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554:-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid is a component of the extract from sassafras plants but not from spicebush, redbay or camphor tree, the other top three host plants of spicebush swallowtails. This substance is not necessarily itself the stimulant but instead activates another as yet unknown compound that thus compels the spicebush swallowtail to lay eggs. Thus, this substance may hold the link for why some spicebush swallowtails prefer to lay eggs on sassafras rather than spicebush. In addition, 3-
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to pupate, they turn a yellow-green color and are marked by two large black dots with a white highlight. The placement of these dots on the swollen thorax creates the illusion that the caterpillars are common green snakes. Mimicking snakes help the caterpillars to ward off predators, specifically birds. The caterpillar spicebush swallowtails enhance the physical resemblance behaviorally, as they have been observed to "rear up and retract the actual caterpillar head."
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discovery of a suitable leaf, the larvae begin the pupating process by emitting silk from their salivary glands, which helps attach the larvae to the branch or leaf. Then the larvae turn around while still emitting silk, which creates a "safety harness" for the pupating process. At the end of the pupating process, the larvae have become pupae which are either brown (winter) or green (summer).
50:
720:, a type of behavior which occurs while adults are flying in search of food or mates. Puddling reflects the fact that while engaging in either feeding or mating behavior, i.e. when they are away from home, spicebush swallowtails tend to stay in groups. These groupings are typically located on the banks of water, such as sandy or moist ridges. When puddling in these groups, the
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oval spots. In the middle portion of the wing, the spots can be moon shaped and a light blue in color. Both sexes have cream-yellow moon-shaped spots on the edges of the hindwings and a bright orange color spot at the base of the wings. In females, the orange spot at the base of the wings will turn a greenish-white shade in summer, but not the spring.
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of the caterpillar also helps to enhance the resemblance to a snake. When attacked, the larvae will expose the osmeterium, a Y-shaped organ typically folded up within the caterpillar. For many spicebush swallowtails, the osmeterium is red, thus creating the illusion of a snake tongue and even further
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As larvae, spicebush swallowtails have two stages of mimicry. While the larvae are in the early stages, they are dark brown and thus appear to resemble bird droppings, which encourages predators to leave them alone. When the larvae have progressed to their fourth and last instar and are nearly ready
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One key known form of communication among spicebush swallowtails occurs during mating. Visual cues are important for males to find females, and courtship displays can be elaborate. While these courtship displays occur, the female and male are often in contact, which is likely a way for them to relay
274:
The spicebush swallowtail is found only in the eastern US and southern
Ontario, but occasionally strays as far as the American plains states, Cuba, Manitoba and Colorado. While still larvae, spicebush swallowtails remain on the leaf of the plant on which they were laid. As adults, the butterflies do
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of an inch (19 mm) from the tip of the leaf. The larva lies on the midrib and exudes silk. Upon drying, the silk contracts and causes the leaf to fold up around the larva to form a shelter. At first, young larvae are brownish. The brown color of the larvae is independent of leaf color and will
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Typically, the wingspan of a spicebush swallowtail ranges from 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm). Adults are primarily black/brown in color, with a trademark green-blue (male) or bright blue (female) splotch in the shape of a half moon on the hindwings. The forewing has a border of cream-colored,
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Females can often be found outside the treeline, in areas of direct sun. This may be due to the fact that these areas are in direct sunlight, which allows for higher thoracic temperatures. Males are less concerned with direct sunlight during mating because their thoracic temperature rises while
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When these larvae reach later stages, they turn greenish yellow before pupating. Older larvae live in a leaf, rolled up and lined with silk and held together by a line of silk. In order to pupate, the larvae will leave the shelter and find the underside of a leaf near the ground to do so. Upon
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Once eggs are laid, formal parental care ceases among spicebush swallowtails. Larvae do have a nutrient-rich egg, which keeps them well fed during the developmental period. Also, as noted above, females are very particular about host plant choice that aids in the success of egg development.
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occur even on a green leaf. A folded leaf serves as the home for the young larvae. During the day, the larvae remain in the shelter so as to avoid predators and come out at night to feed. Additionally, if larvae are disturbed while rolled up in the leaf, they emit a foul-smelling substance.
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located in the foretarsi that assess the chemical makeup of the leaf and use that information to decide if it is an acceptable spot. In general, females have shorter and denser sensilla on their forelegs than males, which may be a result of their having to sustain frequent heavy strokes.
