656:, and fixed using snap connectors to add wind-proofing. The fishtail was fixed at the front for warmth or folded away at the back to improve freedom of movement when needed. The EX-48 parka is distinctive as it has a left sleeve pocket and is made of thin poplin, only the later production M-48 parkas are made of the heavier sateen canvas type cotton. The EX-48 also has a thin fibre glass based liner that is very light and warm, the M-48 has a thicker wool pile liner with an integral hood liner made of wool. Both are distinguishable from any other type of parka by having the sleeve pocket. This was dropped for the M-51 onward. The fur ruff on the hood is also fixed to the shell of an EX-48/M-48 and is of wolf, coyote or often wolverine. The M-48 parka was costly to produce and therefore only in production for around one year. The pockets were wool lined both inside and out. The cuffs had two buttons for securing tightly around a wearer's wrist. The later more mass-produced M-51 parka had just the one cuff button. The liner had a built in chest pocket which again was unique to the M-48 parka.
365:
663:
fur was on the detachable hood liner, not fixed to the shell as in the M-48. It also allowed for both liners to be buttoned in or our depending on the temperature and hence warmth required. It was also cheaper than the M-48 to mass-produce The early M-51 was made of heavy sateen cotton, the same material as the M-48. Later revisions of the M-51 were poplin based. The later liners were also revised from the "heavy when wet" wool pile to a lighter woolen loop or frieze wool design that dried easier and were far lighter. The frieze liners were constructed of mohair and were designed using a double loop system.
34:
403:
384:
648:. Following the end of the Second World War the US army recognized the need for a new cold weather combat system, resulting in four main styles of fishtail parka: the EX-48, M-48, M-51 and the M-65. The M stands for model, and the number is the year it was standardized. The EX-48 model was the first prototype or "experimental" precursor to all of them. The M-48 then being the first actual production model fishtail parka after the pattern being standardized on December 24, 1948. The name
3130:
496:
622:
716:. in the early 1960s. It may have a full-zippered front opening, or pull over the head like an original anorak and close with snaps or a short zipper, has an integral hood, and elasticated or drawstring cuffs. In some versions, when rolled up, the hood doubles as a bag into which the rest of the coat is pushed. It became very popular in the United Kingdom during the 1970s.
610:
483:
662:
The outer hood of the M-51 Fishtail Parka is integral to the parka shell, an added hood liner as well as a button in main liner make the M-51 a versatile 3 piece parka. The idea behind this 3 part system was to enable a more customisable parka that allowed for easier cleaning of the shell as the hood
564:
N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the United States during the early 1950s for military use, mainly for flight crews stationed in extremely cold areas. It was designed for use in areas
585:
It gained the common name of "snorkel parka" because the hood can be zipped right up leaving only a small tunnel (or snorkel) for the wearer to look out of. This is particularly effective in very cold, windy weather although it has the added liabilities of seriously limiting the field of vision and
670:
Designed primarily for combat arms forces such as infantry, they are to be worn over other layers of clothing; alone, the fishtail parka is insufficient to protect against "dry cold" conditions (i.e. below about -10 °C). As such all fishtail parkas are big as they were designed to be worn over
597:
The 1970s–1980s civilian version of the parka was made in many colors – navy blue, green, brown, black, maroon, grey, royal blue, sky blue and bright orange. Most had an orange diamond quilted nylon lining, although a very small number did have alternative colored linings such as yellow, pale blue,
666:
The M-65 fishtail parka has a detachable hood and was the last revision. It features a removable quilted liner made of light nylon / polyester batting which are modern synthetic materials. The M-65 fishtail parka first came into production in 1968. These parkas featured synthetic fur on the hoods
364:
589:
The basic N-3B parka design was copied and sold to the civilian market by many manufacturers with varying degrees of quality and fidelity to the original government specifications. Surplus military parkas are often available for relatively low prices online and in
586:
hearing. Earlier
Vietnam-era hoods had genuine fur ruffs; later versions used synthetic furs. Original manufacturers of this parka for the government included Skyline, Southern Athletic, Lancer, Greenbrier, Workroom For Designers, Alpha, and Avirex.
598:
and green. While still manufacturing parkas to the military standard, Alpha
Industries have more recently adopted the orange lining and a slimmer fit when producing their VF59 model parka which is now more popular than the military version.
