789:. Most languages have a past tense, with some having several types in order to indicate how far back the action took place. Some languages have a compound past tense which uses auxiliary verbs as well as an imperfect tense which expresses continuous or repetitive events or actions. Some languages inflect the verb, which changes the ending to indicate the past tense, while non-inflected languages may use other words meaning, for example, "yesterday" or "last week" to indicate that something took place in the past.
725:
182:
120:
32:
73:
1376:, and both tenses are consequently very common. The preterite is used for past actions when the focus is on the action, whilst the present perfect is used for past actions when the focus is on the present state of the subject as a result of a previous action. This is somewhat similar to the English usage of the preterite and the present perfect.
866:) it may mean the past relative to some other time being under discussion. A language's past tense may also have other uses besides referring to past time; for example, in English and certain other languages, the past tense is sometimes used in referring to hypothetical situations, such as in
1508:
for instance, has an imperfect tense form similar to that of German but used only for past habitual or past progressive contexts like "I used to..." or "I was doing...". Similar patterns extend across most languages of the Indo-European family right through to the
1399:
The past perfect is used in every German speaking country and it is used to place an action in the past before another action in the past. It is formed with an auxiliary (haben/sein) and a past participle that is placed at the end of the clause.
1962:
there is a split between complete absence of past marking (especially common in
Mesoamerica and the Pacific Northwest) and very complex tense marking with numerous specialised remoteness distinctions, as found for instance in
1781:
tripartite non-past/past imperfective/past perfective systems similar to those of most Indo-European languages are found, in the rest of Africa past tenses have very different forms from those found in
European languages.
1483:
This means "I had been there before yesterday." This tense is used to indicate that one action in the past occurred before another past action, and that the action was fully finished before the second action took place.
1839:
of East Africa and adjacent Afro-Asiatic families are part of the same area with inflectional past-marking that extends into Europe, whereas more westerly Nilo-Saharan languages often do not have past tense.
1768:
A difference in the pluperfect occurs between
Spanish and Portuguese; in the latter, a synthetic pluperfect exists which follows the imperfect conjugations, but -ra replaces the -va seen in the verb endings.
1105:
in the past, and sometimes for states existing in the past with no connection to the present (or where such connection is irrelevant), and sometimes for states and sensual perceptions existing in the past.
1451:. This also means "I was there yesterday", but just as it is the case for English constructions with the present perfect simple, this kind of formulation puts more emphasis on the "being finished"-aspect.
1058:(continuous) aspect, which denotes ongoing action; with perfect aspect; and with progressive and perfect aspects together. These and other common past tense constructions are listed below.
1824:
which is used for very recent past events and is never interchangeable with the ordinary past form. These languages also differ substantially from
European languages in coding tense with
1310:
is mostly used solely in writing, for example in stories. Use in speech is regarded as snobbish and thus very uncommon. South German dialects, such as the
Bavarian dialect, as well as
1132:. This form indicates that an action was ongoing at the past time under consideration, often interrupted by another past action (as in I was having a shower when you called).
844:, for example, mainly uses lexical means (words like "yesterday" or "last week") to indicate that something took place in the past, although use can also be made of the
3063:
1215:). It is often used to emphasize that something happened a long time ago and is no longer the case. Another way of referring to past habitual action is to use
884:
In some languages, certain past tenses can carry an implication that the result of the action in question no longer holds. For example, in the Bantu language
2244:
896:. Similarly certain imperfective past tenses (such as the English "used to") can carry an implication that the action referred to no longer takes place.
840:, also known as "verbal operators" (and some do both, as in the example of French given above). Not all languages grammaticalise verbs for past tense –
809:). Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded.
94:
81:
3392:
1985:
of New Guinea almost always have remoteness distinctions in the past tense (though none are as elaborate as some Native
American languages), whilst
3075:
752:
1959:
642:
881:
Some languages grammatically distinguish the recent past from remote past with separate tenses. There may be more than two distinctions.
2404:
858:
The "past time" to which the past tense refers generally means the past relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts where
3478:
3058:
283:
265:
163:
59:
1548:
past tenses have largely merged into a single past tense. In both West and East Slavic, verbs in the past tense are conjugated for
130:
1970:
A number of Native
American languages like Northern Paiute stand in contrast to European notions of tense because they always use
2237:
1986:
602:
1043:, specifying a present state that results from past action. (It can be made into a past tense form by replacing the auxiliary
380:
900:
662:
607:
203:
1237:. The past tense is also used in referring to some hypothetical situations, not necessarily connected with past time, as in
892:"he died" would be surprising since it would imply that the person was no longer dead. This kind of past tense is known as
3387:
2799:
637:
328:
246:
3656:
2941:
582:
448:
1967:
and a few languages of the Amazon Basin. Some of these tenses can have specialised mythological significance and uses.
