103:
153:, which resulted in the births of two daughters and a son. John Askin, Jr. was born at L'Arbre Croche in early 1762, Charlotte was born in late 1762, and Madeline was born in 1764. Monette's children were treated well by Askin, grew up free, and were educated. They all entered into marriages. Monette's children had nine half-siblings through Askin's marriage in 1772 to Marie Archange Barthe. She was the daughter of Charles Barthe, a successful merchant.
169:. He was an apprentice in the trading business in New York and Montreal. John Jr. was schooled in Montreal by 1778 when Askin asked for his son to be returned to begin to work for him. His education, apprenticeships, Native American heritage, and ability to speak Native American languages made him a valuable trader. In 1801, John Jr. became a collector of customs in
128:
where her husband operated his fur trading business. Askin's purchase of
Monette helped him develop relationships with Native Americans who knew her. It was common for traders to have children with Native American women to develop connections with their tribes. According to Milo M. Quaife, "known
278:. Marianne gave birth to a child named Basile in 1750, whose godparents were René Bourassa and his wife. Baptized by Bourassa, Monette became affiliated with her enslaver-godfather's family that include the French and Native American families of the Blondeaus, the Chevaliers, and
238:, which was located in the northern frontier of Upper Canada. Their son John went to live with John Askin and his wife Marie in Detroit, where he was cared for and educated. John returned to his parents when they were moved to Amherstburg when Dr. Richardson was posted at
213:
Madeline, born in L'Arbre Croche, was educated at the Congrégation de Notre Dame in
Montreal. She visited her sister Catherine in the winter of 1793, where she met and married Dr. Robert Richardson, who was a surgeon of the
250:, but was subject to bullying. Madeline traveled by boat or horse-drawn sleighs or vehicles to visit the Askins, who lived about 20 miles away at Strabane, where John Askin lived on the Canadian side of the
291:
Askin had a garden at
Michilimackinac by 1774, which was difficult to manage due to the poor quality of the soil, cool climate, and strong winds. He grew lettuce, onions, barley, parsley, potatoes, and
129:
facts concerning Askin's character during his long career are such as to give assurance that his treatment of her was both honorable and kind, judged by the standards of his time and environment."
132:
Askin enslaved eight people. Generally, fur traders used enslaved people to handle furs, grow food, cook, and clean. They also took Native
American enslaved women as partners and companions.
1029:
823:
274:
Manette is a diminutive form of the name
Marianne. On September 8, 1748, Marianne was baptized, and her godfather was recorded as René Bourassa. She was also identified as his
32:
833:
95:
and other warring tribes affiliated with the French. Monette was one of several indigenous and Black people enslaved by Askin. He also had a contract with at least one
803:
165:
was sent to be educated by his trading associates. His care and education were overseen by Robert
Ellices of Phyn and Ellice, who enrolled him in a school in
1238:
648:
150:
1248:
275:
205:. The Hamiltons lived in a mansion in Queenston and sent their children to school in Scotland. Catherine died of consumption in December 1796.
190:
88:
1228:
1014:
772:
510:
443:
386:
348:
28:
1243:
306:
1061:
83:, a trading center. One of Monette and Askin's son-in-law states in a letter that his Native American mother-in-law was an enslaved
102:
1190:
1154:
812:
139:
47:
Her daughter
Catherine married Captain Samuel Robertson, who operated one of Askin's boats, and was married a second time to
1233:
1207:
789:
796:
1094:
178:
1019:
1009:
279:
1066:
1024:
907:
235:
1166:
988:
968:
219:
1106:
198:
197:. She married Captain Samuel Robertson, who operated one of Askin's boats, and was married a second time to
48:
599:
554:
1136:
993:
867:
166:
254:
after 1783. The
Strabane mansion was named after John Askin's birthplace in Ireland. Madeline died of
1142:
919:
223:
125:
106:
96:
64:
1118:
978:
935:
828:
80:
1100:
861:
242:, where their son Robert was born. John received a good education at Amherstburg, having studied
215:
60:
1130:
1112:
1055:
768:
764:
The
Canadian Don Quixote: The Life and Works of Major John Richardson, Canada's First Novelist
506:
474:
439:
382:
376:
344:
338:
113:
500:
1124:
913:
762:
1178:
1049:
940:
855:
135:
Monette was manumitted on
September 9, 1766, at Detroit. Askin moved to Detroit by 1781.
