339:
up purplish ground colour with white, oval and round spots similar to what is seen on the mature caterpillar. There are four longitudinal rows of round spots – two dorsal and two lateral rows on each side. All the spots in the lateral rows and those on the first two segments and the last three segments are yellow. There is a pair of small tentacles on the second segment and a pair of tubercles on the twelfth segment. In the third and fourth instars the basic morphology remains the same except that the caterpillar grows in length and thickness, the tentacles elongates and the white spots gradually turn yellow on all segments. The fifth instar is about 6–7 cm long with long, thin, black tentacles on second and twelfth segments, the first pair being longer. In this stage all the white spots of the four longitudinal rows have turned yellow, with dark purple ground colour. The other smaller spots and short streaks remain grayish white. The caterpillar takes 14–15 days to complete its growth before it prepares for pupation.
321:"Upperside fuliginous black with bluish-white markings and spots. Forewing; two streaks in interspace 1, coalescent at base and generally at their apices, a narrow streak, with two faintly indicated streaks above it, in cell; five discal spots and above them a long streak in interspace 5; a shorter one in 6; some coastal spots and subterminal and terminal series of spots, the former series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the four lower spots conspicuously larger than the others; the latter series incomplete, the spots small. Hind wing: interspaces la, lb, and 1 with narrow streaks, double in the last; the cell with a much broader, outwardly bluntly pointed streak, and beyond this in the interspaces a radiating series of elongate spots with a sub terminal series of smaller spots and a terminal very incomplete series of dots. Underside similar, ground-colour browner, the spots more clearly defined. Antennae black; head and thorax black spotted with white; abdomen brownish above, dusky white below."
31:
75:
50:
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342:
Larval behaviour: The first and second instars of the larva show the strange behaviour of 'silk diving' – the caterpillar simply falls down, when alarmed, and hangs on its own silk thread – a protective, predator-avoidance strategy shown by some of the
Nymphalids but unknown in any of the danaids. As
338:
Larva: Eggs hatches on the fourth or fifth day. The first instar is a small, pearly white caterpillar with a prominent black head and dark grey legs. It has small paired tubercles on second and twelfth segments, which are precursors of future tentacles. The second instar is larger and begins to show
281:
Egg-laying behaviour: The adult female flies continuously around healthy host plants, occasionally stopping to lay eggs on suitable fresh leaves. It fixes itself on the edge of the leaf using its forelegs, maintaining slow wing beats to keep it alighted, slowly bends its abdomen downwards to lay the
285:
Adult behaviour: "The flight is rapid, low and erratic for a Danaid, giving the impression that it may not be protected species. It is often seen in numbers on flowering trees or on the occasional
Lantana in clearings in Sholas. From time to time it is also met with sipping moisture from water
249:
forests, south of
Nilgiri Hills, in the temperate zones of the mountains, above 1500 m, though the species occasionally shows up in home gardens and open country to visit flowering plants. It rarely flies as low as 1000 m (Larsen 1987). Though
254:(1957) mentions it as a common species, it has seen a rapid decline in the density of its population over the last few decades, owing to rapid destruction of its habitats, mostly due to tea-monocultures in the mountain ranges.
245:
is a near-threatened (IUCN 2.3), butterfly endemic to the high altitudes of the
Western Ghats of southern India, belonging to the family Nymphalidae and sub-family Danainae. It is restricted to the
350:. The duration of pupal stage is 11–12 days. The pupa begins to show up the pattern of the underlying wings on the eve of eclosion. It turns very dark, nearly black, on the night before hatching.
282:
egg on the underside of the leaf. It lays several eggs in a session, laid singly, at times with two or more eggs on a single leaf, always maintaining some distance between individual eggs.
758:
324:
Wingspan: 80–90 mm. Both male and female are dull brownish black with dirty white markings above. The streaks are narrower and the spots smaller than those of
30:
490:
838:
797:
346:
Pupa: Pupa is green with shining silvery and black spots. It hangs freely from the underside of a leaf or twig, appearing very similar to that of plain tiger
853:
382:
732:
332:. The markings are much less extensive than the background. Cells are dark with a pale streak. Male has patch of scent scales on the hindwing .
