904:) modes. The design allows for operation in more than two modes. Two power-split modes are available, along with several fixed-gear (essentially parallel hybrid) regimes. Such a design can be referred to as a multi-regime design. The Two-Mode Hybrid powertrain design can be classified as a compound-split design, since the addition of four clutches within the transmission allows for multiple configurations of engine power-splitting. In addition to the clutches, this transmission has a second planetary gearset. The objective of the design is to vary the percentage of mechanically vs. electrically transmitted power to cope both with low-speed and high-speed operating conditions. This enables smaller motors to do the job of larger motors when compared to single-mode systems, because the derived electrical peak power is proportional to the width of the continuous variation range. The four fixed gears enable the Two-Mode Hybrid to function like a conventional parallel hybrid under high continuous power regions such as sustained high speed cruising or trailer towing. Full electric boost is available in fixed-gear modes.
843:
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example, in
Generation 1 and Generation 2 HSDs maximum speed is mainly limited by the speed of the smaller electric motor (often functioning as a generator). The Generation 3 HSD separates the ICE-MG1 path from the MG2 path, each with its own, tailored gear ratio (1.1:1 and 2.5:1, respectively, for late Priuses, including the Prius c). The Generation 4 HSD eliminates the second planetary gear set, and places the electric motors on parallel axes, with a combining gear in between these axes, and transfers the combined result to the final drive differential. This is quite similar to Toyota-affiliated
1856:, made a breakthrough by introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump that is efficient at all ranges and loads, making small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids feasible. The company converted a BMW car to prove viability. The BMW 530i gave double the MPG in city driving compared to the standard car. The test used the standard 3,000 cc engine. Petro-hydraulic hybrids allows downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator.
1805:
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779:. By switching the clutches, the gear ratio from MG2 (the traction motor) to the wheel shaft is switched, either for higher torque or higher speed (up to 250 km/h / 155 mph) while sustaining better transmission efficiency. This is effectively accomplished in the Generation 3 Prius HSDs (Prius v, Prius Plug-in and Prius c), although the Generation 3 HSD has this second planetary gear set fixed at 2.5:1, rather than switching between 1:1 and 2.5:1 as the "carrier" is held fixed.
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chassis. The hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs and reversing to recover braking energy. The aim is 170 mpg in average driving conditions. Energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy, that normally would be wasted, assists in charging the accumulator. An ICE sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized to run the car for 15 minutes when fully charged.
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motors batteries can be recharged through regenerative braking or by loading the electrically driven wheels during cruise. This allows a simpler approach to power-management. This layout also has the advantage of providing four-wheel-drive in some conditions. (An example of this principle is a bicycle fitted with a front hub motor, which assists the cyclist's pedal power at the rear wheel.) Vehicles of this type include the
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1467:—The vehicle is cruising and the battery state-of-charge is high. The battery provides power to both the motor (to provide mechanical power) and to the generator. The generator converts this to mechanical energy that it directs towards the engine shaft, slowing it down (although not altering its torque output). The purpose of this engine "lugging" is to increase the fuel economy of the vehicle.
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1430:—The vehicle is cruising (i.e. not accelerating), and the ICE can meet the demand. The power from the engine is split between the mechanical path and the generator. The battery also powers the motor, whose power is summed mechanically with the engine. If the battery state-of-charge is low, part of the power from the generator charges the battery.
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setup, liberating space; the combustion generator set only requires cables to the driving electric motors, increasing flexibility in major component layout spread across a vehicle giving superior weight distribution and maximizing vehicle cabin space and opening up the possibility of superior vehicle designs exploiting this flexibility.
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309:(EREV) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEV), or electric vehicle with extended range (EVER). All series hybrids are EREV, REEV or EVER, but not all EREV, REEV or EVER are series hybrids. Series hybrids with particular characteristics are classified as range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx) by the
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as they use the ICE for primary power, with a torque-boosting electric motor connected to a (largely) conventional power train. The electric motor is mounted between the engine and transmission. It is essentially a large starter motor that operates when the engine needs to be turned over and when the
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ICE torque output is minimal at lower RPMs and conventional vehicles increase engine size to meet market requirements for acceptable initial acceleration. The larger engine has more power than needed for cruising. Electric motors produce full torque at standstill and are well-suited to complement ICE
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The Wankel was chosen because of its small size, low weight and great power to weight ratio. (Wankel engines also run efficiently at a constant speed of approximately 2,000 RPM which is suited to generator operation. Keeping to a constant/narrow band offsets many of the perceived disadvantages of the
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The ICE turns a generator and is not mechanically connected to the driving wheels. This isolates the engine from demand, allowing it to consistently operate at its most efficient speed. Since the primary motive power is generated by the battery, a smaller generator/engine can be fitted as compared to
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An alternative parallel hybrid is the "through the road" type. In this system a conventional drivetrain powers one axle, with an electric motor or motors driving another. This arrangement was used by the earliest 'off track' trolleybuses. It in effect provides a complete backup power train. In modern
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With cars the two sources may be applied to the same shaft (for example with the electric motor connected between the engine and transmission), turning at equal speeds and the torques adding up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as necessary. (The first two generations
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which are normally driven by the engine. Furthermore, the lubrication systems of internal combustion engines are inherently least effective immediately after the engine starts; since it is upon startup that the majority of engine wear occurs, the frequent starting and stopping of such systems reduce
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There are many ways to create an electric-Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) hybrid. The variety of electric-ICE designs can be differentiated by how the electric and combustion portions of the powertrain connect, at what times each portion is in operation, and what percent of the power is provided by
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NRG Dynamix of the U.S.A. claimed its approach reduced cost by one-third compared with electric hybrids and added only 300 lbs (136 kg) to vehicle weight vs. 1,000 lbs (454 kg) for electric hybrids. The company claimed a standard pickup vehicle powered by a 2.3-litre, 4-cylinder
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trucks and SUVs, are examples of this type of hybridization as they can operate on battery power alone. A large, high-capacity battery provides battery-only operation. These vehicles have a split power path that allows more flexibility in the drivetrain by inter-converting mechanical and electrical
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has a single power-split device (incorporated as a single three-shaft planetary gearset) and can be classified as an Input-Split, since the power of the engine is split at the input to the transmission. This in turn makes this setup very simple in mechanical terms, but has drawbacks of its own. For
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Electric transmission has been available as an alternative to conventional mechanical transmissions since 1903. Typically mechanical transmissions impose many penalties, including weight, bulk, noise, cost, complexity and a drain on engine power with every gear-change, whether accomplished manually
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One research company's goal was to create a fresh design to improve the packaging of gasoline-hydraulic hybrid components. All bulky hydraulic components were integrated into the chassis. One design claimed to reach 130mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator that is also the structural
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electric motor mounted within the bell-housing between the engine and transmission, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the truck is coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly to provide power. Accessories can continue to run on electrical power while the engine is off, and as in
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The electric propeller motor uses electricity stored in batteries, with the engines not operating, to take off and climb reducing sound emissions. The powertrain reduces the weight of the plane by 100 kilos relative to its predecessor. The DA36 E-Star first flew in June 2013, making this the first
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As of
October 2012, the best selling PHEV is the Volt, with more than 33,000 units of the Volt/Ampera family sold worldwide since December 2010, led by US sales of 27,306, followed by the Netherlands with 2,175 Amperas sold through October 2012. The Prius Plug-in Hybrid had sold 21,600 units
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of the wheel assembly; vehicle designs may be optimized to lower the centre of gravity by locating heavier elements (including battery) at floor level; In a typical road vehicle the power-transmission setup may be smaller and lighter than the equivalent conventional mechanical power-transmission
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energy, which can improve efficiency by recovering energy otherwise lost as heat through the braking system. Because a series-hybrid has no mechanical link between the ICE and the wheels, the engine can run at a constant and efficient rate regardless of vehicle speed, achieving higher efficiency
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can be further categorized by the balance between the different motors are at providing motive power: the ICE may be dominant (engaging the electric motor only in specific circumstances) or vice versa; while in others can run on the electric system alone but because current parallel hybrids are
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mechanical and aerospace engineering professor, collaborated with engineers from Ford to get pneumatic hybrid technology up and running. The system is similar to that of a hybrid-electric vehicle in that braking energy is harnessed and stored to assist the engine as needed during acceleration.
