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Week and various decorative items for Day of the Dead. However, they also include piñatas, mojigangas, masks, dolls and more made for various other occasions. There is also a significant market for collectors as well. Papier-mâché was introduced into Mexico during the colonial period, originally to make items for church. Since then, the craft has developed, especially in central Mexico. In the 20th century, the creation of works by Mexico City artisans Pedro
Linares and Carmen Caballo Sevilla were recognized as works of art with patrons such as Diego Rivera. The craft has become less popular with more recent generations, but various government and cultural institutions work to preserve it.
773:, is covered in papier-mâché. Once dried, details are added. The papier-mâché is then sanded and painted. Carnival floats can be very large and comprise a number of characters, props and scenic elements, all organized around a chosen theme. They can also accommodate several dozen people, including the operators of the mechanisms. The floats can have movable parts, like the facial features of a character, or its limbs. It is not unusual for local professional architects, engineers, painters, sculptors and ceramists to take part in the design and construction of the floats.
288:
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685:. The paper of the time was significantly stretchier than modern paper, especially when damp, and this was used to good effect in the manufacture of paper boats. A layer of thick, dampened paper was placed over a hull mold and tacked down at the edges. A layer of glue was added, allowed to dry, and sanded down. Additional layers of paper and glue could be added to achieve the desired thickness, and cloth could be added as well to provide additional strength and stiffness. The final product was trimmed, reinforced with wooden strips at the
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885:, the British were beginning to counter the highly effective sniping of the Germans. Among the techniques the British developed was to employ papier-mâché figures resembling soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with an apparatus that produced smoke from a cigarette, to increase the realism of the effect. Bullet holes in the decoys were used to determine the position of enemy snipers who had fired the shots. Very high success rates were claimed for this experiment.
857:, military aircraft fuel tanks were constructed out of plastic-impregnated paper and used to extend the range or loiter time of aircraft. These tanks were plumbed to the regular fuel system via detachable fittings and dropped from the aircraft when the fuel was expended, allowing short-range aircraft such as fighters to accompany long-range aircraft such as bombers on longer missions as protection forces. Two types of paper tanks were used, a 200-gallon (758 L)
960:
335:, or skeleton, often of wire mesh over a structural frame, or they can be placed on an object to create a cast. Oil or grease can be used as a release agent if needed. Once dried, the resulting material can be cut, sanded and/or painted, and waterproofed by painting with a suitable water-repelling paint. Before painting any product of papier-mâché, the glue must be fully dried, otherwise mold will form and the product will rot from the inside out.
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714:. The domes were constructed over a wooden or iron framework, and the first ones were made by the same manufacturer that made the early paper boats, Waters & Sons. The domes used in observatories had to be light in weight so that they could easily be rotated to position the telescope opening in any direction, and large enough so that it could cover the large
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In 16th century
Germany, papier-mâché was used to create multiple copies of Protestant images, including Martin Luther. The North German sculptor Albert von Soest carved wooden molds which were used to made a plaster cast. This in turn was used to make many copies of the papier-mâché portrait. There
640:
or papier-mâché sculpture is a traditional handcraft in Mexico. The papier-mâché works are also called "carton Piedra" (rock cardboard) for the rigidness of the final product. These sculptures today are generally made for certain yearly celebrations, especially for the
Burning of Judas during Holy
544:
has been used to manufacture boxes (small and big), bowls, trays, étagères, useful and decorative items, models, birds and animals, vases, lights, corporate gifts and lot more. It remains highly marketed in India and
Pakistan and is a part of the luxury ornamental handicraft market. The product is
338:
For the pulp method, the paper is left in water at least overnight to soak, or boiled in abundant water until the paper breaks down to a pulp. The excess water is drained, an adhesive is added and the papier-mâché applied to a form or, especially for smaller or simpler objects, sculpted to shape.