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The more widespread subspecies of spicebush swallowtail is prevalent throughout the
Eastern United States, from New England to Wisconsin, west to Illinois, Wisconsin, North Dakota and Nebraska. It also abounds in Texas and Colorado. Temperature may be a limiting factor for the spread of
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Roughly three generations of spicebush swallowtails occur each year. Most develop into adults throughout the range between the months of
February and November. The entire development process from egg to adult takes about a month. Once they have reached the adult stage,
676:. Because the color of the pupa reflects the color of the deciduous host plants, since the leaves will turn brown in winter and green in summer. Even in cases where the leaves are not yet brown, the pupa appear to turn that color in anticipation of the changing colors.
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Besides mimicry, another form of predator avoidance for spicebush swallowtails is the "club-like extensions from their hind-wings." An attack from a predator focused on the "false head" will leave the butterfly itself unharmed, though with slightly damaged wings.
266:, or swallowtails, include the largest butterflies in the world. The swallowtails are unique in that even while feeding, they continue to flutter their wings. Unlike other swallowtail butterflies, spicebushes fly low to the ground instead of at great heights.
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caterpillars. The fact that spicebush swallowtails live and feed primarily on
Lauraceae only is noteworthy also because most other varieties of swallowtail butterflies are nowhere near as specific. Part of the reason for the selective nature of
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This primarily black swallowtail is normally found in deciduous woods or woody swamps, where they can be found flying low and fast through shaded areas. Females tend to stay in open plains, while males are typically found in swamp areas.
345:, which only has a single row of spots. In between these rows, there is more blue or green coloring. Characteristically, the median (inner) orange spots are discontinuous, allowing the blue or green coloring to spread medially.
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The eggs of the spicebush swallowtail are greenish white in color, are fairly large and are laid one or two at a time on a spicebush leaf. Once hatched, the young larvae chew through the leaf from the edge to the midrib, about
562:, which are present in oviposition stimulants for some members of all five families of swallowtail butterflies. Hydroxycinnamic acids are also present in the extracts from host plants for two other species within the genus
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successfully, even though the brighter-blue color on female wings is a little more vibrant than the pipevine swallowtail's coloring. As they themselves are not unpalatable and the pipevine are, this is an example of
1242:
Scriber, J. Mark, Michelle Larsen, Geoff Allen, Paul Walker and Myron
Zalucki, (2008). "Interactions between Papilionidae and ancient Australian angiosperms: evolutionary specialization or ecological monophagy?"
1210:
Nitao, James; Ayres, Matthew; Lederhouse, Robert; Scriber, Mark J. (Aug 1991). "Larval
Adaptation to Lauraceous Hosts: Geographic Divergence in the Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly," Ecology 72 (4): 1428-1435.
856:. If predators know that the pipevine swallowtail has a foul taste, they are unlikely to eat it and also unlikely to eat the spicebush swallowtail. There are other adult butterflies which mimic the poisonous
1330:
Brower, Jane Van Zandt (Jun 1958). "Experimental
Studies of Mimicry in Some North American Butterflies: Part II. Battus philenor and Papilio Troilus, P. polyxenes and P. glaucus." Evolution 12 (2): 123-136
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feeds on either sassafras or spicebush. In a study, it was found that those spicebush swallowtails that normally feed on redbay did not grow as well on spicebush or sassafras during the first
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information to one another. Additionally, the male butterfly will typically emit pheromones around the female butterfly and the female will use her scent to make her decision about mating.
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on the same plant, for example, who feed on
Lauraceae as well as other types of plants. In addition, there has not been any other Lepidoptera species which feeds as efficiently as the
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The insistence on feeding primarily on
Lauraceae has its advantages for spicebush swallowtails. They are able to feed two to four times more adeptly and efficiently on Lauraceae than
481:. The preference for Lauraceae is so consistent among spicebush swallowtails that under experimental conditions, when placed in an environment with leaves other than Lauraceae,
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294:, as in experimental conditions, they do not fare well at or above 36 °C (97 °F) nor are they capable of flourishing at or below 14 °C (57 °F).
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died without eating anything. This fact is especially noteworthy because
Lauraceae are distantly related to the host plants of other species that are food for
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In general, both sexes will copulate with several mates during mating season. However, each time a female mates, she becomes less likely to mate again.
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performing vigorous courtship dances. Males may perform these courtship dances both to females perched on host plants as well as those flying freely.