218:
3699:
2366:
2230:
1682:
1545:
1155:. This denotes that an action occurred before a specified time in the past, and therefore has similar function to the
702:
408:
199:
45:
20:
1372:
However, in the oral mode of North
Germany, there is still a very important difference between the preterite and the
145:
2361:
1234:
1790:
1276:) (called the "imperfect" in older grammar books, but this, a borrowing from Latin terminology, ill describes it.)
225:
192:
141:
86:
3505:
2769:
745:
692:
592:
418:
3678:
2873:
1678:
1325:
In certain regions, a few specific verbs are used in the preterite, for instance the modal verbs and the verbs
1163:
597:
540:
355:
3500:
3468:
3328:
3085:
2963:
2397:
2052:
1493:
997:
919:
697:
535:
512:
232:
1974:, which means time relative to a reference point that may not coincide with the time an utterance is made.
1035:). However this is not regarded as an instance of the past tense; instead it is viewed as a combination of
3574:
3473:
3463:
3199:
3013:
1943:
647:
614:
567:
483:
463:
443:
345:
323:
318:
3308:
3303:
3283:
3184:
2637:
2279:
1541:
1537:
423:
214:
1384:
mein Freund." (my friend came early in the morning, and he is being talked about strictly in the past)
3559:
3382:
3008:
2721:
2605:
2533:
2000:
tend to make tense marking optional, and when tense is marked invariant pre-verbal markers are used.
1964:
1510:
798:
797:
In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the expression of other
738:
667:
577:
458:
403:
300:
3646:
3488:
3438:
3406:
3345:
3298:
3070:
3053:
3048:
3041:
3001:
2953:
2861:
2764:
2746:
2617:
1939:
1900:
1691:
1254:
1226:
1217:
1075:
508:
438:
413:
385:
1584:
947:
816:
724:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3549:
3495:
3263:
3253:
3027:
2996:
2983:
2794:
2779:
2736:
2696:
2622:
2573:
2390:
2348:
1908:
1848:
Past tenses are found in a variety of Asian languages. These include the Indo-European languages
1553:
1549:
1521:
1125:
1055:
1040:
956:
893:
802:
728:
707:
677:
632:
587:
555:
545:
433:
428:
3629:
3515:
3433:
3399:
3323:
3293:
3258:
3228:
2973:
2931:
2926:
2856:
2851:
2823:
2789:
2754:
2464:
2253:
1947:
1932:
1896:
1836:
1794:
1778:
1098:
770:
572:
550:
493:
806:
3569:
3411:
3313:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3248:
3152:
2968:
2958:
2916:
2706:
2671:
2660:
2590:
2558:
2474:
2449:
2421:
2296:
1982:
1924:
1904:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1783:
1687:
1517:
1311:
1109:
960:
867:
672:
503:
498:
473:
468:
453:
1186:. It is used to refer to an ongoing action that continued up to the past time of reference.
3614:
3564:
3554:
3421:
3377:
3360:
3268:
2611:
2538:
2523:
2469:
2333:
2318:
2306:
2286:
2274:
2269:
2012:, past tense marking is optional and is rarely used if a semantic temporal marker such as
2009:
1997:
1912:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1861:
1813:
1806:
1575:
1505:
1373:
1265:
1200:
1148:
1102:
1024:
1013:
952:
935:
863:
845:
841:
837:
51:
1432:, a present tense with the meaning of perfect. This form is made by combining a form of
239:
3602:
3581:
3367:
3355:
3223:
3194:
2946:
2784:
2701:
2686:
2444:
2371:
2343:
2107:
1971:
1920:
1865:
1408:
885:
859:
517:
1938:
In parts of islands in
Southeast Asia, even less distinction is made, for instance in
3704:
3693:
3663:
3528:
3416:
3372:
3318:
3238:
3208:
3147:
3105:
2888:
2866:
2813:
2653:
2632:
2627:
2479:
2459:
2439:
2301:
2291:
1857:
1817:
1395:." (my friend came early in the morning, but he is being talked about in the present)
1233:
For details of the usage of the various constructions used to refer to the past, see
1036:
1017:
1835:
Other, smaller language families of Africa follow quite regional patterns. Thus the
3668:
3533:
2906:
2642:
2583:
2528:
2501:
2264:
1802:
1798:
1570:
1525:
1501:
1208:
1136:
985:
942:
810:
560:
350:
3673:
3639:
3634:
3243:
3233:
3179:
3157:
2991:
2878:
2691:
2676:
2647:
2600:
2543:
2518:
2506:
1303:
1079:
1063:
833:
712:
687:
308:
181:
1418:, which matches the English simple past and the German preterite, for example:
1012:). With regular and some irregular verbs, the past tense form also serves as a
3428:
3120:
3036:
3031:
2711:
2681:
2429:
2338:
1533:
1529:
1497:
1459:, which corresponds to the English past perfect. It is formed by combining an
1196:
1156:
1091:
981:
923:
682:
365:
1786:
have only the perfective/imperfective distinction and lack a past imperfect.