79:
for 50 pounds (equivalent to £9,427 in 2023). The sale took place before 1762 at the
1148:
162:
44:
39:. She gave birth to three educated children and married into prominent families of the
1222:
1172:
1160:
902:
435:
Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes
251:
231:
121:
92:
84:
673:
579:
479:. Vol. VII. Madison, Wisconsin: E. B. Bolens, State Printer. 1876. p. 180.
1184:
896:
255:
174:
406:, vol. 19, pp. 24, 25, 1908 – via Wisconsin Historical Collections
781:
433:
59:. Her daughter Madeline was married to Dr. Robert Richardson, the surgeon of the
1082:
623:
239:
170:
40:
222:
was born October 4, 1796, in Queenston at his aunt Catherine's residence or at
1088:
983:
890:
76:
36:
461:
The Genealogy of the French Families of the Detroit River Region, 1701 – 1936
421:, vol. 19, p. 28, 1908 – via Wisconsin Historical Collections
973:
873:
649:"Slavery is Detroit's big, bad secret. Why don't we know anything about it?"
227:
202:
52:
258:
in January 1811. Soon afterward, her ninth child also died of the disease.
194:
678:
Dictionary of Canadian Biography, University of Toronto/Université Laval
945:
56:
24:
303:
Early Land Transfers: Detroit and Wayne Country, Michigan, 1703 – 1796
247:
340:
The Merchant John Askin: Furs and Empire at British Michilimackinac
117:
101:
43:
regions of present-day Michigan and Ontario, Canada. Her son was
785:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
189:
Catherine, nicknamed Kitty, was educated at a convent of
476:
Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin
1030:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
463:. Detroit: Detroit Society for Genealogical Research.
824:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1200:
1075:
1042:
1002:
961:
954:
928:
883:
842:
834:
Slavery among Native Americans in the United States
381:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 397–398.
438:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 43.
402:"September 8, 1748 records: Marianne's baptism",
674:"Biography of John Askin – Volume V (1801-1820)"
87:who was captured in war. She was described as a
505:. Wayne State University Press. p. PT 22.
226:. The family was stationed two years later at
797:
149:As an enslaved woman, Monette was subject to
124:, it was about 20 miles (32 km) east of
8:
417:"March 17, 1750 records: Basile's baptism",
75:Monette was purchased from René Bourassa by
593:
591:
958:
804:
790:
782:
305:, vol. A, B, C. Louisa St. Clair Chapter,
332:
330:
328:
326:
120:village in Michigan. Located overlooking
502:Detroit 1967: Origins, Impacts, Legacies
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
744:
732:
720:
708:
696:
598:Banerjee, Mandira (February 19, 2018).
536:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
322:
267:
549:
547:
545:
301:Manette's manumission was recorded in
1015:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
7:
307:Daughters of the American Revolution
177:, and six years later, he worked at
1062:Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)
1239:18th-century Native American women
378:Indian Slavery in Colonial America
185:Catherine Askin Robertson Hamilton
14:
337:Carroll, Justin M. (2017-09-01).
600:"Detroit's dark secret: Slavery"
767:. David Beasley. pp. 1–2.
813:History of slavery in Michigan
647:McGraw, Bill (June 20, 2020).
343:. MSU Press. pp. PT 154.
140:History of slavery in Michigan
1:
1249:18th-century Native Americans
1208:Michigan Anti-Slavery Society
628:Mackinac State Historic Parks
432:Sleeper-Smith, Susan (2001).
181:, for the Indian Department.
1229:18th-century American slaves
994:Personal Liberty Act of 1855
459:Denissen, Christian (1987).
112:Monette lived with Askin at
1244:18th-century American women
1095:Elizabeth Margaret Chandler
375:Gallay, Alan (2009-01-01).
1265:
1020:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1010:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
761:Beasley, David R. (2004).
672:Farrell, David R. (2003).
581:John Askin Papers Volume 1
559:Detroit Historical Society
499:Stone, Joel (2017-06-05).
