3820:
59:
3448:
4087:
2477:
4951:. Unlike in most other Commonwealth realms, sovereignty is constitutionally vested in the citizenry of Papua New Guinea and the preamble to the constitution states "that all power belongs to the people—acting through their duly elected representatives". The monarch has been, according to section 82 of the constitution, "requested by the people of Papua New Guinea, through their Constituent Assembly, to become and Head of State of Papua New Guinea" and thus acts in that capacity.
3796:
3508:
3832:
3472:
3436:
3784:
3892:
3748:
3670:
4027:
2113:
1293:
3808:
3760:
3460:
2268:
3730:
3610:
3556:
3544:
3868:
3718:
3658:
3622:
3496:
4051:
3979:
3598:
3570:
3532:
3520:
4168:
3324:
2879:
4039:
4015:
4003:
3991:
3880:
3772:
3706:
3682:
3484:
4075:
3694:
3646:
3634:
4063:
3856:
3844:
3586:
3277:, was the longest-reigning monarch in the world and in all of Thailand's history, before passing away on 13 October 2016. Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. He played an influential role in each incident, often acting as mediator between disputing political opponents. (See Bhumibol's role in
3238:. Unlike some of their continental European counterparts, the Monarch and his Governors-General in the Commonwealth realms hold significant "reserve" or "prerogative" powers, to be wielded in times of extreme emergency or constitutional crises, usually to uphold parliamentary government. For example, during the
3298:
champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action by politicians. For instance, the monarch of the United
Kingdom can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. However, no monarch has done so since 1708, and it is
3285:
protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a role in politics. It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of
Bhumibol. Much of his social influence arose from this reverence and from the socioeconomic improvement efforts undertaken by
3254:
by refusing to pass the necessary appropriation bills. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election to try to break the deadlock. When he sought the
Governor-General's approval of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. Shortly after that,
2979:) power. The monarchy under this system of government is a powerful political (and social) institution. By contrast, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual power or direct political influence, though they frequently still have a great deal of social and cultural influence.
2982:
Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. For example, in
Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield significant executive power. However, while they are theoretically very powerful within their small states, they are
3033:, exercise power, with the monarchs having ceded power and remaining as a titular position. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the status of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. In the course of
2864:
Christian view of natural law. Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan.
5574:
Ginsburg, Tom and
Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R., The Functions of Constitutional Monarchy: Why Kings and Queens Survive in a World of Republics (May 21, 2023). Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 23-29, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 831, Available at SSRN:
3207:
holds the day-to-day powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but not always insignificant) powers. The powers of the monarch differ between countries. In
Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a
2567:
identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. Many constitutional monarchies still retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such as through certain
3099:
only in detail rather than in substance. In both cases, the titular head of state – monarch or president – serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the government is carried on by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected
2260:, where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in practice rather than written law, e.g., the
3269:. Among supporters of constitutional monarchy, however, the event confirmed the monarchy's value as a source of checks and balances against elected politicians who might seek powers in excess of those conferred by the constitution, and ultimately as a safeguard against dictatorship.
3021:
and quite a powerful figure even though their power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following
3289:
In the United
Kingdom, a frequent debate centres on when it is appropriate for a British monarch to act. When a monarch does act, political controversy can often ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a
2556:
to legislation. However, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. In
2849:
is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself as an embodiment of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. German philosopher
3264:
election. Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority. This led to much speculation among
Whitlam's supporters as to whether this use of the Governor-General's reserve powers was appropriate, and whether
2774:
was the last monarch to exercise real personal power, but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to keep a prime minister in power against the will of
Parliament when the
3259:
in his place. Acting quickly before all parliamentarians became aware of the government change, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills, and the
Governor-General dissolved Parliament for a
5760:
4811:
appointed by her, for the first fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated every year on 24
3272:
In Thailand's constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Religion, and Defender of the Faith. The immediate former King,
4737:
in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the state in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the
4621:
as Queen of Malta, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the first ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the declaration of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.
3068:
needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate. However, this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germany's defeat in the
5555:
5553:
4363:, with parliamentary structures and a responsible khedival ministry developing in the 1860s and 1870s. The constitutional system continued through the Khedivate period and developed during the
4895:. Historically, several defunct constitutional monarchies followed this model; the Belgian formulation is recognized to have been modelled on the title "King of the French" granted by the
2975:
There exist at least two different types of constitutional monarchies in the modern world – executive and ceremonial. In executive monarchies, the monarch wields significant (though not
544:
2529:. While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets
6046:
3219:
In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive, but is bound by convention to act on the advice of the Cabinet. However, a few monarchies (most notably
4770:
4129:
2141:
4434:, which took effect on 1 October of that year. This first French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, ending with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the
4388:
4546:
united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.
2779:
resulted in the retention of Lord Melbourne's administration. By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of
5963:
4557:
2818:
4446:
proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a constitutional monarchy, though modern historians often call his reign as an absolute monarchy. The
2177:(in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.
2465:
3073:
4678:
Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy from its independence in 1960 till it became a Republic in 1963. It's only monarch was Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria.
4722:(or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the
3824:
2173:
in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from
3029:
The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where they democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the
4942:
4514:
4376:
2351:
2311:
1358:
4314:
4189:
3674:
3341:
2896:
1572:
5182:
3009:, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years (in the end, this was moot, as the proposal was not approved).
4808:
2134:
1185:
4789:
from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led by the Serbian
5302:
4421:
2344:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
1151:
4745:
calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe"). The legislators of the unified state truly did not see it as a monarchy at all, but as
6025:
5812:
5278:
4996:
4819:
4111:
4091:
3239:
3088:, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in Britain.
778:
752:
5000:
3144:
Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (e.g., where the executive, judiciary, police or armed forces act on the authority of or owe
2803:
1321:
4496:
337:
6146:
4260:
of the United Kingdom, but with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.
2856:
2814:
2767:
2458:
737:
4755:, had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution along the lines of the modern
4730:
2668:
came from scattered noble families who worked as representatives of their subjects in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape.
6075:
5984:
5935:
5913:
5397:
4518:
4384:
3388:
2943:
2261:
2127:
460:
5592:
6123:
6054:
5878:
5834:
5731:
4587:
4482:
4474:) were also constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.
4215:
3800:
3626:
3407:
3360:
3057:
2962:
2915:
2838:
4481:
from 1871 to 1918, (as well as earlier confederations, and the monarchies it consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see
5081:
4695:
2799:
2759:
2751:
5496:
3440:
3367:
2922:
2012:
1192:
783:
579:
2622:" to differentiate them from semi-constitutional monarchies. Strongly limited constitutional monarchies, such as those of the
5480:
5447:
5422:
5372:
4439:
4380:
4193:
3896:
3345:
3156:
3006:
2900:
2623:
2451:
1819:
1774:
907:
500:
58:
6017:
3282:
5111:
2783:, although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet. For example, in 1886 she vetoed Gladstone's choice of
6034:
4447:
4395:
4372:
2860:(1820), gave the concept a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the
2851:
2758:
as prime minister in 1801. The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period.