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were highly competitive during the late 19th century. Few examples of paper boats survived. One of the best known paper boats was the canoe, the "Maria
Theresa", used by Nathaniel Holmes Bishop to travel from New York to Florida in 1874–75. An account of his travels was published in the book
593:
patented a process in 1847 for steaming and pressing these laminated sheets into various shapes, which were then used to manufacture trays, chair backs, and structural panels, usually laid over a wood or metal armature for strength. The papier-mâché was smoothed and
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protected under the
Geographic Indication Act 1999 of Indian government, and was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks during the period from April 2011 to March 2012 under the title "Kashmir Paper Machie".
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Creating papier-mâché masks is common among elementary school children and craft lovers. Either one's own face or a balloon can be used as a mold. This is common during
Halloween time as a facial mask complements the costume.
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With the first method, a form for support is needed on which to glue the paper strips. With the second method, it is possible to shape the pulp directly inside the desired form. In both methods, reinforcements with wire,
330:
For the paper strips method, the paper is cut or torn into strips, and soaked in the paste until saturated. The saturated pieces are then placed onto the surface and allowed to dry slowly. The strips may be placed on an
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Papier-mâché has been used for doll heads, starting as early as 1540, molded in two parts from a mixture of paper pulp, clay, and plaster, and then glued together, with the head then smoothed, painted and varnished.
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There are two methods to prepare papier-mâché. The first method makes use of paper strips glued together with adhesive, and the other uses paper pulp obtained by soaking or boiling paper to which glue is then added.
729:
With modern plastics and composites taking over the decorative and structural roles that papier-mâché played in the past, papier-mâché has become less of a commercial product. There are exceptions, such as
927:
681:, New York. The invention of the continuous sheet paper machine allows paper sheets to be made of any length, and this made an ideal material for building a seamless boat
540:
mystic, who came to
Kashmir during the late 14th century along with his followers, many of whom were craftsmen. These craftsmen used hand-made paper pulp from Iran.
327:
is a naturally mold free adhesive used in a ratio of one part powder to 16 parts hot water and is a popular choice because it is non-toxic, but is not waterproof.
665:, the Carving Capital of the Philippines. It is said that the first known taka "was wrapped around a mold carved from wood and painted with decorative pattern."
524:
and China also produced laminated paper articles using papier-mâché. In Japan and India, papier-mâché was used to add decorative elements to armor and shields.
1127:
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Papier-mâché is an economical building material for both sets and costume elements. It is also employed in puppetry. A famous company that popularized it is
833:. Despite the extremely high pressures and temperatures in the bore of a firearm, papier-mâché proved strong enough to contain the pressure, and push a sub-
484:, not long after they learned how to make paper. They employed the technique to make items such as warrior helmets, mirror cases, or ceremonial masks.
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The traditional method of making papier-mâché adhesive is to use a mixture of water and flour or other starch, mixed to the consistency of heavy
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for a variety of traditional and ceremonial activities, as well as in arts and crafts. Many people use this as a form of decorative hobby.
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projectile out of the barrel with a high degree of accuracy. Papier-mâché sabots were used in everything from small arms, such as the
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to produce waterproof panels in 1772. These sheets were used for building coach-door panels as well as for other structural uses.
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Papier-mâché panels were used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to produce lightweight domes, used primarily for
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had a thriving industry in ornamental papier-mâché. A large assortment of painted
Russian papier-mâché items appears in a
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1187:"Reformatoren - nicht von Pappe. Martin Luther und die Bildpropaganda des Albert von Soest in Pappmaché"
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In Persia, papier-mâché has been used to manufacture small painted boxes, trays, étagères and cases.
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Carton-pierre consists of papier-mâché imitating wood, stone or bronze, especially in architecture.
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or other preservatives, such as salt, to the mixture reduces the chances of the product developing
738:. It is still used in cases where the ease of construction and low cost are important, such as in
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Papier-mâché found in the DIY taka workshop kit created by the Adao Family from Paete, Laguna
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1994–2003: 130 anni di storia del
Carnevale di Viareggio, Carnevale d'Italia e d'Europa
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1453:"The special feature of the new observatory at Columbia College will be a paper dome"
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The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men, and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force)
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598:, or given a pearl-shell finish. The industry lasted through the 19th century.
