542:(form, or appearance). Christ's descent from heaven to earth was a declension from truth to appearance, from the realm of perfection to the realm of imperfection. This would imply that Jesus in flesh is false, and imperfect; however, Paschasius asserted that not every figure is false. Christ is simultaneously both truth and figure because his external, physical self is the figure of the truth, the physical manifestation of the truth that exists in the soul. The person that was Jesus was subject to human needs, just like the rest of humanity. He required to eat, to sleep, and to be in company with others. In addition to this, however, he also performed miracles. These behaviours which Jesus exhibited imply a duality in the concept of "Word made flesh". Miracles, until then only performed by God, the non-physical Truth or Word, were suddenly performed by a physical human being. The relationship between Jesus' humanity and his divinity is rather convoluted; however, it is analogous to the relation of figures (written letters) of words to their spoken counterparts. Therefore, Jesus in physical form is the visual representation, T-R-U-T-H, while his divinity is the spoken sound of those written letters together as a word.
35:
526:(existing in a physical form) can contribute positively to achieving sanctification. However, he did believe in a form of mitigated dualism, in which the soul plays a larger part in the process than the body. Paschasius believes that life is an opportunity to practice for death; however, the concept that the body is a prison for the soul is practically non-existent in his work, and probably only occurs due to pressure from his peers. Even though he believed that the body has a role in one's sanctification process, he also acknowledged that flesh struggles against God, and thus has the ability to be corrupted.
415:), and is structured as a dialogue. In total, there are eight characters represented, presumably monks of Corbie. These characters are given pseudonyms, probably nor with the intention of masking identities. It is more likely that these pseudonyms were employed to further support Paschasius' interpretation of Wala, as the names were taken from classical texts. Phrases and passages from a variety of sources are woven into the text (
270:, where he lived in voluntary exile for some years. Why he resigned is unknown, but it is likely that his actions were motivated by factional disputes within his monastic community; misunderstandings between himself and the younger monks were likely factors in his decision. He returned to Corbie late in life, and resided in his old monastery until his death in 865.
312:
Paschasius believed that the presence of the historical blood and body of Christ allows the partaker a real union with Jesus in a direct, personal, and physical union by joining a person's flesh with Christ's and Christ's flesh with his. To
Paschasius, the Eucharist's transformation into the flesh
395:
writer of the
Carolingian period, as he compared classic and ancient literature with contemporary literature. Paschasius depicts Adalard as a mirror image of Christ, emphasizing the elements of infinite love and descent into suffering. He also parallels Adalard's role in the church to that of a
405:, Paschasius' grief for the loss of his friend surpassed that of his literary models. This style of writing is also not seen elsewhere prior to the 12th century. Paschasius' justification of excess mourning is his most distinctive contribution to the tradition of consolation literature.
400:
spirituality in the 12th century, three hundred years after
Paschasius' death. The grief felt over the death of Adalard is extremely strong in the book – although Paschasius knows that suffering should give way to joy, as depicted by his forefathers, such as
329:, who did not agree with some of the views Paschasius held. Ratramnus believed that the Eucharist was strictly metaphorical; he focused more on the relationship between faith and the newly emerging science. Shortly thereafter, a third monk joined the debate,
378:
is rather brief; it is a fairly conventional representation of a saint's life. However, the style that
Paschasius uses is unique for the time in which it was written. Written in mourning for the loss of his friend, Paschasius compares Adalard to the painter
514:. Irenaeus believed that Jesus was the physical embodiment of God; the son is the image of the father. As such, humans represent the image of God not only in soul, but in flesh as well. This view is in opposition to the more accepted view of
435:
was written as a (fairly) accurate depiction of Wala. Paschasius used sources in writing this biography, a handbook written by Wala, and treatises of the time, probably to show his own views through his depiction of Wala.
250:
Through the abbotship of both
Adalard and Wala, Paschasius focused on the monastic life, spending his time studying and teaching. In 822 he accompanied abbot Adalard into Saxony for the purpose of founding the monastery of
343:"When I begin to think about , I am inwardly affected by two contrary emotions, namely, grief, and joy. The Apostle forbids us to mourn in such a situation, but my and our sudden desolation prevents us from rejoicing."
391:. Paschasius states that just as Zeuxis studied forms in order to perfect his art, so too does Adalard in trying to reform the image of God in himself. In making this comparison, Paschasius was identified with being a
296:. It was originally written as an instructional manual for the monks under his care at Corbie, and is the first lengthy treatise on the sacrament of the Eucharist in the Western world. In it, Paschasius agrees with
300:
in affirming that the
Eucharist contains the true, historical body of Jesus Christ. According to Paschasius, God is truth itself, and therefore, his words and actions must be true. Christ's proclamation at the
273:
Paschasius' body was first buried at the Church of St. John in Corbie. After numerous reported miracles, the Pope ordered his remains to be removed, and interred in the Church of St. Peter, Corbie.
