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Specifically, it's a form of speaking where the speaker shares their personal truth, even risking their life because they believe truth-telling is a duty to help others and themselves. In parrhesia, the speaker opts for honesty over persuasion, truth over falsehood or silence, the risk of death over safety, criticism over flattery, and moral obligation over self-interest or indifference.
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as someone who takes a risk by speaking honestly, even when it might lead to negative consequences. This risk isn't always about life-threatening situations. For instance, when you tell a friend they're doing something wrong, knowing it might make them angry and harm your friendship, you're acting as
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of either oneself, popular opinions, or societal norms. The act of revealing this truth exposes the individual to potential risks, yet the critic persists in speaking out due to a moral, social, and/or political responsibility. Additionally, in public contexts, a practitioner of parrhesia should hold
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or government however, there were limits to what might be said; freedom to discuss politics, morals, religion, or to criticize people would depend upon the context: by whom it was said, and when, and how, and where. If one was seen as immoral, or held views that went contrary to popular opinion, then
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Parrhesia involves speaking openly. This involves a distinct connection to truth via honesty, a link to personal life through facing danger, a certain interaction with oneself or others through critique, and a specific relationship with moral principles through freedom and responsibility.
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Another reason: To avoid causing dissension among the tribes . Else one might have said: In my land the Torah was given. And the other might have said: In my land the Torah was given. Therefore, the Torah was given in the
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Explanation: Why was the Torah not given in the land of Israel? In order that the peoples of the world should not have the excuse for saying: "Because it was given in Israel's land, therefore we have not accepted it."
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in which the Torah was initially received. The dissemination of Torah thus depends on its teachers cultivating a nature that is as open, ownerless, and sharing as that wilderness. The term is important to advocates of
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in which people express their opinions and ideas candidly and honestly, avoiding the use of manipulation, rhetoric, or broad generalizations. Foucault's interpretation of parrhesia is in contrast to the contemporary
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equated truth with the indubitable, believing that what cannot be doubted must be true. Until speech is examined or criticized to see if it is subject to doubt, its truth cannot be evaluated by this standard.
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concept of parrhesia rested on several criteria. A person who engages in parrhesia is only recognized as doing so if they possess a credible connection to the truth. This entails acting as a
464:, to fire, and to water. This is to tell one that just as these three things are free to all who come into the world, so also are the words of the Torah free to all who come into the world.
402:(a place belonging to no one). For had it been given in the Land of Israel, they would have had cause to say to the nations of the world, “you have no share in it.” Thus was it given
535:. Parrhesia is closely tied to having the courage to speak the truth despite potential dangers, including social repercussions, political scandal, or even matters of life and death.
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870:: "Now when they saw the boldness of Peter and John and realized that they were uneducated and ordinary men, they were amazed and recognized them as companions of Jesus."
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165:) is candid speech, speaking freely. It implies not only freedom of speech, but the obligation to speak the truth for the common good, even at personal risk.
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in the form of frank criticism of each other that is intended to help the target of criticism achieve the cessation of pain and reach a state of
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E, because it was believed that
Socrates' philosophical teachings had served as an intellectual justification for their seizure of power.
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Wallace, Robert W. (2002), "The Power to Speak – and not to listen – in
Ancient Athens", in Sluiter, Ineke; Rosen, Ralph Mark (eds.),
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there were great risks involved in making use of such an unrestricted freedom of speech, such as being charged with impiety (
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Philodemus (1998). Konstan, David; Clay, Diskin; Glad, Clarence E.; Thom, Johan C.; Ware, James (eds.).
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Schlier, Heinrich (1967). "παρρησία, παρρησιάζομαι". In Kittel, Gerhard; Friedrich, Gerhard (eds.).
432:במקום הפקר, בשלשה דברים נמשלה תורה במדבר באש ובמים לומר לך מה אלו חנם אף דברי תורה חנם לכל באי עולם.
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means literally "to speak everything" and by extension "to speak freely", "to speak boldly", or "
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is closely associated with an ownerless wilderness of primary mytho-geographic import, the
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a less empowered social position compared to those to whom the truth is being conveyed.
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I, Pierre
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In the
Classical period, parrhesia was a fundamental component of the
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made full use of their right to ridicule whomever they chose.
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Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)
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Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)
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speak candidly or ... ask forgiveness for so speaking
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922:. Vol. V. Ann Arbor: Eerdmans. pp. 871ff.
502:model of requiring irrefutable evidence for truth.