1645:
619:
128:
4430:
to a new constitutional system. France formally became an executive constitutional monarchy with the promulgation of the
3374:
2929:
5013:
4804:
4711:
4346:
4271:
3788:
3560:
2788:
2739:
2729:
2607:
5643:
4691:
4431:
3836:
3752:
3164:
1839:
1354:
969:
4178:
2618:. As a result, constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a largely ceremonial role may also be referred to as "
3356:
2911:
5870:
4738:
4509:, which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when
3312:
3266:
3084:
under a constitution. This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the
2834:
2341:
2217:
1660:
1141:
964:
773:
653:
322:
5183:"Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing"
4197:
4182:
3334:
2889:
4561:
4279:
4079:
4031:
3188:
1146:
1001:
747:
407:
352:
4765:
was a monarchy since 1139 and a constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when
4565:
4492:
4307:
4253:
2755:
2651:
2615:
2559:
1410:
1314:
490:
440:
247:
589:
5794:
4719:
4417:
4391:
to the Egyptian royal court but actually able to overrule any decision of the monarch or elected government.
4267:
4125:
3812:
3764:
3464:
3092:
3002:
2822:
2780:
2733:
2526:
2208:, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as the
2068:
863:
470:
6085:
5033:
4827:
4640:
4632:
4500:
4241:
4230:
3614:
3180:
3134:
3049:
2717:
2507:
2416:
2366:
2301:
2083:
1650:
1234:
981:
742:
549:
205:
4596:
until 2 June 1946, when a referendum proclaimed the end of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic.
2354:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
6115:
5993:
5765:
5701:
5186:
5018:
4958:
4938:
4848:
4823:
4815:
4766:
4662:
4654:
4583:
4569:
4435:
4399:
4318:
3959:
3452:
3065:
2743:
2627:
2549:
2078:
1941:
1538:
1067:
1011:
86:
574:
362:
4690:
was a constitutional monarchy for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on
2476:
5945:
5705:
5310:
5209:
4984:
4780:
4699:
4687:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4573:
4467:
4350:
4275:
4249:
4143:
4107:
3872:
3734:
3500:
3381:
3291:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3101:
3023:
2936:
2680:
2588:
2584:
2503:
2280:
1094:
724:
713:
663:
624:
614:
564:
554:
372:
4884:
4856:
4796:
4715:
4543:
4510:
4455:
4334:
4303:
4234:
3574:
3536:
3524:
3476:
3295:
3176:
3168:
2998:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2611:
2606:
identifies constitutional monarchies where the monarch retains substantial powers, on a par with a
2592:
2576:
2317:
2002:
1911:
1868:
1655:
1420:
1307:
1239:
697:
684:
671:
397:
347:
195:
2664:, which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative assembly or a legislature. Members of the
5139:
4776:
4525:
4443:
4364:
4360:
4322:
4297:
4245:
4043:
3995:
3943:
3884:
3860:
3776:
3722:
3662:
3512:
3488:
3278:
3274:
3261:
3235:
3227:) have amended their constitutions so that the monarch is no longer the nominal chief executive.
3192:
3184:
3172:
3126:
2846:
2795:
2746:. However Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate government policies. For instance
2705:
2676:
2580:
2499:
2213:
1640:
1425:
1400:
1259:
1136:
1077:
1006:
804:
791:
765:
422:
267:
133:
5472:
4517:. This constitutional form of government continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893
2409:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
5697:
6141:
6119:
6071:
6067:
6021:
5980:
5957:
5931:
5927:
5909:
5874:
5830:
5808:
5745:
5727:
5476:
5443:
5418:
5393:
5368:
5284:
5274:
5131:
4992:
4934:
4786:
4658:
4648:
4549:
4506:
4407:
4293:
4115:
3848:
3247:
3196:
3160:
3120:
3053:
2976:
2842:
2837:; it was the second single-document constitution in the world just after the first republican
2807:
2776:
2596:
2386:
2174:
2073:
1794:
1625:
1577:
1405:
1338:
1264:
1249:
1168:
858:
729:
676:
658:
604:
584:
569:
559:
392:
377:
327:
307:
175:
123:
118:
96:
91:
43:
31:
6066:, translated by Seitzer, Jeffrey (illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, pp. 313–
5826:
5344:
5976:
5941:– England and the Netherlands in the 17th and 18th centuries were parliamentary democracies.
5901:
5774:
5217:
5123:
5090:
4948:
4910:
4880:
4852:
4426:
4368:
4330:
4289:
4147:
3686:
3590:
3212:
following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the
3085:
3081:
3042:
3018:
2631:
1906:
1829:
1799:
1673:
1415:
1395:
1276:
1175:
1124:
609:
524:
220:
190:
143:
5756:
4896:
4734:
4604:
4600:
4529:
4342:
4055:
3983:
3698:
3650:
3638:
3602:
3069:
2747:
2742:
was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the
2538:
2534:
2396:
2117:
2090:
1946:
1936:
1733:
1630:
1297:
868:
796:
760:
692:
599:
594:
539:
412:
387:
332:
5221:
5862:
5465:
4978:
4790:
4756:
4681:
4672:
4542:. The Act of Union, a 1 December 1918 agreement with Denmark, established Iceland as a
4463:
4338:
4266:
from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a constitutional monarchy in the
4019:
4007:
3710:
3256:
3204:
3152:
3108:
3030:
2833:
Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the
2810:: on behalf of the monarch and through powers still formally possessed by the monarch.
2771:
2763:
2564:
2545:
2406:
2322:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
2264:, which affords the monarch substantial, if limited, legislative and executive powers.
2209:
2095:
2026:
1931:
1764:
1678:
1106:
1028:
534:
292:
215:
170:
5973:
Queenship in Britain, 1660–1837: Royal Patronage, Court Culture, and Dynastic Politics
4371:, which established an essentially democratic liberal constitutional regime under the
2541:, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".
2112:
1292:
17:
6135:
5680:
5143:
5038:
4970:
4962:
4900:
4870:
4742:
4684:
from 1876 until 1878 and again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.
4478:
4459:
4067:
3243:
3195:. However, the two most populous constitutional monarchies in the world are in Asia:
3123:, under which the monarch may exercise power under certain very limited circumstances
3077:
3038:
2861:
2784:
2684:
2569:
2530:
2518:
2331:
2181:
1982:
1877:
1779:
1769:
1610:
1224:
1119:
1099:
1089:
902:
427:
417:
357:
317:
312:
153:
2794:
Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial. The
2517:
may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political ceremonial
4800:
4707:
4618:
4579:
4471:
4317:
were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including
3300:
2553:
2522:
2267:
2031:
1958:
1952:
1926:
1921:
1897:
1887:
1824:
1713:
1533:
1457:
1084:
959:
924:
708:
529:
402:
367:
225:
1018:
5802:
3056:
rejected the British model. In the constitutional monarchy established under the
2285:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
5844:
5782:
5243:"64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World"
4974:
4586:
was a constitutional monarchy, which had been originally established during the
4451:
4167:
3323:
3231:
2878:
2721:
2646:
The oldest constitutional monarchy dating back to ancient times was that of the
2635:
2036:
2021:
1963:
1834:
1698:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1254:
1219:
991:
949:
895:
853:
823:
648:
382:
262:
163:
6114:(with essays by John Dunn, Ruth W. Grant and Ian Shapiro ed.), New Haven:
5893:
5095:
5076:
4387:, and overall political control was in the hands of British colonial officials
3299:
widely believed that this and many of the monarch's other political powers are
6107:
5028:
5023:
4988:
4930:
4920:
4916:
4608:
4416:, several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the
4257:
4136:
appointed and is the head of government. The president and prime minister are
3145:
3140:
The immunity of the monarch from some taxation or restrictions on property use
3112:
2712:
of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted by laws such as the
2655:
2273:
2041:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1973:
1814:
1605:
1487:
1482:
1346:
1111:
1062:
986:
917:
480:
302:
230:
81:
5288:
5135:
3095:
that is a constitutional monarchy is considered to differ from one that is a
4703:
4553:
4403:
4326:
3955:
3548:
2688:
2672:
2362:
1844:
1738:
1728:
1723:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1567:
1528:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1467:
1435:
1379:
1374:
1244:
1229:
1180:
1131:
1040:
996:
976:
944:
888:
878:
833:
828:
450:
257:
240:
210:
4759:. The King was elected and had the duty of maintaining the people's rights.