3483:
3450:
3213:
3135:
2936:
2836:
2759:
2716:
2666:
2578:
2513:
2454:
2434:
2413:
1916:
1694:
have several forms of the past tense, which include but are not limited to:
1307:
977:
938:
822:
657:
652:
488:
478:
370:
360:
2595:
1504:
aspect, with the former reserved for single completed actions in the past.
773:
whose function is to place an action or situation in the past. Examples of
72:
1225:, although this auxiliary has other uses as well. For further details see
3651:
3458:
3142:
3110:
3022:
3017:
2896:
2841:
2774:
2731:
2496:
2485:
2025:
1793:
of West Africa do not mark past tense at all but instead have a form of
951:
form. Further, all of the non-Indo-European languages in Europe, such as
2028:) optionally marks the past tense, most often in irregular verbs (e.g.,
3586:
3350:
3218:
3174:
3169:
3099:
2921:
2911:
2726:
2548:
1532:
aspects being indicated instead by means of prefixes, stem changes, or
1299:
1295:
1191:
829:
3590:
3340:
3125:
2901:
2808:
2567:
2222:
2055:
optionally marks the past tense with the invariant pre-verbal marker
1825:
1054:
Various multi-word constructions exist for combining past tense with
375:
922:, all of which have a past tense. In some cases the tense is formed
148:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1578:
has numerous forms of the past tense including but not limited to:
3597:
3164:
3115:
3093:
2846:
2831:
1989:
usually have a single past tense without remoteness distinctions.
3335:
3130:
2491:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
1496:, past marking is typically combined with a distinction between
1166:(sometimes referred to as the past perfect continuous) combines
774:
134:. The majority of this article is unsupported original research.
2386:
2226:
878:
is used even though there may be no connection with past time.
1211:
it can just indicate that a state was continuously in effect (
1066:
consists of just the past tense (preterite) form of the verb (
175:
113:
66:
25:
2382:
2087:"They played BYU last week"). The past habitual marker is
2040:
which require an extra syllable for the past tense suffix -
1314:
and Swiss German, have no preterite (with the exception of
1128:(sometimes referred to as the -ing form) of the main verb:
828:
Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so by
1797:
derived from a word meaning "to finish". Others, such as
137:
1078:
it is sometimes necessary to unfuse the verb, using a
1931:
when used immediately after a verb instead indicates
1112:(past continuous) is formed using the simple past of
1074:, etc.), although when it is negated, emphasized or
3542:
3514:
3449:
3193:
3084:
2982:
2887:
2822:
2745:
2557:
2420:
2110:can indicate past tense with the pre-verbal marker
1820:have not only a past tense, but also a less remote
206:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1471:("to have") with the notional verb, for example:
1440:("to have") with the notional verb, for example:
1600:, using the form but usually not the meaning of
1016:. For full details of past tense formation, see
2349:Future in the past / Future perfect in the past
1182:) and the present participle of the main verb:
918:The European continent is heavily dominated by
899:A general past tense can be indicated with the
2398:
2238:
996:to the base form of the verb, while those of
746:
8:
1341:einmal ein kleines Mädchen, das Rotkäppchen
1023:Past events are often referred to using the
777:in the past tense include the English verbs
1223:As a child I would play the piano every day
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2405:
2391:
2383:
2245:
2231:
2223:
1946:. Past tenses, do, however, exist in most
753:
739:
295:
2081:"I cleaned up my place for the holiday";
1516:Unlike other Indo-European languages, in
1097:. The simple past is used for describing
284:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
1205:I used to play football when I was young
97:of all important aspects of the article.