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The papier-mâché technique was first adopted in Kashmir in the 14th century by
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float museum, brings Carnival float artists from Italy to work on his floats.
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papier-mâché began to appear as a low-cost alternative to similarly treated
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377: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
311:. Other adhesives can be used if thinned to a similar texture, such as
249:
1630:"H. Hesketh-Pritchard, "Sniping in France", page 46+, pub: E P Dutton"
1133:. Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks. Archived from
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Papier-mâché is commonly used for large, temporary sculptures such as
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exhibited at the Interactive Museum-Labyrinth of Science and Arts in
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Papier-mâché was used in a number of firearms as a material to form
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One common item made in the 19th century in America was the paper
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Detail of gilt papier-mâché as applied to an English picture frame
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315:(PVA) based glues (often sold as wood glue or craft glue). Adding
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585:, patented a process for treating laminated sheets of paper with
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769:. A basic structure of wood, metal and metal wire mesh, such as
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537:
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29:
1309:"Paete's Taka : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities"
283:
Papier-mâché with the strips method for the creation of a pig
1491:
Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras And America's Creole Soul
196:
187:
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135:
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304:, lightweight shapes, balloons or textiles may be needed.
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132:
1103:
Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture
129:
109:
480:
appeared to be the first to use papier-mâché around 200
1128:"State Wise Registration Details Of G.I Applications"
754:
Building of a papier-mâché mask for the sculpture of
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1012:, a form of binding a book used in the 19th century
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Vycinanka (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish paper art)
190:
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126:
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267:Papier-mâché sculptures are used as an affordable
869:made by the British and used by the P-47 and the
1078:
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937:, exhibited in the Museum of Carmen de Maipú (
693:to provide stiffness, and waterproofed. Paper
577:or carved wood in architecture. Henry Clay of
291:Papier-mâché mask created with the pulp method
1699:
677:, most famously made by Waters & Sons of
566:is an example in the Danish National Museum.
8:
1086:A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour
444:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
240:), frequently written as paper mache, is a
225:
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248:pieces or pulp, sometimes reinforced with
1191:Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums
903:Carmen y los superhéroes de la Naturaleza
777:float maker Blaine Kern, operator of the
464:Learn how and when to remove this message
393:Learn how and when to remove this message
60:of all important aspects of the article.
1038:
892:
865:, and a 108-gallon (409 L) cylindrical
933:Chair decorated with papier-mâché and
252:, and bound with an adhesive, such as
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1303:
1301:
1106:. Abhinav Publications. p. 125.
661:, is a known folk art of the town of
657:Papier-mâché, locally referred to as
219:
7:
1574:Spon, Edward; Byrne, Oliver (1872),
1493:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1292:participating institution membership
1222:Rivers, Shayne; Umney, Nick (2003).
818:The Schenkl projectile, used in the
442:adding citations to reliable sources
375:adding citations to reliable sources
1433:from the original on June 26, 2021
1230:. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp.
861:made by the United States for the
845:, such as the Schenkl projectile.
25:
1514:"How to Make Paper Mache Masks",
27:Paper-based construction material
2288:Bronze and brass ornamental work
1660:
1646:
1576:Spon's Dictionary of Engineering
1561:A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor
1559:Holley, Alexander Lyman (1865),
1548:. Whittlesey House: McGraw-Hill.
1459:. March 19, 1883. Archived from
1209:Nationalmuseets Samlinger Online
958:
946:
926:
895:
569:Starting around 1725 in Europe,
414:
351:
163:
99:
34:
1589:Freeman, Roger Anthony (1970).
1398:from the original on 2011-07-23
1373:from the original on 2020-04-20
1341:from the original on 2011-07-23
1167:from the original on 2008-02-19
1161:"History of Papier Mâché Dolls"
1100:Saraf, D. N. (1 January 1987).
1028:technique that uses damp paper.
362:needs additional citations for
48:may be too short to adequately
1055:Costumes for Plays and Playing
492:In ancient Egypt, coffins and
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
1651:The dictionary definition of
1604:Grant, William Newby (1980).