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When female swallowtails decide which leaf to oviposit on, they frequently will drum their forelegs toward a leaf to identify it. Their forelegs have
550:-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid was found to be the substance that compelled spicebush swallowtails to lay their eggs on members of Lauraceae. However, 3-
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not limit their flight geographically and instead are motivated mostly by availability of water and nectar and mates within the species' range.
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The distinguishing difference in color between the two subspecies is evident where the spots, which are blue in color on the hindwing of the
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species, perhaps due to their darker body and wing color. This allows them to fly and feed at lower temperatures than their counterparts.
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Butterflies and Moths of North America from The Big Sky Institute at Montana State University and NBII Mountain Prairie Information Node
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251:, the latter found mainly in the Florida peninsula. The spicebush swallowtail derives its name from its most common host plant, the
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is confined to the Southeastern coastal United States, namely throughout Florida and along coastal Georgia and in places in Texas.
578:. Thus, hydroxycinnamic acids may help explain why many types of swallowtails choose to oviposit on the plants that they choose.
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of development, while all insects studied grew better throughout the larval period on sassafras or spicebush. In addition, the
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When threatened, a spicebush swallowtail butterfly exudes red drops of a foul-smelling liquid. Its many predators include
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Florida Butterfly Gardening: A Complete Guide to Attracting, Identifying, and Enjoying Butterflies of the Lower South
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Carter, Maureen; Feeny, Paul; Haribal, Meena (1999). "An Oviposition Stimulant for Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly,
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and host plants may have to do with the requirement of positive stimuli to confirm that a plant is Lauraceae among
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Field Notes from the Beiser Field Station: October 7, 2008, The Spicebush Swallowtail, Accessed March 14, 2011,
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Mickley, J. and A. Fraser (2006). "Papilio troilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed March 30, 2011,
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live only on redbay because that is the primary host plant within the Southern range. However, in a test of
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On the underside of the hindwing, there will be a dual row of orange spots, which distinguishes it from the
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778:. All of these creatures will try to eat both adult spicebush swallowtail butterflies and youthful larvae.
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butterflies and genetic introgression south of the hybrid zone in the North American Great Lakes Region."
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can live anywhere from two days to two weeks dependent on resource availability and predator avoidance.
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Scriber, J. Mark, Keegan Keefover and S. Nelson, (2002). "Hot summer temperatures may stop movement of
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are favorite sources of nectar for the adults. They have also been known to drink nectar from
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474:, as a holistic group, both subspecies performed better on sassafras or spicebush over time.
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http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CritterFiles/casefile/insects/butterflies/swallowtail/swallowtail.htm
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In general, spicebush swallowtails tend to stick to plants that are members of the family
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http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Papilio_troilus.html
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Adult spicebush swallowtails practice another type of mimicry, as they resemble the
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occur throughout the full range of the spicebush swallowtail. As stated above, the
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Shapiro, A.M., (1976). "Seasonal polyphenism." Evolutionary Biology 9: 229-253.
847:), a foul-tasting butterfly. Each of the sexes are able to exhibit mimicry of
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The practice of turning either brown in winter or green in summer is called
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North American Butterfly Association images of adult spicebush swallowtails
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http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/butterfly/species/Tigersw.shtml
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The spicebush swallowtail's major form of predator avoidance is through
363:. Additionally, splashes of blue can trail all the way down the tail of
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has a greater physical resemblance to the other mimics than it does to
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447:. However, when given the choice between spicebush and sassafras, the
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The host plants of the spicebush swallowtail are most commonly either
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have the ability to perform mimicry both as a larva and as an adult.
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Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida
916:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Papilio troilus Spicebush Swallowtail"
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Hall, Donald; Butler, Jerry (Aug 2007). "Spicebush Swallowtail,"
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Spicebush swallowtails gain sustenance from eight major sources.
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Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology
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strain, while spicebush and sassafras as the primary hosts for
558:-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid is a member of a family of acids,
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will extract moisture from the soil or sand near the water.
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http://www.carolinanature.com/butterflies/spicebushswt.html
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http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Papilio-troilus
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http://www.simplybutterflies.com/Backyard_Butterflies.html
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had higher growth and survival rates on redbay than the
1318:"Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly," Accessed 27 April 2011,
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http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN110700.pdf
1259:"Swallowtail Butterflies," Accessed March 17, 2011,
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262:The family to which spicebush swallowtails belong,
1306:"Spicebush Swallowtail," Accessed March 17, 2011,
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1278:http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/spicebush.htm
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515:on spicebush. However, none of the host plants of
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466:on redbay, sassafras and spicebush, although the
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1047:. Scientific Publishers: Gainesville, Fla. 1995.
