58:
417:
259:
The motivation behind Julian's decree was considered, even by his contemporaries, to have been an attempt to undermine the unity of the
Christian Church: "He did this the more resolutely because, as long licence increased their dissensions, he thought he should never have to fear the unanimity of the
146:
In about 372, Ticonius, a lay exegete, wrote a book to condemn the more extreme views of
Parmenian, but without abandoning his allegiance to the Donatist party. Parmenian replied, condemning the doctrine of Ticonius as tending to connect the true church (that of the Donatists), with the corrupt one,
221:
argues that
Parmenian was a capable and formidable bishop of his see, even if his influence and reputation eventually ceased to be recognized with the end of the Donatist schism. Frend writes that Parmenian's authority was "never seriously challenged" during his long term as bishop. After returning
150:
Even if
Parmenian proved more extreme than Ticonius, he can be considered a relatively moderate Donatist for the reason that he did not require the rebaptism of all converts, but only those who had received their first baptism as Catholics. This moderate rigorism is further seen in the decision of
237:
within the
Donatist church. The break, which occurred after Parmenian's death, split the community into groups of "Parmenianites" and "Maximianites," which "fought tooth and claw and persecuted each other." According to George M. Ella, the resulting lack of unity in the North African Christian
131:("On the schism of the Donatists") in response to Parmenian. Judging by Optatus' response, we can infer that Parmenian held the standard rigorist position of the Donatists that "the sacrifice of a sinner is polluted," and that baptism cannot be validly conferred by a sinner, such as one of the
433:
199:(the "navel," that is the focal point, a properly consecrated altar for sacrifice). These "gifts" or signs of the true church were both a guarantee of its validity and protection against the individual sinfulness of some of its members.
222:
to
Carthage in 362, he had secured unequivocal leadership of the Donatist church by 364, and held onto it until his death in 391 or 392. "He brought Donatism successfully through the crisis of
139:, but rather as a "brother." (It was Optatus' opinion that only pagans and heretics go to hell; he believed that schismatics and all Catholics will eventually be saved after a necessary
238:
community was a contributing factor to the ease with which the
Islamic conquest of the area succeeded in the late 600s: "the blood of the Donatists had become the seed of Islam."
637:
82:
Whatever his origin, Parmenian succeeded
Donatus as Donatist bishop of Carthage around the year 350. He was banished from the city in 358. He returned in 362 under the decree of
49:. He wrote several works defending the rigorist views of the Donatists and is recognized as "the most famous Donatist writer of his day", but none of his writings have survived.
151:
the council of 270 Donatist bishops that was convened at
Carthage during the episcopate of Parmenian. After 75 days of deliberation, the council at last resolved that the
57:
427:
632:
195:(the Holy Spirit); the fountain (that is, of true baptism); the seal of the fountain (which precludes communion with any other church); and the
86:
that allowed exiled bishops to return to their sees. About this time, if not earlier, he published a work in five parts defending
Donatism (
177:(divine gifts), which provide proof of its purity and holiness. These were presented in the form of allegorical symbols, derived from the
426:
127:"). While it has been lost, it appears to have been widely read by his contemporary Catholic opponents. Optatus published his great work
260:
common people, having found by experience that no wild beasts are so hostile to men as Christian sects in general are to one another" (
510:
461:
348:
94:. At an unknown year during his episcopacy, he oversaw a council of Donatist bishops that made an important proclamation about the
173:
A distinctive hallmark of Parmenian's theology is his idea that the true church (i.e., the Donatist church) possesses seven
234:
302:
See Tillem. xiii. 128 and note 32. For a full account of the treatise, with a list of Scripture quotations, see Ribbek,
223:
627:
560:
218:
233:
A less positive evaluation of Parmenian's tenure as bishop would blame him for eventually causing the schism of
532:
386:
375:
156:
108:
261:
642:
422:
230:. By the end of his rule, Parmenian's church had attained the height of its power and prosperity."
647:
471:
163:
506:
498:
457:
449:
344:
338:
166:, who, at the request of his friends, argued against its views in a treatise in three books (
210:, of which Parmenian "emerges as the conserver... Optatus, by contrast, as the innovator."
83:
483:
79:
meaning that he was probably not a native of Africa. He may have come from Spain or Gaul.
65:
135:
Even while arguing against his views, however, Optatus does not refer to Parmenian as a
591:
42:
90:), to which the treatise of Optatus is a reply. In about 372, he wrote a book against
621:
179:
380:
35:
434:
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
203:
227:
140:
100:
95:
17:
202:
James Alexander considers this imagery a development of the theologies of
91:
46:
38:
119:
Parmenian's most influential work was written in about 362 and entitled
75:, the anti-Donatist polemicist and contemporary of Parmenian, calls him
68:, 1875). Julian's decree of 362 allowed Parmenian to return to Carthage.
609:
207:
136:
72:
56:
379:
62:
Julian the Apostate presiding at a conference of sectarians
162:
Parmenian's book against Ticonius fell into the hands of
531:
Frend, W. H. C. (October 2011). "The Age of Parmenian".
191:("angel," representing validly consecrated bishop); the
340:
The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World
561:"The Donatists and Their Relation to Church and State"
155:
even if they refused rebaptism, should be admitted to
226:' revolt, the excommunication of Tyconius , and the
147:
the Catholic church, especially its African branch.
343:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 96–114.
505:. Vol. 2. London: Routledge. p. 228.
456:. Vol. 33. Louvain: Peeters. p. 263.