2127:
1923:typically do not distinguish tense; in
307:
3076:Types of fiction with multiple endings
93:Please consider expanding the lead to
2190:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: ch. 6.
2078:Ai bin klin ap mai ples for da halade
1268:uses three forms for the past tense.
862:is employed (as in some instances of
825:for continuous or repetitive events.
821:for expressing completed events, and
7:
2069:(especially on the island Kauai). (
1828:instead of such suffixes as English
1357:In speech and informal writing, the
1000:are formed in various ways (such as
643:Conservative and innovative language
204:adding citations to reliable sources
2188:Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles
1411:mainly uses these two past tenses:
984:forms of a verb. The past tense of
813:, for example, has a compound past
1552:(masculine, feminine, neuter) and
941:form, and sometimes it is formed
14:
3479:Third-person omniscient narrative
2099:"Your mother used to think so").
1868:in Southwest and South Asia; the
1199:of the main verb) denotes a past
41:This article has multiple issues.
2199:Sakoda, Kent, and Siegel, Jeff,
1322:), but only perfect constructs.
723:
180:
118:
71:
30:
2063:(especially older speakers) or
1987:indigenous Australian languages
1887:of Southwest and Central Asia;
976:In English, the past tense (or
888:, use of the remote past tense
191:needs additional citations for
85:may be too short to adequately
49:or discuss these issues on the
2867:Conflict between good and evil
2216:, Light Messages, 2000: p. 13.
2177:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.
2138:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
2118:"He (past) come", "He came").
1742:pluperfecto, mais-que-perfeito
1622:Past historic or Simple past (
95:provide an accessible overview
1:
2203:, Bess Press, 2003: pp. 38ff.
1927:, for example, the particle 了
1213:I used to belong to that club
832:the verb, while others do so
2024:Singaporean English Creole (
583:Functional discourse grammar
449:Ethnography of communication
2160:cf. Comrie, Bernard (1976)
1801:, distinguish only between
1683:Portuguese verb conjugation
1430:voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
1369:. (I said this and that)).
1245:. (For the possible use of
703:Second-language acquisition
144:the claims made and adding
21:Past tense (disambiguation)
3721:
2020:Singaporean English Creole
1676:
1568:
1426:("I was there yesterday").
1235:Uses of English verb forms
963:, also have a past tense.
381:Syntax–semantics interface
18:
3506:Stream of unconsciousness
3037:Falling action/Catastasis
2357:
2329:
2260:
2147:cf. Watkins, Mark Hanna,
2084:De haed plei BYU laes wik
2036:) and regular verbs like
1960:Native American languages
693:Philosophy of linguistics
593:Interactional linguistics
2874:Self-fulfilling prophecy
2016:"yesterday" is present.
1679:Spanish verb conjugation
1520:tense is independent of
1416:onvoltooid verleden tijd
1353:Little Red Riding Hood.)
1178:(the past participle of
1164:past perfect progressive
1159:found in some languages.
3501:Stream of consciousness
2964:Suspension of disbelief
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2053:Hawaiian Creole English
2048:Hawaiian Creole English
1494:Indo-European languages
1380:Preterite: "Heute frĂĽh
1253:in such instances, see
920:Indo-European languages
914:Indo-European languages
874:, where the past tense
3042:Denouement/Catastrophe
3023:Rising action/Epitasis
1944:Austronesian languages
1812:In complete contrast,
1723:imperfecto, imperfeito
1673:Spanish and Portuguese
1477:daar voor gisteren al
1457:voltooid verleden tijd
1349:once a small girl who
530:Theoretical frameworks
484:Philosophy of language
464:History of linguistics
3388:Utopian and dystopian
2367:Relative and absolute
2149:A Grammar of Chichewa
2096:Yo mada yustu tink so
1791:Niger–Congo languages
1677:Further information:
1569:Further information:
1387:Perfect: "Heute frĂĽh
901:glossing abbreviation
424:Conversation analysis
2942:Narrative techniques
2722:Story within a story
2534:Supporting character
2212:Turnbull, Wally R.,
1965:Athabaskan languages
1700:préterito, pretérito
1556:(singular, plural).