259:, who may have held the position of teaching master, held opposing views to Paschasius on a number of ecclesiastical issues. Ratramnus wrote a refutation of Paschasius' treatise on the Eucharist,
372:
are spiritual biographies of
Paschasius' role-models. They are personal tributes, written for the memory of two fathers, and the patterns of life depicted in them are intended to be followed.
944:
Radbertus, Paschausuis. "The Lord’s Body and Blood." Early
Medieval Theology: The Library of Christian Classics.ed. McCracken, George E. (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1957).
309:
of the bread and wine offered in the
Eucharist really occurs. Only if the Eucharist is the actual body and blood of Christ can a Christian know it is salvific.
321:, the Frankish king, as a present in 844, with the inclusion of a special introduction. The view Paschasius expressed in this work was met with some hostility;
266:
In 843 Paschasius succeeded Abbot Isaac; however, he resigned his title ten years later to return to his studies. He left Corbie for the nearby monastery of
1192:
468:, written for his friend Emma, Abbess of St. Mary at Soissons and daughter of Theodrara, describes the lifestyle of nuns. He also wrote a treatise, titled
1197:
1202:
1172:
255:
in
Westphalia. When Adalard died in 826, Paschasius helped ensure Wala would become Abbot in his place. After Wala's death in 836 Heddo became abbot.
1182:
334:
34:
518:, who believed that the physical body had no part in the image-relationship. Unlike other theologians of the time, Paschasius does not equate the
1087:
Pitchers, Alrah L M. "The Eucharist: concepts in the Western church from the ninth century to the twelfth century and their present relevance,"
1013:
Zirkel, Patricia McCormick. "The Ninth Century Eucharistic Controversy: a Context for the Beginnings of the Eucharistic Doctrine in the West,"
1177:
1187:
1067:
La carne de Cristo: El misterio eucarĂstico a la luz de la controversia entre Pascasio Radberto, Ratramno, Rabano Mauro y Godescalco.
427:). Although not displaying information about Wala, these additions reflect Paschasius' own beliefs and his skill at writing. While
243:, two monks whom he admired greatly. At a fairly young age, Paschasius left the convent to serve as a monk under Abbot Adalard, at
947:
Appleby, David. "Beautiful on the Cross, Beautiful in his Torments: The Place of the Body in the Thought of Paschasius Radbertus,"
1043:
Härdelin, Alf. "An epithalamium for nuns : imagery and spirituality in Paschasius Radbertus' "Exposition of Psalm 44(45)","
993:
Phelan, Owen M. "Horizontal and Vertical Theologies: "Sacraments" in the Works of Paschasius Radbertus and Ratramnus of Corbie"
507:(the "Image of God") in the whole human being – body as well as soul. This view is in alignment with that of the second-century
333:, which initiated the Carolingian Eucharist Controversy. Ultimately, however, the king accepted Paschasius' assertion, and the
1162:
480:. Paschasius probably wrote much more, but none of it has survived through the centuries. Paschasius wrote a commentary on
1157:
1115:
Vuolo, Antonio. "Memoria epigrafica e memoria agiografica : la "Uita sancti Paschasii confessoris" (secc XI-XII),"
305:
that the bread and wine were his body and blood must be taken literally, since God is truth. He thus believes that the
1167:
1101:
Stoltz, Travis D. "Paschasius Radbertus and the sacrifice of the Mass: a medieval antecedent to Augustana XXIV,"
1006:
252:
235:. He was raised by the nuns there, and became very fond of the abbess, Theodrara. Theodrara was sister of
149:
1038:
The doctrine of the real presence in the "De corpore et Sanguine Domini" of St Paschasius Radbert, 786-860.
416:
876:
232:
961:
Chazelle, Celia. "Figure, Character, and the Glorified Body in the Carolingian Eucharistic Controversy,"
577:
515:
457:
220:
1152:
1147:
600:
161:
306:
208:
114:
1122:
Ward, Elizabeth. "Agobard of Lyons and Paschasius Radbertus as critics of the Empress Judith,"
522:
process with a metaphysical detachment of the body and the soul. Instead, he believes that the
1129:
Yarnold, Edward. "De Benedictionibus Patriarcharum Jacob et Moysi; Instrumenta Lexicologica,"
590:
566:
559:
453:
314:
236:
199:
975:
Matter, Anne E. "The Lamentations Commentaries of Hrabanus Maurus and Paschasius Radbertus,"
605:
380:
326:
318:
187:
1029:
Frank, Karl Suso. "Arsenios der Grosse : vom Apophthegma zum hagiographischen Text,"
551:
523:
420:
179:
1077:
Ed. B. Paulus, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis 16, Turnhout: Brepols, 1969.
