From the West
200:
197:
194:
191:
187:
186:
177:
174:
126:
123:
111:Pueblo Indians
58:
55:
38:, a region of
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
673:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
627:
624:
623:
619:
610:
604:
600:
599:
591:
588:
584:
578:
575:
571:
565:
562:
549:
545:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
516:
511:
509:9780806110653
505:
501:
500:
492:
490:
486:
481:
480:
472:
469:
465:
464:
460:
448:
446:9780806120942
442:
438:
434:
433:
425:
422:
418:
407:
406:
401:
394:
391:
387:
375:
371:
370:
365:
358:
355:
351:
339:
335:
334:
329:
323:
321:
319:
315:
308:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
276:, founder of
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
248:
245:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
188:
185:
181:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
138:
136:
132:
124:
122:
120:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
54:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:First Nations
29:
19:
597:
590:
582:
577:
569:
564:
552:. Retrieved
547:
498:
478:
471:
462:
458:
456:
450:. Retrieved
431:
424:
416:
410:. Retrieved
403:
393:
384:
378:. Retrieved
367:
357:
348:
342:. Retrieved
331:
256:
249:
241:
183:
166:Lower Canada
159:
139:
130:
128:
116:
98:
97:in the form
90:
86:
84:
62:
60:
51:
43:
27:
26:
162:the Canadas
34:descent in
635:Categories
452:2019-06-15
412:2019-06-15
380:2019-06-15
344:2019-06-15
309:References
262:John Askin
119:New Mexico
95:New Mexico
79:New France
71:Panismahas
40:New France
278:Queenston
270:Catherine
107:Spaniards
57:Etymology
554:6 August
374:Archived
338:Archived
292:See also
282:Madeline
236:Source:
190:Pawnees
140:By 1757
67:Montreal
258:Monette
125:History
103:Apaches
656:Pawnee
605:
506:
463:Panis.
443:
280:; and
231:2,472
99:Panana
52:Panis.
48:Pawnee
36:Canada
459:slave
213:1,684
91:Panis
87:slave
63:Panis
44:Panis
28:Panis
603:ISBN
556:2020
504:ISBN
441:ISBN
208:Sum
109:and
228:397
222:167
65:in
637::
546:.
518:^
488:^
455:.
435:.
415:.
402:.
383:.
372:.
366:.
347:.
336:.
330:.
317:^
288:.
268:;
225:83
219:43
216:98
137:.
113:."
611:.
558:.
512:.
81:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.