462:. Up until about two years of age, the child nestles against the mother's back in the amaut, the built-in baby pouch just below the hood. The pouch is large and comfortable for the baby. The mother can bring the child from back to front for
711:
term for a lightweight, weatherproof anorak or parka, usually unlined and sometimes knee-length. A cagoule could be rolled up into a very compact package and carried in a bag or pocket. It was invented by Noel Bibby of
581:
wadding making the jacket both lighter and warmer. The outer shell material also was changed to a sage green cotton-nylon blend, with respective percentages 80–20, 65–35, and 50–50 being used at various times.
101:
to retain their water resistance. Parkas are typically longer, often extending to the thighs or knees. Anoraks are usually shorter than parkas, often hip-length, and are traditionally a pull-over jacket.
113:
have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. Strictly speaking, an anorak is a waterproof, hooded, pull-over jacket without a front opening, and sometimes
685:
shops, the parka was seen as the ideal garment for fending off the elements and protecting smarter clothes underneath from grease and dirt when on the mod's vehicle of choice, the
883:
149:. It did not appear in English until 1924; an early definition is "a beaded item worn by Greenland women or brides in the 1930s". In the early 1950s it was made from
1131:
594:; they compare quite favorably with civilian extreme-cold parkas of all types due to their robust construction, designed for combat conditions, and warmth.
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402:
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854:
842:
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790:
370:
A fawn-brown and grey waist-length fur cape, with long sleeves and a hood. Sealskin woman's parka discovered at
Qilakitsoq in 1972, dated to
383:
3091:
1090:
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998:
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used the term to refer to the type of people who wore it and subsequently, in the United
Kingdom, it is sometimes used as a mildly
1111:
667:
after an outcry from the fur lobby. As a result, only hoods for these parkas made in 1972 and for one year later have real fur.
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893:
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without exposure to the elements. This traditional eastern Arctic Inuit parka, designed to keep the child warm and safe from
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1029:
Claudia
Wisniewski: Wörterbuch des Kostüms und der Mode. 6. Auflage. Reclam, Stuttgart, ISBN 978-3-15-018762-3, S. 18.
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comes from the fish tail extension at the back that could be folded up between the legs, much like a
138:
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the word simply means "animal skin". It first entered the
English written record in a 1625 work by
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914:
Karetak, Rhoda
Akpaliapik; King, J. C. H. ed; Pauksztat, Birgit ed; Storrie, Robert ed (2005),
689:. Its place in popular culture was assured by newspaper pictures of parka-clad mods during the
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at the waist and cuffs, and a parka is a hip-length cold-weather coat, typically stuffed with
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In Europe the snorkel parka started to regain popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
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with temperatures as low as −60 °F (−51 °C). Originally made with a sage green
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The next revision was the M-51, made because the M48 was too expensive to mass-produce.
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474:, wind and cold, also helps to develop bonding between mother and child.
409:
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90:
82:
78:
70:
760:, a play about the Montreal Massacre written and performed by Adam Kelly
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841:(2012) Inuktitut Living Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from
574:
86:
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Balderdash & piffle : one sandwich short of a dog's dinner
486:
A civilian snorkel parka manufactured in the 1980s by Lord
Anthony.
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1990:
1937:
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type material until the mid-1970s when the padding was changed to
570:
481:
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150:
32:
681:. Because of their practicality, cheapness and availability from
2899:
2776:
2748:
2718:
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2412:
2158:
1791:
1623:
1234:
1224:
561:
1072:
2030:
1177:
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203:
use parkas and have various terms related to them as follows:
66:
1068:
920:
Arctic clothing of North
America: Alaska, Canada, Greenland
674:
In the 1960s UK, the fishtail parka became a symbol of the
922:, China: C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd, p. 80,
3008:
2947:
2938:
2810:
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2631:
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2009:
1936:
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1243:
1141:
1011:
Invisible on
Everest—innovation and the gear makers
829:
Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable
613:M-51 fishtail parka. This was a favorite among the
778:
97:. Some Inuit anoraks require regular coating with
632:wearing a fishtail parka at a concert in 2009.
1084:
26:"Anorak" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
73:. These two kinds of garments are staple of
573:outer and lining it was padded with a wool
524:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2944:
2173:
2169:
2020:
1796:
1091:
1077:
1069:
884:"The Art and Technique of Inuit Clothing"
544:Learn how and when to remove this message
478:N-3B ("scrub snorkel" or "snorkel") parka
1065:at the Sheldon Jackson Museum, in Alaska
877:
875:
205:
769:
360:
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934:
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163:magazine as a fashion item. In 1984,
7:
522:adding citations to reliable sources
408:An Inuit family wearing traditional
3092:Global trade of secondhand clothing
882:Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (2007).
