151:
2364:
565:
2359:
124:
658:. Pareiasaur skulls have several turtle-like features, and in some species the scutes have developed into bony plates, possibly the precursors of a turtle shell. Jalil and Janvier, in a large analysis of pareiasaur relationships, also found turtles to be close relatives of the "dwarf" pareiasaurs, such as
577:
Pareiasaurs ranged in size from 60 to 300 centimetres (2.0 to 9.8 ft) long, with some species estimated to exceed 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) in body mass. The limbs of many parieasaurs were extremely robust, likely to account for the increased stress on their limbs caused by their typically
638:. Although the last Pareiasaurs were no larger than the first types (indeed, many of the last ones became smaller), there was a definite tendency towards increased armour as the group developed. Pareiasaurs first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Permian (
600:. Most authors have assumed a terrestrial lifestyle for pareiasaurs. A 2008 bone microanatomy study suggested a more aquatic, plausibly amphibious lifestyle, but a later 2019 study found that the bone histology provided no direct evidence of this lifestyle.
1585:
Van Den Brandt, Marc Johan; Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce Sidney (2019). "Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Middle
Permian pareiasaur Embrithosaurus schwarzi from the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
1974:
Crawford, Nicholas G.; Parham, James F.; Sellas, Anna B.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Glenn, Travis C.; Papenfuss, Theodore J.; Henderson, James B.; Hansen, Madison H.; Simison, W. Brian (February 2015).
548:
during the Middle
Permian, before becoming globally distributed during the Late Permian. Pareiasaurs were the largest reptiles of the Permian, reaching sizes equivalent to those of contemporary
2125:
2013:
Tsuji, L. A.; Sidor, C. A.; Steyer, J. - S. B.; Smith, R. M. H.; Tabor, N. J.; Ide, O. (2013). "The vertebrate fauna of the Upper
Permian of Niger—VII. Cranial anatomy and relationships of
1571:
743:
in the procolophonid subfamily
Leptopleuroninae (Cisneros 2006, Sues & Reisz 2008), which means the similarities with pareiasaurs are the result of convergences.
3184:
1436:"First volumetric body mass estimate and a new in vivo 3D reconstruction of the oldest Karoo pareiasaur Bradysaurus baini, and body size evolution in Pareiasauria"
584:
differed from other pareiasaurs by having a more upright limb posture, being amongst the first amniotes to develop this trait. Pareiasaurs were protected by bony
592:
that were set into the skin. Their skulls were heavily ornamented with bosses, rugose ridges, and bumps. Their leaf-shaped multi-cusped teeth resemble those of
749:(Seeley, 1988): If neither Lanthanosuchidae or Testudines are included in the clade, the Pareiasauria only contains the monophyletic family Pareiasauridae.
3171:
670:
argues against a potential pareisaurian relationship to turtles, and DNA evidence indicates that living turtles are more closely related to living
2178:
2133:
1710:"Bone histology of two pareiasaurs from Russia (Deltavjatia rossica and Scutosaurus karpinskii) with implications for pareiasaurian palaeobiology"
1434:
Van den Brandt, Marc Johan; Day, Michael Oliver; Manucci, Fabio; Viglietti, Pia Alexa; Angielczyk, Kenneth David; Romano, Marco (2023-02-27).
553:
2087:
1708:
Boitsova, Elizaveta A; Skutschas, Pavel P; Sennikov, Andrey G; Golubev, Valeriy K; Masuytin, Vladimir V; Masuytina, Olga A (2019-07-05).
1479:"The vertebrate fauna of the upper Permian of Niger—IX. The appendicular skeleton of Bunostegos akokanensis (Parareptilia: Pareiasauria)"
2141:
1752:
138:
735:(Nopcsa, 1928): This clade (as opposed to the superfamily or suborder Pareiasauroidea) was used by Lee (1995) for Pareiasauridae +
2117:
642:) of Southern Pangaea, before dispersing into Northern Pangaea and gaining a cosmopolitan distribution during the Late Permian (
1904:
Jalil, N.-E.; Janvier, P. (2005). "Les pareiasaures (Amniota, Parareptilia) du
Permien supérieur du Bassin d'Argana, Maroc".