5905:
5778:
5580:
5268:
5127:
4564:, for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on
2841:. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the early years of the
2762:
was the last monarch to dismiss a prime minister, when in 1834 he removed
5749:
4926:
4762:
4723:
4263:
4138:
3281:.) Among the powers retained by the Thai monarch under the constitution,
3096:
2994:
2989:
2647:
2442:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2170:
1916:
1477:
1447:
1390:
1214:
1158:
1023:
883:
643:
252:
185:
50:
4826:) until 1945 when the communist government abolished the monarchy under
4769:
was overthrown by a military coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the
4639:
and conservatives, with the help of the Austrian and Spanish crowns and
3076:
could also be considered a constitutional monarchy, in that there was a
5216:. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law (MPECCoL).
4876:
4862:
4844:
4840:
4675:
was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was declared.
4539:
4533:
4120:
3348: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2903: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2489:
2434:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2201:
2189:
1718:
1555:
1545:
1271:
1163:
1072:
954:
912:
873:
342:
200:
180:
148:
76:
5242:
5392:(1st ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 169–170.
5003:, each of whom is a hereditary absolute monarch in their own emirate.
4866:
4651:. This constitutional monarchy lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.
4624:
4488:
4413:
4285:
3251:
3224:
3061:
3034:
2660:
2485:
2481:
2237:
2233:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
1882:
1202:
235:
5576:
5352:. Translated by George Rawlinson. Penguin Random House. p. 304.
3151:
Today slightly more than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are
3107:
However, three important factors distinguish monarchies such as the
5185:. European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Archived from
2813:
No person may accept significant public office without swearing an
2658:
whose king had to share his authority with an assembly, called the
2583:
of constitutional governance. Two constitutional monarchies –
5926:(2nd, illustrated ed.), Barron's Educational Serie, pp.
4954:
4906:
4668:
4614:
4593:
4359:
was a constitutional monarchy starting from the later part of the
4356:
3220:
3017:
As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the
2480:
The three constitutional monarchs of the Scandinavian kingdoms of
2475:
2266:
2257:
2221:
1207:
1197:
297:
158:
4424:
initiated an ad-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the
4288:
from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the
2493:
1035:
3242:, the Governor-General dismissed the Australian Prime Minister
6112:
Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration
4973:(Article 56). Article 1, Section 2, states that "the national
4536:
remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.
4161:
3317:
3045:
was styled "King of the French" rather than "King of France".
2997:, which is why their countries are generally considered to be
2872:
2399:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
5975:(illustrated ed.), Manchester University Press, p.
3005:
of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a possible approval of a
5924:
Barron's how to Prepare for the AP World History Examination
3080:
as the titular head of state while actual power was held by
30:"Ceremonial monarchies" redirects here. For other uses, see
3111:
from systems where greater power might otherwise rest with
2720:, although the first form of constitution was enacted with
5681:"The Imperial Institution – The Imperial Household Agency"
4773:
which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.
4383:
coup in 1952. For most of this period, however, Egypt was
2548:, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as
2425: Dependent territories and places without governments
2379:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
5884:– originally published as Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel,
5367:(1st ed.). London: HarperCollins. pp. 469–472.
2595:, in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small
5744:, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, pp. 267–268,
5740:
Blum, Jerome; Cameron, Rondo; Barnes, Thomas G. (1970),
5110:
Stepan, Alfred; Linz, Juan J.; Minoves, Juli F. (2014).
4114:
functions as the head of state of a federation of seven
3064:
retained considerable actual executive power, while the
2736:, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.
5442:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 241–242.
4945:
rulers who are also constitutional monarchs themselves.
4282:
movements, a republic was declared on 30 November 2021.
3230:
There are fifteen constitutional monarchies under King
2180:
Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as
5629:
2419:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
5726:, Ankara: Turkish Ministry of Culture, p. 118,
4999:, being selected from among the rulers of the seven
5593:"Liechtenstein prince threatens to veto referendum"
5532:
4771:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
5471:. London: Constable and Company Limited. pp.
5464:
5417:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 147.
4749:. Poland–Lithuania also followed the principle of
3962:, has a special region with a monarch as its head.
2533:or chooses political leaders. Political scientist
2312:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
5062:
4375:. This system persisted until the declaration of
2575:The Commonwealth realms share the same person as
2572:, and may also play an important political role.
2369:holds significant executive and legislative power
4398:was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler,
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
6062:Schmitt, Carl (2008) , Seitzer, Jeffrey (ed.),
4779:from its establishment in 1881 until 1947 when
4631:lasted from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, with
4603:was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when
3946:, which share the same person as their monarch.
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
2817:. With few exceptions, the monarch is bound by
2691:had become an unstable state, in about 548 BC.
4256:. Corsica became an independent kingdom under
2754:, eventually precipitating the resignation of
4873:are the only countries with reigning princes.
4572:on 26 January 1950, henceforth celebrated as
3420:There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide.
2869:Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy
2544:In addition to acting as a visible symbol of
2459:
2135:
1315:
8:
5962:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4694:and becoming a republic when it adopted the
5617:
5467:CB - A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
4750:
4747:a republic under the presidency of the King
4196:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2679:created a constitutional monarchy for King
2440:
2432:
6093:Official website of the British Parliament
5998:Official website of the British Parliament
5807:, Annandale: Federation Press, p. 1,
5077:"Constitutional monarchy as power sharing"
2466:
2452:
2142:
2128:
2062:
1864:
1598:
1370:
1333:
1322:
1308:
38:
5644:"Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88"
5094:
4783:was forced to abdicate by the communists.
4216:Learn how and when to remove this message
4142:the rulers of the absolute monarchies of
3408:Learn how and when to remove this message
3307:List of current constitutional monarchies
3250:had threatened to block the Government's
3001:and not undemocratic. For instance, when
2963:Learn how and when to remove this message
1359:List of countries by system of government
6051:Official website of the British Monarchy
6039:Official website of the British Monarchy
5273:. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. p. 105.
5168:
4607:was forced to abdicate by the communist
4568:and becoming a republic when it adopted
4528:. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of
4315:republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
2987:absolute monarchs and have very limited
2700:England, Scotland and the United Kingdom
5330:
5055:
4248:(1794–1796) when the island broke with
4099:
3907:
3007:referendum to legalize abortion in 2011
2011:
1972:
1896:
1867:
1790:
1747:
1669:
1601:
1554:
1511:
1434:
1373:
1344:
49:
5955:
5667:
5581:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4454620
5181:Anckar, Carsten; Akademi, Åbo (2016).