16:Fur-lined cold weather overgarment
14:
808:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
157:by 1959, when it was featured in
3128:
494:
401:
382:
363:
3164:United States military uniforms
993:The Chambers Dictionary, 1994.
671:battle dress and other layers.
41:with faux-fur trim on the hood
1:
458:women of the eastern area of
371:
125:, and with a fur-lined hood.
1009:Mike Parsons and Mary Rose,
855:"Asuilaak Living Dictionary"
1040:"Nunatsiaq News 2007-07-27"
291:[kuːt.si.na.ʁu.ˈti]
3195:
3102:List of individual dresses
700:
427:
77:, traditionally made from
25:
18:
3125:
2172:
1106:
1063:A traditional Inuit parka
255:[ni.ŋim.naq.ˈtuq]
977:"Authentic M48 / M-1948"
628:(left) of Britpop band
309:[a.ti.ɣit.ˈsaq]
28:Anorak (disambiguation)
3107:Reconstructed clothing
981:www.fishtailparkas.com
640:was first used by the
633:
618:
487:
207:Inuktitut terminology
42:
21:Parka (disambiguation)
812:. Merriam-webster.com
624:
612:
485:
468:eliminatory functions
327:[nat.tu.ˈʁaq]
237:[iʁ.na.u.ˈti]
36:
3048:Environmental impact
1042:. Nunatsiaqonline.ca
965:. November 27, 2016.
777:Games, Alex (2007),
518:improve this section
215:Inuktitut syllabics
180:is derived from the
19:For other uses, see
3135:Clothing portal
644:in 1950 during the
208:
963:"The parka Jacket"
947:has generic name (
703:Cagoule (raincoat)
691:Bank Holiday riots
642:United States Army
634:
619:
488:
273:[a.ma.ˈut]
206:
43:
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3140:
3112:Right to clothing
3036:Halloween costume
3004:
3003:
2979:black lounge suit
2579:
2578:
2379:
2378:
2153:
2152:
1932:
1931:
792:978-1-84607-235-2
707:A cagoule is the
554:
553:
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351:
350:
345:[tat.ˈsi]
280:parka decoration
184:language. In the
153:, but changed to
3186:
3169:Coats (clothing)
3133:
3132:
3117:Vintage clothing
2945:
2890:Pocket protector
2174:
2170:
2130:Bodysuit, infant
2021:
1802:formal, informal
1797:
1637:Ceremonial dress
1093:
1086:
1079:
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1050:
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946:
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932:
911:
905:
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901:
892:. Archived from
879:
870:
869:
867:
866:
857:. Archived from
851:
845:
836:
830:
827:
821:
820:
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802:
796:
795:
784:
774:
731:Capote (garment)
683:military surplus
549:
542:
538:
535:
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498:
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405:
396:made of gutskin.
386:
376:
373:
367:
347:
329:
311:
293:
275:
257:
239:
218:Roman Inuktitut
209:
186:Aleutian Islands
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3188:
3187:
3185:
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3144:
3143:
3142:
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3127:
3121:
3063:made-to-measure
3016:Clothing fetish
3000:
2934:
2806:
2763:
2705:
2681:Square leg suit
2627:
2603:Blanket sleeper
2575:
2566:Sleeved blanket
2375:
2298:
2163:
2161:
2149:
2125:Bodysuit, adult
2113:
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2013:
2005:
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1801:
1789:
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1263:Clerical collar
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785:, London: BBC,
776:
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751:Yup'ik clothing
722:
714:Peter Storm Ltd
709:British English
705:
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607:
550:
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460:Northern Canada
432:
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357:
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298:parka material
171:derogatory term