1709:
1534:"Bone microstructures and mode of skeletogenesis in osteoderms of three pareiasaur taxa from the Permian of South Africa"
1923:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2015). "A Middle
Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan".
150:
2171:
1610:
717:, and that the nearest sister taxon to the pareiasaurs are the rather unexceptional and conventional looking
1138:
1121:
2363:
1743:
Gauthier, J.A.; Kluge, A.G.; Rowe, T. (1988). "The early evolution of the
Amniota". In Benton, M.J. (ed.).
1382:"Volumetric Body Mass Estimate and in vivo Reconstruction of the Russian Pareiasaur Scutosaurus karpinskii"
3111:
2164:
3210:
1565:
3052:
1795:
LEE, M. S. Y. (1995). "Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'parareptiles'".
2738:
632:
reptiliomorphs. They are much larger than the diadectids, more similar to the giant caseid pelycosaur
3238:
3158:
2026:
1932:
1843:
1490:
1435:
2810:
3149:
2875:
2847:
2671:
2533:
2263:
1478:
786:
703:). Lee's pareiasaur hypothesis has become untenable due to the diapsid features of the stem turtle
300:
3023:
2393:
2542:
2358:
2079:
2042:
1975:
1956:
1831:
1812:
1687:
1514:
1459:
1007:
714:
398:
221:
145:
3031:
3008:
2883:
1658:"Evolution of bone microanatomy of the tetrapod tibia and its use in palaeobiological inference"
3215:
2994:
713:. Recent cladistic analyses reveal that lanthanosuchids have a much more basal position in the
3197:
2373:
1995:
1948:
1748:
1725:
1679:
1638:
1630:
1553:
1506:
1451:
1413:
810:
266:
3202:
3189:
2746:
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2796:
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2419:
2383:
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2149:
2034:
1987:
1940:
1884:
1851:
1804:
1777:
1717:
1669:
1622:
1591:
1545:
1498:
1443:
1403:
1393:
696:
617:
2978:
2939:
2904:
2724:
2703:
621:
608:
Pareiasaurs appear very suddenly in the fossil record. It is clear that these animals are
597:
2030:
1936:
1847:
1494:
2932:
2839:
2775:
2754:
2611:
2501:
2408:
2343:
2109:
1889:
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1808:
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851:
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350:
39:
1626:
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3016:
3001:
2818:
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2522:
2508:
2456:
2428:
2301:
2275:
2187:
1960:
1674:
1657:
1549:
1463:
1380:
Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Rubidge, Bruce; Van den Brandt, Marc J. (2021-06-17).
1097:
1024:
983:
827:
691:
660:
488:
428:
418:
370:
250:
81:
2074:(Encyclopedia of Palaeoherpetology), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart & Portland
2046:
1856:
1816:
1656:
Kriloff, A.; Germain, D.; Canoville, A.; Vincent, P.; Sache, M.; Laurin, M. (2008).
1518:
1477:
Turner, Morgan L.; Tsuji, Linda A.; Ide, Oumarou; Sidor, Christian A. (2015-11-02).
2953:
2911:
2897:
2803:
2789:
2716:
2604:
2449:
2400:
1691:
1240:
1073:
709:
675:
609:
537:
458:
237:
208:
43:
1447:
2038:
1502:
654:
Some paleontologists considered that pareiasaurs were direct ancestors of modern
3143:
3074:
3045:
2918:
2832:
2825:
2782:
2692:
2655:
2618:
2583:
2494:
2480:
2336:
1991:
1721:
1595:
1274:
1189:
906:
666:
639:
570:
478:
448:
340:
320:
133:
56:
3081:
3060:
2987:
2960:
2890:
2761:
2685:
2664:
2574:
2515:
2487:
2467:
2442:
2435:
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2232:
945:
923:
875:
700:
580:
541:
408:
380:
360:
330:
279:
101:
66:
17:
3134:
1768:
Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny".