1162:Paradoxe der Parrhesie. Eine antike Wortgeschichte
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299:literature as a condition for the transmission of
891:. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012
252:, parrhesia was a defining characteristic of the
909:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
493:developed the concept of parrhesia as a mode of
1153:Frankness, Greek Culture, and the Roman Empire
835:The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers
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369:"ויחנו במדבר" (שמות פרק יט פסוק ב) נתנה תורה
27:In rhetoric, the obligation to speak candidly
8:
1418:Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France
1146:. Stuttgart: Hiersemann. pp. 1014–1033.
838:. Translated by Yonge, C.D. Standard Ebooks.
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947:, #807, an inscription from after 138
920:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
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303:. Connoting open and public communication,
40:Parrhesia: A Journal of Critical Philosophy
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2020:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
1920:
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1237:Verde Garrido, Miguelángel (2 July 2015).
1079:, The University of California at Berkeley
600:. Brigham Young University. Archived from
548:speaks without reservation. For instance,
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883:Long, William 'Bill' (December 1, 2004).
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135:Learn how and when to remove this message
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256:, as epitomized in the shamelessness of
34:. For the region of Ancient Greece, see
2067:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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377:במקום הפקר, וכל הרוצה לקבל יבא ויקבל...
1144:Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum
991:(sourcesheet). The Open Siddur Project
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943:. Vol. 2 (3nd ed.). p.
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785:"I.F. Stone Breaks the Socrates Story"
173:The earliest recorded use of the term
71:Please improve this article by adding
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1087:
885:"Parrhesia and Earliest Christianity"
522:Foucault described the classic Greek
470:The term "parrhesia" is also used in
309:appears in combination with the term
7:
1171:Parrhesia greca, parrhesia cristiana
854:On frank criticism (Peri parrhesias)
233:). This was the pretext under which
2052:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1404:Introduction to Kant's Anthropology
937:Diltenberger, Wilhelm, ed. (1917).
856:. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press.
1432:Language, Counter-Memory, Practice
1183:Free speech in classical antiquity
1181:; Rosen, Ralph Mark, eds. (2004).
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754:Free Speech in Classical Antiquity
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1782:Cogito and the History of Madness
1599:The Government of Self and Others
1142:Beer, Beate (2015). "Parrhesia".
291:Usage in rabbinic Jewish writings
1543:Power (Essential Works Volume 3)
264:, parrhesia is also used by the
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1623:On the Government of the Living
1583:Security, Territory, Population
1559:The Hermeneutics of the Subject
1216:Raunig, Gerald (1 April 2004).
2005:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1802:The Passion of Michel Foucault
1788:Foucauldian discourse analysis
768:Roberts, John Willoby (1984),
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1487:Politics, Philosophy, Culture
1321:Mental Illness and Psychology
940:Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecum
823:, Humanity Books, p. 179
73:secondary or tertiary sources
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1755:Power (social and political)
1615:Lectures on the Will to Know
1365:The Archaeology of Knowledge
1011:"Mekhilta de Rebbi Yishmael"
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1867:Foucault–Habermas debate
1695:Disciplinary institution
1591:The Birth of Biopolitics
1511:Society Must Be Defended
1464:Le Désordre des familles
1381:The History of Sexuality
1329:Madness and Civilization
1160:Leppin, Hartmut (2022).
772:, Routledge, p. 148
30:For the moth genus, see
1872:Chomsky–Foucault debate
1647:On the Punitive Society
1344:Death and the Labyrinth
1337:The Birth of the Clinic
709:A Greek–English Lexicon
642:A Greek–English Lexicon
570:Speaking truth to power
243:Athenian coup of 411 BC
193:Usage in ancient Greece
38:. For the journal, see
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1567:The Essential Foucault
1480:What Is Enlightenment?
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1155:. Abingdon: Routledge.
450:(wilderness, desert),
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250:Hellenistic philosophy
213:, playwrights such as
60:relies excessively on
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1503:The Politics of Truth
1373:Discipline and Punish
1151:Fields, Dana (2020).
700:Liddell, Henry George
633:Liddell, Henry George
552:, in his discourses "
388:Torah was given over
295:Parrhesia appears in
1987:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
1690:Cultural imperialism
1685:Carceral archipelago
1607:The Courage of Truth
1119:The Courage of Truth
682:"utterance, speech")
554:On the False Embassy
2057:Theological virtues
1960:Positive psychology
1472:The Foucault Reader
1351:The Order of Things
1173:. Brescia: Paideia.
935:A meaning found in
350:Open Source Judaism
281:Greek New Testament
36:Parrhasia (Arcadia)
2489:Self-transcendence
2081:Individual virtues
2025:Nine Noble Virtues
1954:Nicomachean Ethics
1715:Ecogovernmentality
1705:Discourse analysis
1412:What Is an Author?