5156:
4909:is the only country remaining with an
4310:was deposed by the communist assembly.
3255:he installed leader of the opposition
2272:World's states coloured by systems of
753:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
5898:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
5724:The Hattian and Hittite civilizations
5570:
5568:
5559:
5112:"Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies"
4919:is the only country remaining with a
4820:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
4532:. In the interwar period (1920–1944)
3240:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
3026:account of the separation of powers.
2766:as a result of Melbourne's choice of
7:
5946:Montesquieu, Charles-Louis, Baron de
5544:
5520:
4552:was a constitutional monarchy, with
4252:and sought military protection from
4233:was a constitutional monarchy under
4194:adding citations to reliable sources
3424:Ceremonial constitutional monarchies
3346:adding citations to reliable sources
2901:adding citations to reliable sources
2804:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
2695:Constitutional and absolute monarchy
5867:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
5825:, Oxford University Press, p.
5761:"The Monarchy and the Constitution"
5309:, 12 September 2008, archived from
4799:was a constitutional monarchy with
4617:was a constitutional monarchy with
4499:. The decision was formalized by a
3970:Executive constitutional monarchies
3311:For a more comprehensive list, see
2857:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2845:, but much more widely afterwards.
2770:as Leader of the House of Commons.
685:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
6053:, 12 December 2015, archived from
6035:"What is constitutional monarchy?"
3267:Australia should become a republic
2262:constitution of the United Kingdom
25:
5791:The Monarchy and the Constitution
5642:Dewan, Angela (13 October 2016).
5577:https://ssrn.com/abstract=4454620
4835:Unusual constitutional monarchies
4588:Persian Constitutional Revolution
4483:Constitution of the German Empire
4389:nominally accredited as diplomats
3058:Constitution of the German Empire
2839:Constitution of the United States
5222:10.1093/law:mpeccol/e408.013.408
5082:Constitutional Political Economy
4442:. Several years later, in 1804,
4278:. After an extensive history of
4166:
4158:Former constitutional monarchies
4085:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3825:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3568:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3322:
2877:
2111:
1291:
654:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
57:
6047:"What is a Commonwealth realm?"
5869:, translated by Nisbet, H. B.,
5865:(1991) , Wood, Allen W. (ed.),
5063:Blum, Cameron & Barnes 1970
4879:is the only remaining explicit
4822:) until 1929 and from 1931 (as
4657:until 1918 when it merged with
4300:was deposed by a military coup.
3333:needs additional citations for
2888:needs additional citations for
2439:systems of government, not the
784:Spanish transition to democracy
461:Les Six livres de la République
5892:Kurian, George Thomas (2011),
4731:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4696:first Constitution of Pakistan
4635:elected as emperor. Then, the
4440:Insurrection of 10 August 1792
4385:occupied by the United Kingdom
3129:, under which the monarch may
3013:Modern constitutional monarchy
2815:oath of allegiance to the King
2808:"royal (or Crown) prerogative"
2806:– exercise their powers under
2787:as War Secretary in favour of
2724:of 1215. At the same time, in
1820:Intergovernmental organisation
1775:Separation of church and state
501:Democracy: The God That Failed
1:
6110:(2003) , Shapiro, Ian (ed.),
4702:had a total of two monarchs (
4396:Grand Principality of Finland
4373:Egyptian Constitution of 1923
3137:is instead deemed accountable
3060:which Bismarck inspired, the
2852:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2563:, British political theorist
2492:gathered in November 1917 in
2389:: Monarch has unlimited power
2352:Assembly-independent republic
779:Birth of the Italian Republic
5014:Australian Monarchist League
4961:does not even recognize the
4941:is selected from among nine
4805:Queen of Trinidad and Tobago
4724:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
3561:Special Region of Yogyakarta
2789:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
2377:Semi-constitutional monarchy
1617:(socio-political ideologies)
5971:Orr, Campbell, ed. (2002),
5630:Royal Household staff 2015b
4432:French Constitution of 1791
2802:– chiefly in the office of
2630:, have been referred to as
2604:semi-constitutional monarch
2327: Presidential republic
2304:with a ceremonial president
1685:(socio-economic ideologies)
1355:List of forms of government
738:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
664:Birth of the Dutch Republic
6163:
6147:Constitutional state types
5871:Cambridge University Press
5096:10.1007/s10602-021-09336-8
4883:: the formal title of its
4752:Rex regnat et non gubernat
4739:Constitution of 3 May 1791
4584:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
4513:promulgated the kingdom's
4244:was a brief period in the
3742:
3580:
3430:
3313:List of current monarchies
3310:
3203:. In these countries, the
3133:under the law because the
2835:Constitution of 3 May 1791
2342:Semi-presidential republic
774:Siamese revolution of 1932
29:
5894:"Constitutional Monarchy"
5789:Bogdanor, Vernon (1995),
5390:Robert Peel – a biography
5214:Oxford Constitutional Law
5075:Tridimas, George (2021).
4627:was twice an Empire. The
3357:"Constitutional monarchy"
3155:countries, including the
2912:"Constitutional monarchy"
2819:constitutional convention
2294:with a ceremonial monarch
1806:(geo-cultural ideologies)
748:5 October 1910 Revolution
644:Birth of the Roman Empire
5952:, Legal Classics Library
5804:The Queen's Other Realms
5533:Parliamentary staff 2010
5440:Lord Melbourne 1779–1848
5415:Lord Melbourne 1779–1848
5365:William Pitt the Younger
5210:"Parliamentary Monarchy"
4671:until 28 May 2008, when
4661:and other areas to form
4402:, was simultaneously an
2756:William Pitt the Younger
2652:ancient Anatolian people
2620:parliamentary monarchies
2616:semi-presidential system
2560:The English Constitution
491:Considerations on France
6086:"Research Paper 01/116"
6012:Patmore, Glenn (2009),
5922:McCannon, John (2006),
5845:"Monarchy – Background"
5843:Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015),
5821:Davies, Norman (1996),
5795:Oxford University Press
5722:Akurgal, Ekrem (2001),
5597:San Diego Union-Tribune
5438:Mitchell, L.G. (1997).
5413:Mitchell, L.G. (1997).
5363:Hague, William (2004).
5267:Patmore, Glenn (2009).
4418:Estates General of 1789
4268:Commonwealth of Nations
3093:parliamentary democracy
3003:Hereditary Prince Alois
2734:Claim of Right Act 1689
2515:Constitutional monarchy
2292:Constitutional monarchy
2155:Constitutional monarchy
2069:Administrative division
2013:International relations
1107:Emperor system of Japan
6016:, UNSW Press, p.
5886:Philosophie des Rechts
5497:"Parliament and Crown"
5388:Hurd, Douglas (2007).
5208:Grote, Rainer (2016).
5065:, pp. 2Nnk67–268.
5034:Parliamentary republic
4751:
4698:on 23 March 1956. The
4641:Napoleon III of France
4381:Free Officers Movement
4242:Anglo-Corsican Kingdom
4231:Kingdom of Afghanistan
3135:responsible government
3050:unification of Germany
2993:power compared to the
2718:Act of Settlement 1701
2654:that lived during the
2525:, whether codified or
2511:
2473:
2441:
2433:
2431:this chart represents
2417:Provisional government
2302:Parliamentary republic
2163:parliamentary monarchy
982:Enlightened absolutism
18:Parliamentary Monarchy
6116:Yale University Press
6064:Constitutional Theory
6014:Choosing the Republic
5906:10.4135/9781608712434
5801:Boyce, Peter (2008),
5766:Parliamentary Affairs
5702:Constitution of Spain
5463:Wilson, John (1973).