1729:
1634:
1510:
1455:
1417:
1398:
1381:
3067:
3038:
2925:
2855:
2731:
2597:
2549:
1832:"A review of the Guadalupian (Middle Permian) global tetrapod fossil record"
1533:
1223:
966:
758:
671:
643:
629:
589:
564:
549:
516:
162:
106:
50:
1999:
1952:
1683:
1642:
1557:
3128:
2967:
2946:
2768:
2678:
2217:
2211:
1408:
625:
182:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
1944:
123:
3176:
2590:
2226:
1206:
679:
596:, indicating a herbivorous diet. The body probably housed an extensive
545:
544:
which covered large areas of the body. They first appeared in southern
506:
192:
111:
86:
2205:
655:
593:
536:(meaning "cheek lizards") are an extinct clade of large, herbivorous
172:
3105:
725:. 2010) the two being united in the clade Pareiasauromorpha (Tsuji
2110:"Introduction to Pareiasauria: An Upper Permian group of Anapsids"
585:
563:
3163:
2156:
3109:
2198:
2160:
624:) that had been occupied early in the Permian period by the
1747:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 103–155.
1797:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1830:
Olroyd, Savannah L.; Sidor, Christian A. (August 2017).
1611:"Origins and early evolution of herbivory in tetrapods"
512:
502:
494:
484:
474:
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454:
444:
436:
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414:
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386:
376:
366:
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326:
316:
3118:
2977:
2865:
2702:
2654:
2643:
2573:
2532:
2466:
2418:
2382:
2371:
2325:
2274:
2247:
2078:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (24 June 2013).
1609:Sues, Hans-Dieter; Reisz, Robert R. (1998-04-01).
1745:The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods
695:(Lee 1995): This clade was coined by MSY Lee for
1873:"Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles"
2080:"Pareiasaur: Bumpy beast was a desert dweller"
2067:, W.H. Freeman & Co. New York, p. 205
2172:
8:
1570:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2126:"Hallucicrania [Pareiasauriformes]"
1532:Scheyer, T. M. & Sander, P. M. (2009).
3106:
2708:
2651:
2472:
2379:
2322:
2318:
2253:
2244:
2195:
2179:
2165:
2157:
540:. Members of the group were armoured with
122:
31:
1888:
1877:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1855:
1770:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1714:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1673:
1588:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1407:
1397:
707:and the potential testudinatan nature of
616:. Pareiasaurs filled the large herbivore
2070:Kuhn, O, 1969, Cotylosauria, part 6 of
1367:
612:. As such, they are closely related to
1563:
739:. More recent cladistic studies place
2065:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
1980:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1976:"A phylogenomic analysis of turtles"
1703:
1701:
1429:
1427:
1375:
1373:
1371:
552:. Pareiasaurs became extinct in the
1181:
1113:
1089:
1065:
1058:
999:
958:
951:
898:
891:
867:
843:
802:
778:
768:
2019:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1890:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01279.x
1809:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1995.tb01197.x
1782:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x
1483:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1386:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
628:pelycosaurs and, before them, the
139:American Museum of Natural History
25:
1615:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
578:sprawling posture. The cow-sized
554:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2362:
2357:
2120:from the original on 2023-09-27.
1675:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01512.x
1550:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01732.x
721:(Müller & Tsuji 2007, Lyson
149:
2090:from the original on 2023-11-23
1857:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.001
1662:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1538:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2072:Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie
678:, and therefore cladistically
1:
1627:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01257-3
1448:10.1080/08912963.2023.2175211
2039:10.1080/02724634.2013.739537
1503:10.1080/02724634.2014.994746
664:. However, the discovery of
1992:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021
3255:
2711:
2475:
2355:
2321:
2317:
2298:
2256:
2243:
2194:
2142:"Anapsida: Hallucicrania"
2130:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1722:10.1093/biolinnean/blz094
1596:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz064
1271:
1254:
1237:
1220:
1203:
1186:
1179:
1135:
1118:
1111:
1094:
1087:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1021:
1004:
997:
980:
963:
956:
949:
920:
903:
896:
889:
872:
865:
848:
841:
824:
807:
800:
783:
776:
313:
308:
146:Scientific classification
144:
130:
121:
34:
27:Extinct clade of reptiles
2063:Carroll, R. L., (1988),
1399:10.3389/fevo.2021.692035
1139:Pareiasuchus nasicornis
1122:Pareiasuchus peringueyi
2015:Bunostegos akokanensis
574:
134:Scutosaurus karpinskii
3211:Paleobiology Database
1836:Earth-Science Reviews
787:"Bradysaurus" seeleyi
567:
1871:Lee, M.S.Y. (1997).