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Other combinations offer efficiency gains from superior energy management and regeneration that are offset by cost, complexity and battery limitations. Combustion-electric (CE) hybrids have battery packs with far larger capacity than a combustion-only vehicle. A combustion-electric hybrid has
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stores energy. The vessel typically carries a flexible bladder of pre-charged pressurized nitrogen gas. Pumped hydraulic fluid is compressed against the bladder storing the energy in the compressed nitrogen gas. Some versions have a piston in a cylinder rather than a pressurized bladder. The
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a conventional direct drive engine. Electric traction motors can receive electricity from the battery, or directly from the engine/generator or both. Traction motors frequently are powered only by the electric battery, which can be charged from external sources such as the electricity grid.
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Mild hybrids are essentially conventional vehicles with some hybrid hardware, but with limited hybrid features. Typically, they are a parallel hybrid with start-stop and modest levels of engine-assist or regenerative braking. Mild hybrids generally cannot provide all-electric propulsion.
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The arguments of greater flexibility, higher efficiency and less emissions at the point of use are achieved in a series-hybrid system for road vehicles when an intermediate electric battery, acting as an energy buffer, sits between the electric generator and the electric traction motors.
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with the addition of a battery that may power the vehicle without running the ICE and acting as an energy buffer that is used to accelerate and achieve greater speed; the generator may simultaneously charge the battery and power the electric motor that moves the vehicle.
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are parallel hybrids that incorporate power-split devices, allowing for power paths from the ICE to the wheels that can be either mechanical or electrical. The main principle is to decouple the power supplied by the primary source from the power demanded by the driver.
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When the vehicle is stopped the ICE is switched off without idling, while the battery provides whatever power is needed at rest. Vehicles at traffic lights, or in slow moving stop-start traffic need not burn fuel when stationary or moving slowly, reducing emissions.
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produces electricity, because the ICE's full power is not needed to maintain speed. This electrical energy is used to drive the sun gear in the direction opposite its usual rotation. The end result has the ring gear rotating faster than the engine, albeit at lower
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powertrain with the propeller turned by a
Siemens 70 kW (94 hp) electric motor. A power sapping propeller speed reduction unit is eliminated. The aim is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 25 percent. An onboard 40 hp (30 kW)
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The kinetic braking energy recovery rate is higher and therefore the system is more efficient than 2013-era battery charged hybrids, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in economy in EPA testing. In EPA tests a hydraulic hybrid Ford
Expedition returned
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hydraulic accumulator is potentially cheaper and more durable than batteries. Hydraulic hybrid technology was originally implemented in
Germany in the 1930s. Volvo Flygmotor used petro-hydraulic hybrids experimentally in buses from the early 1980s.
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and several other companies, primarily in heavy vehicles like buses, trucks and military vehicles. An example is the Ford F-350 Mighty Tonka concept truck shown in 2002. It features an Eaton system that can accelerate the truck to highway speeds.
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In
January 2011, Chrysler announced a partnership with the EPA to design and develop an experimental gasoline-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in passenger cars. Chrysler adapted an existing production minivan to the powertrain.
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Another way to offer start/stop is by employing a static start engine. Such an engine requires no starter motor, but employs sensors to determine the exact position of each piston, then precisely timing the injection and ignition of fuel to
1156:. Chevrolet was able to get a 10% efficiency improvement by shutting down and restarting the engine on demand and using regenerative braking. The electrical energy was used only to drive accessories such as power steering. The GM PHT used a
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vehicles are often fitted with a battery or supercapacitor to deliver peak acceleration power and to reduce the size and power constraints on the fuel cell (and thus its cost); this is effectively also a series hybrid configuration.
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driver "steps on the gas" and requires extra power. The electric motor may also restart the combustion engine and shutting down the main engine at idle, while the enhanced battery system is used to power accessories. GM announced
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The system components were expensive, which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power motors were not efficient enough at part load. Focus switched to smaller vehicles. A British company,
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Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that can both individually drive the car or both coupled up jointly giving drive. This is the most common hybrid system as of 2016.
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is needed. The system is disengaged in all other driving conditions, so it does not directly enhance performance or economy but allows the use of a smaller and more economical engine relative to total performance.
111:. A diesel–electric powertrain fails the strict definition of hybrid because the electric drive transmission directly replaces the mechanical transmission rather than being a supplementary source of motive power.
742:(lower power density, less low-rpm torque, higher fuel efficiency; sometimes called an Atkinson-Miller cycle). The smaller engine, using a more efficient cycle and often operating in the favorable region of the
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offered an engine/generator set design that runs at two speeds, giving 15 kW of electrical power at 1,500 rpm and 35 kW at 3,500 rpm via the integrated electrical generator, used in the Nissan concept
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A conversion of a 1966 Mustang was demonstrated by an engineer in
California. The system replaced the alternator with a 12 kW (30 kW peak) brushless electric motor. Gas mileage and power improved.
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in the United States in
December 2010, and its sibling, the Opel Ampera, was released in Europe by early 2012. As of November 2012, other plug-in hybrids available in several markets were the
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can also provide modest assist under acceleration and during steady driving, and captures energy during regenerative (blended) braking. BAS Hybrid offered as much as a 27% improvement in combined
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Since the 1990s trolleybus hybrids have been introduced with small power plants to provide a low speed capability for emergency and maintenance but not to support general revenue service.
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and the ICE can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging. This makes them more efficient in urban 'stop-and-go' conditions. They use a smaller battery pack than other hybrids.
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to power the mechanical drivetrain directly, not to generate electricity for the traction motor. This enabled the vehicle to be used for revenue service where there was no contact wire.
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batteries that are light that offer higher energy density and are far more costly. ICEs require only a battery large enough to operate the electrical system and ignite the engine.
37:. A hybrid vehicle has multiple forms of motive power, and can come in many configurations. For example, a hybrid may receive its energy by burning gasoline, but switch between an
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the lifespan of the engine considerably. Also, start and stop cycles may reduce the engine's ability to operate at its optimum temperature, thus reducing the engine's efficiency.
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Regenerative braking – The drive motor becomes a generator and recovers energy by converting kinetic to electrical energy, also slowing the vehicle and preventing thermal losses.
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with one source exclusively providing the power and the second providing electricity. Either source may provide the primary motive force, with the other augmenting the primary.
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This allows a vehicle with an engine/generator that only operates when needed, such as when the battery is depleted, or to charge the batteries. Vehicles of this type include
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Structure of a series-hybrid vehicle. The grey square represents a differential gear. An alternative arrangement (not shown) is to have electric motors at two or four wheels.
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increases and suspension responsiveness decreases, which impacts ride and potentially safety. However the impact should be minimal as electric motors in wheel hubs such as
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The
California Cars Initiative converted the 2004 and newer Toyota Prius to become a prototype of what it calls PRIUS+. With the addition of 140 kg (300 lb) of
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1237:(IMA). IMA hybrids cannot provide propulsion on electric power alone. However, since the amount of electrical power needed is much smaller, system size is reduced.
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In effect the entire mechanical transmission between the ICE and the wheels is removed and replaced by an electric generator, some cable and controls, and electric
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experiment in The United States (New Jersey) that ran from 1935 to 1948, which normally used traction current delivered by wire. The trolleybus was fitted with an
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Late Hybrid Synergy Drive. Generation 3 (chainless) ICE-MG1 Power Split Device/MG2 Motor Speed Reduction Device HSD is shown. MG2 ratio permanently set at 2.5:1.