758:, in the Carnival of Massafra
1417:"Columbia's New Observatory"
1474:Barghetti, Adriano (2007).
1159:Andrews, Deborah 'Debbie'.
1083:Egerton, Wilbraham (1896).
871:North American P-51 Mustang
2505:
1489:Abrahams, Roger D (2006).
1359:Bishop, Nathaniel Holmes,
629:, traditional figures for
1725:
1392:"Paper observatory domes"
1362:Voyage of the Paper Canoe
1279:Oxford English Dictionary
1260:. Tiffany & Co. 1893.
1226:Conservation of Furniture
1185:Decker, Bernhard (2010).
863:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt
785:Costuming and the theatre
700:Voyage of the Paper Canoe
84:papier-mâché masks, Haiti
1542:Bendick, Jeanne (1945).
1334:A history of paper boats
1205:"Portræt, Martin Luther"
1005:Hanji (Korean paper art)
965:Papier-mâché rooster at
795:Bread and Puppet Theater
2423:Painting in Hälsingland
1678:Encyclopædia Britannica
1520:, About, archived from
1313:artesdelasfilipinas.com
1284:Oxford University Press
706:Paper observatory domes
534:Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
476:The Chinese during the
1478:(in Italian). Pezzini.
1059:. Parkway Publishers.
1051:Haley, Gail E (2002).
826:
822:, used a papier-mâché
775:New Orleans Mardi Gras
759:
654:
634:
633:celebrations in Mexico
558:
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284:
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496:were often made from
290:
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80:
2443:Pressed flower craft
1669:at Wikimedia Commons
1463:on January 26, 2009.
1089:. WH Allen & Co.
1010:Papier-mâché binding
911:San Luis Potosí City
721:in use at the time.
542:Kashmir papier-mâché
438:improve this section
371:improve this article
1860:Spinning (textiles)
1778:Friendship bracelet
1608:. Chartwell Books.
1457:The Harvard Crimson
1282:(Online ed.).
990:Russian lacquer art
881:From about 1915 in
859:conformal fuel tank
606:catalog from 1893.
516:Middle and Far East
275:Preparation methods
221:[papjemɑʃe]
1563:, Trübner & Co
1426:. April 11, 1884.
1424:The New York Times
1016:Papier-mâché Tiara
953:Papier-mâché shark
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820:American Civil War
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242:composite material
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2366:Hardstone carving
2314:Balloon modelling
1828:Ribbon embroidery
1665:Media related to
1615:978-0-89009-320-7
1545:Making the Movies
1367:Project Gutenberg
1290:(Subscription or
1113:978-81-7017-204-8
839:Dreyse needle gun
604:Tiffany & Co.
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2489:Papier-mâché
2406:Glass mosaic
2324:Bone carving
2124:Wood carving
2119:Wood burning
2094:Chip carving
2051:Scrapbooking
2036:Papier-mâché
2035:
2002:Papercutting
1955:Iris folding
1943:Photomontage
1938:Papier collé
1903:Altered book
1763:Cross-stitch
1676:
1673:Papier-mâché
1667:Papier-mâché
1654:papier-mâché
1653:
1624:
1606:P-51 Mustang
1605:
1599:
1593:. Doubleday.
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1537:
1526:, retrieved
1522:the original
1516:
1509:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1461:the original
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1423:
1411:
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1386:
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1361:
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1333:
1327:
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1169:. Retrieved
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1122:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1054:
902:
880:
877:Combat decoy
855:World War II
852:
828:
810:Paper sabots
792:
788:
761:
728:
725:Applications
709:
699:
672:
656:
636:
612:
568:
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531:
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491:
475:
460:
451:
436:Please help
424:
389:
380:
369:Please help
364:verification
361:
337:
332:
329:
306:
302:chicken wire
298:
294:
266:
235:chewed paper
89:Papier-mâché
88:
87:
66:January 2017
63:
47:
45:lead section
18:Papier maché
2433:Pietra dura
2396:Micromosaic
2329:Doll making
2283:Silversmith
2200:Cameo glass
2157:Earthenware
2129:Woodturning
2041:Pop-up book
2026:Papermaking
1913:Calligraphy
1908:Bookbinding
1838:Rug hooking
1808:Needlepoint
1788:Lace-making
1753:Canvas work
1022:Wet-folding
883:World War I
797:founded by
669:Paper boats
645:Philippines
587:linseed oil
500:—layers of
494:death masks
478:Han dynasty
2468:Wall decal
2391:Miniatures
2309:Assemblage
2177:Terracotta
2152:Bone china
2031:Paper toys
1997:Papercraft
1923:Cast paper
1918:Cardmaking
1865:String art
1855:Shoemaking
1843:Rug making
1813:Needlework
1768:Embroidery
1758:Crocheting
1719:handicraft
1578:, E&FN
1528:2009-11-03
1402:2011-03-09
1394:. Cupery.