1184:You had been waiting
1170:(the simple past of
1143:(the simple past of
1103:habitual occurrences
1027:construction, as in
846:tense/aspect markers
668:Internet linguistics
578:Construction grammar
200:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3647:Political narrative
3489:Unreliable narrator
3346:Speculative fiction
3054:Nonlinear narrative
3002:Three-act structure
2862:Deal with the Devil
1901:Dravidian languages
1895:in Southwest Asia;
1721:Past imperfective (
1607:Past imperfective (
1461:onvoltooid verleden
1455:Less common is the
1361:is used (e.g., Ich
1255:English subjunctive
1227:English modal verbs
1207:), although with a
945:, as in the French
872:If you loved me ...
603:Systemic functional
398:Applied linguistics
340:General linguistics
3700:Grammatical tenses
3625:Narrative paradigm
3620:Narrative identity
3550:Dominant narrative
3496:Multiple narrators
2780:Fictional location
2623:Dramatic structure
2254:Grammatical tenses
1852:in North Asia and
1658:Je viens de manger
1286:The past perfect (
1151:of the main verb:
1126:present participle
1099:single occurrences
1082:construction with
988:is made by adding
967:Germanic languages
894:discontinuous past
803:grammatical aspect
708:Theory of language
678:Origin of language
633:Autonomy of syntax
588:Grammaticalization
434:Discourse analysis
429:Corpus linguistics
129:possibly contains
3687:
3686:
3630:Narrative therapy
3064:television series
3009:Freytag's Pyramid
2852:Moral development
2755:Alternate history
2465:False protagonist
2380:
2379:
2173:Comrie, Bernard,
2134:Comrie, Bernard,
1948:Oceanic languages
1933:perfective aspect
1837:Sudanic languages
1779:Semitic languages
1773:African languages
1698:Preterite tense (
1666:I have just eaten
1634:) (literary only)
1582:Past perfective (
868:condition clauses
771:grammatical tense
763:
762:
551:Distributionalism
494:Psycholinguistics
294:
293:
286:
276:
275:
268:
250:
174:
173:
166:
131:original research
112:
111:
64:
16:Grammatical tense
3712:
3610:Literary science
3153:Narrative poetry
3049:Linear narrative
2959:Stylistic device
2954:Show, don't tell
2917:Figure of speech
2707:Shaggy dog story
2450:Characterization
2407:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2214:Creole Made Easy
2210:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
1998:Creole languages
1993:Creole languages
1983:Papuan languages
1925:Mandarin Chinese
1905:Uralic languages
1870:Turkic languages
1784:Berber languages
1639:Plus que parfait
1518:Slavic languages
1492:In non-Germanic
1110:past progressive
980:) is one of the
943:periphrastically
909:
908:
842:Mandarin Chinese
834:periphrastically
755:
748:
741:
727:
673:LGBT linguistics
663:Internationalism
638:Compositionality
499:Sociolinguistics
474:Neurolinguistics
469:Interlinguistics
454:Ethnomethodology
296:
289:
282:
271:
264:
260:
257:
251:
249:
208:
184:
176:
169:
162:
158:
155:
149:
146:inline citations
122:
121:
114:
107:
104:
98:
75:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
3720:
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3715:
3714:
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3688:
3683:
3615:Literary theory
3555:Fiction writing
3538:
3510:
3445:
3197:
3189:
3080:
2978:
2883:
2818:
2741:
2612:Deus ex machina
2553:
2539:Title character
2524:Stock character
2470:Focal character
2416:
2411:
2381:
2376:
2353:
2334:Present perfect
2325:
2256:
2251:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2105:
2050:
2022:
2010:Belizean Creole
2006:
2004:Belizean Creole
1995:
1980:
1956:
1942:and some other
1915:. Languages in
1846:
1844:Asian languages
1814:Bantu languages
1789:Many non-Bantu
1775:
1758:Eu tinha comido
1746:Yo habĂa comido
1685:
1675:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1544:languages, the
1511:Indic languages
1490:
1406:
1288:Plusquamperfekt
1272:The preterite (
1263:
1189:The expression
1149:past participle
1033:present in past
1031:(also known as
1029:I have finished
1025:present perfect
1014:past participle
998:irregular verbs
974:
969:
916:
904:
903:
864:indirect speech
838:auxiliary verbs
795:
759:
718:
717:
628:
620:
619:
531:
523:
522:
518:Writing systems
409:Anthropological
399:
391:
390:
341:
333:
290:
279:
278:
277:
272:
261:
255:
252:
209:
207:
197:
185:
170:
159:
153:
150:
135:
123:
119:
108:
102:
99:
92:
80:This article's
76:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3679:Verisimilitude
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3584:
3582:Parallel novel
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Action fiction
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3025:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Self-insertion
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:Poetic justice
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Character flaw
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2372:Periodic tense
2369:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2344:Future perfect
2341:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2205:
2201:Pidgin Grammar
2192:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2151:(1937), p. 56.