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The electric motor may be entirely fed by electricity from the battery or via the generator turned by the ICE, or both. Such a vehicle conceptually resembles a
56:. Powertrains may either use chemical, solar, nuclear or kinetic energy for propulsion. The oldest example is the steam locomotive. Modern examples include
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ICEs can run optimally when turning a generator. Series-hybrid systems offer smoother acceleration by avoiding gear changes. Series-hybrids incorporate:
1451:—Also used for idling, except that in this case the battery state-of-charge is low and requires charging, which is provided by the engine and generator.
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BAS Hybrid system that uses a smaller electric motor (mounted to the side of the engine) and battery pack than the Honda IMA, but functions similarly.
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other hybrid designs, regenerative braking recaptures energy. The large electric motor spins up the engine to operating-speeds before injecting fuel.
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hybrids. Their main benefit is that they can be gasoline-independent for significant distances, with the extended range of an ICE for longer trips.
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Ford has dubbed Honda's hybrids "mild" in their advertising for the Escape Hybrid, arguing that the Escape's full hybrid design is more efficient.
1182:. Its "start-stop" functionality operates similarly to the Silverado, although via a belted connection to the motor/generator unit. However the GM
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will add together (most electric bicycles are of this type). When only one of the two sources is in use, the other must be connected via a one-way
3734:
3645:"Energy Flow and Electric Drive Mode Efficiency Evaluation of Different Generations of Hybrid Vehicles under Diversified Urban Traffic Conditions"
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1411:. A computer oversees system operation, determining how to mix the power sources. The Prius operations can be divided into six distinct regimes:–
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is one example of a conventional vehicle that shuts off its engine when at a stop. Some provision must be made, however, for accessories such as
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Many designs also shut off the internal combustion engine when it is not needed in order to save energy. That concept is not unique to hybrids;
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Early Hybrid Synergy Drive. Generation 1/Generation 2 (chained) ICE-MG1-MG2 Power Split Device HSD is shown. MG2 ratio permanently set at 1:1.
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507:(37%, rather than the ICE average of 20%) and at low or mixed speeds this could result in ~50% increase in overall efficiency (19% vs 29%).
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2093:"DOE to Award Up to $ 2.4B for Advanced Batteries, Electric Drive Components, and Electric Drive Vehicle Demonstration/Deployment Projects"
2015:
and receives the vehicle with the tech installed. An (electric or hybrid) powertrain can be added to a glider by an aftermarket installer.
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Many land and water vehicles use human power combined with a further power source. Common are parallel hybrids, e.g. a sailboat with oars,
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torque deficiency at low RPMs. In a power-split hybrid, a smaller, less flexible, and more efficient engine can be used. The conventional
540:. Generally, output rates for combustion engines are provided for instantaneous (peak) output rates, but in practice these can't be used.
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eliminates the conventional mechanical transmission elements: gearbox, transmission shafts and differential, and can sometimes eliminate
1459:—Employed in situations where the engine cannot maintain the desired speed. The battery powers the motor to complement the engine power.
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2732:"Ravigneaux planetary gear set of carrier, sun, planet, and ring wheels with adjustable gear ratios and friction losses - Simulink"
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P stands for Position. If there are multiple electric motors in different locations, may be written as P1 + P3 or P0 + P2.5 + P4.
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connected in series (36V total) to supply the power needed for the startup motor, as well as to power the electronic accessories.
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engine achieved 14 mpg (16.8 L/100 km) in city driving. Using the petro-hydraulic setup fuel economy reached "the mid 20s".
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that can be fitted in the wheel, or between the wheel and brake rotor of internal combustion vehicles to convert them to hybrid
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Mild hybrids like the General Motors 2004–2007 Parallel Hybrid Truck (PHT) and the Honda Eco-Assist hybrids are equipped with a
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Among different types of hybrid vehicles, only the electric/ICE type is commercially available as of 2017. One variety operated
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They are full hybrids, able to run on battery power. They offer greater battery capacity and the ability to recharge from the
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1110:. Strictly speaking, micro hybrids are not real hybrid vehicles, because they do not rely on two different sources of power.
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1418:—The ICE is off and the battery powers the motor (or charges during regenerative braking). Used for idling when the battery
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Electrical vehicles have a long history combining internal combustion and electrical transmission – as in a
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ever flight of a series hybrid powertrain. Diamond Aircraft state that the technology is scalable to a 100-seat aircraft.
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Hybrid vehicles can be used in different modes. The figure shows some typical modes for a parallel hybrid configuration.
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configuration able to operate in all-electric, blended electric and ICE, or ICE alone with four fixed gears. Examples of
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2441:. The 1998 Bus Operations, Technology and Management Conference. Phoenix, Arizona: American Public Transportation System
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1712:
1579:" efficiency and emissions of PHEVs compared to gasoline hybrids depends on the grid energy sources (the US grid is 30%
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769:. This allows for a motor with less torque but higher power (and higher maximum rotary speed), i.e. higher power density
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2004:
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3521:"EPA and Chrysler to Take Latest Hybrid Technology from Lab to Street/Partnership to adapt fuel efficient technology"
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2026:, worked to develop a bolt-on hybrid conversion kit to transform an older model vehicle into a gas-electric hybrid.
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2702:"EADS and Siemens enter long-term research partnership for electric aviation propulsion; MoU with Diamond Aircraft"
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of PHEVs, with larger battery packs that can be recharged from the power grid, were built in the U.S., notably at
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to recover energy when slowing down the vehicle. This simply involves driving a motor so it acts as a generator.
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is almost a series hybrid, but also includes a mechanical link from the engine to the wheels above 70 mph.
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3579:"Chrysler Group files S-1 for IPO; snapshot of R&D priorities; exploring a light-duty hydraulic hybrid"
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Wishart, J.; Zhou, Y.; Dong, Z. (2008). "Review of multi-regime hybrid vehicle powertrain architecture".
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of a standard Prius and could make trips of up to 16 kilometres (10 mi) using only electric power.
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sold worldwide through October 2012, with US sales of 9,623 units, followed by Japan with 9,500 units.
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Interesting variations of the simple design (pictured at right) found, for example, in the well-known
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3410:"EPA Announces Partnership to Demonstrate World's First Full Hydraulic Hybrid Urban Delivery Vehicle"
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Series-hybrids have been taken up by the aircraft industry. The DA36 E-Star, an aircraft designed by
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providing torque over a wide speed range. ICEs are most efficient when turning at a constant speed.
76:(ICE) that can either recharge the batteries or power the vehicle. Other hybrid powertrains can use
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3256:[Car sales in May 2012 decreased by 4.4 percent] (in Dutch). RAI Vereniging. Archived from
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3124:"Warren Buffett's Electric Car Hits the Chinese Market, But Rollout Delayed For U.S. & Europe"
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775:-type planetary gear (planetary gear with 4 shafts instead of 3) and two clutches as used in the
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3286:[Sales October 2012 - Models overview] (in Dutch). Auto Week Netherlands. Archived from
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unable to provide electric-only or internal combustion-only modes they are often categorized as
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2011:) and the hybrid (two engines) or all-electric (only an electric motor) powertrain kit to the
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powertrain can be added to a vehicle. The aftermarket solution is used when the user delivers
1921:, combining three power sources e.g. on-board solar cells, grid-charged batteries and pedals.
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that is equipped with a range extender. Another example of a series hybrid automobile is the
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2461:"Lockheed Martin to deliver more diesel electric propulsion systems for New York City buses"
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1393:-style linkage between the engine and motor connected to the head end of the transmission.
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These contain two different energy recovery systems. This is a transversal categorization.
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successfully used this arrangement in the early 20th century in racing cars, including the
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1843:) for storage connected to a hydrostatic transmission. The system is under development by
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for PHEVs due to reduced service costs and gradually improving battery technology. The "
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2237:"Nissan Note goes all-hybrid in Japan with revised e-Power system still due for the US"
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Compressed air can power a hybrid car with a gasoline compressor to provide the power.