5270:Choosing the Republic
5128:10.1353/jod.2014.0032
5019:Criticism of monarchy
4959:Constitution of Spain
4939:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
4824:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
4645:Maximilian of Austria
4556:as head of state and
4436:French First Republic
3960:presidential republic
3801:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3234:, which are known as
3102:Members of Parliament
2752:Catholic Emancipation
2744:Scottish Militia Bill
2730:Convention of Estates
2550:dissolving parliament
2479:
2447:degree of democracy.
2281:Parliamentary systems
2270:
2079:Democratic transition
1942:Self-governing colony
1539:Military dictatorship
87:Divine right of kings
6084:Sear, Chris (2001),
5706:Congress of Deputies
5116:Journal of Democracy
4985:United Arab Emirates
4889:King of the Belgians
4700:Dominion of Pakistan
4629:First Mexican Empire
4558:the Earl Mountbatten
4276:Monarchy of Barbados
4250:Revolutionary France
4190:improve this section
4108:United Arab Emirates
4092:United Arab Emirates
3342:improve this article
3296:political scientists
3210:coalition government
2897:improve this article
2498:From left to right:
725:Unification of Italy
714:Second French Empire
5994:"Crown Prerogative"
5779:10.1093/pa/49.3.407
5189:on 14 December 2019
5171:, pp. 407–422.
4857:president of France
4807:, represented by a
4797:Trinidad and Tobago
4733:, formed after the
4716:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
4637:Mexican monarchists
4511:King Kamehameha III
4497:military government
4495:was deposed by the
4448:Bourbon Restoration
4347:Trinidad and Tobago
4304:Kingdom of Bulgaria
4235:Mohammad Zahir Shah
4116:absolute monarchies
4106:In the case of the
3944:Commonwealth realms
3441:Antigua and Barbuda
3236:Commonwealth realms
3066:Imperial Chancellor
2999:liberal democracies
2825:of the government.
2750:constantly blocked
2714:Bill of Rights 1689
2710:Glorious Revolution
2638:and Glenn Patmore.
2593:elective monarchies
2577:hereditary monarchy
2318:Presidential system
2214:Commonwealth realms
2175:absolute monarchies
2167:democratic monarchy
2118:Politics portal
2003:Supranational union
1912:Dependent territory
1825:National government
1298:Politics portal
698:First French Empire
672:Glorious Revolution
6057:on 2 December 2010
6041:, 12 December 2015
5950:The Spirit of Laws
5785:on 20 October 2017
5742:The European World
5599:. 8 September 2011
5343:Herodotus (1997).
5313:on 20 October 2017
4997:President or Ra'is
4969:, but just as the
4899:to monarch of the
4847:, being headed by
4777:Kingdom of Romania
4741:, which historian
4718:being the first).
4526:Kingdom of Hungary
4515:first constitution
4444:Napoleon Bonaparte
4246:history of Corsica
4237:from 1964 to 1973.
3286:the royal family.
3275:Bhumibol Adulyadej
3262:double dissolution
3127:Sovereign immunity
2847:Napoleon Bonaparte
2829:Continental Europe
2796:British Parliament
2706:Kingdom of England
2581:Westminster system
2512:
2474:
1137:List of monarchies
938:Related ideologies
805:Nepalese Civil War
792:Iranian Revolution
766:Russian Revolution
761:Chinese Revolution
743:German unification
27:Form of government
6027:978-1-74223-015-3
5823:Europe: A History
5814:978-1-86287-700-9
5787:– excerpted from
5280:978-1-74223-200-3
4993:elective monarchy
4977:is vested in the
4935:elective monarchy
4787:Kingdom of Serbia
4712:Governor-Generals
4649:Emperor of Mexico
4605:Sisavang Vatthana
4544:sovereign kingdom
4422:National Assembly
4349:(1962–1976), and
4294:Pedro I of Brazil
4274:representing the
4226:
4225:
4218:
3904:
3903:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3392:
3294:goal, while some
3248:Australian Senate
3121:royal prerogative
3054:Otto von Bismarck
2973:
2972:
2965:
2947:
2843:French Revolution
2781:William Gladstone
2777:Bedchamber crisis
2768:Lord John Russell
2632:crowned republics
2597:electoral college
2387:Absolute monarchy
2152:
2151:
2103:
2102:
2074:Democracy indices
2049:
2048:
1852:
1851:
1661:Semi-presidential
1586:
1585:
1332:
1331:
730:Meiji Restoration
677:French Revolution
659:Tsarist autocracy
620:Popescu-Tăriceanu
119:Abdication system
97:Royal prerogative
92:Mandate of Heaven
32:crowned republics
16:(Redirected from
6154:
6128:
6095:
6090:
6080:
6058:
6042:
6030:
6008:
6007:
6005:
5989:
5967:
5961:
5953:
5940:
5918:
5883:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5839:
5817:
5797:
5786:
5781:, archived from
5757:Bogdanor, Vernon
5752:
5736:
5708:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5618:Montesquieu 1924
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5572:
5563:
5557:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5470:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5072:
5066:
5060:
4991:country with an
4949:Papua New Guinea
4933:country with an
4881:popular monarchy
4853:bishop of Urgell
4809:Governor-General
4754:
4570:its constitution
4562:governor-general
4503:8 December 1974.
4491:until 1973 when
4369:Kingdom of Egypt
4306:until 1946 when
4290:Empire of Brazil
4272:Governor-General
4221:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4170:
4162:
4151:
4104:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3963:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3789:Papua New Guinea
3787:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3350:
3326:
3318:
3153:Western European
3086:Second World War
3082:Benito Mussolini
3043:Louis-Philippe I
3019:executive branch
2995:Islamic monarchs
2968:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2905:
2881:
2873:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2360:
2349:
2339:
2326:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2159:limited monarchy
2157:, also known as
2144:
2137:
2130:
2116:
2115:
2063:
1907:Associated state
1865:
1840:Internationalism
1830:World government
1807:
1686:
1618:
1599:
1573:Free association
1560:
1521:
1440:
1383:
1371:
1334:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1296:
1295:
1176:Philosopher king
506:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
408:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
144:Crowned republic
129:Chinese Legalist
68:Central concepts
61:
39:
21:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6106:
6103:
6101:Further reading
6098:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6061:
6045:
6033:
6028:
6011:
6003:
6001:
6000:, 21 April 2010
5992:
5987:
5970:
5954:
5944:
5938:
5921:
5916:
5891:
5881:
5863:Hegel, G. W. F.
5861:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5837:
5820:
5815:
5800:
5788:
5755:
5739:
5734:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5696:
5692:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5314:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5281:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5010:
4897:Charter of 1830
4893:King of Belgium
4837:
4735:Union of Lublin
4601:Kingdom of Laos
4530:Austria-Hungary
4329:) (1948–1972),
4222:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4187:
4171:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4150:, respectively.
4126:Supreme Council
4124:elected by the
4105:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3909:
3891:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3837:Solomon Islands
3831:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3753:The Netherlands
3747:
3745:
3729:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3675:Negeri Sembilan
3669:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3569:
3567:
3555:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3414:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3327:
3316:
3309:
3148:to the Crown).