2140:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2108:Haitian Creole
2104:
2103:Haitian Creole
2101:
2049:
2046:
2021:
2018:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1979:
1976:
1972:relative tense
1955:
1952:
1921:Southeast Asia
1903:of India; the
1845:
1842:
1822:proximal tense
1774:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1750:Yo hube comido
1738:
1719:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1605:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1489:
1486:
1453:
1452:
1427:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1355:
1354:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1262:
1259:
1231:
1230:
1187:
1160:
1153:We had shouted
1133:
1106:
1051:; see below.)
973:
970:
968:
965:
934:and as in the
926:as in English
924:inflectionally
915:
912:
860:relative tense
794:
791:
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
698:Prescriptivism
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
332:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
305:
304:
292:
291:
274:
273:
188:
186:
179:
172:
171:
126:
124:
117:
110:
109:
89:the key points
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3717:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Screenwriting
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Second-person
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Magic realism
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Psychological
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Philosophical
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Autobiography
3207:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Narrative art
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:Flash fiction
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Act structure
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2814:Worldbuilding
2812:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:KishĹŤtenketsu
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:In medias res
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Foreshadowing
2631:
2629:
2628:Eucatastrophe
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Chekhov's gun
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:Gothic double
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Deuteragonist
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Character arc
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2075:"I saw him";
2073:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:Recent past (
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:J'avais mangé
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:passé composé
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:("to be") or
1466:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:("to be") or
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1365:dies und das
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:The perfect (
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:I wish I knew
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:with perfect
1038:
1037:present tense
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1018:English verbs
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:regular verbs
983:
979:
971:
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
948:passé composé
944:
940:
937:
933:
929:
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921:
913:
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895:
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869:
865:
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847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
818:
817:passé composé
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
756:
751:
749:
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734:
733:
730:
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669:
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664:
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656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Descriptivism
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
616:
615:Structuralism
613:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Prague circle
596:
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586:
584:
581:
579:
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444:Documentation
442:
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419:Computational
417:
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270:
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259:
248:
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241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
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220:
217: –
216:
212:
211:Find sources:
205:
201:
195:
194:
189:This article
187:
183:
178:
177:
168:
165:
157:
147:
143:
139:
133:
132:
127:This article
125:
116:
115:
106:
96:
90:
88:
83:
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3669:Storytelling
3523:
3484:Subjectivity
3474:Third-person
3464:First-person
3098:
2907:Comic relief
2659:
2652:
2643:Flashforward
2610:
2584:Origin story
2566:
2529:Straight man
2484:
2313:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2186:Holm, John,
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2072:Ai wen si om
2060:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2007:
1996:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1954:The Americas
1937:
1928:
1847:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1811:
1788:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:Pluperfect (
1735:I was eating
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:I have eaten
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:passé recent
1653:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Pluperfect (
1631:
1627:
1624:passé simple
1623:
1617:I was eating
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:I have eaten
1601:
1598:I have eaten
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1571:French verbs
1546:early Slavic
1526:imperfective
1515:
1502:imperfective
1491:
1488:Other groups
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1391:mein Freund
1388:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1294:In southern
1293:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1250:
1249:in place of
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1209:stative verb
1204:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1137:past perfect
1130:He was going
1129:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1092:
1090:etc.) – see
1088:did he walk?