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1215:
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1046:
886:
850:
804:
735:
602:
537:
526:
495:
467:
402:
398:
366:
321:
262:
69:
38:
34:
2626:"GM Admits Chevy Volt's Gasoline Engine Can Power the Wheels; So is It Still Special?"
2611:"AFS Trinity urgees Congress and candidates to support proposed auto stimulus package"
521:
This operating profile allows greater scope for alternative engine designs, such as a
4234:
4219:
4158:
4143:
4123:
4050:
3887:
3857:
3765:
3316:
3084:
2190:
1576:
1385:
1381:
1340:, is a vehicle that can run on just the engine, the batteries, or a combination. The
1230:
1190:
in EPA testing of the 2009 Saturn VUE. The system can also be found on the 2008–2009
694:
676:
if required and a lower floor (useful for buses and other specialised vehicles (some
654:
626:
621:
522:
390:
339:
175:
2410:"Information on Thundervolt ELFA hybrid-electric drive systems for buses and trucks"
2161:
1598:
4128:
4065:
4035:
4030:
2262:"Nissan introducing second non-plug-in e-POWER series-hybrid model: Serena e-POWER"
1678:
1502:
1408:
1341:
1275:
1153:
869:. The system was also featured on the GMC Graphite SUV concept vehicle at the 2005
788:
750:
739:
598:
559:
394:
250:
246:
3483:
3409:
2486:
2311:"All-New Nissan X-Trail Debuts In Japan With Second-Gen e-POWER Hybrid Powertrain"
358:
arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels, setting speed records.
2888:
896:
name highlights the drive-train's ability to operate in all-electric (Mode 1, or
795:
Two additional planetary gear sets in combination with four clutches to create a
4209:
4133:
4106:
4101:
3965:
3955:
3915:
3387:
3177:"BYD's Beijing Motor Show line-up includes Chin Dual Mode, remote-controlled F3"
2211:"2014 BMW i3 Electric Car: Why California Set Range Requirements, Engine Limits"
1584:
1271:
1252:
1219:
1191:
1175:
1141:
1119:
964:
828:
746:
map, significantly contributes to the higher overall efficiency of the vehicle.
658:
650:
583:
579:
410:
386:
270:
258:
254:
225:
84:
27:
Systems vehicles with multiple power sources use to transmit power to the wheels
2793:
2562:
1892:
in France was developing such air-powered cars. A team led by Tsu-Chin Tsao, a
324:, with the benefit that the ICE is no longer directly connected to the demand.
17:
4191:
4153:
3995:
3828:
3735:"RMIT student wins James Dyson Award for new electric motor retrofit solution"
3661:
3052:
3017:"New 442bhp Mercedes-AMG CLE53: double turbos, six cylinders, all-wheel drive"
2856:
2460:
1954:
1637:
1592:
1241:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1129:
1107:
727:
684:
510:
483:
331:
317:
or automatically. Unlike ICEs, electric motors do not require a transmission.
266:
221:
217:
115:
108:
49:
2681:"Siemens, Diamond Aircraft, EADS unveil world's first serial hybrid aircraft"
665:
and braking mechanisms can be lighter as the wheel motors brake the vehicle.
4148:
4138:
4060:
4025:
3793:
Zeroshift hybrid and electric vehicle Transmission (EV transmission) Systems
2034:
2012:
1792:
1779:
1610:
706:
563:
274:
167:
142:
Structure of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. The grey squares represent
88:
1513:
536:
The ICE is matched to the electric engine by comparing the output rates at
450:
Generator – turned by the ICE to generate electricity and start the engine.
107:
power-train – although they have mostly been used for rail
3361:
2981:"2023 Genesis G90 In US Getting Mild-Hybrid V6 With Electric Supercharger"
2808:"Chinese plug-in hybrid, BYD F3DM, has sold just 80 copies in four months"
1932:
1823:
vehicle uses hydraulic and mechanical components instead of electrical. A
405:) using a petrol engine to drive a generator and the EM57 traction motor;
3940:
2910:
1836:
1808:
1659:
1655:
1603:
882:
878:
776:
762:
499:
77:
3507:"Chrysler announces development of hydraulic hybrid technology for cars"
3192:"First Chevy Volts Reach Customers, Will Out-Deliver Nissan in December"
3098:
1666:
to the Chinese fleet market on December 15, 2008, later replaced by the
1259:
vehicle has an electric motor that can drive the rear wheels when extra
1840:
1667:
1102:
Micro hybrid is a general term given to vehicles that use some type of
874:
690:(individual motors driving axles of each pair of wheels) for 70 years.
609:
444:
Electric traction only – using only electric motors to turn the wheels.
297:
159:
3677:
3221:"July Plug-In Electric Car Sales: Volt Steady, Leaf Lethargic (Again)"
1559:. They can be either parallel or series designs. They are also called
593:
Well known automotive series hybrid models include the variant of the
138:
4111:
3925:
2999:"Big Genesis GV80 SUV gets sporty GV80 Coupe variant, and a facelift"
2944:
1764:
811:
594:
382:
282:
163:
114:
One of the earliest forms of hybrid land vehicle was the 'trackless'
3689:
554:
In 1997, Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan.
3123:
2931:
Kassakian, J.G (1996). "Automotive electrical systems circa 2005".
2436:
1389:
power. To balance the forces from each portion, the vehicles use a
87:
to provide power from both motors simultaneously. Another operated
4096:
4000:
2489:. University of Washington: Energy & Environment – Autumn 2001
2438:
HybriDrive Propulsion System: A cleaner, more efficient way to go!
2337:"New Nissan Qashqai: your next family crossover, now with E-Power"
2162:"Through-The-Road (TTR) Hybrid - Through-The-Roof Potential - 598"
1931:
1914:
1803:
1778:
1724:
1597:
1512:
1320:
1310:
1248:
1226:
1123:
841:
833:
782:
705:
693:
Other measures include lightweight aluminium wheels to reduce the
406:
360:
296:
197:
137:
3709:
3466:"INGOCAR from Valentin Tech shatters the way we think about cars"
4118:
2542:
1893:
1580:
861:
collaborated on a system named "Two-Mode Hybrid" as part of the
617:
3801:
3099:"How We Green-Tuned an '04 Prius into a PRIUS+ Plug-In Hybrid!"
2289:"2021 Nissan Kicks e-Power EV debust with an onboard generator"
2136:"What do you mean when you say Through-The-Road-Hybrid (TTRH)?"
3839:
3313:"Cumulative Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 2 Million Units in Japan"
1633:
854:
3797:
3162:"BYD Chin: World's First Plug-In Hybrid, Updated And Renamed"
3039:"How Electric Turbochargers Are Changing Internal Combustion"
629:
Wankel rotary engine and generator provides the electricity.
3066:
2191:"The Voltec System - Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion"
212:
are examples of production parallel hybrids. General Motors
158:
the speeds at this axis must be identical and the supplied
3270:
Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 and 2012 CYTD
1967:
ntegrated motor-generator (IMG), integrated motor assist (
3239:"October 2012 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card"
2385:"Mazda's electric MX-30 goes on sale in the US this fall"
1864:(7.4 L/100 km) in urban driving and 22 mpg
865:. The technology was released in the fall of 2007 on the
668:
Advantages of individual wheel motors include simplified
590:
they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement.
2794:"New BYD Hybrid Gets Jump in Electric Car Wars in China"
661:, may be very small and light having exceptionally high
470:
assist the battery and recover most energy from braking.
433:
Electric motors are more efficient than ICEs, with high
52:
includes all of the components used to transform stored
1548:
Can be plugged into an electrical outlet to be charged.
2823:"BYD to Launch Electric Car Sales in China Next Month"
2777:
GM - GMability Education 9-12: Fuel Cells & Energy
3662:"Energy Storage Fuel Cell Vehicle Analysis: Preprint"
2845:
International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
1701:
These contain two different energy recovery systems.
1476:
These contain two different energy recovery systems.
1290:
These contain two different energy recovery systems.