3070:First World War
3015:
2969:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2906:
2904:
2894:
2882:
2871:
2831:
2760:King William IV
2748:King George III
2702:
2697:
2650:. They were an
2644:
2602:The concept of
2539:Thomas Macaulay
2537:, paraphrasing
2535:Vernon Bogdanor
2497:
2472:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2400:
2397:One-party state
2392:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2278:
2169:, is a form of
2148:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2091:Democratisation
2084:Autocratization
2060:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2007:
1968:
1947:Tributary state
1937:Satellite state
1892:
1862:
1861:Power structure
1854:
1853:
1805:
1804:
1786:
1757:
1743:
1734:Totalitarianism
1684:
1683:
1665:
1616:
1615:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1558:
1550:
1515:
1507:
1438:
1430:
1377:
1368:
1367:Source of power
1345:Basic forms of
1339:Politics series
1328:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1047:
939:
931:
930:
929:
848:
840:
839:
838:
818:
810:
809:
801:
797:Modern Cambodia
770:
734:
718:
702:
693:Trienio Liberal
681:
639:
631:
630:
629:
519:
511:
510:
509:
504:
494:
484:
474:
464:
454:
444:
282:
274:
273:
272:
248:Self-proclaimed
113:
105:
104:
101:
69:
44:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6160:
6158:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6081:
6077:978-0822340119
6076:
6059:
6043:
6031:
6026:
6009:
5990:
5986:978-0719057694
5985:
5968:
5942:
5937:978-0764132711
5936:
5919:
5915:978-1933116440
5914:
5889:
5879:
5859:
5849:politics.co.uk
5840:
5835:
5818:
5813:
5798:
5773:(3): 407–422,
5753:
5737:
5732:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5690:
5685:kunaicho.go.jp
5672:
5670:, p. 699.
5660:
5634:
5622:
5610:
5584:
5564:
5549:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5488:
5481:
5455:
5448:
5430:
5423:
5405:
5399:978-0297848448
5398:
5380:
5373:
5355:
5335:
5333:, p. 118.
5323:
5303:"The Hittites"
5294:
5279:
5259:
5234:
5200:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5102:
5089:(4): 431–461.
5067:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4982:
4979:Spanish people
4952:
4946:
4924:
4914:
4904:
4874:
4860:
4849:two co-princes
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4818:from 1918 (as
4813:
4794:
4791:Karadjordjevic
4784:
4774:
4760:
4757:United Kingdom
4727:
4692:14 August 1947
4685:
4682:Ottoman Empire
4679:
4676:
4673:King Gyanendra
4666:
4652:
4622:
4612:
4597:
4591:
4577:
4566:15 August 1947
4547:
4537:
4522:
4504:
4493:Constantine II
4486:
4475:
4464:Louis-Philippe
4411:
4408:absolute ruler
4392:
4354:
4311:
4301:
4296:to 1889, when
4283:
4261:
4238:
4224:
4223:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4130:prime minister
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3948:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3897:United Kingdom
3887:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3330:
3328:
3321:
3308:
3305:
3257:Malcolm Fraser
3205:prime minister
3157:United Kingdom
3142:
3141:
3138:
3124:
3109:United Kingdom
3048:Following the
3031:prime minister
3014:
3011:
2971:
2970:
2953:September 2024
2885:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2854:, in his work
2830:
2827:
2821:to act on the
2772:Queen Victoria
2764:Lord Melbourne
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2643:
2640:
2624:United Kingdom
2570:reserve powers
2565:Walter Bagehot
2546:national unity
2471:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2421:
2411:
2407:Military junta
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2367:Supreme Leader
2357:
2346:
2336:
2332:Hybrid systems
2323:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2210:United Kingdom
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:Hybrid regimes
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Regional power
2024:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1932:Puppet monarch
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1765:State religion
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Constitutional
1633:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1595:Power ideology
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1559:(rule by none)
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:Representative
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:Related topics
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
970:Traditionalist
967:
957:
952:
947:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
928:
927:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
900:
899:
898:
893:
892:
891:
886:
881:
871:
866:
864:Great Officers
861:
850:
849:
847:Administration
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
800:
799:
794:
788:
786:
781:
776:
771:
769:
768:
763:
757:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
733:
732:
727:
721:
719:
717:
716:
711:
705:
703:
701:
700:
695:
689:
687:
682:
680:
679:
674:
668:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
353:Crétineau-Joly
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
228:
223:
218:
216:Personal union
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
171:Dynastic union
168:
167:
166:
156:
151:
146:
141:
139:Constitutional
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6159:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6127:
6125:0-300-10017-5
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6010:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5920:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5887:
5882:
5880:0-521-34438-7
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5836:0-19-820171-0
5832:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5735:
5733:975-17-2756-1
5729:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5661:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5514:
5502:
5501:UK Parliament
5498:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5468:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5346:The histories
5339:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5260:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5169:Bogdanor 1996
5165:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5103:
5097:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5039:Reserve power
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4971:head of state
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4901:July Monarchy
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:Liechtenstein
4868:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4744:
4743:Norman Davies
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4479:German Empire
4476:
4473:
4469:
4468:Second Empire
4465:
4461:
4460:July Monarchy
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4427:Ancien Régime
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:(1966–1970),
4344:
4341:(1957–1960),
4340:
4337:(1965–1970),
4336:
4333:(1970–1987),
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:(1910–1961),
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:Great Britain
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4209:
4206:December 2015
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4175:This section
4173:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4032:Liechtenstein
4023:
4021:
4011:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3409:
3401:
3398:December 2022
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359: –
3358:
3354:
3353:Find sources:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3331:This section
3329:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3301:lapsed powers
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:Thai Politics
3276:
3270:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:Gough Whitlam
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:Liechtenstein
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:. These are:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:Fascist Italy
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:July Monarchy
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3024:Montesquieu's
3020:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914: –
2913:
2909:
2908:Find sources:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2886:This section
2884:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:Hugh Childers
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:the Lame, of
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:According to
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:public policy
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:head of state
2516:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2378:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:Liechtenstein
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Confederation
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Unitary state
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1781:
1780:State atheism
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:Secular state
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Authoritarian
1672:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Parliamentary
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1439:(rule by few)
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Regnal number
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:Non-sovereign
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
971:
968:
966:
965:Authoritarian
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
935:
934:
926:
923:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:Crown Council
906:
905:
904:
903:Privy council
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
843:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
814:
813:
806:
803:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
704:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
686:
683:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
626:
625:Zourabichvili
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
515:
514:
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
453:
452:
448:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
435:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Chateaubriand
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
278:
277:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
206:Non-sovereign
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
109:
108:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6111:
6092:
6063:
6055:the original
6050:
6038:
6013:
6004:13 September
6002:, retrieved
5997:
5972:
5949:
5923:
5900:, CQ Press,
5897:
5885:
5866:
5854:13 September
5852:, retrieved
5848:
5822:
5803:
5790:
5783:the original
5770:
5764:
5741:
5723:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5663:
5651:. Retrieved
5648:CNN Regions+
5647:
5637:
5625:
5613:
5603:12 September
5601:. Retrieved
5596:
5587:
5547:, p. 3.