1087:
1083:
1080:periphrastic
1071:
1067:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
975:
946:
932:walks/walked
931:
927:
917:
905:
898:
889:
883:
880:
875:
871:
857:
852:
848:
827:
814:
807:tense–aspect
796:
793:Introduction
786:
782:
778:
766:
764:
561:Glossematics
541:Constituency
513:interpreting
351:Lexicography
280:
262:
253:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:"Past tense"
210:
198:Please help
193:verification
190:
160:
151:
128:
100:
84:
82:lead section
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
3674:Tellability
3640:Metafiction
3635:Narratology
3407:Theological
3299:Pop culture
3180:Short story
3158:Epic poetry
2879:Time travel
2692:Red herring
2677:Plot device
2648:Frame story
2601:Cliffhanger
2544:Tritagonist
2519:Protagonist
2164:, pp. 28-29
1907:of Russia;
1762:I had eaten
1647:I had eaten
1613:Je mangeais
1542:East Slavic
1538:West Slavic
1329:(have) and
1304:Switzerland
1203:situation (
1147:) with the
1064:simple past
1056:progressive
1010:be→was/were
890:ánáamwalĂra
713:Terminology
688:Orthography
608:Usage-based
509:Translating
404:Acquisition
309:Linguistics
3694:Categories
3560:Continuity
3429:Nonfiction
3393:Underwater
3289:Picaresque
3264:Historical
3249:Epistolary
3121:Fairy tale
3032:Peripeteia
3014:Exposition
2770:Dreamworld
2712:Stereotype
2682:Plot twist
2430:Antagonist
2339:Pluperfect
2297:Nonpresent
2122:References
2116:Li te vini
1978:New Guinea
1940:Indonesian
1807:non-future
1692:Portuguese
1662:I just ate
1628:Je mangeai
1590:J'ai mangé
1536:. In many
1534:suppletion
1530:perfective
1498:perfective
1351:was called
1274:Präteritum
1239:if I tried
1197:infinitive
1195:(with the
1157:pluperfect
830:inflecting
799:categories
767:past tense
683:Orismology
568:Functional
556:Generative
546:Dependency
366:Pragmatics
356:Morphology
346:Diachronic
226:newspapers
138:improve it
46:improve it
3451:Narration
3400:Superhero
3324:Chivalric
3309:Religious
3294:Political
3229:Adventure
3214:Biography
3136:Tall tale
2984:Structure
2969:Symbolism
2937:Narration
2837:Leitmotif
2765:Crossover
2760:Backstory
2717:Story arc
2667:MacGuffin
2638:Flashback
2579:Backstory
2455:Confidant
2435:Archenemy
2422:Character
2414:Narrative
2319:Hesternal
2307:Hodiernal
2287:Nonfuture
2270:Crastinal
1917:East Asia
1777:While in
1754:Eu comera
1609:imparfait
1442:Gisteren
1420:Gisteren
1345:. (There
1308:preterite
1139:combines
1072:they flew
1068:he walked
982:inflected
978:preterite
957:Hungarian
939:imperfect
823:imperfect
658:Iconicity
653:Etymology
573:Cognitive
536:Formalist
489:Phonetics
479:Philology
371:Semantics
361:Phonology
256:July 2019
154:July 2019
142:verifying
103:July 2019
87:summarize
52:talk page
3657:Glossary
3652:Rhetoric
3459:Diegesis
3439:Creative
3412:Thriller
3361:Southern
3279:Paranoid
3274:Nautical
3185:Vignette
3143:Gamebook
3111:Folklore
3018:Protasis
2897:Allegory
2842:Metaphor
2800:parallel
2795:universe
2775:Dystopia
2732:Suspense
2618:Dialogue
2606:Conflict
2514:Narrator
2486:Hamartia
2275:Going-to
2026:Singlish
2014:yestudeh
1909:Mongolic
1897:Japanese
1826:prefixes
1816:such as
1731:Eu comia
1727:Yo comĂa
1463:form of
1446:ik daar
1393:gekommen
1221:, as in
1201:habitual
1095:-support
1076:inverted
886:Chichewa
801:such as
459:Forensic
439:Distance
386:Typology
301:a series
299:Part of
3587:Prequel
3543:Related
3529:Present
3422:Western
3378:Science
3351:Fantasy
3319:Romance
3269:Mystery
3254:Ergodic
3219:Fiction
3175:Parable
3170:Novella
3100:Fabliau
3071:Premise
2922:Imagery
2912:Diction
2790:country
2747:Setting
2727:Subplot
2549:Villain
2502:Byronic
2302:Present
2292:Nonpast
1877:Turkmen
1873:Turkish
1854:Persian
1850:Russian
1795:perfect
1744:) e.g.
1725:) e.g.
1708:Eu comi
1704:Yo comĂ
1702:) e.g.
1688:Spanish
1656:) e.g.
1641:) e.g.
1626:) e.g.
1611:) e.g.
1588:) e.g.