558:
of Ashburton, New Zealand produces city buses with a
464:
May be plugged into the grid to recharge the battery.
354:. Porsche named the system System Mixte, which had a
327:
This is a series-hybrid arrangement and is common in
232:
hybrids also employ a parallel hybrid architecture.
4169:
4084:
3901:
3848:
3667:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. April 2005.
1767:pioneered this feature in the early 1980s, and the
1305:, and the Porsche 911 Carrera GTS T-Hybrid have an
3601:"New Hydraulic Hybrid System Claims Big MPG Boost"
1917:. Some series hybrids exist. Such vehicles can be
1647:, the PRIUS+ achieved roughly double the gasoline
730:(higher power density, more low-RPM torque, lower
3451:"Hybrid Hydraulic Drive Vehicle Promises 170 MPG"
3284:"Verkoopcijfers oktober 2012 - Modellenoverzicht"
3232:
3230:
2773:"The GMC Graphyte — A hybrid SUV concept vehicle"
889:automobile, which went on sale in China in 2008.
2959:"Electric 4WD Model Added to Mazda Demio Series"
1783:Structure of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle
1741:each hybrid component. Two major categories are
649:are required but not if the traction motors are
645:If the motors are attached to the vehicle body,
1951:P0 - beside, inside or in front of engine (Ex:
1756:Most hybrids, no matter the specific type, use
1178:implementation officially released on the 2007
831:'s hybrid system, and saves significant space.
710:Structure of a combined hybrid electric vehicle
3599:David C. Smith (2012-08-06). WardsAuto (ed.).
2107:"Hybrids Under the Hood (Part 2): Drivetrains"
3813:
3254:"Autoverkopen mei 2012 dalen met 4,4 procent"
2189:Matthe, Roland; Eberle, Ulrich (2014-01-01).
1947:Location of electric motor(s) in drivetrain:
1544:(PHEV) has two defining characteristics. It:
1396:The Toyota brand name for this technology is
586:in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using
8:
3482:. Valentin Technologies, Inc. Archived from
3300:Table shows September and October 2012 sales
3206:"Opel Ampera: First Customers Take Delivery"
3137:"China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out"
3053:"Porsche 911 GTS Hybrid (MGU-H) - EXPLAINED"
2756:"BMW, Daimler, GM hybrid alliance nears end"
2524:"The turbine on the bus goes purr purr purr"
3386:. Artemis Intelligent Power. Archived from
3360:. Artemis Intelligent Power. Archived from
3338:Holger Wittich, Patrick Lang (2021-02-22).
2645:"GM Reveals the Volt's Hybrid Drive System"
1800:Internal combustion engine-hydraulic hybrid
1654:Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker
633:Wankel engine in automotive applications.)
566:produces series hybrid buses including the
154:If they are joined at an axis (in parallel)
3820:
3806:
3798:
3621:"Parallel Hybrid Configurations Supported"
3315:. Toyota. November 8, 2012. Archived from
3069:. UC-Davis Hybrid Electric Vehicles Group.
2871:"Powerfully Efficient: GM Two-Mode Hybrid"
2509:"Lotus to Introduce Range Extender Engine"
1736:Electric-internal combustion engine hybrid
1106:to automatically shut off the engine when
338:, launched in 1903, was the world's first
1827:replaces the electric motor/generator. A
33:transmit power to the driving wheels for
3032:
3030:
2511:. Green Car Congress. September 7, 2009.
1990:P5 - inside the wheel(s) or propeller(s)
1868:(11 L/100 km) on the highway.
911:
3135:Balfour, Frederik (December 15, 2008).
2235:Edelstein, Stephen (December 7, 2020).
2084:
1673:General Motors began deliveries of the
1551:Can travel powered only by the battery.
545:electric motor driving a wheel directly
305:Series hybrids are also referred to as
3776:Serial Hybrids Are Here - Ecoworld.com
2821:Shirouzu, Norihko (October 13, 2008).
2383:Gitlin, Jonathan M. (April 14, 2021).
2335:Scullion, Murray (February 18, 2021).
1301:, the Mercedes-AMG CLE 53, the petrol
871:North American International Auto Show
369:operates primarily as a series hybrid.
3434:Vanzieleghem, Bruno (June 15, 2006).
2750:
2748:
2663:"Mazda stays loyal to rotary engines"
2095:. Green Car Congress. March 19, 2009.
1835:The initial concept involved a giant
702:Power-split or series-parallel hybrid
678:8x8 all-wheel drive military vehicles
7:
3449:Proefrock, Philip (March 25, 2010).
3190:Chambers, Nick (December 16, 2010).
3175:Blanco, Sebastian (April 20, 2012).
2969:from the original on 9 January 2021.
2522:Neuman, William (October 11, 2007).
2184:
2182:
2061:Battery architecture and integration
1978:P2 - between engine and transmission
1884:Internal combustion engine-pneumatic
494:Series-hybrids can be fitted with a
3464:Turpen, Aaron (February 15, 2012).
3436:"Capturing the power of hydraulics"
3122:Crippen, Alex (December 15, 2008).
3055:. May 29, 2024 – via YouTube.
2643:Webster, Larry (October 12, 2010).
1957:) or Integrated Starter-Generator (
3936:Continuously variable transmission
3762:Hybrid Cars Need Special Mechanics
2806:Yoney, Domenick (April 13, 2009).
2613:. AFS Trinity. September 24, 2008.
2138:. Protean Electric. Archived from
1721:electrically-assisted turbocharger
1625:, went on sale in France in 2003.
1400:, which is used in the Prius, the
1307:electrically-assisted turbocharger
1278:offer mild hybrid options with an
1247:Another variation on this type is
1209:Mild hybrids are sometimes called
334:and ships (the Russian river ship
25:
3505:Hanlon, Mike (January 26, 2011).
3219:Voelcker, John (August 1, 2012).
3208:. Opel Europe. February 21, 2012.
3160:Voelcker, John (April 20, 2012).
2796:. China Stakes. December 1, 2008.
2754:Krust, Matthias (July 14, 2009).
2587:. August 22, 1997. Archived from
2543:Linear Combustion Engine Project
1583:; California's grid is primarily
1569:Electric Power Research Institute
4215:
4214:
4204:
2873:. General Motors. Archived from
2624:Wood, Colum (October 12, 2010).
2581:"Toyota debuts power-hybrid bus"
2487:"Improving IC Engine Efficiency"
2309:Pappas, Thanos (July 20, 2022).
1384:, as well as the General Motors
1251:'s e-4WD system, offered on the
908:Types by degree of hybridization
900:) as well as hybrid (Mode 2, or
417:; and transit buses fitted with
307:extended-range electric vehicles
3340:"Neue Mercedes C-Klasse (W206)"
2889:"Hybrid-electro Drives (terms)"
1971:), flywheel assist system (FAS)
1965:P1 - engine output shaft (Ex: I
1901:Human power-environmental power
1890:Motor Development International
1619:University of California, Davis
1542:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
1479:An example of dual hybrids are
822:The Toyota Hybrid System THS /
810:full-size trucks and SUVs, the
744:brake specific fuel consumption
653:. One disadvantage is that the
582:battery bank have been used by
3739:Australian Manufacturing Forum
3733:Reporter, Staff (2023-09-12).
3237:Cole, Jay (November 1, 2012).
3081:"Hybrid Daily: Technical Data"
1984:P3 - transmission output shaft
1925:Hybrid vehicle operation modes
1640:the so-called Daily Bimodale.
1636:. Light Trucks are offered by
1160:via three 12 volt vented
680:use individual wheel motors).
562:powered series-hybrid system.
311:California Air Resources Board
192:Parallel hybrids rely more on
1:
3971:Automated manual transmission
3037:Perkins, Chris (2023-02-10).
2669:. London. September 18, 2012.
2287:Reyes, Alvin (May 18, 2020).