863:
858:
470:
784:
286:
seepages in vertical banks in the forest or along clear brooks, something that may also be observed in other montane butterflies."
848:
377:
343:
the caterpillar matures, however, they seldom show this behaviour. (There was no nipping of the midrib before feeding.)
693:
251:
802:
74:
685:
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273:(Stoll), a common species of low elevations of India, Sri Lanka and other south East Asian countries.
263:
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457:. New Delhi: Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. p. 150.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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561:"The butterflies of the Nilgiri Mountains of southern India (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)"
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Habitat: Southern India; the
Nilgiris; Malabar, and Travancore hills.
680:
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228:
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538:: An endemic butterfly of the Western Ghats of Southern India"
335:
Eggs: Eggs are white, shiny, dome-shaped and ribbed.
655:
454:A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India
635:. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. pp. 65–66.
565:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
542:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
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427:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16151A5439571.en
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598:Fauna of British India. Butterflies Vol. 2
446:
444:
383:List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)
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29:
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425:
451:Varshney, R.K.; Smetacek, Peter (2015).
484:
482:
394:
231:south of the Konkan. It belongs to the
839:IUCN Red List near threatened species
499:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
402:Lepidoptera Specialist Group (1996).
7:
413:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
267:(Butler), a Sri Lankan endemic and
854:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats
14:
615:
581:
532:Pulikkal, Unni Krishnan (2009).
73:
301:. It does not seem to feed on
257:Species that closely resemble
223:, is a butterfly found in the
1:
864:Butterflies described in 1877
859:Taxa named by Frederic Moore
378:List of butterflies of India
534:"Biology of Nilgiri Tiger,
307:sp. which its close cousin
252:Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth
880:
632:Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. I
463:10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
237:brush-footed butterflies
593:Bingham, Charles Thomas
686:parantica-nilgiriensis
657:Parantica nilgiriensis
559:Larsen, T. B. (1987).
536:Parantica nilgiriensis
493:Parantica nilgiriensis
406:Parantica nilgiriensis
243:Parantica nilgiriensis
216:Parantica nilgiriensis
179:Parantica nilgiriensis
603:Taylor & Francis
420:: e.T16151A5439571.
161:P. nilgiriensis
16:Species of butterfly
849:Butterflies of Asia
205:Danais nilgiriensis
40:Conservation status
826:
825:
811:Open Tree of Life
649:Taxon identifiers
605:. pp. 20–21.
472:978-81-929826-4-9
348:Danaus chrysippus
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259:P. nilgiriensis
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55:Near Threatened
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495:(Moore, 1877)"
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629:(1890–1892).
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170:Binomial name
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746:iNaturalist
433:20 November
373:Nymphalidae
330:T. limniace
317:Description
137:Nymphalidae
127:Lepidoptera
833:Categories
389:References
313:feeds on.
304:Calotropis
107:Arthropoda
844:Parantica
298:T. indica
277:Behaviour
264:P. fumata
155:Species:
148:Parantica
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
785:LepIndex
764:10264937
672:Q3595579
666:Wikidata
595:(1907).
368:Danainae
362:See also
326:P. aglea
310:P. aglea
270:P. aglea
239:family.
196:Synonyms
133:Family:
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 2.3
816:3117790
803:1508413
738:1897677
189:, 1877)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
117:Insecta
113:Class:
58: (
790:147962
751:108628
725:152379
699:682362
681:ARKive
624::
590::
571:: 315.
504:3 July
469:
233:danaid
219:, the
777:16151
759:IRMNG
712:4D6S8
354:Range
247:shola
229:India
187:Moore
798:NCBI
772:IUCN
733:GBIF
694:BOLD
506:2018
467:ISBN
435:2021
418:1996
328:and
295:and
261:are
720:EoL
707:CoL
546:106
459:doi
422:doi
227:of
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185:(
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