1059:
A phenomenology of Revelation : Paschasius Radbert's way of interpreting Scripture.
877:"Lexikoneintrag zu »Paschasius Ratbertus, S. (4)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, ..."
610:
595:
519:
387:, artists study models to perfect their art; Zeuxis' challenge was to paint the woman,
330:
240:
175:
1141:
508:
388:
267:
165:
573:
477:
153:
91:
987:
168:. His most well-known and influential work is an exposition on the nature of the
498:
473:
302:
1108:
Tavard, George H. "The Church as Eucharistic communion in medieval theology,"
917:
397:
392:
1001:
317:; God is able to manipulate nature, as he created it. The book was given to
503:
322:
293:
256:
204:
191:
169:
901:
511:
461:
445:
977:
Traditio; studies in ancient and medieval history, thought, and religion
963:
Traditio; studies in ancient and medieval history, thought, and religion
949:
Traditio; studies in ancient and medieval history, thought, and religion
424:
297:
216:
157:
1075:
De corpore et sanguine Domini; cum appendice Epistola ad Fredugardum,
402:
384:
292:(written between 831 and 833), is an exposition on the nature of the
244:
103:
449:
182:
444:
Paschasius has an extensive collection of works, including many
1033:. 271–287. Rome: Institutum Patristicum "Augustinianum", 1988.
956:
Charlemagne's Cousins: Contemporary Lives of Adalard and Wala.
802:
Brant James Pitre, Jesus and the Jewish Roots of Mary (p. 62).
972:, (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009), 155–6.
337:
became the authoritative belief in the Roman Catholic faith.
231:
Paschasius was an orphan left on the steps of the convent of
247:. There he also met Wala, Adalard's brother and successor.
464:, which he dedicated to the nuns at St. Mary at Soissons.
339:
984:
Sancti Paschasii Radberti Abbatis Corbeiensis Opera Omnia
288:
The most well-known and influential work of Paschasius,
39:
Statue of Paschase Radbert, Abbey of Saint Peter, Corbie
627:
625:
1047:. 79-107. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell Int, 1991.
1082:
Expositio in Lamentationes Hieremiae libri quinque.
918:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saint Paschasius Radbertus"
133:
125:
113:
100:
90:
80:
70:
62:
54:
44:
21:
1010:Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.
1050:Härdelin, Alf. "Renässans för karolingertiden,"
1110:Continuity and Discontinuity in Church History.
335:substantial presence of Christ in the Eucharist
325:wrote a rebuttal by the same name, by order of
215:, in a 1969 edition by B. Paulus, published by
203:vol. 120 (1852) and his important tract on the
1065:
534:Paschasius believed in a distinction between
8:
1094:Reinhold, H A. "St Radbert and St Bernard,"
431:was written to be in part a funeral eulogy,
958:Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1967.
315:because of the principle that God is truth
160:founded in 657 or 660 by the queen regent
33:
18:
970:Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology
396:mother, which is a concept attributed to
129:Immaculate Conception, Transubstantiation
16:9th-century Frankish theologian and saint
1061:Dayton, Ohio: St. Leonard College, 1970.
164:with a founding community of monks from
96:12 July 1073, Corbie by Pope Gregory VII
1031:MĂ©morial Dom Jean Gribomont (1920-1986)
621:
411:is much longer (about twice as long as
364:Written in 826 and 836, respectively,
1126:15–25. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990.
7:
1040:Kumbakonam: St Joseph's Press, 1942.
1193:Writers from the Carolingian Empire
1198:Saints from the Carolingian Empire
14:
1203:Canonizations by Pope Gregory VII
1173:9th-century Christian theologians
1084:Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1988.
501:authors, Paschasius locates the
452:. He wrote commentaries on the
313:and blood of Christ is possible
1183:9th-century French philosophers
1117:Florentissima proles ecclesiae.
1089:Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae
1070:Madrid: Univ Pontificia, 1989 .
493:Understanding of the human body
223:, Continuatio Mediaevalis 16).
1131:Journal of Theological Studies
1119:553-583. Trento: Civis, 1996.
1064:Navarro GirĂłn, MarĂa Angeles.
530:Understanding of Christ's body
472:, regarding the nature of the
186:. He was canonized in 1073 by
1:
1098:23 (April 17, 1949): 260–265.
1080:Paschasius Radbertus, Saint.
1073:Paschasius Radbertus, Saint.
558:2 January – commemoration in
290:De Corpore et Sanguine Domini
283:De Corpore et Sanguine Domini
261:De Corpore et Sanguine Domini
213:De Corpore et Sanguine Domini
172:written around 831, entitled
139:De Corpore et Sanguine Domini
1178:9th-century writers in Latin
1112:92–103. Leiden: Brill, 1979.