699:+ (Pareiasauridae +
604:Evolutionary history
2534:Pumiliopareiasauria
2031:2013JVPal..33..747T
1945:10.1038/nature14472
1937:2015Natur.523..584S
1848:2017ESRv..171..583O
1495:2015JVPal..35E4746T
390:Pumiliopareiasauria
1440:Historical Biology
715:Procolophonomorpha
575:
222:Procolophonomorpha
3226:
3225:
3198:Open Tree of Life
3112:Taxon identifiers
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2374:Pareiasauromorpha
2353:
2352:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2114:Ucmp.berkeley.edu
2017:(Pareiasauria)".
1931:(7562): 584–587.
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
935:
934:
811:Bradysaurus baini
686:Associated clades
531:
530:
304:
267:Pareiasauromorpha
16:(Redirected from
3246:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3107:
2867:Leptopleuroninae
2797:Smilodonterpeton
2739:Gomphiosauridion
2709:
2652:
2646:Procolophonoidea
2473:
2420:Nycteroleteridae
2384:Lanthanosuchidae
2380:
2366:
2361:
2327:Nyctiphruretidae
2323:
2319:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2196:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2148:. Archived from
2137:
2132:. Archived from
2121:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2051:
2050:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1544:(6): 1153–1162.
1529:
1523:
1522:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1377:
1182:
1114:
1090:
1066:
1059:
1000:
959:
952:
899:
892:
868:
844:
803:
779:
769:
697:Lanthanosuchidae
514:
504:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
438:
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396:
388:
378:
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265:
249:
236:
220:
207:
154:
153:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3114:
3104:
3087:
2979:Procolophoninae
2973:
2940:Pentaedrusaurus
2905:Koiloskiosaurus
2861:
2704:Procolophonidae
2698:
2648:
2631:
2569:
2528:
2462:
2414:
2376:
2367:
2349:
2305:
2290:
2270:
2239:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2060:
2058:Further reading
2055:
2054:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1562:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1046:
1037:
936:
755:
733:Pareiasauroidea
719:nycteroleterids
688:
652:
614:nycteroleterids
606:
598:digestive tract
568:Restoration of
562:
298:
292:
280:Pareiasauroidea
276:
263:
247:
234:
218:
205:
148:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3207:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3155:
3150:Pareiasauridae
3140:
3124:
3122:
3120:Pareiasauridae
3116:
3115:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3013:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2933:Neoprocolophon
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:Tricuspisaurus
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2811:Spondylolestes
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2776:Phaanthosaurus
2772:
2765:
2758:
2755:Kitchingnathus
2751:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2612:Sanchuansaurus
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2502:Embrithosaurus
2498:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2409:Lanthanosuchus
2405:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2344:Nyctiphruretus
2340:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:on 2005-04-09.
2138:
2136:on 2007-12-09.
2122:
2104:
2103:External links
2101:
2100:
2099:
2075:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2025:(4): 747–763.
2005:
1966:
1915:
1896:
1883:(3): 197–280.
1863:
1822:
1803:(3): 459–547.
1787:
1776:(2): 165–223.
1760:
1754:978-0198577058
1753:
1735:
1697:
1668:(3): 807–826.
1648:
1621:(4): 141–145.
1601:
1577:
1524:
1489:(6): e994746.