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946:"Simply Butterflies," Accessed March 17, 2011,
243:found in North America. It has two subspecies,
539:strain was typically larger in size than the
451:showed no significant preference for either.
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1067:The Swallowtail Butterflies of North America
1387:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
1043:Scriber, J., Y. Tsubaki and R. Lederhouse.
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1160:. Florida Museum of Natural History. 2023
1069:. Naturegraph: Heraldsburg, Calif., 1975.
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714:Spicebush swallowtails often engage in
1230:." Journal of Chemical Ecology 25 (6).
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391:). Other possible host plants include
1158:Florida's Wildflowers and Butterflies
1136:. Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1999.
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1659:69322C58-004C-461F-BE99-9A82751D54AB
1374:Official state insects from NETSTATE
886:most closely resembles it. However,
692:Spicebush swallowtails (along with
566:: the black swallowtail butterfly,
498:before they will feed on it, while
1359:Michael Gerber's caterpillar photo
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1182:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
702:their thoraxes better than other
1712:Lepidoptera of the United States
527:, mostly feeds on redbay, while
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802:. Both subspecies and sexes of
1132:Minno, Marc C.; Minno, Maria.
988:. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1986.
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1697:Butterflies described in 1758
830:Larval mimicry, fourth instar
1692:Butterflies of North America
1180:A Field Guide to Butterflies
986:Butterflies of North America
359:are more yellow in color in
1702:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1195:, Accessed March 17, 2011,
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1682:NatureServe secure species
1389:Featured Creatures website
304:The smaller subspecies of
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68:Scientific classification
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823:enhancing the disguise.
299:Papilio troilus ilioneus
270:Distribution and habitat
249:Papilio troilus ilioneus
1395:, Butterflies of Canada
1154:"Spicebush Swallowtail"
1102:"Spicebush Swallowtail"
753:Predators and avoidance
405:Liriodendron tulipifera
284:Papilio troilus troilus
255:, members of the genus
245:Papilio troilus troilus
237:green-clouded butterfly
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546:In a recent study, 3-
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841:pipevine swallowtail
674:seasonal polyphenism
343:pipevine swallowtail
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16:Species of butterfly
1065:Hamilton, Tyler A.
789:, prior to pupation
421:Cinnamomum camphora
413:Magnolia virginiana
208:P. troilus ilioneus
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1080:Papilio Canadensis
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751:
745:
742:
729:
726:
711:
708:
700:thermoregulate
698:) are able to
689:
686:
647:chemoreceptors
631:
628:
583:
580:
537:P. t. ilioneus
521:P. t. ilioneus
468:P. t. ilioneus
464:P. t. ilioneus
456:P. t. ilioneus
454:Additionally,
441:P. t. ilioneus
431:). Redbay and
399:), as well as
372:
369:
365:P. t. ilioneus
361:P. t. ilioneus
357:P. t. troilus,
352:
350:P. t. ilioneus
347:
334:
329:
313:
310:
301:
296:
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222:
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64:
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47:
44:
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38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1724:
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1273:
1271:
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1262:
1256:
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1250:
1247:128: 230-239.
1246:
1239:
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1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
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1207:
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1198:
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1155:
1149:
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1129:
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1125:
1123:
1119:
1108:on 2012-03-19
1107:
1103:
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921:
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889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
874:
870:
865:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
835:Adult mimicry
834:
828:
824:
821:
816:
809:
807:
805:
801:
793:
788:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
752:
750:
744:Parental care
743:
741:
737:
733:
727:
725:
723:
719:
718:
709:
707:
705:
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697:
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670:
666:
651:
648:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:, as well as
601:
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589:
581:
579:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:P. t. troilus
538:
534:
530:
529:P. t. troilus
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
502:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
472:P. t. troilus
469:
465:
461:
460:P. t. troilus
457:
452:
450:
449:P. t. troilus
446:
445:P. t. troilus
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
351:
348:
346:
344:
339:
333:
332:P. t. troilus
330:
325:
318:
311:
309:
307:
300:
297:
295:
293:
292:P. t. troilus
285:
282:
280:
276:
269:
267:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
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214:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
198:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
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151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
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100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
65:
59:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1412:
1326:
1314:
1244:
1227:
1223:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1133:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:the original
1086:25: 184-192.