280:Charles Michel de Langlade
191:Congrégation de Notre Dame
137:
1067:Detroit race riot of 1863
1025:Emancipation Proclamation
819:
209:Madeline Askin Richardson
1167:Catharine A. F. Stebbins
989:Constitution of Michigan
969:Raudot Ordinance of 1709
578:Quaife, Milo M. (1928).
218:at Fort George. Her son
1107:Elizabeth Rous Comstock
109:
91:, enslaved people for
71:Enslaved to John Askin
1137:Daniel McBride Graham
624:"John Askin Archives"
419:The Mackinac Register
404:The Mackinac Register
167:Schenectady, New York
138:Further information:
105:
1234:People from Michigan
1143:Laura Smith Haviland
920:Augustus B. Woodward
126:Fort Michilimackinac
107:Fort Michilimackinac
1119:Robert S. Duncanson
979:Northwest Ordinance
936:Straits of Mackinac
829:History of Michigan
81:Straits of Mackinac
1101:Zachariah Chandler
862:Thornton Blackburn
110:
97:indentured servant
1216:
1215:
1131:Charles T. Gorham
1113:George DeBaptiste
1056:Crosswhite Affair
1038:
1037:
929:Primary locations
774:978-0-915317-18-9
512:978-0-8143-4304-3
445:978-1-55849-308-7
388:978-0-8032-2200-7
350:978-1-62895-312-1
230:and were then at
179:St. Joseph Island
1256:
1201:Related articles
1125:Charles C. Foote
959:
914:John R. Williams
806:
799:
792:
783:
778:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
669:
663:
662:
660:
659:
653:Deadline Detroit
644:
638:
637:
635:
634:
620:
614:
613:
611:
610:
595:
586:
585:
575:
569:
568:
566:
565:
551:
540:
534:
517:
516:
496:
481:
480:
471:
465:
464:
456:
450:
449:
429:
423:
422:
414:
408:
407:
399:
393:
392:
372:
355:
354:
334:
310:
299:
293:
289:
283:
272:
19:, also known as
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1196:
1191:Jonathan Walker
1179:Sojourner Truth
1155:William Lambert
1071:
1050:Blackburn Riots
1034:
998:
950:
941:Mackinac Island
924:
879:
868:Lisette Denison
856:Lucie Blackburn
843:Enslaved people
838:
815:
810:
775:
760:
757:
752:
751:
747:, pp. 6–7.
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
715:
707:
703:
699:, pp. 2–3.
695:
691:
682:
680:
671:
670:
666:
657:
655:
646:
645:
641:
632:
630:
622:
621:
617:
608:
606:
597:
596:
589:
577:
576:
572:
563:
561:
553:
552:
543:
539:, pp. 1–2.
535:
520:
513:
498:
497:
484:
473:
472:
468:
458:
457:
453:
446:
431:
430:
426:
416:
415:
411:
401:
400:
396:
389:
374:
373:
358:
351:
336:
335:
324:
319:
314:
313:
300:
296:
290:
286:
273:
269:
264:
220:John Richardson
216:Queen's Rangers
211:
199:Robert Hamilton
187:
159:
147:
142:
73:
61:Queen's Rangers
49:Robert Hamilton
29:Native American
12:
11:
5:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1149:Erastus Hussey
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1115:(c. 1815–1875)
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
956:
952:
951:
949:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
911:
910:(c. 1751–1796)
908:William Macomb
905:
900:
894:
887:
885:
881:
880:
878:
877:
871:
870:(c. 1786–1866)
865:
859:
853:
846:
844:
840:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
820:
817:
816:
811:
809:
808:
801:
794:
786:
780:
779:
773:
756:
753:
750:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
664:
639:
615:
604:Michigan Today
587:
570:
541:
518:
511:
482:
466:
451:
444:
424:
409:
394:
387:
356:
349:
321:
320:
318:
315:
312:
311:
294:
284:
266:
265:
263:
260:
210:
207:
186:
183:
163:John Askin Jr.
158:
157:John Askin Jr.
155:
146:
143:
114:L'Arbre Croche
72:
69:
45:John Askin Jr.