2167:. Argonne National Laboratory
2111:Union of Concerned Scientists
2020:University of Central Florida
1911:human-electric hybrid vehicle
1489:Formula One engines#2022–2025
1485:Formula One engines#2014–2021
1325:Engine compartment of a 2006
1222:mild-hybrids dubbed Eassist.
1128:Engine compartment of a 2006
787:Power-splitter series-hybrid
447:ICE – turns only a generator.
236:Through the Road (TTR) hybrid
3083:. Micro-Vett. Archived from
2435:Grewe, T (May 17–21, 1998).
1713:Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)
1295:Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W206)
527:rotary Atkinson cycle engine
64:, which generally combine a
4046:Semi-automatic transmission
3699:. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
3680:. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
3535:"Hydraulic Hybrid Research"
2911:"Compare Cars Side-by-Side"
2552:. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
1815:minivan as a plug-in hybrid
1683:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid
1621:. One production PHEV, the
885:sedan is a series-parallel
352:Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid
287:second generation Honda NSX
4267:
3883:Internal combustion engine
2364:. Nissan Motor Corporation
1981:P2.5 - inside transmission
1940:Hybrid drivetrain topology
1825:variable displacement pump
1708:is a plug-in dual hybrid.
1529:
1523:
1336:, sometimes also called a
1229:'s hybrids, including the
1117:
734:) is often modified to an
651:integrated into the wheels
425:) HybriDrive powertrains.
279:BMW 2 Series Active Tourer
120:internal combustion engine
74:internal combustion engine
31:Hybrid vehicle drivetrains
4200:
4182:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
4071:Transmission control unit
4011:Limited-slip differential
3976:Electrorheological clutch
3835:
2857:10.1504/IJEHV.2008.019900
1953:Belt-Alternator-Starter (
1854:Artemis Intelligent Power
1788:Electric-fuel cell hybrid
1629:built PHEVs based on the
1299:Mercedes-AMG SL 43 (R232)
1240:Another variation is the
863:Global Hybrid Cooperation
170:so it can rotate freely.
3961:Dual-clutch transmission
3557:"Demonstration Vehicles"
3523:. EPA. January 19, 2011.
3384:"Applications – On-road"
2051:Battery electric vehicle
1602:Engine compartment of a
1536:Plug-in electric vehicle
1503:Infiniti Project Black S
767:Toyota Highlander Hybrid
556:Designline International
531:linear combustion engine
453:Battery – energy buffer.
429:Electric traction motors
275:Volvo V60 plug-in hybrid
62:hybrid electric vehicles
3931:Constant-velocity joint
2832:(subscription required)
2827:The Wall Street Journal
2073:Hybrid electric vehicle
1753:are most common today.
1573:total cost of ownership
1571:research found a lower
1235:Integrated Motor Assist
3911:Automatic transmission
2683:. Autoblog. 2011-07-03
2039:individual wheel drive
1936:
1816:
1784:
1631:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
1607:
1521:
1354:Mercury Mariner Hybrid
1329:
1327:Mercury Mariner Hybrid
1192:Saturn Aura Green Line
1170:then introduced their
1133:
867:Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
847:
839:
816:Mercedes ML 450 hybrid
791:
719:series-parallel hybrid
711:
688:have used this concept
663:power-to-weight ratios
435:power-to-weight ratios
370:
302:
147:
3714:ORBIS ELECTRIC (Copy)
3690:How To Build A Hybrid
3625:Vibrate Software, Inc
2877:on February 25, 2009.
2142:on September 24, 2015
1935:
1829:hydraulic accumulator
1807:
1782:
1731:Types by power source
1601:
1516:
1416:Electric vehicle mode
1324:
1280:electric supercharger
1242:Saturn Vue Green Line
1180:Saturn Vue Green Line
1127:
939:Exhaust regeneration
845:
837:
786:
709:
364:
300:
214:Parallel Hybrid Truck
141:
72:) supplemented by an
4016:Locking differential
3951:Direct-shift gearbox
3771:The Rise of the REEV
3415:. EPA. February 2005
3344:auto motor und sport
3319:on November 11, 2012
3282:RAI (October 2012).
3223:. Green Car Reports.
3164:. Green Car Reports.
3087:on January 10, 2006.
2965:. 27 November 2003.
2783:on January 16, 2006.
1758:regenerative braking
1697:Dual plug-in hybrids
1617:'s Hybrid Center at
1398:Hybrid Synergy Drive
1382:Toyota Sienna Hybrid
1374:Ford Maverick Hybrid
1366:Mercury Milan Hybrid
1255:sold in Japan. This
1211:power-assist hybrids
1152:PHT was a full-size
924:Regenerative braking
824:Hybrid Synergy Drive
504:regenerative braking
346:powered vessel) and
194:regenerative braking
4041:Preselector gearbox
4021:Manual transmission
2667:The Daily Telegraph
2591:on November 2, 2017
2068:Engine control unit
1995:Aftermarket options
1645:lead–acid batteries
1589:hydroelectric power
1494:Another one is the
1465:Negative split mode
1449:Battery charge mode
1346:Toyota Camry Hybrid
1162:lead acid batteries
1150:Chevrolet Silverado
1068:Dual plug-in hybrid
812:BMW X6 ActiveHybrid
757:Fixed-ratio second
4187:Electric generator
4092:Wheel hub assembly
3786:2006-10-24 at the
3695:2013-06-04 at the
3252:RAI (2012-06-04).
3142:2008-12-20 at the
2963:newsroom.mazda.com
2569:. 5 February 2024.
2548:2010-06-06 at the
2467:. January 13, 1999
2268:. October 24, 2017
2266:Green Car Congress
1937:
1907:motorized bicycles
1817:
1785:
1769:Volkswagen Lupo 3L
1717:Mercedes C254/X254
1608:
1522:
1496:Porsche 919 Hybrid
1438:—A portion of the
1362:Lincoln MKZ Hybrid
1358:Ford Fusion Hybrid
1350:Ford Escape Hybrid
1330:
1303:Mercedes C254/X254
1276:Genesis GV80 Coupe
1194:and the 2008–2010
1134:
848:
840:
792:
715:Power-split hybrid
712:
647:flexible couplings
549:flexible couplings
371:
303:
200:'s early Insight,
178:use this system.)
148:
144:differential gears
4246:Hybrid powertrain
4228:
4227:
3981:Epicyclic gearing
3850:Automotive engine
3710:"EV FOR EVERYONE"
3486:on April 21, 2013
3480:"170 MPG Ingocar"
3438:. Autoblog Green.
3194:. plugincars.com.
3179:. Autoblog Green.
2913:. Fueleconomy.gov
2810:. Autoblog Green.
2649:Popular Mechanics
2241:Green Car Reports
2217:. 23 October 2013
2215:Green Car Reports
2113:). Archived from
2109:. Hybrid Center (
1687:Ford C-Max Energi
1472:Dual full hybrids
1440:rotational energy
1402:Highlander Hybrid
1378:Kia Optima Hybrid
1370:Ford C-Max Hybrid
1286:Dual mild hybrids
1257:front-wheel drive
1184:BAS Hybrid System
1104:start-stop system
1087:
1086:
919:Start-stop system
759:planetary gearset
385:'s e-Power line (
348:Ferdinand Porsche
80:to store energy.
58:electric bicycles
43:combustion engine
16:(Redirected from
4258:
4218:
4217:
4208:
4085:Wheels and tires
4056:Torque converter
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3706:
3700:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3364:on July 29, 2013
3358:"Our Technology"
3354:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:10.1109/6.511737
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2779:. Archived from
2769:
2763:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2559:
2553:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2056:Electric vehicle
1919:tribrid vehicles
1821:hydraulic hybrid
1773:air conditioning
1751:parallel designs
1747:parallel hybrids
1706:Mercedes-AMG ONE
1670:plug-in hybrid.