137:comes from the
131:
123:synthetic fiber
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3192:
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3182:
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3179:Winter clothes
3176:
3174:Inuit clothing
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3089:
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3072:
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3045:
3043:Cross-dressing
3040:
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638:fishtail parka
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615:mod subculture
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896:on 2021-12-24
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861:on 2021-12-24
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558:snorkel parka
556:The original
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503:This section
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53:is a type of
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3075:Fur clothing
2895:Pocket watch
2528:
2216:British Warm
2191:Chesterfield
2102:boxer shorts
2097:boxer briefs
1829:little black
1482:Bell-bottoms
1452:sweater vest
1044:. Retrieved
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898:. Retrieved
894:the original
887:
863:. Retrieved
859:the original
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814:. Retrieved
807:
806:""parka" in
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569:flight silk
557:
555:
540:
534:October 2020
531:
516:Please help
504:
451:
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443:
439:
435:
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412:
393:
355:Inuit Parkas
194:
177:
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166:The Observer
164:
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110:
106:
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50:
46:
44:
2974:Semi-formal
2940:Dress codes
2830:Boutonnière
2812:Accessories
2691:Swim diaper
2686:Swim briefs
2651:Boardshorts
2571:Windbreaker
2332:Suit jacket
2327:Mess jacket
2221:Guards Coat
2140:See-through
1904:Romper suit
1278:Neck gaiter
1273:Neckerchief
1127:Terminology
654:Knochensack
375: 1475
334:parka belt
262:parka hood
244:parka tail
143:Kalaallisut
139:Greenlandic
115:drawstrings
3148:Categories
2915:Suspenders
2910:Sunglasses
2845:Cummerbund
2835:Coin purse
2739:Flip-flops
2734:Dress shoe
2729:Dress boot
2724:Court shoe
2671:Rash guard
2618:Nightshirt
2492:Harrington
2450:pellegrina
2310:Frock coat
2303:Suit coats
2292:Mackintosh
2233:Over-frock
2092:Underpants
2041:Undershirt
1914:Shirtdress
1755:boilersuit
1652:diplomatic
1614:Yoga pants
1604:Sweatpants
1517:High water
1512:Go-to-hell
1405:sleeveless
1358:halterneck
1348:cache-cœur
1268:Lavallière
1122:Technology
1046:2011-10-20
916:"Amautiit"
900:2012-04-02
865:2008-09-30
816:2011-10-20
765:References
757:The Anorak
746:Mackintosh
679:subculture
646:Korean War
304:atigitsaq
199:who speak
105:The words
85:skin, for
39:down parka
2984:black tie
2967:white tie
2875:Jewellery
2792:Pantyhose
2666:One-piece
2613:Nightgown
2585:Nightwear
2423:Inverness
2418:ferraiolo
2243:shadbelly
2211:Greatcoat
2178:Overcoats
2165:outerwear
2011:Underwear
1966:Miniskirt
1951:Ballerina
1868:Strapless
1846:debutante
1841:ball gown
1819:Coatdress
1760:cleanroom
1718:Religious
1713:Political
1609:Windpants
1547:Parachute
1464:Waistcoat
1442:polo neck
579:polyester
505:does not
472:frostbite
450:) is the
446:, plural
201:Inuktitut
176:The word
133:The word
129:Etymology
37:A modern
2991:Informal
2920:Umbrella
2865:Headband
2840:Cufflink
2797:Stocking
2782:Hold-ups
2711:Footwear
2661:Monokini
2656:Dry suit
2633:Swimwear
2608:Negligee
2598:Babygrow
2593:Babydoll
2561:Ski suit
2544:bathrobe
2524:Lab coat
2502:mackinaw
2445:mozzetta
2435:monastic