27:1760s), was a
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1261:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:Frances Titus
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:Wright Modlin
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:Abolitionists
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
960:
957:
953:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
904:
903:Campau family
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
886:
882:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
845:
841:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
814:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
787:
784:
776:
770:
766:
765:
759:
758:
754:
746:
741:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
679:
675:
668:
665:
654:
650:
643:
640:
629:
625:
619:
616:
605:
601:
594:
592:
588:
584:. p. 13.
583:
582:
574:
571:
560:
556:
555:"Askin, John"
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
523:
519:
514:
508:
504:
503:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
483:
478:
477:
470:
467:
462:
455:
452:
447:
441:
437:
436:
428:
425:
420:
413:
410:
405:
398:
395:
390:
384:
380:
379:
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
357:
352:
346:
342:
341:
333:
331:
329:
327:
323:
316:
308:
304:
298:
295:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:Panis (slave)
271:
268:
261:
259:
257:
253:
252:Detroit River
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:York, Ontario
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
206:
204:
201:, founder of
200:
196:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:Around 1772,
156:
154:
152:
144:
141:
136:
133:
130:
127:
123:
122:Lake Michigan
119:
115:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
93:Seneca people
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
68:
66:
63:stationed at
62:
58:
54:
51:, founder of
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1185:Uriah Upjohn
1003:Federal laws
897:Elijah Brush
884:Slave owners
849:
763:
755:Bibliography
745:Beasley 2004
740:
735:, p. 2.
733:Beasley 2004
728:
723:, p. 5.
721:Beasley 2004
716:
711:, p. 4.
709:Beasley 2004
704:
697:Beasley 2004
692:
681:. Retrieved
677:
667:
656:. Retrieved
652:
642:
631:. Retrieved
627:
618:
607:. Retrieved
603:
580:
573:
562:. Retrieved
558:
537:Beasley 2004
501:
475:
469:
460:
454:
434:
427:
418:
412:
403:
397:
377:
339:
302:
297:
287:
270:
243:
212:
188:
175:Upper Canada
160:
148:
134:
131:
111:
74:
20:
16:
15:
1193:(1799–1878)
1187:(1808-1896)
1181:(died 1883)
1175:(1816-1894)
1169:(1823-1904)
1163:(1797–1866)
1157:(1817–1890)
1151:(1800–1889)
1145:(1808–1898)
1139:(1817–1888)
1133:(1812–1901)
1127:(1811–1891)
1121:(1821–1872)
1109:(1815-1891)
1103:(1813–1879)
1097:(1807–1834)
1091:(1815–1854)
1085:(1803–1847)
1083:Guy Beckley
916:(1782–1854)
899:(1773–1813)
893:(1739–1815)
876:(died 1777)
864:(1812–1890)
858:(1803-1895)
852:(fl. 1760s)
256:consumption
240:Fort Malden
236:Fort Joseph
224:Fort George
171:Amherstburg
151:serial rape
65:Fort George
41:Great Lakes
1223:Categories
1089:Henry Bibb
984:Jay Treaty
962:State laws
891:John Askin
683:2022-03-23
658:2022-03-23
633:2022-03-23
609:2022-03-23
564:2022-03-23
317:References
309:, 1936, 9.
77:John Askin
37:John Askin
974:Code Noir
874:Ann Wyley
228:Fort Erie
203:Queenston
53:Queenston
195:Montreal
145:Children
116:, a key
33:enslaved
1058:of 1847
1052:of 1833
946:Detroit
850:Monette
85:Pawanee
57:Ontario
21:Manette
17:Monette
1043:Events
771:
509:
442:
385:
347:
292:beets.
248:Euclid
31:woman
262:Notes
244:Latin
118:Odawa
89:Panis
955:Laws
769:ISBN
507:ISBN
440:ISBN
383:ISBN
345:ISBN
246:and
234:and
193:in
35:by
25:fl.
1225::
676:.
651:.
626:.
602:.
590:^
557:.
544:^
521:^
485:^
359:^
325:^
173:,
99:.
67:.
55:,
805:e
798:t
791:v
777:.
686:.
661:.
636:.
612:.
567:.
515:.
448:.
391:.
353:.
282:.
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