450:"The Ecclesiologies of Parmenian and Tyconius"
8:
638:Ancient Christians involved in controversies
370:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
580:
332:
330:
328:
326:
554:
552:
526:
524:
522:
322:
252:
187:("chair," representing authority); the
479:
469:
428:"Parmenianus, a bp. of Carthage"
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
7:
437:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
107:Parmenian died and was succeeded by
452:. In Livingstone, Elizabeth (ed.).
425:; Piercy, William C., eds. (1911).
501:. In Esler, Philip Francis (ed.).
306:pp. 348–366. (See also Augustine,
25:
268:XXII, 5, 4.) Also see Augustine,
415:
633:4th-century bishops of Carthage
170:), over the years 402 to 405.
1:
121:Adversus ecclesiam traditorum
88:Adversus ecclesiam traditorum
45:in the Donatist bishopric of
598:Donatist Bishop of Carthage
123:("Against the church of the
115:Theology and later influence
448:Tilley, Maureen A. (1997).
664:
606:
596:
588:
583:
537:. Oxford University Press
503:The Early Christian World
497:Alexander, James (2005).
129:De schismate Donatistarum
41:bishop, the successor of
304:Donatus und Augustinus,
111:in about the year 392.
69:
565:Biographia Evangelica
387:Catholic Encyclopedia
60:
276:, quoted in Jerome,
262:Ammianus Marcellinus
242:Notes and references
34:died ca. 392) was a
534:The Donatist Church
337:Tilley, Maureen A.
628:4th-century Romans
272:ii. 17; Eusebius,
168:contra Parmenianum
73:Optatus of Milevis
70:
616:
615:
607:Succeeded by
584:Religious titles
454:Studia Patristica
381:"Donatists"
280:vol. iii. p. 687.
16:(Redirected from
655:
589:Preceded by
581:
576:
575:
573:
571:
559:Ella, George M.
556:
547:
546:
544:
542:
528:
517:
516:
494:
488:
487:
481:
477:
475:
467:
445:
439:
438:
430:
419:
418:
413:
392:
391:
383:
372:
355:
354:
334:
311:
300:
294:
287:
281:
257:
21:
663:
662:
658:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
618:
617:
612:
604:350–391 or 392
600:
594:
579:
569:
567:
558:
557:
550:
540:
538:
530:
529:
520:
513:
496:
495:
491:
478:
468:
464:
447:
446:
442:
421:
416:
414:
395:
374:
373:
358:
351:
336:
335:
324:
315:
314:
301:
297:
289:See Augustine,
288:
284:
258:
254:
244:
228:Rogatist schism
216:
117:
66:Edward Armitage
55:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
661:
659:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
620:
619:
614:
613:
608:
605:
595:
592:Donatus Magnus
590:
586:
585:
578:
577:
548:
518:
511:
489:
462:
440:
393:
390:. Vol. 5.
356:
349:
321:
313:
312:
295:
282:
251:
250:
243:
240:
219:W. H. C. Frend
215:
212:
116:
113:
54:
51:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
660:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
623:
611:
603:
599:
593:
587:
582:
566:
562:
555:
553:
549:
536:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:9780415164979
508:
504:
500:
493:
490:
485:
473:
465:
463:9789068318685
459:
455:
451:
444:
441:
436:
435:
429:
424:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
394:
389:
388:
382:
377:
376:Chapman, John
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:9781451414523
346:
342:
341:
333:
331:
329:
327:
323:
320:
319:
309:
305:
299:
296:
292:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:Roman History
263:
256:
253:
249:
248:
241:
239:
236:
231:
229:
225:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
180:Song of Songs
176:
171:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
114:
112:
110:
105:
104:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
67:
63:
59:
52:
50:
48:
44:
40:
37:
36:North African
33:
29:
19:
601:
597:
568:. Retrieved
564:
539:. Retrieved
533:
502:
492:
453:
443:
432:
385:
339:
317:
316:
307:
303:
298:
290:
285:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
246:
245:
232:
217:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
174:
172:
167:
161:
152:
149:
145:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
106:
99:
87:
81:
76:
71:
61:
32:Parmenianus;
31:
27:
26:
480:|work=
423:Wace, Henry
153:traditores,
133:traditores.
77:peregrinus,
18:Parmenianus
643:392 deaths
622:Categories
499:"Donatism"
318:References
214:Evaluation
204:Tertullian
125:traditores
101:traditores
648:Donatists
482:ignored (
472:cite book
197:umbilicus
164:Augustine
157:communion
141:purgatory
96:rebaptism
28:Parmenian
570:March 1,
541:March 1,
378:(1909).
310:ii. 17.)
308:Retract.
270:Retract.
235:Maximian
193:spiritus
185:cathedra
92:Ticonius
47:Carthage
39:Donatist
30:(Latin:
610:Primian
293:93, 43.
208:Cyprian
189:angelus
137:heretic
109:Primian
43:Donatus
509:
460:
420:
347:
274:Chron.
224:Firmus
183:: the
84:Julian
247:Notes
175:dotes
572:2017
543:2017
507:ISBN
484:help
458:ISBN
345:ISBN
278:Opp.
206:and
53:Life
602:ca.
291:Ep.
143:.)
98:of
624::
563:.
551:^
521:^
476::
474:}}
470:{{
431:.
396:^
384:.
359:^
325:^
264:,
159:.
574:.
545:.
515:.
486:)
466:.
353:.
103:.
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