1481:Formula One cars
1457:Power boost mode
1196:Chevrolet Malibu
1174:system, another
1026:Dual full hybrid
986:Dual mild hybrid
931:Charge-depleting
912:
801:Two-Mode Hybrids
670:traction control
614:Diamond Aircraft
578:combined with a
516:Infiniti Emerg-e
230:Chevrolet Malibu
182:Parallel hybrids
54:potential energy
21:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4251:Hybrid vehicles
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4196:
4165:
4080:
4076:Universal joint
4006:Hotchkiss drive
3897:
3844:
3831:
3826:
3788:Wayback Machine
3758:
3753:
3752:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3697:Wayback Machine
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
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3660:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
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3598:
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3593:
3584:
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3577:
3576:
3572:
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3554:
3550:
3540:
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3533:
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3519:
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3514:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3390:on May 25, 2015
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3293:
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3276:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:Wayback Machine
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2909:
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2894:
2892:
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2842:
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2837:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2760:Automotive News
2753:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2734:. Mathworks.com
2730:
2729:
2725:
2721:Churella, 28-30
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2585:The Japan Times
2579:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2550:Wayback Machine
2541:
2537:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
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2468:
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2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
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2408:
2407:
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2393:
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2377:
2367:
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2345:
2343:
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2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2047:
2009:rolling chassis
1997:
1942:
1927:
1903:
1886:
1867:
1863:
1802:
1790:
1738:
1733:
1699:
1627:DaimlerChrysler
1538:
1532:Vehicle-to-grid
1528:
1511:
1505:was cancelled.
1474:
1420:state of charge
1319:
1288:
1188:fuel efficiency
1122:
1116:
1100:
1092:
926:
910:
894:Two-Mode Hybrid
859:DaimlerChrysler
808:Two-Mode Hybrid
797:Two-Mode Hybrid
761:as used in the
732:fuel efficiency
704:
682:Diesel–electric
674:all wheel drive
643:
641:In-wheel motors
588:supercapacitors
576:Supercapacitors
572:New Routemaster
481:diesel–electric
477:
468:Supercapacitors
431:
423:Lockheed Martin
415:ISE Corporation
356:wheel hub motor
344:diesel–electric
329:diesel–electric
322:traction motors
295:
243:Audi 100 Duo II
238:
136:
134:Parallel hybrid
131:
129:Types by design
105:diesel–electric
101:
35:hybrid vehicles
28:
23:
22:
18:Parallel hybrid
15:
12:
11:
5:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:Electric motor
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Friction drive
3988:
3986:Fluid coupling
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3877:Plug-in hybrid
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3757:
3756:External links
3754:
3751:
3750:
3725:
3701:
3682:
3670:
3653:
3636:
3612:
3591:
3570:
3548:
3526:
3512:
3497:
3471:
3468:. Torque News.
3456:
3441:
3426:
3401:
3375:
3349:
3330:
3304:
3274:
3244:
3226:
3211:
3197:
3182:
3167:
3152:
3128:
3115:
3090:
3072:
3058:
3044:
3026:
3008:
2990:
2972:
2950:
2923:
2902:
2880:
2862:
2851:(3): 248–275.
2835:
2813:
2798:
2786:
2764:
2744:
2723:
2714:
2693:
2672:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2602:
2572:
2563:"DIY Go Karts"
2554:
2535:
2529:New York Times
2514:
2500:
2478:
2452:
2427:
2401:
2375:
2353:
2327:
2301:
2279:
2253:
2227:
2202:
2178:
2153:
2127:
2098:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2046:
2043:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:P4 - rear axle
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1963:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1923:
1902:
1899:
1885:
1882:
1865:
1861:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1743:series hybrids
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1698:
1695:
1675:Chevrolet Volt
1638:Micro-Vett SPA
1623:Renault Kangoo
1606:plug-in hybrid
1553:
1552:
1549:
1526:Plug-in hybrid
1524:Main article:
1518:Chevrolet Volt
1510:
1509:Plug-in hybrid
1507:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1436:Overdrive mode
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1422:(SOC) is high.
1318:
1315:
1287:
1284:
1216:Buick LaCrosse
1168:General Motors
1158:42 volt system
1148:The 2004–2007
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1047:Plug-in hybrid
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
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1002:
999:
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993:
990:
987:
983:
982:
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967:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
928:
927:Electric boost
921:
916:
909:
906:
902:Compound-Split
887:plug-in hybrid
851:General Motors
820:
819:
805:General Motors
781:
780:
770:
736:Atkinson cycle
703:
700:
642:
639:
603:Chevrolet Volt
543:The use of an
538:cruising speed
496:supercapacitor
476:
473:
472:
471:
465:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
430:
427:
367:Chevrolet Volt
340:diesel-powered
294:
291:
249:concept cars,
237:
234:
228:Greenline and
208:hybrids using
135:
132:
130:
127:
100:
97:
70:supercapacitor
39:electric motor
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4263:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
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4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
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4110:
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4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Shift-by-wire
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
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4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
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3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Petrol engine
3886:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Diesel engine
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3781:Air Car video
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:HowStuffWorks
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3715:
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3705:
3702:
3698:
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3580:
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3549:
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3530:
3527:
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3508:
3501:
3498:
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3411:
3405:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3290:on 2012-11-05
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3260:on 2014-03-28
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3241:. Inside EVs.
3240:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3186:
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3149:
3148:Business Week
3145:
3141:
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3119:
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2938:
2934:
2933:IEEE Spectrum
2927:
2924:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2891:. KFZ-tech.de
2890:
2884:
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2876:
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2631:
2630:Autoguide.com
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2390:
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2376:
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2328:
2316:
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2290:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2117:on 2010-01-11
2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
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2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:design team,
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
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1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:also have an
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:released the
1657:
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1641:
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1632:
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1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
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1596:
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1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:well-to-wheel
1574:
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1562:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
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1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1386:2-mode hybrid
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:strong hybrid
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
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1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:Before 2015,
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
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1193:
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1177:
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1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1098:Micro hybrids
1097:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
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1045:
1044:
1040:
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1034:
1031:
1028:
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1024:
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1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
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988:
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890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
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860:
856:
852:
844:
836:
832:
830:
825:
817:
813:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:
790:
785:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
754:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
720:
716:
708:
701:
699:
696:
695:unsprung mass
691:
689:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
655:unsprung mass
652:
648:
640:
638:
634:
630:
628:
627:Austro Engine
623:
622:series hybrid
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
485:
482:
474:
469:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:In addition:
455:
452:
449:
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443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
428:
426:
424:
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412:
408:
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349:
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341:
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330:
325:
323:
318:
314:
312:
308:
299:
293:Series hybrid
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:system), the
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:(see below).
188:
183:
179:
177:
176:Honda Insight
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
145:
140:
133:
128:
126:
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117:
112:
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81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4181:
4129:Racing slick
4066:Transfer box
4036:Park-by-wire
4031:Parking pawl
3946:Differential
3921:Direct-drive
3903:Transmission
3893:Steam engine
3838:Part of the
3837:
3742:. Retrieved
3738:
3728:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:
3704:
3685:
3678:On the Green
3673:
3656:
3639:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:
3615:
3604:. Retrieved
3594:
3583:. Retrieved
3581:. 2013-09-24
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3529:
3515:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3484:the original
3474:
3459:
3453:. Inhabitat.
3444:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:the original
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3352:
3333:
3323:November 24,
3321:. Retrieved
3317:the original
3307:
3299:
3292:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3277:
3269:
3262:. Retrieved
3258:the original
3247:
3214:
3200:
3185:
3170:
3155:
3147:
3131:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3085:the original
3075:
3061:
3047:
3021:CAR Magazine
3020:
3011:
3003:Auto Express
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2962:
2953:
2939:(8): 22–27.