1083:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1044:
985:
962:
925:20 September
923:. Retrieved
919:
910:
896:
891:
887:
883:
877:
873:C. promethea
867:
863:P. polyxenes
861:
860:, including
857:
848:
844:
838:
817:
813:
803:
797:
772:robber flies
761:
747:
738:
734:
731:
721:
715:
713:
703:
695:P. palamedes
693:
691:
681:
678:
671:
667:
652:
644:
638:
588:Joe-Pye weed
585:
582:Food sources
573:
569:P. polyxenes
567:
563:
555:
551:
547:
545:
540:
536:
528:
520:
516:
512:
508:
506:
499:
495:
491:
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476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
420:
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404:
396:
388:
380:
374:
364:
360:
356:
354:
349:
340:
336:
331:
305:
303:
298:
291:
288:
283:
277:
273:
264:Papilionidae
261:
256:
248:
244:
236:
232:
227:
226:
225:
207:
202:
176:
174:
158:
157:
145:
135:Papilionidae
18:
1550:iNaturalist
1437:Wikispecies
892:B. philenor
879:L. astyanax
858:B. philenor
849:B. philenor
776:dragonflies
596:honeysuckle
575:P. protenor
397:Zanthoxylum
393:prickly ash
312:Description
195:Subspecies
125:Lepidoptera
58:NatureServe
1676:Categories
1355:, BugGuide
1142:0813016657
1112:2011-05-02
902:References
888:P. troilus
884:P. troilus
869:P. glaucus
820:osmeterium
630:Life cycle
513:P. troilus
509:P. glaucus
501:P. glaucus
496:P. troilus
492:P. troilus
483:P. troilus
401:tulip tree
306:P. troilus
105:Arthropoda
1084:Ecography
758:Predators
608:milkweeds
592:jewelweed
479:Lauraceae
377:spicebush
253:spicebush
153:Species:
91:Kingdom:
85:Eukaryota
1589:LepIndex
1568:11313986
1485:BugGuide
1461:BioLib:
1451:BAMONA:
1422:Wikidata
717:puddling
604:thistles
600:lantanas
433:swampbay
409:sweetbay
184:Linnaeus
131:Family:
101:Phylum:
95:Animalia
81:Domain:
1687:Papilio
1654:ZooBank
1542:1938104
1428:Q149664
1381:on the
1337:2406023
1164:17 July
800:mimicry
794:Mimicry
768:spiders
704:Papilio
659:⁄
616:dogbane
564:Papilio
525:Florida
487:Papilio
417:camphor
371:Ecology
257:Lindera
146:Papilio
141:Genus:
121:Order:
115:Insecta
111:Class:
56: (
54:Secure
1646:556774
1594:169663
1581:777719
1529:PAPITR
1516:130865
1464:400396
1335:
1140:
882:, but
787:instar
774:, and
622:, and
620:mimosa
612:azalea
594:, and
572:, and
533:instar
425:redbay
423:) and
231:, the
1633:96216
1620:50442
1563:IRMNG
1555:58525
1503:4CKR5
1477:12504
1333:JSTOR
785:Last
764:birds
641:larva
556:trans
552:trans
548:trans
383:) or
1615:NCBI
1607:4181
1602:MONA
1576:ITIS
1537:GBIF
1524:EPPO
1490:2648
1472:BOLD
1166:2023
1138:ISBN
927:2020
876:and
818:The
462:and
247:and
188:1758
1511:EoL
1498:CoL
415:),
407:),
235:or
1678::
1656::
1643::
1630::
1617::
1604::
1591::
1578::
1565::
1552::
1539::
1526::
1513::
1500::
1487::
1474::
1439::
1424::
1385:/
1297:^
1285:^
1267:^
1252:^
1235:^
1215:^
1203:^
1156:.
1121:^
1091:^
1052:^
1024:^
993:^
973:^
965:.
954:^
935:^
918:.
894:.
871:,
866:,
770:,
766:,
626:.
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
590:,
543:.
367:.
259:.
186:,
1339:.
1280:.
1168:.
1115:.
929:.
843:(
661:4
657:3
435:(
427:(
419:(
411:(
403:(
395:(
387:(
379:(
60:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