1560:Romance
1524:, with
1479:geweest
1448:geweest
1424:ik daar
1374:perfect
1359:Perfekt
1312:Yiddish
1300:Austria
1296:Germany
1281:Perfekt
1192:used to
1174:) with
1124:) with
1086:(as in
1006:go→went
1002:see→saw
972:English
961:Finnish
928:see/saw
414:Applied
324:History
319:Outline
240:scholar
136:Please
3591:Sequel
3575:Retcon
3570:Reboot
3534:Future
3368:Horror
3356:Gothic
3341:Satire
3259:Erotic
3126:Legend
3028:Climax
2902:Bathos
2809:Utopia
2697:Reveal
2596:Cliché
2574:Action
2568:Ab ovo
2507:Tragic
2265:Future
2175:Aspect
2162:Aspect
2038:accept
1958:Among
1913:Korean
1911:; and
1899:; the
1893:Hebrew
1889:Arabic
1885:Uyghur
1883:, and
1881:Kazakh
1862:Nepali
1803:future
1576:French
1565:French
1554:number
1550:gender
1522:aspect
1506:French
1469:hebben
1438:hebben
1367:gesagt
1333:(be).
1320:wollen
1306:, the
1266:German
1261:German
1041:aspect
959:, and
953:Basque
936:French
836:using
811:French
787:washed
729:Portal
627:Topics
376:Syntax
242:
235:
228:
221:
213:
3598:Genre
3565:Canon
3516:Tense
3434:Novel
3417:Urban
3329:Prose
3314:Rogue
3239:Crime
3234:Comic
3195:Genre
3165:Novel
3116:Fable
3094:Drama
3059:films
2889:Style
2857:Motif
2847:Moral
2832:Irony
2824:Theme
2737:Trope
2136:Tense
2090:yustu
1866:Hindi
1712:I ate
1632:I ate
1594:I ate
1409:Dutch
1404:Dutch
1327:haben
1218:would
1047:with
876:loved
870:like
805:(see
775:verbs
769:is a
329:Index
247:JSTOR
233:books
3705:Past
3603:List
3524:Past
3383:Hard
3336:Saga
3244:Docu
3200:List
3131:Myth
3086:Form
2974:Tone
2947:Hook
2932:Mood
2927:Mode
2785:city
2672:Pace
2559:Plot
2497:Anti
2492:Hero
2475:Foil
2362:Fake
2314:Past
2280:Near
2066:haed
2034:went
1919:and
1891:and
1864:and
1858:Urdu
1818:Zulu
1805:and
1752:and
1729:and
1706:and
1690:and
1681:and
1540:and
1528:and
1500:and
1465:zijn
1434:zijn
1363:habe
1343:hieĂź
1331:sein
1318:and
1316:sein
1302:and
1247:were
1176:been
1172:have
1162:The
1145:have
1135:The
1122:were
1108:The
1062:The
1045:have
851:and
785:and
783:went
779:sang
765:The
511:and
504:Text
219:news
2992:Act
2061:bin
2059:or
2057:wen
2008:In
1830:-ed
1799:Ewe
1756:or
1748:or
1714:or
1664:or
1596:or
1475:was
1473:Ik
1444:ben
1422:was
1389:ist
1382:kam
1347:was
1339:gab
1337:Es
1257:.)
1251:was
1241:or
1168:had
1141:had
1120:or
1118:was
1101:or
1084:did
1049:had
994:-ed
992:or
930:or
906:PST
853:guo
202:by
140:by
3696::
3589:/
2112:te
2044:.
2042:ed
2032:→
2030:go
1950:.
1935:.
1929:le
1879:,
1875:,
1860:,
1856:,
1832:.
1809:.
1513:.
1298:,
1180:be
1114:be
1093:do
1070:,
1020:.
1008:,
1004:,
990:-d
955:,
910:.
855:.
849:le
781:,
303:on
55:.
3202:)
3198:(
3030:/
3016:/
2406:e
2399:t
2392:v
2246:e
2239:t
2232:v
2114:(
2093:(
1764:)
1760:(
1737:)
1733:(
1718:)
1710:(
1668:)
1660:(
1649:)
1645:(
1630:(
1619:)
1615:(
1604:)
1592:(
1481:.
1290:)
1283:)
1229:.
1116:(
819:)
815:(
754:e
747:t
740:v
287:)
281:(
269:)
263:(
258:)
254:(
244:·
237:·
230:·
223:·
196:.
167:)
161:(
156:)
152:(
105:)
101:(
91:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
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