2936:
2932:
2926:
2915:. Retrieved
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2883:
2875:the original
2865:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2826:
2816:
2801:
2789:
2781:the original
2776:
2767:
2736:. Retrieved
2726:
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2704:. 2013-06-18
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2619:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2584:
2575:
2567:DIY Go Karts
2566:
2557:
2538:
2527:
2517:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2437:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2416:. April 2001
2414:AltEnergyMag
2413:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2389:Ars Technica
2388:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2314:
2304:
2292:. Retrieved
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2265:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2230:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2169:. Retrieved
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2101:
2087:
2032:
2028:
2024:On the Green
2023:
2017:
1998:
1973:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1928:
1913:such as the
1904:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1858:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1791:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1691:
1679:Fisker Karma
1672:
1653:
1642:
1609:
1564:
1561:gas-optional
1560:
1554:
1539:
1500:
1493:
1478:
1475:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1435:
1427:
1415:
1409:Camry Hybrid
1395:
1391:differential
1342:Toyota Prius
1337:
1333:
1331:
1317:Full hybrids
1292:
1289:
1269:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1210:
1208:
1206:the engine.
1203:
1200:
1166:
1154:pickup truck
1147:
1139:
1135:
1114:Mild hybrids
1101:
1093:
1090:Dual hybrids
944:Micro hybrid
936:Rechargeable
901:
897:
891:
849:
821:
803:include the
789:Toyota Prius
777:Lexus GS450h
763:Lexus RX400h
751:Toyota Prius
748:
740:Miller cycle
724:
718:
714:
713:
692:
667:
644:
635:
631:
620:, employs a
607:
599:Fisker Karma
592:
560:microturbine
553:
542:
535:
523:microturbine
520:
509:
493:
489:
478:
459:
439:
432:
380:
376:
372:
326:
319:
315:
304:
251:Peugeot 3008
247:Subaru VIZIV
239:
220:such as the
191:
187:mild hybrids
186:
180:
172:
155:
153:
149:
124:
113:
102:
93:
82:
47:
30:
29:
4107:Alloy wheel
3966:Drive wheel
3956:Drive shaft
3916:Chain drive
3067:"Team Fate"
2320:26 November
2001:aftermarket
1860:32 mpg
1811:offers the
1585:natural gas
1428:Cruise mode
1334:full hybrid
1272:Genesis G90
1253:Mazda Demio
1220:Buick Regal
1176:mild-hybrid
1142:three-phase
1120:Mild hybrid
1006:Full hybrid
965:Mild hybrid
898:Input-Split
829:Aisin Seiki
685:locomotives
659:Hi-Pa Drive
584:AFS Trinity
580:lithium ion
419:BAE Systems
332:locomotives
265:(all using
263:Citroën DS5
255:Peugeot 508
218:BAS Hybrids
109:locomotives
85:in parallel
4235:Categories
4192:Alternator
3840:Automobile
3829:Powertrain
3744:2024-03-20
3719:2024-03-20
3630:2024-07-26
3606:2016-07-18
3585:2016-07-18
3294:2012-11-01
3264:2012-08-05
2985:Motor1.com
2917:2012-08-01
2738:2012-08-01
2708:2016-07-18
2687:2011-07-03
2221:2015-11-22
2196:2014-05-04
2121:2010-03-18
2079:References
2035:hub motors
2033:There are
2018:In 2013 a
1999:Often, an
1615:Andy Frank
1611:Prototypes
1593:wind power
1530:See also:
1172:BAS Hybrid
1130:GMC Sierra
773:Ravigneaux
728:Otto cycle
484:locomotive
421:(formerly
222:Saturn Vue
216:(PHT) and
116:trolleybus
50:powertrain
48:A typical
4061:Transaxle
4026:Manumatic
3996:Gearshift
3868:Fuel cell
3563:April 18,
3541:April 18,
3509:. Gizmag.
3490:April 18,
3419:April 18,
3394:April 18,
3368:April 18,
3108:April 18,
2595:April 18,
2493:April 18,
2465:DieselNet
2362:"e-POWER"
2013:automaker
1866:‑US
1862:‑US
1793:Fuel cell
1749:, though
1565:griddable
1204:turn over
1198:hybrids.
753:are the:
564:Wrightbus
502:to store
475:In detail
168:freewheel
89:in series
78:flywheels
4220:Category
4159:Tubeless
4144:Run-flat
4124:Off-road
3941:Coupling
3863:Electric
3784:Archived
3693:Archived
3140:Archived
2967:Archived
2895:13 April
2546:Archived
2471:13 April
2445:13 April
2420:13 April
2394:14 April
2368:13 April
2346:13 April
2294:13 April
2272:13 April
2246:13 April
2171:July 15,
2146:July 15,
2045:See also
1837:flywheel
1813:Pacifica
1809:Chrysler
1715:and the
1662:compact
1656:BYD Auto
1604:BYD F3DM
1520:charging
1407:and the
1261:traction
879:BYD Auto
814:and the
568:Gemini 2
500:flywheel
285:and the
4241:Engines
3126:. CNBC.
3103:CalCars
2041:(IWD).
1841:Gyrobus
1668:BYD Qin
1649:mileage
1443:torque.
1231:Insight
875:Detroit
610:Siemens
403:Qashqai
399:X-Trail
271:HYbrid4
259:508 RXH
160:torques
99:History
66:battery
4210:Portal
4170:Hybrid
4134:Radial
4112:Hubcap
3926:Clutch
3873:Hybrid
3842:series
2005:glider
1765:Subaru
1591:, and
1483:. See
1132:Hybrid
1108:idling
857:, and
601:. The
595:BMW i3
401:, and
391:Serena
383:Nissan
336:Vandal
283:BMW i8
277:, the
206:Accord
204:, and
164:clutch
41:and a
4154:Spare
4097:Wheel
4001:Giubo
3665:(PDF)
3648:(PDF)
3559:. EPA
3537:. EPA
3413:(PDF)
2165:(PDF)
1915:Twike
1909:or a
1845:Eaton
1839:(see
1725:MGU-H
1664:sedan
1563:, or
1311:MGU-H
1249:Mazda
1227:Honda
511:Lotus
498:or a
411:MX-30
407:Mazda
395:Kicks
202:Civic
198:Honda
4149:Snow
4139:Rain
4119:Tire
3565:2013
3543:2013
3492:2013
3421:2013
3396:2013
3370:2013
3325:2012
3110:2013
2897:2015
2597:2013
2495:2013
2473:2021
2447:2021
2422:2021
2396:2021
2370:2021
2348:2021
2322:2023
2296:2021
2274:2021
2248:2021
2173:2014
2148:2014
1894:UCLA
1745:and
1711:The
1704:The
1685:and
1660:F3DM
1581:coal
1557:grid
1534:and
1501:The
1487:and
1293:The
1274:and
1270:The
1218:and
1083:Yes
1041:Yes
1001:Yes
933:mode
915:Type
892:The
883:F3DM
765:and
618:EADS
616:and
570:and
387:Note
365:The
342:and
245:and
226:Aura
224:and
68:(or
60:and
4102:Rim
3764:at
2941:doi
2853:doi
2341:Car
2315:Car
1969:IMA
1959:ISG
1955:BAS
1634:van
1595:).
1405:SUV
1080:Yes
1077:Yes
1074:Yes
1071:Yes
1063:No
1060:Yes
1057:Yes
1054:Yes
1051:Yes
1035:Yes
1032:Yes
1029:Yes
1021:No
1015:Yes
1012:Yes
1009:Yes
992:Yes
989:Yes
981:No
972:Yes
969:Yes
959:No
947:Yes
881:'s
873:in
855:BMW
738:or
717:or
529:or
409:'s
269:'s
267:PSA
210:IMA
174:of
166:or
4237::
3737:.
3712:.
3623:.
3342:.
3229:^
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2213:.
2181:^
1961:))
1819:A
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1368:,
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1344:,
1332:A
1313:.
1297:,
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1038:No
1018:No
998:No
995:No
978:No
975:No
956:No
953:No
950:No
877:.
853:,
672:,
612:,
574:.
551:.
533:.
525:,
518:.
397:,
393:,
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281:,
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2150:.
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2007:(
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1723:/
1364:/
1360:/
1352:/
1309:/
818:.
156:,
146:.
20:)
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