1358:This Is Not a Pipe
821:Diogenes the Cynic
789:The New York Times
592:Burton, Gideon O.
486:Modern scholarship
478:), meaning
258:Diogenes of Sinope
254:Cynic philosophers
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2010:Epistemic virtues
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1211:on 2013-05-05.
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1191:External links
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2047:Seven virtues
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1994:Brahmavihārās
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1887:Alan Sheridan
1885:
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637:Scott, Robert
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604:on 2007-05-26
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472:Modern Hebrew
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375:דימוס פרהסייא
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371:דימוס פרהסייא
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80:Find sources:
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58:This article
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19:
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2731:Brahmacharya
2729:
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2701:
2694:
2687:
2669:
2662:
2637:
2630:
2614:
2596:
2580:
2573:
2529:Tranquillity
2479:Self-control
2449:Renunciation
2407:Philanthropy
2402:Perspicacity
2362:Magnificence
2315:Intelligence
2295:Impartiality
2215:Faithfulness
2103:Authenticity
2029:
2015:Five virtues
1992:
1985:
1965:Trait theory
1952:
1862:Bibliography
1843:
1839:Nikolas Rose
1829:Paul Rabinow
1824:James Miller
1819:Thomas Lemke
1814:Gary Gutting
1800:
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1206:the original
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993:. Retrieved
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606:. Retrieved
602:the original
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399:maqom hefker
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345:Midbar Sinai
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323:, short for
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215:Aristophanes
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125:January 2023
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
59:
2549:Workmanship
2439:Punctuality
2357:Magnanimity
2280:Hospitality
2230:Forgiveness
2175:Discernment
2133:Cleanliness
1784:" (Derrida)
1765:Sapere aude
1735:Heterotopia
1675:Biopolitics
1396:anthologies
1384:(1976–2018)
1222:Transversal
594:"Parrhesia"
550:Demosthenes
84:"Parrhesia"
3003:Categories
2862:Auctoritas
2710:Aparigraha
2689:Adhiṭṭhāna
2671:Sophrosyne
2639:Eutrapelia
2524:Temperance
2504:Solidarity
2494:Simplicity
2454:Resilience
2429:Politeness
2397:Patriotism
2377:Moderation
2250:Good faith
2240:Generosity
2200:Equanimity
2180:Discipline
2138:Compassion
1710:Dispositif
830:"Diogenes"
802:2022-10-18
735:2024-05-14
676:"all" and
608:2007-05-24
576:References
266:Epicureans
262:Philodemus
95:newspapers
62:references
2910:Humanitas
2656:Phronesis
2647:Philotimo
2499:Sincerity
2464:Reverence
2332:Judgement
2320:Emotional
2310:Integrity
2300:Innocence
2255:Gratitude
2235:Frugality
2225:Foresight
2205:Etiquette
2195:Endurance
2170:Diligence
2093:Alertness
2042:Scout Law
1943:Endowment
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1774:Influence
1750:Parrhesia
1725:Genealogy
1268:1477-7487
1230:1811-1696
956:cite book
868:Acts 4:13
797:0362-4331
667:parrhēsía
504:Descartes
500:Cartesian
495:discourse
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297:Midrashic
285:Pharisees
248:In later
201:. In the
183:Parrhesia
179:Euripides
175:parrhesia
169:Etymology
153:parrhesia
18:Parrhasia
3014:Cynicism
3009:Rhetoric
2903:Gravitas
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2632:Ataraxia
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2220:Fidelity
2165:Courtesy
2128:Chivalry
2123:Chastity
2113:Charisma
2108:Calmness
2098:Altruism
1805:(Miller)
1794:Foucault
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1680:Biopower
1658:Concepts
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905:cite web
694:παρρησία
662:παρρησία
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235:Socrates
211:Dionysia
207:Ecclesia
187:boldness
162:παρρησία
149:rhetoric
2958:Sadaqah
2944:Ganbaru
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2824:Śraddhā
2810:Shaucha
2775:Kshanti
2703:Akrodha
2558:Chinese
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2337:Justice
2305:Insight
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2118:Charity
2031:Pāramīs
1929:Virtues
995:29 June
712:at the
645:at the
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337:commons
326:dimosia
279:In the
229:asebeia
222:theatre
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2796:Prajñā
2789:Muditā
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2761:Karuṇā
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2717:Ārjava
2696:Ahimsa
2681:Indian
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2539:Wisdom
2417:Filial
2325:Social
2270:Honour
1650:(2015)
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2624:Arete
2616:Agape
2608:Greek
2534:Trust
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2245:Glory
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2158:Moral
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426:דימוס
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116:JSTOR
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