2396:pinafore
2359:Tailcoat
2287:Raincoat
2067:Leggings
2036:Camisole
2016:lingerie
1924:Sundress
1824:Cocktail
1809:Backless
1750:Workwear
1733:vestment
1728:clerical
1708:Pantsuit
1674:Military
1669:Jumpsuit
1664:Jodhpuri
1642:academic
1629:uniforms
1599:Slim-fit
1587:hotpants
1537:Overalls
1532:Jodhpurs
1474:Trousers
1427:guernsey
1422:cardigan
1363:tube top
1353:crop top
1245:Neckwear
1220:Kerchief
1161:baseball
1143:Headwear
1132:Timeline
1117:Industry
1100:Clothing
937:citation
720:See also
650:fishtail
454:worn by
448:amautiit
322:naturaq
247:ᓂᖏᒻᓇᖅᑐᖅ
232:irnauti
212:English
147:annoraaq
99:fish oil
91:kayaking
71:faux fur
61:, often
3154:Jackets
3087:Fursuit
3053:Fashion
3026:Costume
3009:Related
2949:Western
2870:Handbag
2855:Glasses
2850:Gaiters
2820:Armband
2769:Legwear
2759:Sneaker
2754:Slipper
2701:Wetsuit
2646:Burkini
2623:Pajamas
2507:Norfolk
2497:leather
2462:Cut-off
2408:Cagoule
2403:Blouson
2369:morning
2342:smoking
2315:bekishe
2272:Paletot
2072:Panties
1981:Rah-rah
1976:Prairie
1873:Wedding
1858:Prairie
1836:Evening
1787:Dresses
1723:cassock
1689:service
1592:running
1577:dolphin
1572:dycling
1567:Bermuda
1542:Palazzo
1522:Lowrise
1487:Bondage
1457:twinset
1417:Sweater
1370:Cycling
1283:Necktie
1198:homburg
1112:History
697:Cagoule
687:scooter
575:blanket
526:removed
511:sources
466:or for
444:amautik
410:Caribou
301:ᐊᑎᒋᑦᓴᖅ
283:ᑰᑦᓯᓂᕈᑎ
145:) word
87:hunting
79:caribou
57:with a
2996:Casual
2957:Formal
2925:Wallet
2880:Livery
2860:Gloves
2802:Tights
2787:Garter
2744:Sandal
2696:Trunks
2641:Bikini
2534:Poncho
2519:Jerkin
2512:safari
2487:goggle
2482:flight
2472:Jacket
2457:Coatee
2430:Mantle
2347:sports
2337:Blazer
2255:Ulster
2250:Trench
2238:Riding
2206:Duster
2201:Duffel
2196:Covert
2107:briefs
2057:Diaper
2050:Bottom
1986:Sarong
1971:Pencil
1946:A-line
1938:Skirts
1909:Sheath
1899:Jumper
1887:Casual
1775:scrubs
1765:hazmat
1745:Prison
1740:School
1701:combat
1694:sailor
1562:Shorts
1507:Formal
1437:jersey
1432:hoodie
1395:Henley
1380:Mantle
1343:Blouse
1325:Tippet
1308:school
1303:kipper
1258:Choker
1230:Turban
1210:Helmet
1193:fedora
1188:bowler
1183:boater
1017:
997:
926:
789:
741:Hoodie
567:DuPont
438:(also
436:amauti
430:Amauti
424:Amauti
413:parkas
394:anorak
340:tatsi
319:ᓇᑦᑐᕋᖅ
268:amaut
229:ᐊᕐᓇᐅᑎ
182:Nenets
155:poplin
135:anorak
107:anorak
95:Arctic
51:anorak
3080:types
2930:Watch
2905:Spats
2676:Sling
2556:Shawl
2529:Parka
2467:Gilet
2440:royal
2391:Apron
2384:Other
2364:dress
2320:rekel
2265:opera
2260:Cloak
2228:Greca
2159:Coats
2145:Teddy
2087:Thong
1991:Skort
1961:Men's
1956:Denim
1894:House
1853:Plain
1792:gowns
1770:space
1647:court
1624:Suits
1527:Jeans
1502:Chaps
1497:Cargo
1492:Capri
1447:shrug
1390:dress
1385:Shirt
1375:Kurta
1320:Scarf
1313:stock
1288:ascot
1253:Bands
1151:Beret
839:parka
630:Oasis
571:nylon
456:Inuit
452:parka
440:amaut
391:Inuit
265:ᐊᒪᐅᑦ
197:Inuit
178:parka
160:Vogue
151:nylon
111:parka
65:with
63:lined
47:parka
3097:Laws
2900:Sash
2885:Muff
2825:Belt
2777:Sock
2749:Shoe
2719:Boot
2539:Robe
2477:down
2413:Cape
2352:Teba
2282:Polo
2118:Full
2082:Slip
2014:and
2001:Wrap
1996:Tutu
1919:Slip
1878:Wrap
1790:and
1684:mess
1679:full
1659:Folk
1557:Phat
1400:polo
1335:Tops
1293:bolo
1235:Veil
1225:Mask
1215:Hood
1171:knit
1166:flat
1015:ISBN
995:ISBN
949:help
924:ISBN
843:link
787:ISBN
636:The
562:USAF
509:any
507:cite
434:The
337:ᑕᑦᓯ
221:IPA
195:The
119:down
109:and
89:and
83:seal
59:hood
55:coat
49:and
2277:Pea
2186:Car
2162:and
2031:Bra
2024:Top
1626:and
1582:gym
1298:bow
1203:top
1178:Hat
1156:Cap
676:mod
520:by
442:or
81:or
69:or
67:fur
3150::
1013:.
979:.
941::
939:}}
935:{{
918:,
886:.
874:^
372:c.
192:.
173:.
45:A
1410:T
1092:e
1085:t
1078:v
1049:.
983:.
951:)
903:.
868:.
819:.
810:"
617:.
560:(
547:)
541:(
536:)
532:(
528:.
514:.
415:.
377:.
141:(
30:.
23:.
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