1469:
1423:
1366:
1365:
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1360:
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1289:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:Sanchuansaurus
1253:
1250:
1249:
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1245:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1215:
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1047:
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1033:
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1029:
1020:
1017:
1016:
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976:
975:
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971:
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937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
902:
897:
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
871:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
852:Embrithosaurus
847:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
823:
820:
819:
816:
815:
806:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
782:
777:
775:
767:
754:
751:
687:
684:
651:
650:Classification
648:
635:Cotylorhynchus
605:
602:
561:
558:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
510:
492:
482:
472:
469:Sanchuansaurus
462:
452:
434:
433:
432:
422:
412:
402:
374:
364:
354:
351:Embrithosaurus
344:
334:
324:
311:
310:
306:
305:
290:
283:
282:
274:
270:
269:
261:
254:
253:
245:
241:
240:
232:
225:
224:
216:
212:
211:
203:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
40:Middle Permian
37:
26:
24:
18:Pareiasauridae
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3002:Eumetabolodon
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:Basileosaurus
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:Xenodiphyodon
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:Suchonosaurus
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2628:
2627:
2626:Shihtienfenia
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2564:Pumiliopareia
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:Provelosaurus
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2523:Senectosaurus
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2509:Nochelesaurus
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2457:Rhipaeosaurus
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:Bashkyroleter
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2302:Procolophonia
2297:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2276:Procolophonia
2273:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:Procolophonia
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:Geodiversitas
1900:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:11573/1634310
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:Shihtienfenia
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:Pumiliopareia
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
985:
984:Provelosaurus
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
968:
961:
960:
954:
953:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
931:
930:
927:
926:
925:
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
908:
901:
900:
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
845:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:Nochelesaurus
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
812:
805:
804:
798:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
788:
781:
780:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:
692:Hallucicrania
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
662:
661:Pumiliopareia
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
573:
572:
566:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
519:
518:
511:
509:
508:
501:
500:
499:
493:
491:
490:
489:Shihtienfenia
483:
481:
480:
473:
471:
470:
463:
461:
460:
453:
451:
450:
443:
442:
441:
435:
431:
430:
429:Pumiliopareia
423:
421:
420:
419:Provelosaurus
413:
411:
410:
403:
401:
400:
393:
392:
391:
385:
384:
383:
382:
375:
373:
372:
371:Senectosaurus
365:
363:
362:
355:
353:
352:
345:
343:
342:
335:
333:
332:
325:
323:
322:
315:
314:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
275:
273:Superfamily:
272:
271:
268:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:Procolophonia
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:265–252
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
3119:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3024:Lestanshoria
3022:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2966:
2959:
2954:Sclerosaurus
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2912:Leptopleuron
2910:
2903:
2898:Hypsognathus
2896:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2804:Sphenosaurus
2802:
2795:
2790:Sauropareion
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2717:Coartaredens
2715:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2605:Pareiasaurus
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2468:Pareiasauria
2455:
2450:Nycteroleter
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2407:
2401:Lanthaniscus
2399:
2394:Chalcosaurus
2392:
2342:
2335:
2300:
2222:
2216:Superclass:
2150:the original
2145:
2134:the original
2129:
2113:
2092:. Retrieved
2084:ScienceDaily
2083:
2071:
2064:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1912:(1): 35–132.
1909:
1905:
1899:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1744:
1738:
1713:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1587:
1580:
1566:cite journal
1541:
1537:
1527:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1439:
1389:
1385:
1273:
1272:
1256:
1255:
1241:Pareiasaurus
1239:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1187:
1137:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1096:
1095:
1074:Shansisaurus
1072:
1071:
1023:
1022:
1006:
1005:
982:
981:
965:
964:
922:
921:
905:
904:
874:
873:
850:
849:
826:
825:
809:
808:
785:
784:
773:Pareiasauria
772:
762:
756:
747:Pareiasauria
746:
745:
741:Sclerosaurus
740:
737:Sclerosaurus
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
710:Eunotosaurus
708:
704:
690:
689:
665:
659:
653:
633:
610:parareptiles
607:
579:
576:
569:
538:parareptiles
533:
532:
515:
505:
498:Elgininiinae
497:
487:
477:
467:
459:Pareiasaurus
457:
447:
439:
427:
417:
407:
397:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
296:Pareiasauria
295:
286:
257:
238:Ankyramorpha
228:
209:Parareptilia
199:
132:
131:Skeleton of
44:Late Permian
35:Pareiasauria
29:
3239:Pareiasaurs
3144:Wikispecies
3075:Thelerpeton
3046:Procolophon
2919:Libognathus
2833:Tichvinskia
2826:Theledectes
2783:Pintosaurus
2693:Saurodektes
2656:Owenettidae
2619:Scutosaurus
2584:Arganaceras
2495:Deltavjatia
2481:Bradysaurus
2337:Abyssomedon
1986:: 250–257.