903:Martyrologium Romanum (2004)
152:theologian and the abbot of
1188:Medieval French theologians
1133:. 45 (April 1994): 368–369.
1091:30 (January 2004): 140–150.
550:Paschasius is venerated in
470:De Nativitae Sanctae Mariae
109:Church of St. Peter, Corbie
1219:
1002:"St. Paschasius Radbertus"
995:Harvard Theological Review
1007:The Catholic Encyclopedia
488:Theological contributions
32:
1052:Kyrkohistorisk arsskrift
1017:68 (January 1994): 2-23.
900:Catholic Church (2004).
448:on various books of the
359:Vitae Adalhardi et Walae
263:, using the same title.
197:His works are edited in
1045:In Quest of the Kingdom
565:26 April – main date, (
497:In opposition to other
460:, and an exposition of
1066:
423:, various comedies of
348:Paschasius Radbertus,
233:Notre-Dame de Soissons
1163:Frankish Benedictines
997:103:3 (2010) 271–289.
631:Catholic Encyclopedia
578:translation of relics
417:Acts of St. Sebastien
1158:People from Soissons
1124:Women in the Church.
529:
516:Origen of Alexandria
221:Corpus Christianorum
146:Paschasius Radbertus
979:38 (1982): 137–163.
694:Chazelle, pg. 10-11
640:Ginther, pp. 155-6.
601:Ratramnus of Corbie
865:Appleby, pg. 16-17
383:. As described by
307:transubstantiation
209:transubstantiation
954:Cabaniss, Allen.
922:www.newadvent.org
649:Cabaniss, pg. 2-3
591:Adalard of Corbie
567:death anniversary
560:Benedictine Order
476:and the birth of
466:De Partu Virginis
454:Gospel of Matthew
355:
354:
237:Adalard of Corbie
200:Patrologia Latina
156:, a monastery in
143:
142:
1210:
1168:Abbots of Corbie
1105:10 (2001): 9–12.
1069:
1036:Gnaninathan, P.
968:Ginther, James.
965:47 (1992): 1-36.
951:60 (2005): 1-46.
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784:Cabaniss, pg. 16
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775:Cabaniss, pg. 15
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766:Cabaniss, pg. 20
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757:Appleby, pg. 8-9
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739:Appleby, pg. 1-2
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730:Cabaniss, pg. 14
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703:Chazelle, pg. 12
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685:Chazelle, pg. 10
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606:Charles the Bald
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327:Charles the Bald
319:Charles the Bald
188:Pope Gregory VII
148:(785–865) was a
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27:Paschase Radbert
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1054:. 22-39 (1987).
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1023:Further reading
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1000:Pohle, Joseph.
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793:Cabaniss, pg. 3
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658:Matter, pg. 149
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552:Catholic Church
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421:The Book of Job
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86:Orthodox Church
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84:Catholic Church
81:Honored in
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748:Appleby, pg. 7
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596:Wala of Corbie
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520:sanctification
494:
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429:Vita Adalhardi
413:Vita Adalhardi
376:Vita Adalhardi
366:Vita Adalhardi
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350:Vita Adalhardi
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331:Rabanus Maurus
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1057:Maus, Cyrin.
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982:Migne (ed.),
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721:Zirkel, pg. 3
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667:Zirkel, pg. 5
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76:Corbie Abbey
66:Corbie Abbey
988:PL vol. 120
882:(in German)
499:Carolingian
474:Virgin Mary
440:Other works
303:Last Supper
150:Carolingian
135:Major works
126:Controversy
1153:865 deaths
1148:785 births
1142:Categories
938:References
927:2023-02-07
886:2023-02-07
572:12 July –
546:Veneration
482:Revelation
433:Vita Walae
409:Vita Walae
398:Cistercian
393:humanistic
370:Vita Walae
253:New Corvey
562:calendar,
504:Imago Dei
323:Ratramnus
294:Eucharist
257:Ratramnus
205:Eucharist
192:feast day
170:Eucharist
92:Canonized
63:Residence
585:See also
512:Irenaeus
462:Psalm 45
446:exegeses
277:Writings
180:Sanguine
162:Bathilde
119:26 April
58:Soissons
55:Hometown
50:Soissons
1015:Worship
990:(1852).
580:(1073).
536:veritas
425:Terence
298:Ambrose
217:Brepols
176:Corpore
158:Picardy
121:12 July
875:Zeno.
540:figura
403:Jerome
385:Cicero
381:Zeuxis
245:Corbie
190:. His
183:Domini
154:Corbie
104:shrine
102:Major
1103:Logia
617:Notes
450:Bible
115:Feast
23:Saint
576:and
368:and
239:and
227:Life
207:and
71:Died
45:Born
178:et
174:De
74:865
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