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:. Retrieved
5500:
5491:
5466:
5458:
5439:
5433:
5414:
5408:
5389:
5383:
5364:
5358:
5345:
5338:
5331:Akurgal 2001
5326:
5315:, retrieved
5311:the original
5306:
5297:
5269:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5247:bartleby.com
5246:
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5213:
5203:
5191:. Retrieved
5187:the original
5176:
5164:
5152:
5122:(2): 35–36.
5119:
5115:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5070:
5058:
4966:
4892:
4891:rather than
4888:
4801:Elizabeth II
4746:
4720:Republic Day
4708:Elizabeth II
4619:Elizabeth II
4580:Pahlavi Iran
4574:Republic Day
4472:Napoleon III
4425:
4353:(1966–2021).
4319:South Africa
4212:
4203:
4188:Please help
4176:
4137:
4133:
4119:
4102:
3951:
3419:
3404:
3395:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3352:
3340:Please help
3335:verification
3332:
3288:
3283:lèse majesté
3271:
3229:
3218:
3150:
3143:
3130:
3106:
3090:
3047:
3028:
3016:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2959:
2950:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2907:
2895:Please help
2890:verification
2887:
2855:
2832:
2812:
2793:
2738:
2732:enacted the
2703:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2645:
2619:
2612:presidential
2603:
2601:
2591: – are
2574:
2558:
2554:royal assent
2543:
2523:constitution
2514:
2513:
2428:
2376:
2330:
2316:
2291:
2279:
2271:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2032:Middle power
1959:Vassal state
1953:Buffer state
1951:
1927:Puppet state
1922:Protectorate
1898:Client state
1888:Principality
1714:Distributism
1656:Presidential
1635:
1534:Dictatorship
1458:Gerontocracy
1380:rule by many
1353:
1337:Part of the
1100:Illegitimate
1095:Family trees
960:Conservatism
925:Royal assent
709:Liberal Wars
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
433:
432:
287:Philosophers
286:
285:
226:Principality
138:
42:Part of the
36:
6108:Locke, John
5668:Davies 1996
5620:, p. .
5562:, p. .
5506:22 February
5317:21 November
5159:, p. .
5157:Kurian 2011
4975:sovereignty
4710:) and four
4466:), and the
4452:Louis XVIII
4400:Alexander I
4308:Tsar Simeon
3813:Saint Lucia
3765:New Zealand
3465:The Bahamas
3232:Charles III
3165:Netherlands
3131:do no wrong
3091:Nowadays a
2722:Magna Carta
2636:H. G. Wells
2634:by writers
2508:Christian X
2218:Netherlands
2037:Great power
2022:Small power
1964:Viceroyalty
1835:Nationalism
1699:Colonialism
1679:Libertarian
1641:Directorial
1518:rule by one
1498:Technocracy
1493:Stratocracy
1473:Meritocracy
1463:Kleptocracy
1453:Aristocracy
1255:Interregnum
1220:Regnal list
1125:presumptive
950:Bonapartism
896:Royal guard
859:Appointment
824:Aristocracy
649:Magna Carta
615:Zhirinovsky
518:Politicians
445:(1265-1266)
373:Kierkegaard
6136:Categories
5653:13 October
5560:Hegel 1991
5482:009458950X
5449:0198205929
5424:0198205929
5374:0007147198
5045:References
5029:Figurehead
5024:Monarchism
4921:grand duke
4917:Luxembourg
4816:Yugoslavia
4812:September.
4663:Yugoslavia
4655:Montenegro
4643:, elected
4609:Pathet Lao
4501:plebiscite
4438:after the
4410:in Russia.
4379:after the
4377:a republic
4280:republican
4258:George III
3735:Terengganu
3615:Luxembourg
3368:newspapers
3181:Luxembourg
3146:allegiance
3113:Parliament
2923:newspapers
2862:Protestant
2800:Government
2740:Queen Anne
2681:Battus III
2656:Bronze Age
2579:under the
2552:or giving
2527:uncodified
2521:under the
2504:Haakon VII
2365:republic:
2363:Theocratic
2274:government
2212:and other
2042:Superpower
1998:Superstate
1993:Federation
1988:Devolution
1974:Federalism
1815:City-state
1488:Plutocracy
1483:Particracy
1347:government
1240:Succession
1112:Figurehead
1063:Coronation
1012:Luxembourg
992:Legitimism
987:Jacobitism
550:Metternich
481:Patriarcha
378:Dostoevsky
308:Bellarmine
281:Philosophy
231:Real union
196:Hereditary
82:Monarchism
5545:Sear 2001
5521:Dunt 2015
5289:635291529
5227:17 August
5193:14 August
5144:154555066
5136:1086-3214
5050:Citations
4967:sovereign
4781:Michael I
4767:Manuel II
4704:George VI
4633:Agustin I
4554:George VI
4456:Charles X
4420:into the
4367:and then
4365:Sultanate
4361:Khedivate
4327:Sri Lanka
4177:does not
4144:Abu Dhabi
4118:, and is
4112:president
3956:Indonesia
3549:Indonesia
3453:Australia
3072:. Later,
2689:Cyrenaica
2673:Herodotus
2628:Australia
2608:president
1869:Unitarism
1845:Globalism
1751:Religious
1739:Tribalism
1729:Socialism
1724:Feudalism
1709:Despotism
1704:Communism
1694:Anarchism
1631:Communist
1578:Stateless
1568:Anarchism
1529:Despotism
1513:Autocracy
1503:Theocracy
1468:Kritarchy
1436:Oligarchy
1421:Socialist
1375:Democracy
1260:Rebellion
1245:Anti-king
1230:Sovereign
1181:Pretender
1132:Kingmaker
1068:Criticism
1019:Orléanism
997:Miguelism
977:Despotism
945:Alfonsism
889:Favourite
879:Camarilla
869:Household
834:Oligarchy
829:Autocracy
605:Churchill
471:Leviathan
451:Monarchia
393:Bainville
268:Universal
241:Coregency
211:Pentarchy
134:Composite
6142:Monarchy
5958:citation
5948:(1924),
5759:(1996),
5252:27 April
5008:See also
5001:emirates
4927:Malaysia
4855:and the
4828:Peter II
4793:dynasty.
4763:Portugal
4688:Pakistan
4590:in 1906.