1842:: 583–597.
1275:Scutosaurus
1190:Arganaceras
907:Deltavjatia
761:from Tsuji
757:Below is a
705:Pappochelys
676:lepidosaurs
667:Pappochelys
640:Guadalupian
571:Bradysaurus
560:Description
534:Pareiasaurs
479:Scutosaurus
449:Arganaceras
341:Deltavjatia
321:Bradysaurus
3082:Timanophon
3061:Teratophon
3032:Orenburgia
3009:Insulophon
2988:Anomoiodon
2961:Scoloparia
2891:Hwiccewyrm
2884:Cornualbus
2762:Lasasaurus
2686:Ruhuhuaria
2672:Candelaria
2665:Barasaurus
2575:Therischia
2516:Parasaurus
2488:Bunostegos
2443:Macroleter
2436:Emeroleter
2285:see below↓
2264:Sauropsida
2249:Sauropsida
2233:Sauropsida
2094:2024-03-01
1716:: blz094.
1392:: 692035.
1362:References
946:Velosauria
924:Parasaurus
876:Bunostegos
701:Testudines
672:archosaurs
590:osteoderms
581:Bunostegos
550:therapsids
542:osteoderms
440:Therischia
409:Nanopareia
381:Velosauria
361:Parasaurus
331:Bunostegos
244:Suborder:
3068:Thelephon
3039:Procolina
2995:Burtensia
2926:Mandaphon
2856:Youngetta
2732:Eomurruna
2598:Obirkovia
2550:Nanoparia
2218:Tetrapoda
2204:Kingdom:
1961:205243837
1730:0024-4066
1635:0169-5347
1511:0272-4634
1464:257369904
1456:0891-2963
1418:2296-701X
1224:Obirkovia
967:Nanoparia
759:cladogram
753:Phylogeny
729:. 2012).
644:Lopingian
630:diadectid
517:Obirkovia
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
3233:Category
3129:Wikidata
2968:Soturnia
2947:Phonodus
2769:Oryporan
2679:Owenetta
2543:Anthodon
2212:Chordata
2210:Phylum:
2206:Animalia
2118:Archived
2088:Archived
2047:86097405
2000:25450099
1953:26106865
1817:85790423
1684:18312321
1643:21238234
1558:19416416
1519:86503874
1442:: 1–15.
1008:Anthodon
765:(2013):
680:diapsids
399:Anthodon
193:Reptilia
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
3203:4128694
3177:4818548
3164:4532164
3135:Q132831
3053:Samaria
2747:Kinelia
2725:Coletta
2591:Elginia
2231:Class:
2227:Amniota
2146:Palaeos
2027:Bibcode
1933:Bibcode
1844:Bibcode
1692:6102313
1491:Bibcode
1207:Elginia
656:turtles
594:iguanas
588:called
507:Elginia
309:Genera
215:Order:
189:Class:
137:in the
3190:116439
2045:
1998:
1959:
1951:
1925:Nature
1815:
1751:
1728:
1690:
1682:
1641:
1633:
1556:
1517:
1509:
1462:
1454:
1416:
763:et al.
626:caseid
586:scutes
546:Pangea
303:, 1888
301:Seeley
3216:37557
3185:IRMNG
3017:Kapes
2223:Clade
2043:S2CID
1957:S2CID
1813:S2CID
1688:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1460:S2CID
727:et al
723:et al
674:than
622:guild
618:niche
287:Clade
258:Clade
200:Clade
3172:GBIF
2262:see
1996:PMID
1949:PMID
1749:ISBN
1726:ISSN
1680:PMID
1639:PMID
1631:ISSN
1572:link
1554:PMID
1507:ISSN
1452:ISSN
1414:ISSN
620:(or
229:Node
57:PreꞒ
3159:EoL
2035:doi
1988:doi
1941:doi
1929:523
1885:doi
1881:120
1852:doi
1840:171
1805:doi
1778:doi
1774:113
1718:doi
1670:doi
1623:doi
1592:doi
1546:doi
1499:doi
1444:doi
1404:hdl
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235:†
219:†
206:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
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