1377:2020-08-28
1345:2011-03-09
1337:, Cupery,
1318:2024-09-01
1294:required.)
1171:2008-02-26
1144:25 January
1033:References
849:Drop tanks
719:telescopes
638:Cartonería
579:Birmingham
498:cartonnage
82:Mardi Gras
2463:Taxidermy
2453:Scrimshaw
2428:Pargeting
2354:Grotesque
2334:Dollhouse
2278:Goldsmith
2273:Jewellery
2263:Engraving
2220:Glassware
2205:Chip work
2172:Stoneware
2162:Porcelain
2114:Marquetry
2089:Carpentry
2084:Cabinetry
2061:Wallpaper
1987:Embossing
1980:Moneygami
1933:Decoupage
1818:Patchwork
1803:Millinery
1257:Blue Book
1000:Japanning
995:Decoupage
867:drop tank
843:artillery
716:refractor
596:lacquered
425:does not
50:summarize
2483:Category
2418:Ornament
2381:Lapidary
2376:Lath art
2359:Gargoyle
2319:Beadwork
2293:Ironwork
2109:Intarsia
2104:Fretwork
2099:Ébéniste
2079:Bentwood
2056:Stamping
2046:Quilling
1992:Marbling
1975:Kirigami
1965:Kamikiri
1870:Tapestry
1823:Quilting
1783:Knitting
1437:June 12,
1428:Archived
1396:Archived
1371:archived
1339:archived
1165:Archived
979:See also
971:Portugal
841:, up to
764:Carnival
691:gunwales
627:Catrinas
454:May 2024
383:May 2024
333:armature
250:textiles
209:-pər mə-
2413:Netsuke
2268:Etching
2248:Andiron
2167:Pottery
2147:Azulejo
2139:Ceramic
2007:Chinese
1970:Origami
1960:Jianzhi
1928:Collage
1885:Weaving
1880:Tie-dye
1875:Tatting
1798:Macrame
1773:Felting
1740:Textile
1730:History
1026:origami
907:Catrina
889:Gallery
853:During
835:caliber
732:Micarta
583:England
575:plaster
528:Kashmir
510:plaster
502:papyrus
446:removed
431:sources
343:History
229:
217:French:
148:-ee-ay
2401:Mosaic
2258:Enamel
2225:Mirror
2017:Slavic
2012:Jewish
1850:Sewing
1833:Carpet
1612:
1497:
1238:
1110:
1063:
967:Lisbon
919:Mexico
831:sabots
767:floats
736:piñata
617:Mexico
600:Russia
571:gilded
549:Europe
258:starch
2302:Other
2240:Metal
2192:Glass
1950:Decal
1895:Paper
1793:Lucet
1431:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1288:
1138:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1024:, an
939:Chile
824:sabot
675:canoe
663:Paete
522:Japan
506:linen
309:cream
260:, or
246:paper
2371:Inro
2182:Tile
2071:Wood
1717:and
1610:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1439:2018
1236:ISBN
1234:–6.
1146:2016
1108:ISBN
1061:ISBN
689:and
687:keel
683:hull
679:Troy
659:taka
538:Sufi
536:, a
429:any
427:cite
321:mold
254:glue
226:lit.
211:SHAY
150:MASH
1232:205
504:or
440:by
373:by
207:PAY
152:-ay
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