4404:autocrat
4351:Barbados
4298:Pedro II
4264:Barbados
4139:de facto
3873:Thailand
3723:Selangor
3663:Kelantan
3627:Malaysia
3501:Cambodia
3292:partisan
3201:Thailand
3097:republic
2990:de facto
2977:absolute
2798:and the
2726:Scotland
2716:and the
2648:Hittites
2589:Cambodia
2585:Malaysia
2500:Gustaf V
2443:de facto
2254:Cambodia
2250:Thailand
2246:Malaysia
2171:monarchy
1917:Dominion
1646:Legalist
1626:Absolute
1611:Republic
1606:Monarchy
1478:Noocracy
1448:Anocracy
1401:Economic
1391:Demarchy
1215:Regicide
1159:Nobility
1120:apparent
1024:Royalism
1002:Orangism
884:Courtier
610:Renouvin
585:Bismarck
580:Castillo
570:Disraeli
560:Polignac
540:Consalvi
441:De Regno
413:Bogdanor
263:Triarchy
258:Tetrarch
253:Signoria
186:Ethnarch
176:Elective
124:Absolute
51:Monarchy
5715:Sources
5473:161–162
5307:smie.co
4989:federal
4963:monarch
4931:federal
4911:emperor
4877:Belgium
4863:Andorra
4845:diarchy
4841:Andorra
4540:Iceland
4534:Hungary
4470:(under
4462:(under
4458:), the
4450:(under
4270:with a
4198:removed
4183:sources
4134:de jure
4121:de jure
4056:Morocco
3984:Bahrain
3958:, as a
3603:Lesotho
3575:Jamaica
3537:Grenada
3525:Denmark
3477:Belgium
3382:scholar
3214:cabinet
3177:Denmark
3169:Belgium
2937:scholar
2704:In the
2687:, when
2677:Demonax
2642:History
2490:Denmark
2435:de jure
2242:Lesotho
2230:Denmark
2226:Belgium
2202:Bahrain
2190:Morocco
2059:Related
1754:Secular
1719:Fascism
1556:Anarchy
1546:Tyranny
1406:Liberal
1272:Usurper
1164:Peerage
1142:Current
1090:Descent
1073:Dynasty
1036:Toryism
1007:Belgium
955:Carlism
918:Riksråd
913:Makhzen
874:Retinue
638:History
600:Metaxas
595:Maurras
565:Decazes
555:Villèle
545:Plessis
530:Pius VI
525:Mazarin
418:Scruton
388:Maurras
343:Novalis
328:Maistre
323:Bossuet
293:Aquinas
236:Regency
221:Popular
201:Khanate
191:Federal
181:Emirate
149:Diarchy
77:Monarch
6122:
6074:
6024:
5983:
5934:
5930:–178,
5912:
5877:
5833:
5811:
5748:
5730:
5479:
5446:
5421:
5396:
5371:
5287:
5277:
5142:
5134:
4995:, the
4957:. The
4937:: the
4867:Monaco
4851:: the
4659:Serbia
4625:Mexico
4582:under
4507:Hawaii
4489:Greece
4414:France
4343:Guyana
4335:Gambia
4323:Ceylon
4286:Brazil
4128:; the
4110:, the
4044:Monaco
4020:Kuwait
4008:Jordan
3996:Bhutan
3885:Tuvalu
3861:Sweden
3777:Norway
3711:Perlis
3687:Pahang
3513:Canada
3489:Belize
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3252:budget
3246:. The
3225:Sweden
3193:Sweden
3185:Monaco
3173:Norway
3163:, the
3062:Kaiser
3035:France
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2823:advice
2728:, the
2708:, the
2685:Cyrene
2486:Norway
2482:Sweden
2423:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2325:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2256:, and
2238:Sweden
2234:Norway
2216:, the
2206:Bhutan
2198:Kuwait
2194:Jordan
2186:Monaco
1883:Empire
1795:Global
1426:Others
1416:Social
1396:Direct
1250:Crisis
1203:Empire
1147:Former
1085:Family
817:Polity
575:Cortés
505:(2001)
495:(1796)
485:(1680)
475:(1651)
465:(1576)
455:(1313)
428:Yarvin
383:Youwei
368:Balmes
363:Cortés
348:Balzac
333:Bonald
318:Hobbes
313:Filmer
6089:(PDF)
5750:76819
5698:Index
5350:(PDF)
5140:S2CID
4987:is a
4955:Spain
4943:state
4929:is a
4907:Japan
4843:is a
4669:Nepal
4615:Malta
4594:Italy
4550:India
4357:Egypt
4339:Ghana
4325:(now
4313:Many
4148:Dubai
4080:Tonga
4068:Qatar
3849:Spain
3699:Perak
3651:Kedah
3639:Johor
3591:Japan
3389:JSTOR
3375:books
3221:Japan
3197:Japan
3161:Spain
2944:JSTOR
2930:books
2666:Panku
2661:Panku
2610:in a
2429:Note:
2258:Japan
2222:Spain
1800:Local
1235:Style
1208:Reich
1198:Realm
1169:Realm
1116:Heir
1078:Lists
1029:Ultra
854:Court
590:Mella
535:Ruffo
434:Works
423:Hoppe
403:Evola
358:Gogol
303:Bodin
298:Dante
164:Grand
159:Duchy
112:Types
6120:ISBN
6072:ISBN
6022:ISBN
6006:2011
5981:ISBN
5964:link
5932:ISBN
5910:ISBN
5875:ISBN
5856:2011
5831:ISBN
5809:ISBN
5746:OCLC
5728:ISBN
5655:2016
5605:2024
5508:2024
5477:ISBN
5444:ISBN
5419:ISBN
5394:ISBN
5369:ISBN
5319:2015
5285:OCLC
5275:ISBN
5254:2021
5229:2019
5195:2019
5132:ISSN
4885:king
4869:and
4729:The
4706:and
4599:The
4524:The
4519:coup
4477:The
4454:and
4406:and
4394:The
4331:Fiji
4240:The
4229:The
4181:any
4179:cite
4146:and
3361:news
3223:and
3199:and
3191:and
3119:The
3078:king
2916:news
2626:and
2587:and
2506:and
2494:Oslo
2488:and
2204:and
1277:list
1193:Rank
1186:List
1041:High
398:Seca
154:Dual
6068:314
6018:105
5928:177
5902:doi
5827:699
5775:doi
5579:or
5218:doi
5124:doi
5091:doi
4965:as
4887:is
4803:as
4647:as
4560:as
4292:by
4192:by
4132:is
3344:by
3037:'s
2985:not
2899:by
2614:or
2165:or
1265:War
6138::
6118:,
6091:,
6070:,
6049:,
6037:,
6020:,
5996:,
5979:,
5960:}}
5956:{{
5908:,
5896:,
5873:,
5847:,
5829:,
5793:,
5771:49
5769:,
5763:,
5704:,
5700:.
5683:.
5646:.
5595:.
5567:^
5552:^
5499:.
5475:.
5305:,
5283:.
5245:.
5212:.
5138:.
5130:.
5120:25
5118:.
5114:.
5087:32
5085:.
5079:.
4981:".
4865:,
3910:^
3303:.
3216:.
3187:,
3183:,
3179:,
3175:,
3171:,
3167:,
3159:,
3104:.
3052:,
3041:,
2791:.
2675:,
2599:.
2502:,
2484:,
2277::
2252:,
2248:,
2244:,
2240:,
2236:,
2232:,
2228:,
2224:,
2220:,
2200:,
2196:,
2192:,
2188:,
2184:,
2161:,
5977:3
5966:)
5904::
5888:.
5777::
5687:.
5657:.
5632:.
5607:.
5535:.
5523:.
5510:.
5485:.
5452:.
5427:.
5402:.
5377:.
5291:.
5256:.
5231:.
5220::
5197:.
5146:.
5126::
5099:.
5093::
4923:.
4913:.
4903:.
4859:.
4830:.
4726:.
4714:(
4665:.
4611:.
4576:.
4521:.
4485:.
4219:)
4213:(
4208:)
4204:(
4200:.
4186:.
3411:)
3405:(
3400:)
3396:(
3386:·
3379:·
3372:·
3365:·
3338:.
3315:.
2966:)
2960:(
2955:)
2951:(
2941:·
2934:·
2927:·
2920:·
2893:.
2510:.
2496:.
2467:e
2460:t
2453:v
2334::
2320::
2283::
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
1520:)
1516:(
1382:)
1378:(
1323:e
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1309:v
34:.
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